1092:
with the olfactory ganglions; these nerves go to supply the upper surface of the channel of the mouth. The third and fourth pairs of nerves issue from the same ganglions, but considerably behind the second pair; these also go to the channel of the mouth; the third probably sending a branch to the oral tentacles. A strong cord passes off close to the root of the fourth pair: these cords curve round the oesophagus and are united to the outer extremities of the buccal ganglions, forming the anterior collar. The fifth pair of nerves issue apparently from the outer border of the branchial ganglia, and go to the skin by the side of the head. The sixth pair are small, and come from the upper surface of the branchial ganglions; these nerves go to the skin of the sides of the back. The seventh, much larger than the sixth, emerge from the posterior margin of the same ganglions, and supply the dorsal skin, and apparently likewise the cerata. These are the branchial nerves. The eighth and ninth pairs are large nerves; they issue from the outer border of the pedial ganglions and go to the foot. The posterior margins of these ganglions are united by a stout, shortish commissure, composed of two or three cords, which, passing below the gullet, form the great oesophageal collar. The tenth pair of nerves are given off from the posterior margin of the buccal ganglions; these pass into the buccal mass and go to supply the tongue. The eleventh pair, issuing from the outer extremities of the buccal ganglions, are distributed to the muscles of the buccal mass. The twelfth pair come from the apex of the gastro-oesophageal ganglions, and being applied to the gullet, each divides into two branches, one of which supplies the upper portion of that tube, the other, passing down it, goes to the stomach as in the other
830:, one on each side of the intestine. These ducts or hepatic canals are nearly as wide as the intestine, and they are diverging as they leave the stomach, very shortly pass into the skin at the sides of the back, where each opens into a wide channel that extends nearly the whole length of the body. The channels receive numerous branches, which communicate with the glands of the cerata, and as they approach the lateral expansion at the side of the body. These channels are subdivided several times and are irregularly disposed. The anterior portions of the great hepatic channels are connected with two folliculated glandular bodies much and irregularly sacculated. These glands are united to the skin, one on each side near the region of the stomach, and probably form the inner walls of those portions of the channels. Hepatic canals are almost entirely within the skin. The hepatic glands are large, nearly filling the cerata. They are slightly and irregularly sacculated, with the inner surface of the investing membrane lined with a dark granular substance; above, this substance is very abundant, forming a dense mass; below, the membrane in some of the cerata is entirely devoid of it.
941:, and is at first somewhat sacculated and convoluted. Spermoviduct then passes forward and suddenly contracts to its original diameter, and then advances to the anterior border of the mucous gland and receives the duct from the testis as before described. It then bends a little backward and is shortly joined by a duct from the spermatheca. Spermatheca is a small oval membranous sac, lying between the lobes and at the front margin of the mucous gland. The duct, which is short and slender, passes from one end of the sac, and, at the point where the duct is united to the oviduct, it is joined by a tube which comes from the external orifice immediately within the female opening. This tube is the vagina or copulatory channel, and is cemented to the upper wall of the female channel. Just before the vagina reaches the duct of the spermatheca and oviduct, it gives off a branch which sinks into the female channel, and so far may be looked upon as a portion of the oviduct, for it is by this branch that the eggs find their way to the female outlet.
1029:
evident that this trunk-vein, which lies entirely within the skin, is the great posterior afferent or branchio-cardiac vein, and that all the elevated branches coming to it from the cerata are also afferent vessels. This way are cerata used for breathing as a specialized breathing organ. The oxygenated blood from the heart leads to the aorta, to sinuses where it oxygenates tissues. Deoxygenated blood goes to efferent branchial vessels in cerata. These efferent vessels can be seen in a transverse section of the cerata as widish canal to pass up the opposite margin. From efferent vessels the blood goes into afferent vessel, where is gets an oxygen. Dorsal skin also partly serves as a breathing organ.
699:). They are smooth, glossy, and of a brownish amber colour, darkest towards the anterior extremity, which gives support to the cutting blade. This is a winglike appendage of no great size, terminating below in a free point, and having the cutting margin arched forward, plain, and nearly at right angles to the general direction of the plate. Above is a small process or fulcrum — the point at which the two plates are articulated. Immediately behind this point there is the dorsal margin of the plates is reflected and expanded into an arched lobe for muscular attachment. The length of the jaw is 2.8 mm. The maximum width and maximum height of the jaw is 1.3 mm.
