Fiat BR.20 Cicogna - Knowledge (XXG)

470:, which was effectively a complete redesign of the aircraft. It featured a fully glazed nose, a retractable tail wheel, and more streamlined fuselage, pointed fins, although the principal change involved was increased engine power from a pair of 932 kW (1,250 hp) Fiat A.82 RC 42 radial engines, along with an improved and heavier armament. The nose held a simple machine gun position rather than the turret used on earlier aircraft and two waist blisters were fitted over the wing trailing edge while the dorsal turret was a Breda Type V instead of the earlier Caproni Lanciani type. The BR.20bis was considered to be an improvement over the previous versions, particularly in terms of its aerodynamics. However, plans for production was delayed, in part due to technical issues that took time to resolve, and a decision by the 590:(1,100 lb), 4 × 250 kg (550 lb), 4 × 160 kg (350 lb), 12 × 100 kg (220 lb), 12 × 50 kg (110 lb), 12 × 20 kg (40 lb), or 12 × 15 kg (30 lb) bombs. Combinations of different types were also possible, including 1 × 800 kg (1,760 lb) and 6 × 100 kg (220 lb), 1 × 800 kg (1,760 lb) and 6 × 15 or 20 kg (30 or 40 lb), or 2 × 250 kg (550 lb) and 6 × 50 or 100 kg (110 or 220 lb) bombs. The BR.20 could also carry four dispensers, armed with up to 720 × 1 or 2 kg (2 or 4 lb) HE or 773: 1743: 581:. It was initially fitted with a Breda DR dorsal turret which was furnished with either one or two 7.7 mm (.303 in) machine guns; this turret was unusual because it was semi-retractable: the gunner's view was from a small cupola, and in case of danger, the turret would then be extended. This was later replaced by a Fiat-built M.I turret armed with a 12.7 mm (.5 in) Breda machine gun, then by a Caproni-Lanciani Delta turret mounting a 12.7 mm (.5 in) Scotti machine gun (although this proved to be unreliable). It was finally by a more 1790: 1767: 1718: 1695: 1632: 409:, partly because of its performance during several high-profile air races. The performance differences between the two aircraft were minimal: both were rated at about 430 km/h (270 mph), with maximum and typical payloads of 1,600 kg (3,630 lb) and 1,250 kg (2,760 lb) respectively for a range of 800–1,000 km (500–620 mi). Both bombers also possessed an assortment of three to four machine guns as defensive weapons, but almost completely lacked protective armour. 1669: 561:(957 US gal) of fuel, along with a pair of oil tanks which held 112 L (30 US gal). When fully loaded with a 3,600 kg/7,900 lb payload, the bomber would have flight endurance time of 5½ hours when flown at 350 km/h (220 mph) and an altitude of 5,000 m (16,400 ft). The takeoff and landing distances were 350 m (1,150 ft) and 380 m (1,250 ft) respectively, while the theoretical ceiling was 7,600 m (24,930 ft). 1608: 721:; these aircraft were able to obtain sixth and seventh place in the race while rivals S.M.79s achieved the first place, the Fiat-built bomber being obviously slower. The BR.20A featured a rounded nose, similar to civil aircraft, while all of the normal military hardware, such as defensive turrets, had been removed. In its place, the internal fuel capacity was increased to 7,700 L (2,034 US gal), bringing the maximum range to 6,200 km (3,850 mi). 1040: 507: 725: 1351:, left Lonate Pozzolo with eight aircraft and arrived in Gerbini, Sicily. On 22 May, the BR.20s started to carry out raids against the besieged island almost nightly. While British fighter defences were initially weakened, operational effectiveness was regained via the adoption of improved anti-bomber combat techniques, which involved pursuing the bombers but only engaging them directly at critical phases of the flight. 1815: 524:. The primary mission of the aircraft was to perform medium-range bombing runs. The BR.20 was provided with a large number of design features that were very advanced for its time: the aircraft was capable of a maximum speed in excess of 400 km/h (250 mph) and a relatively high cruise speed of 320 km/h (200 mph), being as fast as the better of its international competitors, such as the 1241: 300:, set about designing a bomber that would be capable of relatively high speeds while using a simple and rugged construction and maintaining a low overall weight. According to aviation author G. Apostolo, the design "represented a departure from the line of aircraft previous designed by Ing. Celestino Rosatelli" and that it made use of elements of Fiat's earlier prototype civil 966:

the time". Amongst Japanese pilots, the aircraft was considered to possess unsatisfactory range and defensive armament; however, the first Ki-21s that entered service were not much better, except for their all-metal construction and the potential for further development when better engines became available (both types initially used two 746 kW/1,000 hp engines).

4240: 4264: 4252: 962:. The I-Type was heavily deployed on long-range bombing missions against Chinese cities and supply centers during the winter of 1938–39. The BR.20s were operating with no fighter cover at the extremes of their range and consequently incurred heavy losses from Chinese fighters, as did the early Ki-21s that shared the long-range bombing tasks. 181:(Italian Royal Air Force) issued during 1934 for a new medium bomber capable of high speeds, long range, and satisfactory payload, reliability, and flight characteristics compared to contemporaries. Among the companies that chose to respond was Fiat, which completed its design for the competition during 1935. On 10 February 1936, the first 493:. Yet another aircraft was modified to guide radio-commanded unmanned aircraft filled with explosives, but it was never used in combat. Including those bombers which had been sold to Japan, at least 233 standard BR.20s were manufactured along with an additional 264–279 BR.20Ms that were constructed from February 1940. 270:; the specifications called for it to be capable of speeds of 330 km/h (205 mph) at 4,500 m (15,000 ft) and 385 km/h (239 mph) at 5,000 m (16,400 ft), a 1,000 km (620 mi) range and 1,200 kg (2,600 lb) bombload. Various companies chose to respond, including 247:, however, by that point, the type was already approaching obsolescence. By 1942, the aircraft was mostly used for maritime patrol and operational training for bomber crews. The BR.20 was produced from the mid-1930s until the end of the Second World War. More than 500 were produced before the end of the war. 585:

Breda R turret, armed with a 12.7 mm (.5 in) Breda; this was a superior system that did not need any retraction mechanism because of the lower drag. In addition to this, the bomber was fitted with a 7.7 mm (.303 in) machine gun within a ventral clamshell hatch that could be opened

1221:

flew back to Italy, followed by the 13° before the end of the month as the Axis bombing campaign dwindled. During 12 days of bombing missions, the “Cicognas” dropped 54,320 kg (119,755 lbs); three aircraft were lost to enemy fire, 17 more for other reasons and 15 airmen were killed. Almost

965:

The fabric-covered surfaces were viewed as vulnerable, even if the main structure of this aircraft was noticeably robust. Apostolo stated of the negative coverage: "This may not have in fact been true, as the BR.20s had a metal-skinned wing and not fabric covering as claimed in the Japanese Press at

454:

Upon its introduction, the BR.20 was a cutting-edge aircraft and benefited from an overall good design, however, the bomber quickly became obsolete in the face of rapid advances made in the field during this era. The scarcity of improved versions of the aircraft condemned the BR.20 to be only viable

1382:

landed in Castelvetrano with 17 new machines (one crash landed on the Appennini Mountains); the units started operational service on 8 May, dropping 4AR mines. Before the end of August, five aircraft were lost and that same month the BR.20s departed Sicily. In the 16 months of their Malta campaign,

1509:

While the main front line task remained that of night bombing, especially against Malta, other roles included reconnaissance and the escort of convoys in the Mediterranean. For escort duties, aircraft were fitted with bombs and possibly depth charges, but with no other special equipment. They were

930:

