3085:
49:
2632:
1812:
3171:
1206:
2966:
did not imply the giving or receiving of landholdings (which were granted only as a reward for loyalty), but by the 8th century the giving of a landholding was becoming standard. The granting of a landholding to a vassal did not relinquish the lord's property rights, but only the use of the lands and
3124:
In northern France in the 12th and 13th centuries, military service for fiefs was limited for offensive campaigns to 40 days for a knight. By the 12th century, English and French kings and barons began to commute military service for cash payments
2745:. There never existed a standard feudal system, nor did there exist only one type of fief. Over the ages, depending on the region, there was a broad variety of customs using the same basic legal principles in many variations.
3001:, local magnates either recruited or forced the owners of allodial holdings into dependent relationships and they were turned into fiefs. The process occurred later in Germany, and was still going on in the 13th century.
2900:
In the 10th and 11th centuries the Latin terms for 'fee' could be used either to describe dependent tenure held by a man from his lord, as the term is used now by historians, or it could mean simply "property" (the
3023:
Eventually, great feudal lords sought also to seize governmental and legal authority (the collection of taxes, the right of high justice, etc.) in their lands, and some passed these rights to their own vassals.
2741:. However, not only land but anything of value could be held in fee, including governmental office, rights of exploitation such as hunting, fishing or felling trees, monopolies in trade, money rents and
3107:
wardship and marriage – right to control descent of fee by choosing a husband for a female heir and a guardian for minors (preferably in consultation with the heir's closest male adult kinsmen);
2986:
By the middle of the 10th century, fee had largely become hereditary. The eldest son of a deceased vassal would inherit, but first he had to do homage and fealty to the lord and pay a "
3039:
In 13th-century
Germany, Italy, England, France, and Spain the term "feodum" was used to describe a dependent tenure held from a lord by a vassal in return for a specified amount of
2993:
Historically, the fees of the 11th and the 12th century derived from two separate sources. The first was land carved out of the estates of the upper nobility. The second source was
2975:
was the first to make large-scale and systematic use (the practice had remained sporadic until then) of the remuneration of vassals by the concession of the usufruct of lands (a
2660:
2777:) for life as a reward for services rendered, originally, to the state. In medieval Latin European documents, a land grant in exchange for service continued to be called a
1236:
3110:"aids" – payments to aid the lord in times of need (customarily given to the lord to cover the cost of knighting the eldest son, marriage of the eldest daughter, and for
3251:. While nobility has been outlawed in France and Germany, noble fiefs still exist by law in Guernsey. The owners of the fiefs actually convene each year at the
3077:
attendance in the lord's entourage, accompanying the lord when he travelled or attended the court of his lord so as to increase the social status of the lord;
2801:
in the documents. The first attested instance of this is from 984, although more primitive forms were seen up to one hundred years earlier. The origin of the
390:
1840:
2905:
was, in effect, a small fief). It lacked a precise meaning until the middle of the 12th century, when it received formal definition from land lawyers.
1877:
3255:
under the supervision of His
Majesty's Government. There are approximately 24 private fiefs in Guernsey that are registered directly with the Crown.
2967:
their income; the granting lord retained ultimate ownership of the fee and could, technically, recover the lands in case of disloyalty or death. In
2091:
2653:
2908:
In
English usage, the word "fee" is first attested around 1250–1300 (Middle English); the word "fief" from around 1605–1615. In French, the term
3145:
between 1198 and 1292, along with their holders' names and form of tenure, was published in three volumes between 1920 and 1931 and is known as
1229:
3084:
48:
3481:
3096:
3616:
2646:
664:
3699:
3666:
3652:
3218:
1708:
1222:
599:
3351:
1314:
2997:
land transformed into dependent tenures. During the 10th century in northern France and the 11th century in France south of the
2531:
383:
3196:
2338:
2293:
1833:
1703:
1481:
1329:
765:
311:
3315:
3088:
2897:, which can be translated as "(Louis forbade that) military provender which they popularly call 'fodder' (be furnished)."