1025:. The ventricle is large and muscular, of an irregular elliptical form, giving off the aorta in front, which in the usual manner supplies branches to the various organs. The auricle is united to it behind, a little on the left side. The auricle is delicate in comparison with the ventricle, but is nevertheless abundantly supplied with muscular fibres; it lies diagonally in the pericardium, having the left side advanced almost to the front of that organ where it receives a trunk-vein from the skin. The right side of the auricle stretches backward, and receives a similar trunk-vein from the skin of this side almost at the posterior extremity of the pericardium.
873:. In the central part of the caudal end of the body, behind the ovary, there is likewise a glandular substance, of a reddish colour, folliculated and apparently branched, in connexion with the branches of the hepatic canals within the skin. These branches at the posterior portion of the body probably form a sort of network of tubes across the dorsal aspect. Such perhaps may be inferred from the appearance the branches present when the skin of the back is divided down the median line. See also MacFarland (1966,
756:
three incomplete denticles in the sheath in the posterior end of the radula. The radula formula is 0+1+0, which means that there is only a single central denticle in each row. There is a pointed spine in the centre, and 6 or 6-7 smaller spines on each side of the denticle. There are also sometimes minute spines at the base of denticle's outer margin. All the spines are a little bent, and have their points directed backwards towards the oesophageal opening. The whole length of the radula is 2.6 mm.
686:, and there are muscles are arranged around. Muscles are from dorsal view extensively developed, forming a dense mass, the fibres passing transversely and have their extremities inserted into the dorsal margins of the jaws. These muscles assist in the motion of the jaws. Muscles for moving the whole buccal mass forward are composed of flattened and isolated bands with their extremities attached to the posterior margin of the jaws and to the muscles forming the walls of the channel of the mouth.
1295:
886:
970:
1389:
1353:
1315:
1365:
1339:
1327:
1377:
1049:
1084:.) The pedial ganglions are irregularly rounded, being equal in bulk to the cerebroid and branchial together. They lie against the sides of the oesophagus, and are united to the under surface of the central masses. The fourth pair of ganglions are the olfactory: they are well developed, though very much smaller than those just described, and are joined by a short commissure to the upper surface of the anterior margins of the cerebroid ganglions.
1010:
ridge is joined on either side by numerous similarly elevated branches, which divide and subdivide as they approach the pallial-like expansion on the sides of the body. The whole of these branches and their subdivisions, standing boldly up from the general surface of the skin, have the branchial cerata set along them, and they give off twigs, which pass up the margin of the broad, flounced, membranous expansion of the cerata.
982:
764:
949:
547:
is 14.4 mm, the tail at the end of the foot is 14 mm. The colour of the head and body ranges from white to brown or purple depending on its food. The foot is long and lanceolate, rounded in front and produced into a fine point behind. The margin of the foot is thin, fringed and crumpled, except near the head, where it is simple. It is divided in front, but not produced into propodial tentacles.
735:
721:
1102:) are connected at their origin with ganglions, which must be looked upon as belonging to the sympathetic system. Immediately on emerging from the buccal mass, they are connected to the buccal ganglions at their point of union with the gastrooesophageal, and then, arching outwards and upwards, pass from within the anterior oesophageal collar, and go to supply the glands of the cerata.
1072:
oesophagus, one on each side of the median line, across which they are united at the anterior extremity by a short but distinct commissure. Their posterior extremities diverge and are slightly bilobed, marking the boundaries of the two ganglia of which each mass is composed, — the anterior lobe indicating the cerebroid, the posterior the branchial. (Branchial ganglia are also fused in
792:
669:. These glands lie beneath the stomach and extend almost halfway down the body. That on the right side is considerably less than the other, and is somewhat tubular, — distinctly so towards its termination; the one on the left side is much complicated in form, being irregularly and extensively sacculated. The position of these glands is unusual, but there are also other species like
626:
609:
597:
647:
449:
778:
33:
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633:. The largest visible organs include (from the right): buccal mass, esophagus and cerebral ganglia around esophagus, stomach, two hepatic ducts leading to the stomach, intestine leading from the stomach and ovotestis (on the left). In the top center is a section through the pericardium and a section though the one of hepatic ducts. (
1088:
extremities receive a cord of communication from each of the cerebroid ganglions. Two minute elliptical ganglions are almost sessile on the anterior border of the buccal ganglions; these are the gastro-cesophageal ganglions. Thus in all there are six pairs of ganglions; four above the gullet, and two below it.