Following an evaluation of both aircraft by the Japanese, it was determined that while the Caproni could not meet the Japanese requirements, the BR.20 closely matched the specification. In addition, the BR.20 had acquired a positive reputation as a relatively fast and durable aircraft in combat

756:, during which an average speed of 390 km/h (240 mph) was recorded. The modified aircraft carried 5,000 L (1,321 US gal) of fuel which increased its range from 3,000 km (1,864 mi) to 4,500 km (2,800 mi). The BR.20L was also used to test a newly developed 589:

The offensive payload of the BR.20 was carried entirely in the bomb bay, which was isolated from the rest of the aircraft by an aluminium sheet. It could contain various armaments in the following possible combinations: 2 × 800 kg (1,760 lb) bombs as maximum load, 2 × 500 kg

463:, along with a slightly longer fuselage. Also, the weight was increased because a part of the fabric was substituted with metal, improving the resistance to flutter and vibration from the engines while reducing speed from 430 km/h (270 mph) to 410 km/h (260 mph). 1102:, Traversette and Cap San Martin fortresses on the Alps – and as reconnaissance aircraft. At the end of the French campaign, five BR.20s had been lost and 19 airmen killed. In the immediate aftermath of the campaign, the type resumed normal training and base duties. 1142:, five aircraft crash-landed because of technical failures and a lack of navigational training, while a further 17 BR.20s were forced to land en route due to poor visibility. On the night of 24 October, the 13° and 43° took off for their first bombing mission, over 676:

and a vertical camera. Another two or three crew members occupied the nose and the mid-fuselage, performing functions as the radio-operator, navigator and gunners. The radio operator was also the ventral gunner, while the last crew member was the dorsal gunner.

1533:, 67 BR.20s were operational with front line operational units, mainly being used on anti-partisan operations, although most aircraft had been relegated to the training role. During the final years of the war, some surviving aircraft remained in use as 1358:

arrived from Aviano, equipped with a total of 18 bombers, but, in less than three months, the units had lost 12 BR.20s. In addition to bombing missions, the BR.20s also performed anti-submarine patrols in the theatre. During October, the 37°

1391:

Several BR.20s were sent to the Soviet Union in August 1942, to perform long-range reconnaissance and bombing sortie in support of CSIR, Italian Army on Eastern Front. On 3 August 1941, two BR-20s arrived in Ukraine and were assigned to 38a

864:; during these engagements, the BR.20 proved to be a sturdy and accurate bomber. When flown at an operational altitude of 13,000 ft, the BR.20s were fast enough to generally avoid interception by Republican-aligned aircraft such as the 427:, weighing around the same, had a reserve of power and was capable of performing acrobatic manoeuvers, even rolls. Its engines were more reliable than those of the BR.20 and had enough power to return to base even with one shut down. The 1497:

in October 1940, and deployed increasing numbers of BR.20s in attacks on Greece from bases in Italy and Albania in support of the Italian Army while it was being driven back into Albania. They were involved in heavy battles with the

455:

in the role of a second-line machine, being underpowered and lacking in defensive firepower by the outbreak of the Second World War. By the time Italy had entered the Second World War, a new variant of the bomber, designated as the

923:"Sally", which was undergoing prototype trials at the time, and thus required the interim purchase of aircraft from abroad. Italy was willing to give priority to any Japanese orders over its own requirements, and offered both the 1146:, deploying eight BR.20s each. One bomber crashed on takeoff, as a result of engine failure, while two more got lost on their return, failing to find their airfield and their crews bailing out. On 29 October, 15 aircraft of 43° 1300:(Wing) was deployed there to continue the night attacks against the British between July 1941 and April 1942. However, due to Italian industry struggling to produce aircraft to meet demands, the strategic capabilities of the 37: 849:. On 15 November 1937, the newly operational squadron commenced daily missions against Republican targets, usually without the support of a fighter escort. During April 1938, the bomber force flew many missions during the 290:; the majority of these offered aircraft that would have exceeded the speed requirements, but not the sought range; additionally, not all designs exhibited satisfactory flight characteristics or reliability levels. 1032:(Wing), all of which were based in Northern Italy; the decision to base the type in the north of the country was due to the general strength of the aircraft and its excellent flight performance upon encountering 1510:

used in this role from 1941, with 37° Wing (Lecce), 13° Wing (end of 1942), 116°, 32 Group (Iesi, from 1943), and 98° (based in Libya) from 1941. One of the 55° aircraft was lost in August 1941 against British

664:. Crewed by four or five, the BR.20's two pilots sat side by side with the engineer/radio operator/gunner behind. The radio operator's equipment included a R.A. 350-I radio-transmitter, A.R.5 receiver and P.3N 981:, but when this conflict ended, in September 1939, the BR.20s were progressively withdrawn and replaced by the Ki-21. Despite having been phased out from operational service, the BR.20 was allocated the 390:, to conduct test flights under tropical conditions. The initial production bombers differed from the earlier prototype in various area, particular in the finer details of the nose, fuselage, and tail. 1502:

and British, often facing fierce RAF opposition, as happened on 27 February 1941, when four BR.20s were lost or heavily damaged. This force was redeployed against Yugoslavia during the more successful

856:

During July 1938, a further seven aircraft were dispatched to Spain. During the civil war, the type had frequently participated in bombing raids across various areas of the nation, including the

1467:

After the first year of war, the limitations of this type were evident. It was highly vulnerable to enemy attacks, as Japanese experience had shown in 1938, and the aircraft was replaced by the

2033: 931:

during the Spanish Civil War. Accordingly, during late 1937, an initial order was placed by Japan for 72 BR.20s; this was soon followed by another order for a further 10 bombers.

641:, the takeoff and landing distances were relatively short while the thickness of the wing did not compromise the achievable speed. It was also provided with a retractable main 172:. It holds the distinction of being the first all-metal Italian bomber to enter service; at the time, it was regarded as one of the most modern medium bombers in the world. 2793:

Domange, Yves (August 1996). "21 juin 1940: un bombardier de reconnaissance italien survolve Lyon (1ère partie)" [An Italian Reconnaissance Bomber Flies over Lyon].

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Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) – General Aviation World Records: History of General Aviation World Records List of records established by the 'Fiat B.R.20.'

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and Harwich on the nights of 5, 17, 20, 29 November, three times in December and twice at the beginning of January, with no losses suffered. On 10 January 1941, the 43°

800:

of the era participating to various degrees in support of their favoured side. The civil war became a testing ground for the latest military equipment of the Italians,

3615: 3624: 1530: 1476: 982: 423:

was a more difficult aircraft to fly with a heavier wingload, but overall its three engines provided more power than the twin-engine arrangement of the BR.20. The

4299: 1780: 1319:

was back to Reggio Emilia base: during the African campaign, with the type suffering many mechanical troubles because of the desert sand, losses amounted to 15

2080: 1095: 2061: 3498: 1412:. They usually flew lone bombing sorties, carrying 36 small-baskets of incendiary bombes to drop on enemy troops in urban areas. On 5 October, three 1184:

fighters. Despite the escort, three bombers were downed (together with three CR.42s) and three more damaged, with no loss to the Hurricanes. British

2541: 853:. In July 1938, the BR.20's role was expanded to include photo reconnaissance missions due to the accuracy and high quality of its A.G.R.61 camera. 698:) was equipped with the "Cicognas" it was probably the most modern bombing unit in the world at that time. Shortly after entering service with the 3002: 789: 1071:

airfields; two aircraft (commanded by Catalano and Sammartano) were shot down and one was badly damaged. The same day, 28 BR.20s from 43° and 7°

343:

The BR.20 moved swiftly through its design and development phases, the design itself being finalized during 1935. On 10 February 1936, the first