2164:
1718:
1210:
1105:
1075:
825:
815:
236:
3247:
or Dame that owns the fief. The
Guernsey fiefs and seigneurs existed long before baronies, and are historically part of
2721:
or "in fee" in return for a form of feudal allegiance, services or payments. The fees were often lands, land revenue or
1467:
1299:
1270:
1135:
2358:
1873:
1771:
3181:
3730:
3092:
2179:
1304:
1275:
376:
3672:
Brown, Elizabeth A. R. (October 1974). "The
Tyranny of a Construct: Feudalism and Historians of Medieval Europe".
3200:
3185:
1826:
1431:
1058:
986:
407:
1929:
1546:
1436:
594:
2587:
2154:
1476:
1160:
1110:
991:
719:
589:
2983:" in the documents) for the life of the vassal, or, sometimes extending to the second or third generation.
3320:
2602:
2169:
1713:
1655:
1601:
1170:
569:
2954:
or "lord", 12th century), which gives rise to the expression "seigneurial system" to describe feudalism.
3411:
3232:
3192:
2597:
2460:
2057:
1533:
1366:
1165:
810:
500:
470:
455:
251:
2990:" for the land (a monetary recognition of the lord's continuing proprietary rights over the property).
3044:
3735:
1643:
1514:
1504:
1489:
1416:
1334:
1070:
878:
775:
739:
584:
517:
465:
190:
146:
40:
31:
3005:
2521:
2430:
2387:
2174:
1939:
1755:
1665:
1519:
1421:
1371:
1309:
1180:
1125:
1120:
1053:
1043:
729:
564:
136:
81:
3725:
3549:
3341:
3252:
2854:
2832:
means "goods", implying "a moveable object of value". When land replaced currency as the primary
2159:
1944:
1919:
1793:
1386:
1185:
1145:
1016:
921:
540:
522:
512:
505:
301:
141:
3012:
with royal claims to arbitrarily assessed "reliefs" and other feudal payments under Henry's son
2914:
is found from the middle of the 13th century (Old French), derived from the 11th-century terms
3695:
3662:
3648:
3478:
3336:
2592:
2313:
2144:
2096:
1924:
1857:
1788:
1462:
1324:
1319:
1280:
1253:
1038:
790:
770:
557:
550:
545:
176:
151:
3640:
3236:
2680:
2425:
2348:
2318:
2192:
1934:
1914:
1738:
1494:
1348:
1031:
966:
951:
903:
893:
887:
860:
845:
616:
579:
331:
55:
3612:
3485:
3153:
3142:
3013:
2888:
2636:
2609:
2465:
2455:
2252:
2149:
1816:
1798:
1623:
1608:
1155:
1115:
1080:
976:
936:
931:
898:
744:
724:
714:
704:
689:
669:
604:
490:
415:
131:
62:
3331:
3008:
transformed them into important sources of royal income and patronage. The discontent of
261:
3685:
3533:
3441:
3357:
3326:
2972:
2882:
2847:
2833:
2698:
2614:
2545:
2450:
2283:
2197:
1694:
1613:
1567:
1509:
1140:
956:
850:
694:
291:
266:
181:
116:
91:
2631:
1811:
3719:
3071:
2987:
2501:
2396:
2298:
2288:
2129:
1618:
1596:
1571:
1401:
1190:
1175:
981:
971:
961:
946:
926:
855:
699:
621:
532:
495:
485:
475:
321:
306:
3272:
3147:
2550:
2477:
2471:
2445:
2440:
2416:
2406:
2343:
2232:
2052:
1976:
1381:
1065:
941:
805:
800:
795:
780:
734:
709:
684:
679:
626:
480:
351:
256:
3661:
Series: Nouvelle histoire de la France médiévale. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1999.
3689:
2813:
has not been well established, but there are multiple theories, described below.
3565:"fee, n.2." OED Online. Oxford University Press, June 2017. Web. 18 August 2017.