1091:
The first pair of nerves come from the olfactory ganglions, and are large, but of no great length; they divide into several filaments as they enter the base of the dorsal tentacles. The second pair pass from the under surface of the anterior border of the cerebroid ganglions, not far from their union
944:
The mucous gland for the secretion of the mucus-like envelope of the eggs, is composed of two lateral lobes separated on the upper surface by a deep fissure. These lobes are semipellucid and are formed of a coarsely convoluted tube, that is on its right side anterior portion opake and flesh-coloured.
932:
The testis is a stout flesh-coloured tube, two or three times convoluted. It tapers at one extremity into a long slender duct or vas deferens, which is united to the inner extremity of the penis. The other extremity of the testis suddenly contracts into an equally slender duct, but very much shorter,
1009:
is situated about in the middle of the back, where it forms a large oval swelling immediately below the skin, having the generative organs beneath. From the posterior end of the heart there a broad elevated but rounded ridge passes down the median line of the back to the caudal end of the body. This
917:
On laying open the dorsal skin, the reproductive organs are found, as usual, to occupy much of the visceral cavity, having the stomach and intestine lying above, and the buccal mass in front. The penis is placed in advance of the other parts, and, in its retracted state, is long, rather slender, and
546:
The body is elongated and oblong-elliptical. The length of the body is usually about 20 mm, but the largest reported size of the body is 50 mm. Dimensions of a specimen with a total length of 31.7 mm are as follows: 17.7 mm is the body to the tip of cerata, the length of the foot
1105:
Other nerve include the "genital nerve" a single nerve given off from a delicate collar, the ends of which are united to the under-surface of the central masses, just where they are connected to the pedial ganglions. Another nerve, which was apparently also distributed to the genitalia; this seemed
755:
towards the anterior opening. The radula is long, linear, and strap-formed, and is composed of semicircular and crescent-shaped denticles (tiny teeth) of an orange colour. There are 40 rows of teeth in radula: 15 oldest denticles in the anterior end, then there are 22 denticles after the angle and
692:
has two corneous jaws (mandibles), with a denticulate cutting-edge. The posterior portion is flattened. The corneous plates are little short of the size of the buccal mass, and much elongated, well arched and ovate. (When they are entirely isolated, they strongly resemble the shape the valves of a
1028:
On laying the dorsal wall of the auricle open, its cavity is found to be continuous with that of the great posterior elevated median ridge or trunk vein before alluded to, and on opening this trunk-vein the various lateral branches are observed debouching into it on either side. It is therefore
554:
are numerous, elongated, with a membranous fringe on the inner sides. Cerata may seem to be without apparent order but they are set in oblique rows containing from four to six cerata. There are also small cerata near the margins of the body. Cerata on the sides of the back are dark brown, each
1071:
are placed at the commencement of the oesophagus. There are as usual four pairs of supra-oesophageal ganglia, though at first sight only three are apparent. The cerebroid and branchial are completely fused. Branchial ganglia form two oval central masses, resting upon the upper surface of the
1087:
The infra-oesophageal ganglions are placed in the usual situation on the buccal mass, below the oesophagus. The buccal ganglions are scarcely larger than the olfactory, and are of an oval form, their inner extremities being connected across the median line by a short commissure; their outer
929:(hermaphrodite gland) is yellow with white dots. The ovotestis fills the posterior portion of the visceral cavity, and is composed of large irregular lobules made up almost entirely of eggs, and packed into a dense mass, tapering a little behind and truncated in front.
616:
with cerata removed on the left side. There are visible branches of the digestive gland leading from cerata to the gut. The heart is visible in the centre. The anus is visible as tube-like opening next to the heart. There is also renal pore between heart and anus.