266:(Italian Royal Air Force) issued a request to Italian aviation manufacturers, asking them to submit their proposals for the production of a new 4289: 1464:. Other BR.20s were used to drop food and other material to the Italian Army, often trapped in the Balkans, faced with Yugoslavian resistance. 793: 550: 4294: 2750: 1273:, in Libya. On 11 March, they landed on Castel Benito airfield; subsequently, they were allocated to Bir Dufan base, where they replaced the 1094:, the French air defenses in the south having not been defeated by the German attack in the north. Small-scale air raids continued until the 478:

instead. Originally, 98 aircraft were ordered, but only 15 BR.20bis were built from March to July 1943, with heavy Allied bombing of Fiat's

3608: 1185: 2405: 459:, had been produced and put in service. The improved BR.20M featured a different nose provisioned with additional glazed sections for the 946:, after which they were transported on for assembly and flight testing purposes. In Japanese service, the BR.20 (designated the I-Type ( 2962: 1748: 1124:

to directly challenge the British mainland itself, that the BR.20 showed its limitations for the first time. On 10 September 1940, the

2028: 1708: 1683: 916: 95: 1613: 2949: 2918: 2850: 2835: 2765: 2713: 364: 279: 1383:

41 “Cicognas” were shot down or lost through accidents. The Fiat bombers returned for a short time in 1943 with attacks on Malta.

382:. Testing of the aircraft continued even after this point; during June 1937, three aircraft were dispatched to a pair of bases in 3529: 2810:

Domange, Yves (September 1996). "21 juin 1940: un bombardier de reconnaissance italien survolve Lyon (2ème et dernière partie)".

2018: 2006: 1658: 1542: 4115: 4090: 3601: 1277:

in the night-bomber role. In this theatre, the BR.20 was tasked with bombing the British forces, in particular the key port of

772: 1374:

The attrition rate of the bombers remained relatively high; as such, BR.20-equipped units continued to be rotated to bases on

875:

Losses were very low; nine of the 13 BR.20s sent to Spain survived to the end of the war when they were handed over to the

482:

factory preventing further production. There is no evidence that any of these were deployed under operation circumstances.

3491: 4230: 212:. It was also used in combat during the 1930s with relative success by the licence built Japanese examples during the 1772: 1488: 889:

was successful in the theatre, just 13 examples were sent to Spain compared to at least 99 SM.79s, which meant that the

3703: 1514:, while between 9 August–11 September 1941, 98° escorted 172 ships from Italy to Libya. In almost all these units, the 1371:, in Gerbini. But within the first month those units too lost nine aircraft as a result of accidents or to enemy fire. 1016:

on 10 June 1940. At this time, only four wings operated BR.20s compared to the 14 wings equipped with SM.79s, with 172

2995: 1621: 405:, a non-competitor which was developed at practically the same time, gained a reputation that overshadowed the BR.20 4304: 1056: 193:. Flight testing proceeded at a rapid pace; during September 1936, initial deliveries of the type commenced to the 2076: 1756: 570: 3484: 2057: 1424:

Emilio d’Emilei. The Fiat crew claimed two Soviet fighters and the bomber managed to land back to airfield, in

912: 213: 1064: 820:. As a by-product of this involvement, rapid advances in bomber development were achieved during this period. 625:

covering the rear fuselage. The BR.20 had 74 m² (796 ft²) metal-skinned wings, comprising a pair of

1545:, which used it for communications duties. The last BR.20 was retired on 7 June 1946 and none survive today. 633:. The wing was built in three sections, the central being integral with the fuselage and the other two being 531:. In spite of this, both the range and payload of the bomber were also comparatively favourable for the era. 3593: 2023: 1943: 1674: 1538: 630: 578: 489:, a gunship with a 37 mm (1.46 in) cannon in the nose, while another aircraft was modified with a 4284: 2988: 2538: 1503: 1472: 1461: 1413: 1289: 1274: 978: 891: 669: 665: 597:. All the bombs were loaded and released horizontally, improving the accuracy of the launch. There was no 554: 460: 399: 324: 62: 591: 294: 4065: 1432:, but the pilot was wounded. The BR.20s were withdrawn from eastern Front in spring 1943, at first to 4198: 4174: 3507: 3044: 3021: 1802: 1652: 1126: 1111: 837: 706:

campaign lauding Italian engineering. During 1937, a pair of stripped-down BR.20s, designated as the

660:

and navigator stations, while the twin tail arrangement allowed a good field of fire from the dorsal

208:; the BR-20 came to form the backbone of Nationalist bombing operations, along with the German-built 201: 4150: 4145: 3798: 3788: 3658: 3267: 3218: 3189: 609:

The BR.20 had a relatively robust main structure which featured mixed-construction; the slab-sided

360: 297: 78: 741: 557:, housed within the center fuselage and the inner section of the wings held a combined 3,622 4075: 3445: 3349: 3334: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3070: 1534: 1401: 850: 3374: 3344: 3339: 3029: 1595:

RC.42 rated at 932 kW/1,250 hp each), increased dimensions and new, fully glazed nose.

1039: 724: 506: 3325: 3138: 2402: 4216: 4180: 3743: 3738: 3460: 3113: 2945: 2914: 2858: 2846: 2831: 2815: 2798: 2761: 2746: 2709: 1971: 1731: 1645: 1494: 1400:. Three days later they had their baptism of fire, bombing enemy troops at Werch Mamor, along 1196: 1188: 1135: 1117: 881: 846: 824: 785: 546: 262: 244: 205: 200:

During summer 1937, the BR.20 received its baptism of fire when a number were operated by the

177: 99: 90: 4256: 4130: 4050: 4030: 4025: 3980: 3840: 3783: 3728: 3718: 3653: 3648: 3455: 3315: 2001: 1881: 1637: 1223: 1181: 1001: 920: 842: 475: 275: 3476: 4268: 4015: 3970: 3965: 3905: 3900: 3819: 3813: 3808: 3693: 3683: 3582: 3465: 3178: 2545: 2409: 2084: 2065: 1940: 1723: 1700: 1526:

was hampered by the lack of special equipment and, consequently, no submarines were sunk.

1457: 1429: 1328: 1177: 1121: 1091: 951: 943: 869: 865: 626: 2743:

A History of Chinese Aviation: Encyclopedia of Aircraft and Aviation in China until 1949

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including those not yet delivered to operational squadrons. The units equipped with the

4168: 4125: 4120: 4105: 4100: 4085: 4055: 4040: 4035: 4010: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3960: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3885: 3875: 3860: 3850: 3830: 3803: 3753: 3698: 3673: 3668: 3638: 3011: 1996: 1976: 1519: 1511: 1417: 1311:

troops serving with the British forces near Oberdan village; subsequently, 11° and 43°

1013: 924: 809: 695: 387: 209: 169: 67: 1824:

The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II, The Fiat B.R.20: Aircraft Profile No. 110

1240: 359:, flown by Fiat test pilot Rolandi. Following the first flight, it was transferred to 4278: 4210: 4192: 4186: 4095: 4060: 4000: 3925: 3768: 3763: 3733: 3663: 3643: 3554: 3544: 3039: 3034: 1986: 1981: 1378:

to continue the offensive against Malta though 1941 and 1942. On 1 May 1942, the 88°

1234: 1192: 876: 813: 538: 521: 490: 352: 267: 224:

under the command of Maner Lualdi performed a highly publicised non-stop flight from

190: 165: 55: 4244: 4140: 4110: 4080: 4045: 4005: 3930: 3890: 3870: 3865: 3855: 3845: 3825: 3773: 3758: 3748: 3723: 3713: 3708: 3688: 3678: 1966: 1425: 1270: 817: 801: 761: 642: 638: 594: 528: 271: 240: 1814: 586:

when required. The original defensive armament weighed 220 kg (480 lb).