3289:
3170:
3130:
3028:
3017:
2902:
2730:
2555:
2540:
2482:
2353:
2217:
2016:
2011:
1991:
1981:
1971:
1685:
1650:
1553:
1541:
1406:
1130:
1085:
1048:
1026:
1021:
634:
609:
246:
226:
186:
166:
3294:
3279:
3240:
3103:
A lord in late 12th-century
England and France could also claim the right of:
2876:
2817:
2709:
law. It consisted of a form of property holding or other rights granted by an
2560:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2492:
2333:
2124:
2006:
2001:
1865:
1775:
1765:
1760:
1499:
1361:
460:
428:
346:
86:
3415:
2754:
2726:
2363:
2257:
2247:
2242:
2227:
2222:
2212:
2086:
2047:
2036:
2031:
2021:
1986:
1954:
1898:
1893:
1660:
1558:
1441:
1396:
1376:
1150:
674:
639:
574:
438:
433:
366:
296:
281:
106:
3475:
Boundaries of the ancient Near
Eastern world: a tribute to Cyrus H. Gordon
1205:
3362:
3304:
3299:
3265:
3248:
3244:
3064:
2980:
2772:
2760:
2742:
2710:
2435:
1996:
1966:
1909:
1783:
1743:
1426:
1411:
1391:
1260:
527:
286:
271:
206:
111:
96:
3387:
17:
3310:
3283:
3126:
3117:
3056:
2968:
2722:
2237:
2074:
2064:
1698:
1356:
883:
659:
356:
341:
276:
221:
216:
196:
121:
3027:
The privilege of minting official coins developed into the concept of
3345:
3111:
3061:
3040:
2963:
2718:
2714:
2706:
2401:
1748:
1690:
1588:
1011:
336:
156:
126:
101:
3060:
in the Holy Roman Empire), the obligation of a vassal to serve in a
3083:
3009:
2998:
2994:
201:
27:
Right granted by overlord to vassal, central element of feudalism
211:
3554:
The
Development of Southern French and Catalan Society 718–1050
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2921:
2915:
2909:
3164:
3120:– the reversion of the fief to the lord in default of an heir.
2686:
3477:. "Notices on Pe'ah, Fay' and Feudum" by Alauddin Samarrai.
3070:
suit in court, the vassal's obligation to attend the lord's
3573:
3571:
3080:
hospitality to the lord or to his servants (accommodation).
3307:, the Chinese system often compared to European feudalism
3268:, part of the liege's domain granted to a junior relative
3050:
However, knight service in war was far less common than:
3540:(3 volumes), 2nd edition 1875–1878, Vol. 1, p. 251, n. 1
3235:
is a group of several of the
Channel Islands that is a
2705:) was a central element in medieval contracts based on
3691:
Fiefs and
Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted
3446:
Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted
3074:, to give him counsel, and to help him judge disputes;
2689:
2683:
3243:
and legal fiefs in existence today. Each fief has a
3354:, a semifeudal system in France's American colonies
3488:, Continuum International Publishing Group, 1998.
3129:), with which they could purchase the service of
2846:. This Germanic origin theory was also shared by
3594:
3592:
2942:'to grant in fee'. In French, one also finds
2654:
1834:
1230:
384:
8:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3382:
3380:
2894:"annona militaris quas vulgo foderum vocant"
2816:The most widely held theory is put forth by
3199:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3043:service and occasional financial payments (
2892:
2880:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2841:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2770:
2764:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
2661:
2647:
2581:
2383:
2117:
1889:
1852:
1841:
1827:
1248:
1237:
1223:
402:
391:
377:
36:
3388:"fief | Definition, Size, & Examples"
3219:Learn how and when to remove this message
3141:A list of several hundred such fees held
2769:, meaning "benefit") was a gift of land (
1878:List of countries by system of government
3606:
3604:
3442:(Knowledge (XXG) article Susan Reynolds)
3035:Later feudal grants and knightly service
2820:that it is related to the Frankish term
3376:
2887:(840). In that text is a passage about
2530:
2491:
2415:
2386:
2309:
2266:
2188:
2120:
2073:
2030:
1953:
1892:
1863:
1259:
414:
320:
235:
165:
39:
3659:Les origines franques: Ve-IXe siècles.
3448:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
2936:may be due to influence from the verb
56:Harold Sacramentum Fecit Willelmo Duci
3538:The Constitutional History of England
2875:, the earliest attested use being in
7:
3197:adding citations to reliable sources
2857:is that the origin of 'fief' is not
3647:. New York: HarperPerennial, 1993.
