1340:
357:
153:
548:'s treatises a generation earlier are a typical example, in that Story, like his contemporaries, treated "pleading" and "practice" as two clearly distinct bodies of law and never used the word "procedure". The Field Code joined together "pleading" and "practice" for the first time under the heading of "procedure" and marked the "invention of procedure as a distinct, coherent category, defined in antithesis to the substantive law".
791:
43:
564:
to Field's ideas), it was later adopted in large part by the states of
California, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota, as well as the territory of Guam many years later. (Notably, Idaho largely enacted the contract sections of Field's civil code but declined to enact the tort sections.)
519:
Field devoted more than 40 years of his life to codification, and he "was by far the most persuasive and articulate advocate of codification in nineteenth-century
America." He began by outlining his proposed reforms in pamphlets, professional journal articles, and legislative testimony, but met with
528:
The new system abolished the distinction in forms of procedure between an action at law (a civil case demanding monetary damages) and a suit in equity (a civil case demanding non-monetary damages). Under the new procedure, rather than having to file separate actions, a plaintiff needed to file only
559:
The codification, which was completed in
February 1865, was adopted only in small part by the state of New York, but it served as a model upon which many statutory codes throughout the United States were constructed. For example, although Field's civil code was repeatedly rejected by his home state
551:
In 1857, Field became chair of another state commission, this time for the systematic codification of all of New York state law except for those portions already reported upon by the
Commissioner of Practice and Pleadings. In this work he personally prepared almost the whole of the political and
569:
and as
California's fifth Chief Justice before being appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court), California bought into Field's codification project more than any other state. California first enacted a Practice Act in 1851 influenced by the Field Code, then in 1872 enacted Field's civil procedure,
524:
to report in favor of a codification of the laws. In 1847 he finally had a chance to put his ideas into official form when he was appointed head of a state commission to revise court procedure and practice. The first part of the commission's work, a portion of the code of civil procedure, was
1455:
450:, and Isabella. After his wife's death in 1836, Field remarried twice, first to Harriet Davidson (d. 1864) and second to Mary E. Carr (d. 1874). The eldest child, Dudley Field, followed in his father's footsteps and studied law. He was made a partner in his father's practice in 1854.
544:, the more important aspect of Field's "code of civil procedure" was not so much the "code" part, but the "civil procedure" part. Before Field, the idea of "procedure" as a unified body of law simply did not exist in common law jurisdictions.
478:, he paused his law practice, traveled to Europe for over a year and focused on investigating the courts, procedure, and codes of England, France and other countries. He then returned to the United States and labored to bring about a
525:
reported and enacted by the legislature in 1848. By
January 1, 1850, the New York state legislature had enacted the complete Code of Civil Procedure, subsequently known as the Field Code since it was almost entirely Field's work.
565:
18 states ultimately enacted part or all of what was widely (though incorrectly) called Field's penal code, including his home state of New York in 1881. Thanks to Field's brother, Stephen (who served in the
497:), Spanish, and Roman law, the common law tradition, and Livingston's Louisiana Practice Act of 1805. European civil law thus influenced American civil procedure, partially through the intermediary of
533:). Eventually Field's civil procedure code was, with some changes, adopted in 27 states. It also influenced later procedural reforms in England and several of her colonies (specifically, the
637:. This first trial ended when the jury could not agree on a verdict. In a second trial in November 1873, Tweed received a sentence of twelve years in prison and a $ 12,750 fine from judge
661:. During his brief Congressional career he delivered six speeches (all of which attracted attention), introduced a bill in regard to the presidential succession, and appeared before the
578:
1430:
1296:
520:
a discouraging lack of interest. In 1846, Field's ideas gained wider notice with publication of a pamphlet, "The
Reorganization of the Judiciary", which influenced that year's
356:
1465:
1370:
485:
Much of Field's ideas on codification and the civil procedure rules were based on the 1825 Louisiana Code of
Procedure. The Louisiana code was drafted by jurists including
1470:
1129:
806:
811:
1460:
1415:
1376:
670:
521:
474:. 1836 was particularly devastating for Field: his first wife, youngest child, and one of his brothers all died in the same year. To cope with his
172:
1184:
Masferrer, Aniceto (October 2008). "Defense of the Common Law
Against Postbellum American Codification: Reasonable and Fallacious Argumentation".