4204: 3955: 3403: 3398: 1991: 1468: 1282: 1099: 797: 749: 582: 328: 229: 1522:. This escort task was quite effective, at least psychologically, although the 1475:

in almost all operational units that had employed the BR.20. By 1943, when the

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sat at a station located within the nose; this position was equipped with both

3975: 3895: 3880: 3835: 3793: 3559: 3549: 3534: 3364: 3359: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3173: 3168: 3049: 2856:

Green, William and Swanborough, Gordon, eds. "Fiat BR.20... Stork à la mode".

1453: 1162: 1033: 777: 703: 661: 646: 574: 542: 525: 515: 305: 2967: 2819: 2802: 1884:

18-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 746 kW (1,000 hp) each

1354:

Consequently, the first BR.20 loss occurred on 8 of June. On 9 June, the 31°

919:

found itself short of modern long-range bombers, pending the delivery of the

823:

During June 1937, Italy deployed six of its newly delivered BR.20 bombers to

4135: 4070: 3778: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3275: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3207: 3202: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3059: 3054: 1795: 1592: 1285:, in preparation for a major joint offensive by Italian and Germany forces. 1169: 959: 757: 673: 653: 618: 535: 518: 344: 182: 41:

A Fiat BR.20 on the ground just prior to Italy's declaration of war in 1940.

398:

Despite the BR.20 being the winner of the 1934 new bomber competition, the

312:, was modern and competitive with other Italian bomber aircraft. The BR.20 2975: 1307:

One of the last sorties occurred on 7 March 1942, when two BR.20s strafed

17: 3354: 3256: 3197: 3088: 3083: 3078: 1480: 1315:

started their withdrawal to the Italian mainland. By 12 April, the whole

1157:

During a famous battle on 11 November, a formation of 10 BR.20s from 43°

1151: 1087: 974: 939: 753: 718: 715: 610: 383: 370:

Production orders for the type were quickly placed and authorised by the

321: 301: 233: 1506:

in April 1941, using a strong detachment (131 aircraft) in four groups.

434:

s superior agility enabled it to perform as a torpedo-bomber, while the

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Volume 22, No. 6, June 1982, pp. 290–294, 307–312. ISSN 0306-5634.

1484: 1445: 1214: 1202: 1173: 1165: 1143: 1139: 1068: 1005: 828: 657: 645:, the elements of which would retract into the engine's nacelles via a 598: 283: 243:

during mid-1940, the BR.20 served as the standard medium bomber of the

36: 634: 374:; during September 1936, initial deliveries of the BR.20 commenced to 1582: 1499: 1449: 1433: 1375: 1278: 1060: 1044: 1009: 935: 857: 805: 711: 622: 614: 569:

In terms of its self-defence capability, the BR.20 was fitted with a

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Lembo, Daniele. "Fiat BR.20 una Cicogna per la Regia" (in Italian).

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200 modern aircraft were engaged in the campaign, which involved an

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was almost the Italian standard bomber, especially on day missions.

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During 1939, a modified long-range BR.20 version, designated as the

1269:

in Belgium, led by commander De Wittembeschi, left Italy bound for

629:

and 50 ribs (also composed of duralumin) along with fabric-covered

1340: 1239: 1201:"They might have found better employment defending their Fleet at 1038: 908: 904: 832: 771: 723: 558: 505: 479: 356: 157: 485:

Various experimental versions were developed. These included the

2980: 1308: 1059:. On the night of 12 June 1940, eight bombers from 13° attacked 861: 745: 308:. Upon its emergence, the design, which later designated as the 287: 225: 168:

that was developed and manufactured by Italian aircraft company

3597: 3480: 2984: 1098:, with many BR.20s also used in support for the Army – bombing 216:. During 1939, a modified long-range BR.20 version (designated 1191:

commented on this raid, which occurred on the same day as the

950:)) was used to supplement and eventually replace the obsolete 2902:

Massiniello, Giorgio. "Bombe sull'Inghilterra" (in Italian).

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fitted with 37 mm (1.46 in) cannon in revised nose.

1813: 1575:

Improved bomber version with lengthened nose, 264 produced.

545:

at 4,100 m (13,451 ft), which drove three-bladed

1138:. During the ferry operation from Italy to their bases in 3625:

World War II Allied reporting names for Japanese aircraft

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The Hamlyn Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II

2760:(Sampson Low Guides). Maidenhead, UK: Sampson Low, 1978. 1483:, although 81 were with operational units, mostly in the 656:

configuration and a nose section that was separated into

2582: 2580: 1063:

dockyard. The next day, 10 Fiat BR.20s dropped bombs on

2625: 2623: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2034:

List of Regia Aeronautica aircraft used in World War II

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De-militarised conversion of two BR.20s for air racing.

1518:

was operated together with other aircraft, such as the

1288:

While North Africa was never considered to have been a

954:, equipping a pair of bomber groups (the 12th and 98th 510:

A Fiat B.R.20M of 242 Squadron, 99 Group, 43 Wing, 1940

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A Spanish Civil War photo showing an early model BR.20

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Sgarlato, Nico. "Il Disastro del CAI" (in Italian).

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campaign in 1941, 1942 and 1943. On 7 May 1941, 19°

1134:

equipped with 80 brand-new BR.20Ms, to fight in the

927:

and the BR.20 bombers in order to meet their needs.

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Enemy Aircraft (German and Italian) of World War II

1961:

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

1541:after the Armistice, with only one retained by the 1304:was increasingly restricted from mid-1941 onwards. 934:During early 1938, the first BR.20 were shipped to 796:factions. However, the conflict quickly led to the 744:performed a highly publicised non-stop flight from 710:, were custom-built for entry into the prestigious 135: 127: 119: 114: 106: 85: 73: 61: 51: 46: 29: 1444:During the course of the war, BR.20s were used in 872:fighters that were unable to challenge the BR.20. 316:was amongst those proposals to be accepted by the 1620:A single captured BR.20 entered service with the 776:A formation of Fiat B.R.20s, June 1937. Note the 577:, armed with a single 7.7 mm (.303 in) 419:s success lay in its flying characteristics. The 2884:. London and New York: Frederick Warne & Co. 1591:Major re-design with more powerful engines (two 1537:and transports. A small number were used by the 442:were constructed, at least twice as many as the 2681: 2679: 2677: 438:was never considered for that role. Over 1,200 1404:. More BR.20s arrived on 5 September from 43° 1367:, based on Fontanarossa airfield, and the 55° 1012:, Italy declared war upon both France and the 175:The BR.20 has its origins in a request by the 3609: 3492: 2996: 2899:.(in Italian) Milano, Electa Mondadori, 2006. 2897:Aerei Mililtari: Bombardieri e da Trasporto 2 1917:2,750 km (1,710 mi, 1,480 nmi) 1781:Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia 1086:based on Bresso airfield, was shot down over 1084:Squadriglia Ricognizione Strategica Terrestre 621:skin of the forward and center fuselage, and 8: 2812:Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire 2795:Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire 2658: 2656: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2389: 2387: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2231: 2229: 1452:as well. They were also used extensively in 841:as a part of its contribution in support of 637:outer sections. As a consequence of the low 2845:. Glasgow, HarperCollins Publishers, 1995. 2706:The encyclopedia of weapons of World War II 2637: 2635: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2280: 2278: 1436:and, subsequently, to Italy, on 13 April. 3616: 3602: 3594: 3499: 3485: 3477: 3003: 2989: 2981: 2892:n. 29, April–May 2003, West-Ward Edizioni. 2773:The Fiat B.R.20: Aircraft Profile No. 110. 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 601:armament adopted during its service life. 514:The Fiat BR.20 was a twin-engine low-wing 26: 2872:"Il CAI sul Mare del Nord" (in Italian). 1911:340 km/h (210 mph, 180 kn) 1905:440 km/h (270 mph, 240 kn) 367:for an accelerated evaluation programme. 2869:. Milano, Alberto Peruzzo Editore, 1984. 2789:. Modena, Editore S.T.E.M. Mucchi, 1976. 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 1323:. The last use over Africa was when 55° 474:to place large orders for the competing 4235: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2050: 1805:– A single BR.20 was sold to Venezuela. 1479:was signed, many had been relegated to 1120:, in which Axis aircraft flew over the 2758:World Aircraft: World War II, Volume I 2756:Angelucci, Enzo and Paolo Matricardi. 2708:. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. 2513:Angelucci and Matricardi 1978, p. 197. 2125: 1531:Armistice between Italy and the Allies 1408:. Three of them were assigned to 116a 1569:Long ranged civil version, one built. 1487:and Italy; also later serving on the 1075:bombed Toulon again, with no losses. 702:, the aircraft became central to the 466:The final production variant was the 7: 4300:Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft 2775:Profile Publications, 1966. No ISBN. 2745:. AHS of ROC: Taipei, Taiwan, 2008. 1557:Initial production model, 233 built. 1082:MM. 21837) of the newly formed 172a 1051:The aircraft of the 7°, 13° and 43° 784:During the mid- to late- 1930s, the 2867:Aerei della Seconda Guerra Mondiale 2662:Green and Swanborough 1982, p. 311. 2574:Green and Swanborough 1982, p. 310. 2462:Green and Swanborough 1982, p. 308. 2439:Green and Swanborough 1982, p. 294. 2421:Green and Swanborough 1982, p. 293. 2393:Green and Swanborough 1982, p. 307. 2363:Green and Swanborough 1982, p. 292. 2307:Green and Swanborough 1982, p. 312. 2235:Green and Swanborough 1982, p. 291. 1850:21.56 m (70 ft 9 in) 1844:16.68 m (54 ft 9 in) 977:-Manchurian border to fight in the 331:, thus gaining the prefix BR, (for 2828:The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft 2029:List of interwar military aircraft 1890:3-bladed variable-pitch propellers 1856:4.75 m (15 ft 7 in) 1709:Imperial Japanese Army Air Service 1684:Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana 1529:At the time of the September 1943 692:13° Stormo Bombardamento Terrestre 376:13° Stormo Bombardamento Terrestre 110:Fiat BR.20 (233) Fiat BR.20M (279) 96:Imperial Japanese Army Air Service 25: 4162:thought to be in Japanese service 2780:Aerei d'Italia (dal 1923 al 1972) 1396:(reconnaissance squadron) of 71° 1002:Nazi Germany's invasion of France 907:entered into full-scale war with 780:blending in with the ground below 239:Upon the entry of Italy into the 4262: 4250: 4238: 2882:The Observer's Book Of Airplanes 2782:. Edizioni "E.C.A. 2000" Milano. 2019:List of aircraft of World War II 2007:Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 Sparviero 1788: 1765: 1741: 1716: 1693: 1667: 1659:Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force 1630: 1606: 1543:Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force 1363:arrived in Sicily with the 116° 1265:, that had been in service with 690:When, near the end of 1936, the 35: 2942:Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation 1874:10,100 kg (22,267 lb) 1862:74 m (800 sq ft) 728:A Regia Aeronautica BR.20, 1938 2913:. London: Bounty Books, 2006. 2830:. Aerospace Publishing. 1997. 1868:6,500 kg (14,330 lb) 1394:Squadriglia osservazione aerea 1028:were the 7°, 13°, 18° and 43° 293:Fiat's design team, headed by 1: 4290:1930s Italian bomber aircraft 2551:. Retrieved: 7 December 2007. 1923:8,000 m (26,000 ft) 1581:Single aircraft converted by 1226:in the form of weakening the 1154:, in daylight, with no loss. 1130:was formed, with 13° and 43° 845:'s Nationalist forces in the 788:was waged between right-wing 164:) was a low-wing twin-engine 4295:World War II Italian bombers 3632:Aircraft in Japanese service 2929:. London, UK: Ian Allan Ltd. 1951:1,600 kg (3,530 lb) of bombs 1810:Specifications (Fiat BR.20M) 1420:attacked the BR.20 flown by 1244:Fiat BR.20s over Yugoslavia. 2968:BR.20 on Avions legendaires 2704:Bishop, Chris, ed. (1998). 2412:Retrieved: 1 December 2007. 1622:Republic of China Air Force 1504:German and Italian invasion 652:The BR.20 possessed a twin- 534:The engines were a pair of 4321: 1168:fighters – but not by the 1109: 1020:being in service with the 2880:Lawrence, Joseph (1945). 2595:Apostolo 1966, pp. 10–11. 2293:Apostolo 1966, pp. 13–14. 1757:Royal Hungarian Air Force 1213:nevertheless bombed both 1008:forces pushing deep into 942:, in Japanese-controlled 551:variable-pitch propellers 365:Metropolitan City of Rome 34: 2976:Comando Supremo on BR.20 2944:. London: Jane's, 1980. 