3645:The Civilization of the Middle Ages
2926:. The odd appearance of the second
25:
3674:American Journal of Ophthalmology
3276:, a scholarly collection of fiefs
3151:; it was developed from the 1302
1709:Biology and political orientation
1211:Business and economics portal
3352:Seigneurial system of New France
3169:
2948:(land and rights possessed by a
2679:
2630:
1810:
1204:
47:
3619:from the original on 2010-03-27
3615:. United States Naval Academy.
2733:: these are typically known as
3422:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc
3286:for service to an Indian king.
2339:Intergovernmental organisation
2294:Separation of church and state
1704:Theories of political behavior
1330:Political history of the world
312:Peerages in the United Kingdom
1:
3316:Feudal land tenure in England
1719:Critique of political economy
1106:Commons-based peer production
826:Socialism of the 21st century
237:Feudal land tenure in England
3506:, Vol. 1, 1964. pp. 165–166.
3344:, a royal fief given to the
2136:(socio-political ideologies)
1300:Outline of political science
30:For the French commune, see
3577:Cantor (1993), pp. 198-199.
3365:, a medieval record of fees
2204:(socio-economic ideologies)
1874:List of forms of government
3752:
3282:, a royal fief given to a
3093:Margraviate of Brandenburg
2752:
1305:Index of politics articles
29:
2783:(Latin). Later, the term
2325:(geo-cultural ideologies)
600:Socialist-oriented market
2853:A theory put forward by
2840:replaced the Latin word
3420:Encyclopedia Britannica
3392:Encyclopedia Britannica
3323:, the German equivalent
2950:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2763:" (from the Latin noun
2588:Administrative division
2532:International relations
1714:Political organisations
1477:International relations
1315:Politics by subdivision
3598:Cantor (1993), p. 200.
3321:Lehen (disambiguation)
3114:the lord if required);
3100:
2893:
2881:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2842:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2771:
2765:
2702:
3473:Meir Lubetski (ed.).
3239:. Guernsey still has
3233:Bailiwick of Guernsey
3161:The fiefs of Guernsey
3087:
3054:castle-guard (called
2850:in the 19th century.
2725:real property like a
2598:Democratic transition
2461:Self-governing colony
2058:Military dictatorship
1794:Political campaigning
1534:Public administration
1367:Collective leadership
252:English feudal barony
3412:Elizabeth A.R. Brown
3253:Court of Chief Pleas
3193:improve this section
2836:, the Germanic word
2807:and why it replaced
2759:In ancient Rome, a "
1644:Separation of powers
1515:Political psychology
1490:Comparative politics
1468:political scientists
1455:Academic disciplines
1335:Political philosophy
1136:Newly industrialized
879:Collective ownership
740:Vertical archipelago
147:Feudal fragmentation
32:Fiefs, Pas-de-Calais
3694:. Clarendon Press.
3586:Lebecq, pp.196-197.
3348:by an Indian ruler.
2958:Early feudal grants
2828:means "cattle" and
2795:, began to replace
2637:Politics portal
2522:Supranational union
2431:Dependent territory
2344:National government
1817:Politics portal
1666:Election commission
1637:Government branches
1520:Political sociology
1372:Confessional system
1310:Politics by country
1121:Inclusive Democracy
82:Ecclesiastical fief
3556:, 1965, pp. 76–77.
3550:Archibald R. Lewis
3484:2015-10-29 at the
3342:Sasan (land grant)
3101:
2855:Archibald R. Lewis
1500:Political analysis
1432:Semi-parliamentary
1059:Material balancing
541:Buddhist economics
302:Customary freehold
142:Feudal maintenance
3731:Real property law
3657:Stéphane Lebecq.
3337:Lord of the manor
3229:
3228:
3221:
2729:, held in feudal
2723:revenue-producing
2717:, who held it in
2671:
2670:
2622:
2621:
2593:Democracy indices
2568:
2567:
2371:
2370:
2180:Semi-presidential
2105:
2104:
1851:
1850:
1799:Political parties
1739:Electoral systems
1463:Political science
1437:Semi-presidential
1349:Political systems
1325:Political history
1320:Political economy
1247:
1246:
757:By regional model
551:Sabbath economics
401:
400:
177:Lord of the manor
152:Bastard feudalism
41:English feudalism
16:(Redirected from
3743:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3681:
3641:Norman F. Cantor
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3611:Abels, Richard.