482:
of its common law procedure. Upon returning, he also established his own law firm, in which he was joined by his brothers
Stephen and Jonathan.
1450:
1353:
650:
633:
assembled to defend himself during the first criminal prosecution of Tweed in 1873. Other members of the defense team included John Graham and
372:(February 13, 1805 – April 13, 1894) was an American lawyer and law reformer who made major contributions to the development of
166:
60:
1445:
925:
662:
373:
1155:
Reimann, Mathias (Winter 1989). "The Historical School Against Codification: Savigny, Carter, and the Defeat of the New York Civil Code".
1157:
1268:
1186:
1102:
1065:
1025:
439:
in 1828, he rapidly won a high position in his profession. He joined the law office of Henry and Robert Sedgwick, of the prominent
126:
107:
79:
1440:
610:
598:
262:
964:
392:
Field was born in Haddam, Connecticut on February 13, 1805. He was the oldest of the eight sons and two daughters of the Rev.
86:
64:
1141:
694:
586:
413:
31:
93:
1325:— Archive of the personal papers of Musgrave, his wife Jeanie Lucinda, and her father David Dudley Field II, at
946:
David S. Clark, "The Civil Law Influence on David Dudley Field's Code of Civil Procedure", in Mathias Reimann (ed),
75:
53:
1425:
1420:
1326:
566:
512:. Field was also influenced by criticism of the common law by his law partner Henry Sedgwick, as well as lawyer
505:
581:
a revision and codification of the laws of all nations. For an international commission of lawyers he prepared
513:
838:
252:
752:
721:
658:
614:
552:
civil codes. The commission's penal code is often misattributed to Field but it was actually drafted by
1435:
451:
447:
397:
1317:
1410:
1405:
649:
After 1876, Field returned to the Democratic Party, and from January to March 1877 served out in the
553:
509:
436:
393:
504:
Livingston helped to prepare criminal and civil codes for Louisiana, and Field's personal papers at
1322:
1291:
417:
396:, a Congregational minister and local historian, and Submit Dickenson Field. His brothers included
236:
100:
1233:
1195:
1166:
879:
871:
709:
Entstehung und Entwicklung der modernen Privatrechtsordnungen und die römischrechtliche Tradition
638:
618:
479:
470:
in America, and particularly in New York state, needed radical changes to unify and simplify its
401:
1094:
Inventing American Exceptionalism: The Origins of American Adversarial Legal Culture, 1800-1877
1057:
Inventing American Exceptionalism: The Origins of American Adversarial Legal Culture, 1800-1877
1017:
Inventing American Exceptionalism: The Origins of American Adversarial Legal Culture, 1800-1877
416:, a prominent clergyman and travel writer. He was also the uncle of U.S. Supreme Court Justice
1335:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1098:
1061:
1021:
1015:
921:
905:
839:"David Dudley Field and the Field Code: A Historical Analysis of an Earlier Procedural Vision"
726:
486:
428:
1092:
1055:
987:
1456:
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
1387:
1344:
1225:
913:
861:
853:
796:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
731:
666:
630:
602:
571:
455:
432:
424:
344:
340:
208:
1311:
917:
152:
561:
534:
494:
490:
471:
440:
1362:
1125:
1088:
1051:
1011:
541:
409:
196:
446:
In 1829, Field married Jane Lucinda Hopkins, with whom he had three children: Dudley,
1399:
883:
802:
797:
1216:
Herman, Shael (October 1996). "The Fate and the Future of Codification in America".
574:(California merged Field's penal and criminal procedure codes into a single code).
545:
585:(1872), the submission of which resulted in the organization of the international
904:
Clark, David S. (March 21, 2019), Reimann, Mathias; Zimmermann, Reinhard (eds.),
1331:
405:
42:
634:
467:
466:
After having practiced law for several years, Field became convinced that the
654:
606:
498:
376:. His greatest accomplishment was engineering the move away from common law
866:
17:
377:
1199:
815:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 321.
570:
criminal procedure, civil, penal, and political codes as the first four
530:
1237:
1170:
875:
948:
The Reception of Continental Ideas in the Common Law World: 1820–1920
556:, another member of the code commission who was a former prosecutor.
493:. In turn, the Louisiana code was inspired by French (including the
458:, and became a promoter of charitable projects in British colonies.