2925:Munson, Kenneth (1960). 2843:Aircraft of World War II 2685:Donald 1997, p. 407-408. 2149:Matricardi 2006, p. 257. 1944:Breda-SAFAT machine guns 1339:BR.20s were used in the 1253:On 27 February 1941, 14 1172:– on a daylight raid on 1078:On 15 June, one BR.20M ( 913:Second Sino-Japanese War 617:steel tube structure. A 214:Second Sino-Japanese War 2814:(in French) (42): 2–4. 2797:(in French) (41): 2–4. 2694:Andersson 2008, p. 266. 2381:Apostolo 1966, pp. 3–4. 2372:Apostolo 1966, pp. 4–5. 2272:Apostolo 1966, pp. 6–7. 2024:List of bomber aircraft 1829:General characteristics 1675:Italian Social Republic 1057:campaign against France 917:Japanese Army Air Force 882:Ejército del Aire (EdA) 631:flight control surfaces 579:Breda-SAFAT machine gun 555:self-sealing fuel tanks 400:Savoia Marchetti SM.79 333:"Bombardiere Rosatelli" 4201:(Messerschmitt Bf 109) 4177:(Messerschmitt Bf 110) 2671:De Marchi 1976, p. 12. 2586:De Marchi 1976, p. 10. 1818: 1473:Savoia-Marchetti SM.84 1275:Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 1245: 1048: 1004:in May 1940, and with 979:Battle of Khalkhin Gol 973:was redeployed to the 781: 729: 541:, rated at 1,000 511: 491:tricycle undercarriage 325:Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 2940:Taylor, M.J.H. (ed). 2728:Apostolo 1966, p. 16. 2650:De Marchi 1976, p. 9. 2641:Apostolo 1966, p. 12. 2629:De Marchi 1976, p. 8. 2617:Apostolo 1966, p. 11. 2565:Apostolo 1966, p. 10. 2539:"David Scott Malden." 2529:De Marchi 1976, p. 7. 2504:De Marchi 1976, p. 6. 2316:Apostolo 1966, p. 14. 2284:Apostolo 1966, p. 13. 2107:Gunston 1994, p. 221. 1817: 1243: 1176:, was intercepted by 1042: 983:Allied reporting name 775: 740:under the command of 727: 649:-actuated mechanism. 509: 394:Cicogna vs. Sparviero 295:aeronautical engineer 3508:Spanish Armed Forces 2937:magazine, June 2007. 2841:Ethell, L. Jeffrey. 2741:Andersson, Lennart. 2488:Apostolo 1966, p. 7. 2448:Taylor 1980, p. 384. 2354:Apostolo 1966, p. 5. 2332:Apostolo 1966, p. 4. 2263:Apostolo 1966, p. 6. 2223:Apostolo 1966, p. 3. 2197:Lembo 2003, p. 8-26. 1803:Venezuelan Air Force 1653:Aviazione Legionaria 1495:Italy invaded Greece 1267:Corpo Aereo Italiano 1211:Corpo Aereo Italiano 1127:Corpo Aereo Italiano 1112:Corpo Aereo Italiano 1055:fought in the brief 838:Aviazione Legionaria 412:The reasons for the 320:, together with the 202:Aviazione Legionaria 4219:(Focke-Wulf Fw 200) 4183:(Focke Wulf Fw 190) 3570:Bombardero Vertical 3510:bomber designations 2895:Matricardi, Paolo. 2826:Donald, David, ed. 2778:Bignozzi, Giorgio. 2140:Ethell 1995, p. 67. 2116:Ethell 1995, p. 66. 1872:Max takeoff weight: 1327:aircraft contested 903:In July 1937, when 681:Operational history 450:Further development 361:Guidonia Montecelio 298:Celestino Rosatelli 79:Celestino Rosatelli 47:General information 2935:Aerei nella Storia 2906:magazine n.1/2005. 2890:Aerei nella Storia 2787:Fiat BR.20 cicogna 2785:De Marchi, Italo. 2544:2007-12-12 at the 2408:2006-05-29 at the 2083:2014-09-27 at the 2064:2014-09-26 at the 1819: 1246: 1233:s presence in the 1209:The BR.20s of the 1116:It was during the 1080:Matricola Militare 1049: 879:to serve with the 851:Battle of the Ebro 782: 730: 613:was composed of a 512: 4305:Low-wing aircraft 4226: 4225: 3591: 3590: 3576: 3523: 3474: 3473: 2859:Air International 2751:978-957-28533-3-7 1972:Douglas B-18 Bolo 1732:Spanish Air Force 1646:Regia Aeronautica 1477:Italian armistice 1302:Regia Aeronautica 1228:Regia Aeronautica 1189:Winston Churchill 1136:Battle of Britain 1118:Battle of Britain 1022:Regia Aeronautica 847:Spanish Civil War 835:, for use by the 786:Spanish Civil War 700:Regia Aeronautica 553:. A group of six 472:Regia Aeronautica 380:Regia Aeronautica 372:Regia Aeronautica 318:Regia Aeronautica 263:Regia Aeronautica 260:During 1934, the 245:Regia Aeronautica 206:Spanish Civil War 195:Regia Aeronautica 178:Regia Aeronautica 143: 142: 120:Introduction date 100:Spanish Air Force 91:Regia Aeronautica 16:(Redirected from 4312: 4267: 4266: 4265: 4255: 4254: 4253: 4243: 4242: 4241: 4234: 4171:(Heinkel He 111) 4160:Foreign aircraft 3618: 3611: 3604: 3595: 3574: 3521: 3501: 3494: 3487: 3478: 3005: 2998: 2991: 2982: 2972: 2930: 2885: 2823: 2806: 2729: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2672: 2669: 2663: 2660: 2651: 2648: 2642: 2639: 2630: 2627: 2618: 2615: 2596: 2593: 2587: 2584: 2575: 2572: 2566: 2563: 2552: 2536: 2530: 2527: 2514: 2511: 2505: 2502: 2489: 2486: 2463: 2460: 2449: 2446: 2440: 2437: 2422: 2419: 2413: 2400: 2394: 2391: 2382: 2379: 2373: 2370: 2364: 2361: 2355: 2352: 2333: 2330: 2317: 2314: 2308: 2305: 2294: 2291: 2285: 2282: 2273: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2236: 2233: 2224: 2221: 2198: 2195: 2150: 2147: 2141: 2138: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2114: 2108: 2105: 2096: 2095:Bignozzi, p. 10. 2093: 2087: 2074: 2068: 2055: 2002:Mitsubishi Ki-21 1931: 1921:Service ceiling: 1898: 1882:Fiat A.80 R.C.41 1831: 1794: 1792: 1791: 1775: 1771: 1769: 1768: 1751: 1747: 1745: 1744: 1722: 1720: 1719: 1703: 1699: 1697: 1696: 1677: 1673: 1671: 1670: 1638:Kingdom of Italy 1636: 1634: 1633: 1612: 1610: 1609: 1232: 1224:opportunity cost 1182:Hawker Hurricane 1096:French surrender 1092:Dewoitine D.520s 1043:Two Fiat B.R.20 991:Second World War 921:Mitsubishi Ki-21 843:Francisco Franco 668:. The navigator/ 476:CRDA CANT Z.1018 433: 418: 351:) performed its 241:Second World War 189:) conducted its 163: 160: 155: 131:10 February 1936 39: 27: 21: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4275: 4274: 4273: 4263: 4261: 4251: 4249: 4239: 4237: 4229: 4227: 4222: 4213:(Junkers Ju 52) 4195:(Junkers Ju 88) 4189:(Junkers Ju 87) 4161: 4155: 3627: 3622: 3592: 3587: 3573: 3564: 3520: 3511: 3505: 3475: 3470: 3434: 3408: 3369: 3320: 3266:Fighter series 3261: 3212: 3183: 3064: 3015: 3009: 2970: 2959: 2924: 2909:Mondey, David. 2904:Storia Militare 2879: 2865:Gunston, Bill. 2809: 2792: 2738: 2733: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2716: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2633: 2628: 2621: 2616: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2578: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2555: 2546:Wayback Machine 2537: 2533: 2528: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2492: 2487: 2466: 2461: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2410:Wayback Machine 2401: 2397: 2392: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2358: 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3512: 3506: 3504: 3503: 3496: 3489: 3481: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3416: 3414: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3380: 3378: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3331: 3329: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3272: 3270: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3223: 3221: 3217:Bomber series 3214: 3213: 3211: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3194: 3192: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3075: 3073: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3026: 3024: 3017: 3016: 3010: 3008: 3007: 3000: 