3608:
3599:
3596:
3587:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3566:
3563:
3557:
3547:
3541:
3531:
3525:
3518:
3507:
3500:
3489:
3471:
3450:
3449:
3440:Reynolds, Susan
3437:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3384:
3237:Crown Dependency
3224:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3204:
3173:
3165:
3148:The Book of Fees
3137:Feudal registers
3099:, April 30, 1415
3045:feudal incidents
2953:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2896:
2886:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2845:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2768:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2635:
2634:
2582:
2426:Associated state
2384:
2359:Internationalism
2349:World government
2326:
2205:
2137:
2118:
2092:Free association
2079:
2040:
1959:
1902:
1890:
1853:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1815:
1814:
1605:
1550:
1505:Political theory
1495:Election science
1485:
1471:
1249:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1209:
1208:
967:Municipalization
952:Financialization
922:Collectivization
904:Social ownership
894:Private property
888:Common ownership
846:Common ownership
660:Closed (autarky)
617:State capitalism
595:Socialist market
580:Market socialist
416:Economic systems
403:
393:
386:
379:
332:Avera and inward
66:
51:
37:
21:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3716:
3715:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3684:
3680:(4): 1063–1088.
3671:
3637:
3632:
3631:
3622:
3620:
3610:
3609:
3602:
3597:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3548:
3544:
3532:
3528:
3524:, 1961, p. 106.
3519:
3510:
3501:
3492:
3486:Wayback Machine
3472:
3453:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3425:
3423:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3396:
3394:
3386:
3385:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3261:
3225:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3190:
3174:
3163:
3154:Testa de Nevill
3139:
3037:
2960:
2889:Louis the Pious
2757:
2751:
2682:
2678:
2667:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2610:Democratisation
2603:Autocratization
2579:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2526:
2487:
2466:Tributary state
2456:Satellite state
2411:
2381:
2380:Power structure
2373:
2372:
2324:
2323:
2305:
2276:
2262:
2253:Totalitarianism
2203:
2202:
2184:
2135:
2134:
2115:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2077:
2069:
2034:
2026:
1957:
1949:
1896:
1887:
1886:Source of power
1864:Basic forms of
1858:Politics series
1847:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1734:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1681:
1680:
1671:
1670:
1639:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1624:Public interest
1609:Domestic policy
1599:
1592:
1591:
1580:
1579:
1544:
1537:
1536:
1525:
1524:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1457:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1352:
1351:
1340:
1339:
1295:
1294:
1285:
1254:Politics series
1243:
1203:
1196:
1195:
1161:Post-industrial
1156:Post-capitalist
1116:Hunter-gatherer
1101:
1093:
1092:
1007:
999:
998:
977:Nationalization
937:Demutualization
932:Corporatization
917:
909:
908:
899:State ownership
874:
866:
865:
841:
833:
832:
758:
750:
749:
720:Robinson Crusoe
655:
654:By coordination
647:
646:
631:Traditionalist
491:Neomercantilist
451:
443:
424:
397:
361:
316:
231:
161:
68:
67:
63:Bayeux Tapestry
60:
59:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3749:
3747:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3700:
3686:Susan Reynolds
3682:
3669:
3655:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3600:
3588:
3579:
3567:
3558:
3542:
3534:William Stubbs
3526:
3508:
3504:Feudal Society
3490:
3451:
3432:
3403:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3360:
3358:Subinfeudation
3355:
3349:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3327:Knight-service
3324:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3277:
3269:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3227:
3226:
3177:
3175:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3138:
3135:
3122:
3121:
3115:
3108:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3068:
3036:
3033:
2973:Charles Martel
2959:
2956:
2883:Vita Hludovici
2869:), but rather
2848:William Stubbs
2834:store of value
2753:Main article:
2750:
2747:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2615:Hybrid regimes
2612:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2595:
2590:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2546:Regional power
2543:
2535:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2496:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2451:Puppet monarch
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2420:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2391:
2390:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2286:
2284:State religion
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2155:Constitutional
2152:
2147:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2116:
2114:Power ideology
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2081:
2080:
2078:(rule by none)
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2050:
2042:
2041:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1961:
1960:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1930:Representative
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1860:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1741:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1688:
1682:
1679:Related topics
1678:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1614:Foreign policy
1611:
1606:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1510:Policy studies
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1475:
1473:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1296:
1293:Primary topics
1292:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1171:Resource-based
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1014:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
994:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
957:Liberalization
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
918:
915:
914:
911:
910:
907:
906:
901:
896:
891:
881:
875:
873:Property types
872:
871:
868:
867:
864:
863:
858:
853:
848:
842:
839:
838:
835:
834:
831:
830:
829:
828:
822:Latin America
820:
819:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
785:
784:
783:
778:
773:
768:
759:
756:
755:
752:
751:
748:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
656:
653:
652:
649:
648:
645:
644:
643:
642:
637:
629:
624:
619:
614:
613:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
562:
561:
560:
555:
554:
553:
543:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
509:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
458:
452:
449:
448:
445:
444:
442:
441:
436:
431:
425:
422:
419:
418:
412:
411:
399:
398:
396:
395:
388:
381:
373:
370:
369:
363:
362:
360:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
328:
325:
324:
318:
317:
315:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
267:Knight-service
264:
259:
254:
249:
243:
240:
239:
233:
232:
230:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
184:
182:Manorial court
179:
173:
170:
169:
163:
162:
160:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
117:Subinfeudation
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
92:Allodial title
89:
84:
79:
73:
70:
69:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3748:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3703:
3701:9780198206484
3697:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3670:
3668:
3667:2-02-011552-2
3664:
3660:
3656:
3654:
3653:0-06-092553-1
3650:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3618:
3614:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3580:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3436:
3433:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3223:
3220:
3212:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3178:This section
3176:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2884:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2676:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2575:
2574:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2502:Confederation
2500:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2397:Unitary state
2395:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2377:
2376:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2300:
2299:State atheism
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2289:Secular state
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Authoritarian
2191:
2190:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2170:Parliamentary
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2111:
2110:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1958:(rule by few)
1956:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1633:
1632:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1619:Civil society
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1597:Public policy
1595:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1417:Parliamentary
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1402:Hybrid regime
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1166:Post-scarcity
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1111:Expeditionary
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1003:
1002:
993:
990:
989:
988:
987:Socialization
985:
983:
982:Privatization
980:
978:
975:
973:
972:Mutualization
970:
968:
965:
963:
962:Marketization
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
947:Expropriation
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
927:Communization
925:
923:
920:
919:
913:
912:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
889:
885:
882:
880:
877:
876:
870:
869:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
843:
837:
836:
827:
824:
823:
821:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
788:
786:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
763:
761:
760:
754:
753:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
665:Decentralized
663:
661:
658:
657:
651:
650:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
630:
628:
625:
623:
622:Social credit
620:
618:
615:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
590:Participatory
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
567:
566:
563:
559:
556:
552:
549:
548:
547:
544:
542:
539:
538:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
507:
504:
502:
501:Social market
499:
497:
496:Protectionist
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
476:Laissez-faire
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
463:
462:
459:
457:
454:
453:
447:
446:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
426:
421:
420:
417:
413:
409:
405:
404:
394:
389:
387:
382:
380:
375:
374:
372:
371:
368:
365:
364:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
329:
327:
326:
323:
322:Feudal duties
319:
313:
310:
308:
307:Landed gentry
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
242:
241:
238:
234:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
192:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
174:
172:
171:
168:
164:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
74:
72:
71:
64:
58:
57:
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
33:
19:
3707:12 September
3705:. Retrieved
3690:
3677:
3673:
3658:
3644:
3621:. Retrieved
3582:
3561:
3553:
3545:
3537:
3529:
3521:
3520:Marc Bloch.
3503:
3502:Marc Bloch.