575:
The oral tentacles are shorter, thickened at the base, tapering, projecting laterally and horizontally and curved backward. The mouth is situated on the inferior surface of the head. The mouth is small and the external lip is divided behind on the median line.
1986:
Loza A. L. & LĂłpez-Jurado L. F. (January 2008) "Comparative study of the epibionts on the pelagic and mature female loggerhead turtles on the Canary and Cape Verde
Islands". page 100. In: Mast R. B., Hutchinson B. J. & Hutchinson A. H. (eds.). (2007).
865:, in which the whole of the hepatic ramifications are apparently connected with the skin, and there are only two principal trunks, which pass down the sides of the back. It is evident, however, that the digestive system alone sufficiently distinguishes
738:
Drawing of internal view of the one jaw of Fiona pinnata. Cutting edge is on the top left. There is visible the point, where the jaws are articulated in the top center. Expanded lobe on the dorsal margin for muscular attachment is on the top
977:. There is a ventricle (oval structure on the top) and a part aorta leading from vetricle, auricle (in the centre of the image), "portal heart" (a small tube like structure on the right). The vessels are leading to great median trunk.
904:: There are two genital openings on the right side of the head behind the oral tentacle: the opening for the penis and for the (hermaphroditic) genital pore. The reproductive system and the mucous gland is the same as in the genus
1275:
grows very rapidly. It has one of the highest growth rates among all nudibranchs (that is compared with benthic nudibranchs, the only ones for which the growth rates are known). The only species known to grow faster than this is
665:: The channel leading from mouth to the buccal mass is very short and constricted; and, just before it opens into the buccal mass, it receives on either side below, a very slender duct from a large, much folliculated,
936:
The spermoviduct leaves the anterior border of the ovary as a slender tube, but, almost immediately dilating, equals the diameter of the testis. This dilated portion of the spermoviduct rests between the lobes of the
823:. The anus is placed a little to the right of the median line of the back, immediately behind the heart. The intestinal tube is rather short, of equal diameter throughout, and internally plicated longitudinally.
993:. There are small afferent vessels (1) in cerata with puckerd membranous fringe on the inner sides. The vessels are leading to great median trunk. Efferent vessels (2), gland (3) a "normal" tissue of cerata (4).
815:. The stomach has the broad end forward, is placed above the reproductive system, and lies quite in the anterior portion of the visceral cavity. The internal surface of the stomach is not lamellated. The
2068:. pp. 308–354, pls. 95- 111. In: Robert H. Morris, Donald P. Abbott, & Eugene C. Haderlie. Intertidal invertebrates of California, ix + 690 pp., 200 pls. Stanford University Press. See page 338.
2213:
1698:(1894). "Die Opisthobranchien. Reports on the dredging operations off the west coast of Central America to the Galapagos, to the west coast of Mexico, and in the Gulf of California, in charge of
1789:
Trickey, J. S., Thiel, M. & Waters, J., 2016. Transoceanic dispersal and cryptic diversity in a cosmopolitan rafting nudibranch. Invertebrate
Systematics 30(3):290. DOI: 10.1071/IS15052
960:. There are small afferent (leading into heart) vessels in cerata with puckered membranous fringe on the inner sides. The vessels are leading to great median trunk and to the heart.
918:
linear. The penis has a conical form during mating. The outer extremity of the penis leads through the wall of the visceral cavity to the external opening, and on its way the
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are simple and resemble the oral tentacles. They are distant, subulate, tapering and they project outward. They are not retractile, and are without pockets.
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is unique in this animal, because nearly the whole of these vessels are distinctly visible on the skin of the back, rising above the general surface. The
1124:. Unlike some other pelagic animals, this species cannot swim or even float in water by itself, thus although it is pelagic, it is not considered to be
811:
is a short and rather slender tube. It leads from the upper part of the buccal mass towards, and opens into, the anterior margin of a distinct pyriform
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Thompson, T.E. and Brown, G.H., 1984. Biology of
Opisthobranch Molluscs, Volume II. The Ray Society. 229 pages 41 plates, 40 figures, p. 125.