1229:
857:
682:
Some of his numerous pamphlets and addresses were collected in his
989:
The Historical Development of Code Pleading in America and England
754:
The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans
587:
Association for the Reform and Codification of the Laws of Nations
475:
380:
towards code pleading, which culminated in the enactment of the
36:
579:
National Association for the Promotion of Social Science
508:
reveal that he had read Livingston's 1825 report on the
454:
married an Antigua-born British imperial civil servant,
443:, and became a partner in the firm after Robert died.
906:"Development of Comparative Law in the United States"
757:. Vol. IV. Boston: American Biographical Society
1297:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
1060:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 10–11.
751:
Johnson, Rossiter; Brown, John Howard, eds. (1906).
560:
of New York (due in large part to the opposition of
529:
one civil action (or as it is often called today, a
1323:
Guide to the Sir Anthony Musgrave Papers, 1739-1966
629:Field was part of the team of defense counsel that
351:
336:
268:
258:
242:
223:
218:
202:
190:
163:
143:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1252:
577:Meanwhile, in 1866, Field proposed to the British
1046:
1044:
1020:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 331.
1097:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 50.
992:. Cincinnati: W.H. Anderson & Co. p. 15
1130:"The Model Penal Code's Historical Antecedents"
1431:Members of the Institut de Droit International
1259:. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. pp.
1211:
1209:
912:, Oxford University Press, pp. 147–180,
609:campaign of 1848. He gave his support to the
408:, a prominent businessman and creator of the
8:
1371:U.S. House of Representatives
1318:Mr. Lincoln and New York: David Dudley Field
1255:The Tiger: The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall
684:Speeches, Arguments and Miscellaneous Papers
669:'s interest during the highly controversial
1466:Presidents of the American Bar Association
1349:
435:, and settled in New York City. After his
151:
140:
27:American lawyer and politician (1805–1894)
1471:19th-century New York (state) politicians
1382:January 1877 – March 1877
958:
956:
865:
186:January 11, 1877 – March 3, 1877
167:U.S. House of Representatives
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
30:For other people with similar names, see
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
702:Le développement du droit privé européen
522:New York State Constitutional Convention
743:
583:Draft Outlines of an International Code
910:The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law
651:United States House of Representatives
495:French Code of Civil Procedure of 1806
1377:New York's 7th congressional district
1292:"David Dudley Field II (id: F000104)"
1218:The American Journal of Legal History
597:Field was originally an anti-slavery
293:
7:
1341:Works by or about David Dudley Field
918:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198810230.013.6
899:
897:
895:
893:
673:. He died in New York City in 1894.
65:adding citations to reliable sources
1158:American Journal of Comparative Law
986:Hepburn, Charles McGuffey (1897).
837:Subrin, Stephen N. (Autumn 1988).
384:in 1850 by the state of New York.
25:
1461:19th-century American legislators
1187:American Journal of Legal History
963:Morriss, Andrew P. (April 1999).
965:"Codification and Right Answers"
789:
589:, of which he became president.
489:, Louis Lislet (1762–1832), and
355:
209:Gerhard Anton (Anthony) Eickhoff
41:
1416:People from Haddam, Connecticut
289:
52:needs additional citations for
292: 1829; died
1:
1451:New York (state) Free Soilers
1369:Member of the
1354:U.S. House of Representatives
765:– via Internet Archive.
671:presidential election of 1876
1446:New York (state) Republicans
704:(Budapest, 2005) 178 ss. pp.
1332:Works by David Dudley Field
711:(Budapest 2009) 619 sq. pp.
625:Defense of William M. Tweed
1487:
693:(New York, 1898), by Rev.
691:Life of David Dudley Field
462:Dedication to codification
427:in 1825, studied law with
29:
1384:
1367:
1359:
1352:
1327:Duke University Libraries
1251:Allen, Oliver E. (1993).
1140:: 521–538. Archived from
567:California State Assembly
506:Duke University Libraries
363:
328:(until 1874)
312:(until 1864)
214:
179:
159:
150:
1290:United States Congress.
388:Early life and education
374:American civil procedure
1441:Williams College alumni
969:Chicago-Kent Law Review
812:Encyclopædia Britannica
657:, who had been elected
253:New York City, New York
76:"David Dudley Field II"
1314:at Syracuse University
846:Law and History Review
722:Young America Movement
659:Mayor of New York City
653:the unexpired term of
615:Lincoln Administration
540:However, according to
686:(3 vols., 1884–1890).