3474:
3445:
3435:
3424:. Retrieved
3419:
3406:
3395:. Retrieved
3391:
3332:Knight's fee
3273:Book of Fees
3271:
3230:
3215:
3206:
3191:Please help
3179:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3123:
3102:
3067:of the lord;
3055:
3049:
3038:
3026:
3022:
3016:resulted in
3004:In England,
3003:
2992:
2985:
2977:beneficatium
2976:
2962:Originally,
2961:
2930:in the form
2927:
2907:
2899:
2852:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2758:
2738:
2734:
2674:
2672:
2551:Middle power
2478:Vassal state
2472:Buffer state
2470:
2446:Puppet state
2441:Protectorate
2417:Client state
2407:Principality
2233:Distributism
2175:Presidential
2053:Dictatorship
1977:Gerontocracy
1899:rule by many
1872:
1856:Part of the
1547:street-level
1422:Presidential
1382:Dictatorship
1252:Part of the
1076:Peer-to-peer
1071:Self-managed
1006:Coordination
942:Deregulation
627:Distributist
481:Mercantilist
352:Scot and lot
262:Knight's fee
257:Feudal baron
76:
54:
3736:Land tenure
3613:"Feudalism"
3479:Pg. 248-250
3416:"Feudalism"
3290:Enfeoffment
3209:August 2023
3131:mercenaries
3029:seigniorage
3018:Magna Carta
2891:which says
2824:, in which
2749:Terminology
2731:land tenure
2556:Great power
2541:Small power
2483:Viceroyalty
2354:Nationalism
2218:Colonialism
2198:Libertarian
2160:Directorial
2037:rule by one
2017:Technocracy
2012:Stratocracy
1992:Meritocracy
1982:Kleptocracy
1972:Aristocracy
1686:Sovereignty
1651:Legislature
1554:Technocracy
1542:Bureaucracy
1407:Meritocracy
1387:Directorial
1181:Traditional
1131:Manorialism
1126:Information
1100:Other types
1086:Open access
1049:Cybernetics
791:Anglo-Saxon
776:Singaporean
735:Underground
730:Subsistence
635:Corporatist
610:Syndicalist
570:Communalist
456:Associative
450:By ideology
423:Major types
247:Land tenure
227:Free tenant
187:Manor house
167:Manorialism
3720:Categories
3635:References
3623:2010-08-27
3426:2022-11-10
3397:2021-04-03
3295:Fee simple
3280:Brahmadeya
3241:feudal law
2945:seigneurie
2877:Astronomus
2843:beneficium
2818:Marc Bloch
2810:beneficium
2798:beneficium
2780:beneficium
2766:beneficium
2561:Superpower
2517:Superstate
2512:Federation
2507:Devolution
2493:Federalism
2334:City-state
2007:Plutocracy
2002:Particracy
1866:government
1776:Governance
1766:Government
1761:Federalism
1362:City-state
1186:Transition
1146:Plantation
1054:Indicative
916:Transition
766:East Asian
537:Religious
513:Democratic
486:Neoliberal
471:Democratic
461:Capitalist
429:Capitalism
347:Feudal aid
87:Crown land
3726:Feudalism
3522:Feudalism
3180:does not
3112:ransoming
3097:Frederick
3091:fees the
3089:Sigismund
3020:of 1215.
3014:King John
2964:vassalage
2755:Feudalism
2743:tax farms
2727:watermill
2388:Unitarism
2364:Globalism
2270:Religious
2258:Tribalism
2248:Socialism
2243:Feudalism
2228:Despotism
2223:Communism
2213:Anarchism
2150:Communist
2097:Stateless
2087:Anarchism
2048:Despotism
2032:Autocracy
2022:Theocracy
1987:Kritarchy
1955:Oligarchy
1940:Socialist
1894:Democracy
1756:Unitarism
1744:Elections
1732:Subseries
1661:Judiciary
1656:Executive
1559:Adhocracy
1442:Theocracy
1397:Feudalism
1377:Democracy
1151:Plutonomy
1032:Regulated
861:Voluntary
787:European
640:Feudalism
585:Mutualist
575:Communist
565:Socialist
546:Christian
466:Corporate
439:Communism
434:Socialism
367:Feudalism
297:Gavelkind
282:Serjeanty
107:Feoffment
3688:(1996).
3617:Archived
3482:Archived
3444:(1994).