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1269:(1979) published a theory that the veliger can delay its metamorphosis if it does not find suitable floating habitat to attach itself to.
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is supported on a fleshy ridge that rises up from the floor of the buccal cavity, and extends in the antero-posterior direction from the
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to come from the right branchial ganglion, at its union with the pedial. These two nerves are probably leading from visceral ganglia.
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The anus is between the cerata on the right side of the body, and its opening is directing dorsally. The genital opening is separate.
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857:, the principal canals lie free in the visceral cavity, and in all of them there is a median posterior trunk. In these respects
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2007:
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1519:(October 1851). "Descriptions of two new species of nudibranchiate Mollusca, one of them forming the type of a new genus".
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1096:. The thirteenth pair are large; these are the hepatic nerves; they issue from the buccal mass and probably (as in genus
819:
leads from posterior end of the stomach, and is inclining slightly to the right side and passes backwards to the tubular
1665:
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with only one central denticle in each row of teeth. That one denticle has a central cusp and a few surrounding cusps.
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Pelagic snails: the biology of holoplanktonic gastropod mollusks By Carol M. Lalli, Ronald W. Gilmer. via Google books
682:. at the sides of the buccal mass. It is slightly prolonged behind for the reception of the posterior portion of the
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728:. Cutting edge is on the top right. Expanded lobe on the dorsal margin for muscular attachment is on the top left.
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British conchology: or, an account of the
Mollusca which now inhabit the British Isles and the surrounding seas
678:
The buccal mass is small, rather long, slender, and irregularly elliptical. There are two corneous plates or
2130:
Holleman, J. J. (1972) "Observations on growth, feeding, reproduction, and development in the opisthobranch
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604:. The penis is partially extended behind the right tentacle. The genital pore is visible behind the penis.
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1777:. Malacolog Version 4.1.1. A Database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca. Retrieved 17 December 2009.
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Burn, R. F. (1966). "Descriptions of
Australian Eolidacea (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia). 4. The genera
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A 2016 study showed that this species is a species complex, but did not name the segregate species.
1988:
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1798:
Cella, K; Carmona
Barnosi, L.; Ekimova, I; Chichvarkhin, A; Schepetov, D; Gosliner, T. M. (2016).
1225:. The colour of the digestive gland in the cerata changes to bright blue when the animal feeds on
826:
The hepatic apparatus is very peculiar in this animal. The caudal end of the stomach receives two
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1898:
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1941:(8 April 1966). "Studies of opisthobranchiate mollusks of the Pacific Coast of North America".
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as a result of a molecular phylogenetics study. Features that are characteristic of the genus
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The arrangement of the hepatic canals differs from that which prevails in the
Eolidida. In
372:. This nudibranch species lives worldwide on floating objects on seas, and feeds mainly on
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2011:
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The anatomy of this species is very unusual. It is currently the only named member of the
377:
2223:
2046:
Bayer, F. M. (1963). "Observations on pelagic molluscs associated with the siphonophores
1989:
Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Annual
Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation
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1192:, which grow on floating debris. It can attack other barnacles, but only damaged ones:
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genus from W. Baird in 1843, so in 1855 they chose instead Fiona from a character in
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1551:
A Monograph of the
British Nudibranchiate Mollusca: With Figures of All the Species
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2004:
1901:(23 December 1926). "A Further Commentary on New Zealand Molluscan Systematics".
1864:
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1972:
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785:. Each row consist of only one denticle, so there are viewed only two denticles.
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is found in all seas worldwide, on many different kinds of floating objects.
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Buccal glands of some aeolid nudibranchs (Ultrastructure and histochemistry)
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Willan R. C. (1979) "New
Zealand locality records for the aeolid nudibranch
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The two lobes open into the female channel, which is wide and quite long.
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Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, University of Miami
2015:
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675:, that open into the channel of the mouth in advance of the buccal mass.
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Videnskabelige meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske forening i Kjöbenhavn
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and salivary ducts. The buccal mass and whole visceral mass is removed.
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2003:
McDonald G. R. & Nybakken J. W. (last change: 14 December 2009)
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1801:
A radical solution: The phylogeny of the nudibranch family Fionidae.