398:Stephen Johnson Field
370:David Dudley Field II
279:Jane Lucinda Hopkins
145:David Dudley Field II
1312:Field Family Letters
663:Electoral Commission
554:William Curtis Noyes
510:Louisiana Civil Code
437:admission to the bar
394:David Dudley Field I
61:improve this article
1134:Rutgers Law Journal
807:Field, David Dudley
613:in 1856 and to the
601:, and he supported
418:David Josiah Brewer
237:Haddam, Connecticut
1126:Kadish, Sanford H.
1089:Kessler, Amalia D.
1052:Kessler, Amalia D.
1012:Kessler, Amalia D.
695:Henry Martyn Field
619:American Civil War
423:He graduated from
414:Henry Martyn Field
402:U.S. Supreme Court
1394:
1393:
1385:Succeeded by
1336:Project Gutenberg
1144:on July 25, 2017.
927:978-0-19-881023-0
727:Hundred of Dudley
487:Edward Livingston
429:Harmanus Bleecker
367:
366:
234:February 13, 1805
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
1478:
1426:William M. Tweed
1421:American jurists
1388:Anthony Eickhoff
1379:
1360:Preceded by
1350:
1345:Internet Archive
1301:
1275:
1274:
1258:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1213:
1204:
1203:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
983:
977:
976:
960:
951:
944:
938:
937:
936:
934:
901:
888:
887:
869:
843:
834:
817:
816:
795:
793:
792:
786:
767:
766:
764:
762:
748:
732:Anthony Musgrave
667:Samuel J. Tilden
631:William M. Tweed
611:Republican Party
603:Martin Van Buren
572:California Codes
456:Anthony Musgrave
425:Williams College
359:
341:Williams College
329:
313:
306:Harriet Davidson
297:
295:
291:
249:
233:
231:
219:Personal details
205:
193:
184:
171:from New York's
169:
155:
141:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1381:
1375:
1373:
1365:
1308:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1271:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1010:
1009:
1005:
995:
993:
985:
984:
980:
962:
961:
954:
945:
941:
932:
930:
928:
903:
902:
891:
841:
836:
835:
820:
805:, ed. (1911). "
801:
790:
788:
787:
770:
760:
758:
750:
749:
745:
740:
718:
679:
647:
627:
617:throughout the
595:
562:James C. Carter
535:Judicature Acts
514:William Sampson
491:Pierre Derbigny
464:
441:Sedgwick family
390:
332:
331:
327:
323:
315:
311:
307:
299:
287:
283:
280:
259:Political party
251:
247:
235:
229:
227:
203:
191:
185:
180:
170:
165:
146:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1484:
1482:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1366:
1363:Smith Ely, Jr.
1361:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1347:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1315:
1307:
1306:External links
1304:
1303:
1302:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1269:
1243:
1230:10.2307/845410
1224:(4): 407–437.
1205:
1194:(4): 355–430.
1176:
1147:
1117:
1103:
1080:
1066:
1040:
1026:
1003:
978:
952:
939:
926:
889:
867:2047/d20002460
858:10.2307/743686
852:(2): 311–373.
818:
803:Chisholm, Hugh
768:
742:
741:
739:
736:
735:
734:
729:
724:
717:
714:
713:
712:
705:
698:
687:
678:
675:
646:
643:
626:
623:
594:
591:
542:Amalia Kessler
463:
460:
452:Jeanie Lucinda
448:Jeanie Lucinda
410:Atlantic Cable
389:
386:
365:
364:
361:
360:
353:
349:
348:
338:
334:
333:
325:
321:
320:
319:
318:
309:
305:
304:
303:
302:
285:
281:
278:
277:
276:
275:
272:
270:
266:
265:
260:
256:
255:
250:(aged 89)
246:April 13, 1894
244:
240:
239:
225:
221:
220:
216:
215:
212:
211:
206:
200:
199:
197:Smith Ely, Jr.
194:
188:
187:
177:
176:
164:Member of the
161:
160:
157:
156:
148:
147:
144:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1483:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1389:
1380:
1378:
1372:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1272:
1270:0-201-62463-X
1266:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1165:(1): 95–119.