2993: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2973: 2965: 2958: 2957:External links 2955: 2954: 2953: 2938: 2931: 2922: 2907: 2900: 2893: 2886: 2877: 2870: 2863: 2854: 2839: 2824: 2807: 2790: 2783: 2776: 2769: 2754: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2721: 2714: 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Mig-1s 1388: 1385: 1336: 1333: 1281:and the vital 1250: 1247: 1186:Prime Minister 1161:, escorted by 1107: 1104: 1014:United Kingdom 997: 994: 992: 989: 925:Caproni Ca.135 900: 897: 792:and left-wing 769: 766: 696:Lonate Pozzolo 687: 684: 682: 679: 606: 603: 566: 563: 539:radial engines 503: 500: 498: 495: 451: 448: 395: 392: 388:Tripoli, Libya 340: 337: 257: 254: 252: 249: 210:Heinkel He 111 141: 140: 137: 133: 132: 129: 125: 124: 121: 117: 116: 112: 111: 108: 104: 103: 94: 87: 83: 82: 77: 75: 71: 70: 65: 59: 58: 53: 49: 48: 44: 43: 40: 32: 31: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4317: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4285:Fiat aircraft 4283: 4282: 4280: 4270: 4260: 4258: 4248: 4246: 4236: 4232: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4207:(Vultee V-11) 4206: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 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3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3619: 3614: 3612: 3607: 3605: 3600: 3599: 3596: 3584: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3502: 3497: 3495: 3490: 3488: 3483: 3482: 3479: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3264: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3215: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3186: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3006: 3001: 2999: 2994: 2992: 2987: 2986: 2983: 2977: 2974: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2950:1-85170-324-1 2947: 2943: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2920: 2919:0-7537-1460-4 2916: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2876:October 1990. 2875: 2871: 2868: 2864: 2861: 2860: 2855: 2852: 2851:0-00-470849-0 2848: 2844: 2840: 2837: 2836:1-85605-375-X 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2774: 2771:Apostolo, G. 2770: 2767: 2766:0-562-00096-8 2763: 2759: 2755: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2725: 2722: 2717: 2715:0-7607-1022-8 2711: 2707: 2700: 2697: 2691: 2688: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2665: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2647: 2644: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2592: 2589: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2571: 2568: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2540: 2535: 2532: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2507: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2445: 2442: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2404: 2399: 2396: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2375: 2369: 2366: 2360: 2357: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2313: 2310: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2290: 2287: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2269: 2266: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2128:, p. 18. 2127: 2122: 2119: 2113: 2110: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2051: 2044: 2039: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2015: 2014: 2013:Related lists 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1987:Junkers Ju 86 1985: 1983: 1982:Ilyushin DB-3 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1962: 1955: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1933: 1930: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1909:Cruise speed: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1897: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1866:Empty weight: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1830: 1825: 1823: 1816: 1809: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1797: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1774: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1724:Spanish State 1714: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1642: 1639: 1628: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1604: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1490: 1489:Eastern Front 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1248: 1242: 1238: 1236: 1235:Mediterranean 1229: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1206: 1204: 1198: 1195:'s attack on 1194: 1193:Fleet Air Arm 1190: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1128: 1123: 1119: 1113: 1105: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1046: 1041: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 995: 990: 988: 987: 984: 980: 976: 972: 967: 963: 961: 958:) located in 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 932: 928: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 898: 896: 894: 893: 888: 884: 883: 878: 877:Spanish State 873: 871: 867: 863: 859: 854: 852: 848: 844: 840: 839: 834: 830: 826: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 779: 774: 767: 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 726: 722: 720: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 686:Early service 685: 680: 678: 675: 671: 667: 666:radio compass 663: 659: 655: 650: 648: 647:hydraulically 644: 643:undercarriage 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 604: 602: 600: 596: 593: 587: 584: 580: 576: 573:model H nose 572: 564: 562: 560: 556: 552: 548: 547:Fiat-Hamilton 544: 540: 537: 532: 530: 527: 523: 522:medium bomber 520: 517: 508: 501: 496: 494: 492: 488: 483: 481: 477: 473: 469: 464: 462: 458: 449: 447: 445: 441: 437: 430: 426: 422: 415: 410: 408: 404: 403: 393: 391: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 368: 366: 362: 358: 354: 353:maiden flight 350: 346: 338: 336: 334: 330: 326: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 296: 291: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 268:medium bomber 265: 264: 255: 250: 248: 246: 242: 237: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 198: 196: 192: 191:maiden flight 188: 184: 180: 179: 173: 171: 167: 166:medium bomber 159: 151: 150: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 92: 88: 86:Primary users 84: 80: 76: 72: 69: 66: 64: 60: 57: 56:Medium bomber 54: 50: 45: 38: 33: 30:BR.20 Cicogna 28: 19: 4020: 3569: 3539: 3516: 3450: 3251: 2941: 2934: 2926: 2910: 2903: 2896: 2889: 2881: 2874:RID magazine 2873: 2866: 2857: 2842: 2827: 2811: 2794: 2786: 2779: 2772: 2757: 2742: 2736:Bibliography 2724: 2705: 2699: 2690: 2667: 2646: 2591: 2570: 2548: 2534: 2509: 2444: 2417: 2398: 2377: 2368: 2359: 2312: 2289: 2268: 2145: 2121: 2112: 2091: 2072: 2053: 2012: 2011: 1967:Bloch MB.210 1960: 1959: 1948: 1936: 1928: 1926: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1895: 1893: 1887: 1877: 1871: 1865: 1859: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1828: 1826: 1821: 1820: 1730: 1682: 1651: 1644: 1528: 1523: 1515: 1508: 1493: 1466: 1443: 1440:Other fronts 1426:Kantemirovka 1421: 1409: 1405: 1397: 1393: 1390: 1387:Soviet Union 1379: 1373: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1338: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1287: 