3363:Urbarium
3346:Charanas
3305:Fengjian
3300:Fee tail
3266:Appanage
3259:See also
3249:Normandy
3245:Seigneur
3143:in chief
3127:scutages
3065:garrison
3006:Henry II
2995:allodial
2981:benefice
2951:seigneur
2838:*fehu-ôd
2822:*fehu-ôd
2773:precaria
2761:benefice
2739:fiefdoms
2711:overlord
2436:Dominion
2165:Legalist
2145:Absolute
2130:Republic
2125:Monarchy
1997:Noocracy
1967:Anocracy
1920:Economic
1910:Demarchy
1784:Ideology
1602:doctrine
1563:Service
1427:Republic
1412:Monarchy
1392:Federacy
1281:Category
1261:Politics
1039:Planning
690:Informal
675:Dirigist
528:Georgist
523:Feminist
408:a series
406:Part of
292:Freehold
287:Copyhold
272:Baronage
207:Overlord
137:Affinity
112:Seignory
97:Appanage
18:Fiefdoms
3311:Feoffee
3284:Brahmin
3201:removed
3186:sources
3118:escheat
3057:Burghut
2969:Francia
2872:foderum
2578:Related
2273:Secular
2238:Fascism
2075:Anarchy
2065:Tyranny
1925:Liberal
1789:Culture
1699:Country
1357:Anarchy
1271:Outline
1081:Sharing
1044:In kind
992:Marxist
884:Commons
851:Private
840:Sectors
811:Rhenish
781:Keralan
771:Chinese
745:Virtual
725:Sharing
715:Planned
705:Natural
670:Digital
558:Islamic
518:Fascist
506:Welfare
357:Tallage
342:Scutage
277:Peerage
222:Serfdom
217:Peasant
197:Demesne
122:Feoffee
3698:
3665:
3651:
3062:castle
3041:knight
3010:barons
2988:relief
2939:fiever
2866:feodum
2860:feudum
2804:feudum
2792:feodum
2786:feudum
2719:fealty
2715:vassal
2707:feudal
2703:feudum
2402:Empire
2314:Global
1945:Others
1935:Social
1915:Direct
1749:voting
1691:Polity
1589:Policy
1568:Public
1482:theory
1141:Palace
1017:Market
1012:Barter
856:Public
816:Soviet
801:Nordic
796:German
762:Asian
695:Market
337:Socage
157:Livery
132:Homage
127:Fealty
102:Vassal
3371:Notes
3072:court
2999:Loire
2903:manor
2826:*fehu
2789:, or
2735:fiefs
2713:to a
2699:Latin
2319:Local
1772:forms
1695:State
1572:Civil
1276:Index
1191:World
1176:Token
1066:Price
806:Dutch
700:Mixed
605:State
533:Green
202:Glebe
3709:2016
3696:ISBN
3663:ISBN
3649:ISBN
3231:The
3184:any
3182:cite
2979:or "
2933:fief
2911:fief
2863:(or
2675:fief
1027:Open
1022:Free
710:Open
685:Gift
680:Dual
212:Lord
191:List
77:Fief
3195:by
3095:to
3047:).
2923:fie
2917:feu
2879:'s
2830:-ôd
2737:or
3722::
3678:79
3676:.
3643:.
3603:^
3591:^
3570:^
3552:.
3536:.
3511:^
3493:^
3454:^
3418:.
3414:.
3390:.
3379:^
3157:.
3133:.
3031:.
2971:,
2920:,
2701::
2697:;
2687:iː
2673:A
1774:/
1697:/
1693:/
1570:/
410:on
3711:.
3626:.
3429:.
3400:.
3222:)
3216:(
3211:)
3207:(
3203:.
3189:.
3125:(
2928:f
2693:/
2690:f
2684:f
2681:/
2677:(
2662:e
2655:t
2648:v
2039:)
2035:(
1901:)
1897:(
1842:e
1835:t
1828:v
1778:)
1770:(
1604:)
1600:(
1574:)
1566:(
1549:)
1545:(
1484:)
1480:(
1470:)
1466:(
1238:e
1231:t
1224:v
890:)
886:(
392:e
385:t
378:v
193:)
189:(
65:)
61:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