1164:
1160:
1159:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1106:
1104:9780300222258
1100:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1069:
1067:9780300222258
1063:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1029:
1027:9780300222258
1023:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1004:
991:
990:
982:
979:
975:(2): 355–391.
974:
970:
966:
959:
957:
953:
950:(1993) 63–87.
949:
943:
940:
929:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
900:
898:
896:
894:
890:
885:
881:
877:
873:
868:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
840:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
819:
814:
813:
808:
804:
799:
798:public domain
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
769:
756:
755:
747:
744:
737:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
715:
710:
707:Gabor Hamza,
706:
703:
700:Gabor Hamza,
699:
696:
692:
689:See also the
688:
685:
681:
680:
676:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
644:
642:
640:
636:
632:
624:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
592:
590:
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
568:
563:
557:
555:
549:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
526:
523:
517:
515:
511:
507:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
461:
459:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
387:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
339:
335:
317:
316:
301:
300:
274:
273:
271:
267:
264:
261:
257:
254:
245:
241:
238:
226:
222:
217:
213:
210:
207:
201:
198:
195:
189:
183:
178:
174:
168:
162:
158:
154:
149:
142:
139:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
1436:Field family
1368:
1295:
1254:
1246:
1221:
1217:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1142:the original
1137:
1133:
1120:
1108:. Retrieved
1093:
1083:
1071:. Retrieved
1056:
1031:. Retrieved
1016:
1006:
996:November 18,
994:. Retrieved
988:
981:
972:
968:
947:
942:
931:, retrieved
909:
849:
845:
810:
759:. Retrieved
753:
746:
708:
701:
690:
683:
648:
645:Later career
628:
596:
582:
576:
558:
550:
546:Joseph Story
539:
527:
518:
503:
484:
480:codification
465:
445:
422:
391:
381:
369:
368:
322:Mary E. Carr
248:(1894-04-13)
204:Succeeded by
181:
138:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
1411:1894 deaths
1406:1805 births
1110:October 24,
1073:October 24,
1033:October 24,
412:, and Rev.
406:Cyrus Field
192:Preceded by
32:David Field
1400:Categories
738:References
639:Noah Davis
635:Elihu Root
468:common law
382:Field Code
263:Democratic
230:1805-02-13
117:March 2012
87:newspapers
18:Field Code
884:145512997
761:March 21,
655:Smith Ely
607:Free Soil
499:Louisiana
472:procedure
404:Justice,
352:Signature
337:Education
182:In office
1200:25734135
1128:(1987).
1091:(2017).
1054:(2017).
1014:(2017).
716:See also
599:Democrat
593:Politics
378:pleading
175:district
1343:at the
1282:Sources
1261:138-139
933:May 17,
800::
605:in the
531:lawsuit
330:
326:
314:
310:
298:
286:
282:
269:Spouses
101:scholar
1374:from
1267:
1238:845410
1236:
1198:
1171:840443
1169:
1101:
1064:
1024:
924:
882:
876:743686
874:
794:
433:Albany
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
1234:JSTOR
1196:JSTOR
1167:JSTOR
880:S2CID
872:JSTOR
842:(PDF)
677:Works
476:grief
324:
308:
296:)
288:(
284:
108:JSTOR
94:books
1265:ISBN
1112:2023
1099:ISBN
1075:2023
1062:ISBN
1035:2023
1022:ISBN
998:2023
935:2020
922:ISBN
763:2022
400:, a
294:1836
243:Died
224:Born
80:news
1334:at
1226:doi
914:doi
862:hdl
854:doi
809:".
665:in
537:).
431:in
173:7th
63:by
1402::
1294:.
1263:.
1232:.
1222:40
1220:.
1208:^
1192:50
1190:.
1163:37
1161:.
1138:19
1136:.
1132:.
1043:^
973:74
971:.
967:.
955:^
920:,
908:,
892:^
878:.
870:.
860:.
848:.
844:.
821:^
771:^
641:.
621:.
516:.
501:.
420:.
345:AB
290:m.
1300:.
1273:.
1240:.
1228::
1202:.
1173:.
1114:.
1077:.
1037:.
1000:.
916::
886:.
864::
856::
850:6
697:.
347:)
343:(
232:)
228:(
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