1283:supply lines 1271:Tripolitania 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1252: 1249:North Africa 1227: 1218: 1210: 1208: 1200: 1158: 1156: 1147: 1131: 1125: 1115: 1083: 1079: 1077: 1072: 1052: 1050: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 999: 985: 970: 968: 964: 955: 947: 933: 929: 902: 890: 886: 885:. While the 880: 874: 855: 836: 822: 798:Great Powers 783: 762:Microtecnica 742:Maner Lualdi 737: 733: 731: 707: 699: 691: 689: 651: 639:wing loading 608: 588: 568: 533: 529:light bomber 513: 486: 484: 471: 467: 465: 456: 453: 443: 439: 435: 428: 424: 420: 413: 411: 406: 401: 397: 379: 375: 371: 369: 348: 342: 332: 317: 313: 309: 292: 261: 259: 238: 221: 217: 199: 194: 186: 176: 174: 148: 146: 144: 128:First flight 107:Number built 89: 63:Manufacturer 3575:Dive bomber 3413:other types 2971:(in French) 2126:Munson 1960 1992:Martin B-10 1896:Performance 1888:Propellers: 1878:Powerplant: 1469:Cant Z.1007 1410:Squadriglia 790:nationalist 750:Addis Ababa 583:streamlined 363:within the 339:Into flight 329:Cant Z.1007 251:Development 230:Addis Ababa 204:during the 147:Fiat BR.20 4279:Categories 3517:Bombardero 3375:C.A.N.S.A. 2040:References 1860:Wing area: 1454:Yugoslavia 1170:Fiat G.50s 1163:Fiat CR.42 1110:See also: 1047:in flight. 1034:turbulence 1000:Following 827:, outside 794:Republican 778:camouflage 704:propaganda 674:bombsights 670:bomb-aimer 662:gun turret 592:incendiary 526:Tupolev SB 516:cantilever 461:bombardier 440:Sparvieros 256:Background 18:Fiat BR.20 4257:Companies 4031:Sally III 3326:C.M.A.S.A 3268:Rosatelli 3219:Rosatelli 3190:Rosatelli 3071:Gabrielli 2820:1243-8650 2803:1243-8650 2549:skynet.be 2045:Citations 1848:Wingspan: 1822:Data from 1796:Venezuela 1600:Operators 1593:Fiat A.82 1462:partisans 1402:Don river 1347:from 43° 975:Mongolian 969:The 12th 960:Manchuria 892:Sparviero 814:Americans 760:built by 758:autopilot 619:duralumin 605:Structure 519:monoplane 429:Sparviero 425:Sparviero 421:Sparviero 414:Sparviero 402:Sparviero 345:prototype 183:prototype 4269:Aviation 3446:Centauro 3014:aircraft 2542:Archived 2406:Archived 2081:Archived 2062:Archived 1956:See also 1929:Armament 1624:in 1939. 1588:BR.20bis 1549:Variants 1535:trainers 1481:training 1456:against 1422:Capitano 1292:for the 1152:Ramsgate 1100:Briançon 1088:Provence 1018:Cicognas 948:Yi-shiki 940:Liaoning 887:Cicognas 754:Ethiopia 736:, named 719:air race 716:Damascus 611:fuselage 595:bomblets 565:Armament 502:Overview 468:BR.20bis 384:Benghazi 322:trimotor 302:airliner 234:Ethiopia 220:) named 74:Designer 4231:Portals 4151:Zeke 32 4096:Theresa 3876:Kate 61 3822:(Ki-55) 3816:(Ki-36) 3809:Hickory 3749:Frances 3704:Cypress 3679:Buzzard 3466:Spartan 3461:Freccia 3451:Cicogna 3439:by name 3188:Series 3069:Series 3022:Ansaldo 3020:Series 1854:Height: 1842:Length: 1773:Croatia 1749:Hungary 1524:Cicogna 1516:Cicogna 1485:Balkans 1446:Albania 1321:Cicogne 1294:Cicogna 1257:of 98° 1255:Cicogne 1215:Ipswich 1203:Taranto 1197:Taranto 1174:Harwich 1166:biplane 1150:bombed 1144:Harwich 1140:Belgium 1106:Britain 1069:Fayence 1045:bombers 1026:Cicogna 986:"Ruth". 915:), the 829:Seville 825:Tablada 818:Soviets 810:British 802:Germans 658:cockpit 635:tapered 599:torpedo 444:Cicogna 436:Cicogna 407:Cicogna 378:of the 349:M.M.274 314:Cicogna 284:Caproni 272:Piaggio 187:M.M.274 149:Cicogna 136:Retired 115:History 4211:Trixie 4205:Millie 4193:Janice 4141:Willow 4111:Tillie 4091:Thelma 4086:Thalia 4061:Stella 4056:Spruce 3906:Louise 3826:Irving 3764:George 3759:Gander 3699:Claude 3689:Cherry 3522:Bomber 3404:F.C.20 3399:F.C.12 3365:A.S.14 3360:R.S.14 3316:C.R.42 3311:C.R.41 3306:C.R.40 3301:C.R.33 3296:C.R.32 3291:C.R.30 3286:C.R.25 3281:C.R.20 3257:B.R.G. 3252:B.R.20 2948: 2917: 2849: 2834: 2818: 2801: 2764: 2749: 2712: 1949:Bombs: 1915:Range: 1793: 1770: 1746: 1721: 1698: 1672: 1635: 1611: 1583:Agusta 1578:BR.20C 1572:BR.20M 1566:BR.20L 1560:BR.20A 1500:Greeks 1450:Greece 1434:Odessa 1416:and a 1406:Stormo 1398:Gruppo 1380:Gruppo 1376:Sicily 1369:Gruppo 1365:Gruppo 1361:Stormo 1356:Gruppo 1349:Stormo 1345:Gruppo 1325:Gruppo 1317:Stormo 1313:Gruppi 1298:Stormo 1279:Tobruk 1263:Stormo 1261:, 43° 1259:Gruppo 1219:Stormo 1180:(RAF) 1159:Stormo 1148:Stormo 1132:Stormi 1073:Stormo 1065:Hyères 1061:Toulon 1053:Stormo 1030:Stormo 1010:France 1006:German 996:France 971:Sentai 956:Sentai 936:Dalian 858:Teruel 816:, and 806:French 734:BR.20L 712:Istres 708:BR.20A 623:fabric 615:welded 575:turret 549:metal 497:Design 487:BR.20C 457:BR.20M 304:, the 276:Macchi 218:BR.20L 4245:Italy 4217:Trudy 4187:Irene 4131:Topsy 4101:Thora 4076:Tabby 4071:Susie 4066:Steve 4051:Sonia 4041:Sandy 4026:Sally 3986:Perry 3981:Peggy 3971:Patsy 3961:Oscar 3926:Mavis 3916:Mabel 3901:Loise 3896:Lorna 3881:Laura 3851:Jerry 3804:Helen 3779:Grace 3774:Goose 3754:Frank 3734:Emily 3719:Dinah 3694:Clara 3684:Cedar 3669:Betty 3664:Belle 3639:Abdul 3456:Falco 3425:T.R.1 3377:types 3350:MF.10 3328:types 3276:C.R.1 3247:B.R.4 3242:B.R.3 3237:B.R.2 3232:B.R.1 3208:R.700 3179:G.222 3174:G.212 3169:G.91Y 3060:A.S.2 3055:A.S.1 3050:APR.2 3040:A.300 3035:A.120 3030:A.100 1937:Guns: 1836:Crew: 1701:Japan 1614:China 1554:BR.20 1428:, in 1341:Malta 1335:Malta 1296:, 13 1231:' 911:(the 909:China 905:Japan 899:Japan 833:Spain 768:Spain 627:spars 571:Breda 480:Turin 432:' 417:' 357:Turin 355:from 310:BR.20 306:APR.2 280:Breda 158:stork 4199:Mike 4181:Fred 4169:Bess 4146:Zeke 4126:Tony 4121:Tojo 4116:Toby 4106:Tina 4081:Tess 4046:Slim 4021:Ruth 4016:Rufe 4006:Rita 3996:Pine 3991:Pete 3976:Paul 3951:Norm 3946:Nick 3941:Nell 3936:Nate 3931:Myrt 3921:Mary 3911:Luke 3886:Lily 3871:Kate 3866:Judy 3856:Jill 3846:Jean 3841:Jane 3836:Jake 3831:Jack 3794:Hank 3789:Hamp 3784:Gwen 3769:Glen 3729:Edna 3714:Dick 3709:Dave 3659:Baka 3654:Babs 3583:BV.1 3572:(BV) 3430:7002 3420:C.29 3345:MF.6 3340:MF.5 3335:MF.4 3227:B.R. 3203:R.22 3164:G.91 3159:G.84 3154:G.82 3149:G.81 3144:G.80 3139:G.61 3134:G.59 3129:G.57 3124:G.56 3119:G.55 3114:G.50 3109:G.49 3104:G.46 3099:G.18 3094:G.12 3045:AN.1 3012:Fiat 2946:ISBN 2915:ISBN 2847:ISBN 2832:ISBN 2816:ISSN 2799:ISSN 2762:ISBN 2747:ISBN 2710:ISBN 1880:2 × 1471:and 1448:and 1309:Arab 1067:and 868:and 862:Ebro 860:and 746:Rome 694:(in 654:tail 386:and 327:and 288:Fiat 286:and 226:Rome 170:Fiat 145:The 139:1945 123:1936 68:Fiat 52:Type 4175:Doc 4136:Val 4036:Sam 4011:Rob 4001:Rex 3966:Pat 3956:Oak 3891:Liz 3861:Jim 3820:Ida 3814:Ida 3799:Hap 3744:Eve 3739:Eva 3724:Dot 3674:Bob 3649:Ann 3644:Alf 3560:B.7 3555:B.6 3550:B.5 3545:B.4 3540:B.3 3535:B.2 3530:B.1 3519:(B) 3394:C.6 3389:C.5 3384:C.4 3355:BGA 3198:R.2 3089:G.8 3084:G.5 3079:G.2 1939:3× 1539:RSI 1460:'s 1090:by 748:to 335:). 228:to 4281:: 2676:^ 2655:^ 2634:^ 2622:^ 2600:^ 2579:^ 2556:^ 2518:^ 2493:^ 2467:^ 2453:^ 2426:^ 2386:^ 2337:^ 2321:^ 2298:^ 2277:^ 2240:^ 2228:^ 2202:^ 2154:^ 2133:^ 2100:^ 1491:. 1331:. 1237:. 1205:." 1199:: 1036:. 938:, 831:, 812:, 808:, 804:, 764:. 752:, 559:Ls 543:cv 446:. 282:, 278:, 274:, 236:. 232:, 197:. 4233:: 3617:e 3610:t 3603:v 3500:e 3493:t 3486:v 3004:e 2997:t 2990:v 2952:. 2921:. 2853:. 2838:. 2822:. 2805:. 2768:. 2753:. 2718:. 1838:5 714:– 162:' 154:' 152:( 20:)

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Index