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Chapter 14. Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata: the sea slugs and allies
1706:, during 1891, Lieut. Commander Z. L. Tanner, U.S.N., commanding.
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910:. The only difference is that there is a distinct vas deferens in
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1903:
Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand
1404:
This article incorporates public domain text from references.
820:
2237:
2081:
Bieri, R. (1966). "Feeding preferences and rates of the snail,
441:
with two genital openings; two jaws with a cutting-edge, and a
2214:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
1714:(10): 125-233, pls. 1-12. Species description is on the page
1625:
Annuario del Museo Zoologico della UniversitĂ di Napoli
1595:
Annuario del Museo Zoologico della UniversitĂ di Napoli
481:), on the extreme northwestern coast of North America.
1888:. Vol. 1. London: John Van Voort. pp. 59–61.
2099:
Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory
559:. They are particularly compressed towards the base.
2166:. Unpubl. MSc thesis, University of Auckland. 96 pp.
2005:"A List of the Worldwide Food Habits of Nudibranchs"
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becomes firmly attached to the muscles of the skin.
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2074:(1859). "Contributions to a monograph of the genus
1991:. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-567, 205 pp.
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492:Various names have been created for this species.
2125:Journal of the Malacological Society of Australia
1577:(18-21): 273-335, appendix pp. 336-337, pls. 2-3.
1288:can grow from 8 mm to 20 mm in 4 days.
1999:
1997:
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1674:Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand
1239:(see also Bayer 1963), but some authors mention
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1858:
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1830:
1448:. Mölleri, Hauniae. 20 + xxxv + 164 pp., 1 map.
1134:has even been found on both adult and juvenile
425:include the similar-looking oral tentacles and
398:but a 2016 study showed that this species is a
2205:"Cell Lineage and Early Larval Development of
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1622:(1867). "Acquisti fatti durante l'anno 1864".
869:from all the above genera, not even excepting
629:Drawing of dorsal view of internal anatomy of
2078:, Hanc". Copenhagen, pp. 1–20. pls. 1-2.
1944:Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences
1870:. Sea Slug Forum. Retrieved 17 December 2009.
1708:Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1414:
1412:
8:
1592:1866. "Acquisti fatti durante l'anno 1863".
1394:Dorsal view of veliger just before hatching.
1040:: The renal pore is between heart and anus.
2097:, and the food web in the marine neuston".
2064:Beeman, R. D. & Williams G. C. (1980).
1971:Behrens D. W. (last change: 7 August 2002)
1382:Right side of veliger just before hatching.
933:and is joined by this duct to the oviduct.
724:Drawing of external view of the one jaw of
2234:
1785:
1783:
1265:into a slug. The New Zealand malacologist
1210:(see also Beeman & Williams 1980) and
650:Drawing of mouth and wall around mouth of
31:
20:
1704:U. S. Fish Commission steamer “Albatross”
1428:. 19 pp., pls. 16-20. G. Reimer, Berlin.
1204:. It can also eat barnacles on the genus
1060:showing central ganglia and their nerves.
973:Drawing of heart and open pericardium of
767:Drawing of lateral view of the radula of
2151:. J. Van Voorst, London. Volume 5, Page
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1358:Anterior view of well developed veliger.
1021:are found to occupy a well-defined oval
920:sheath or external covering of the penis
555:margined with white. The cerata have no
1554:. Ray Society. Part 7, Fam. 3, Pl. 38a.
1548:Alder, Joshua; Hancock, Albany (1855).
1408:
1348:
1320:Drawing of right side of young veliger.
1290:
714:, also showing the radula between them.
510:in 1770. Alder and Hancock's 1851 name
1521:Annals and Magazine of Natural History
1370:Dorsal view of well developed veliger.
1977:Slugsite. Retrieved 17 December 2009.
1261:lasts five days. Then it undergoes a
1013:On opening the heart from above, the
7:
2432:1595e683-0c65-4106-b563-907f658e77b0
1670:"Notes on some Branchiate Mollusca"
1567:(1857). "Anatomisk Untersögelse af
1118:in a similar way to the nudibranch
781:Drawing of two rows from radula of
1752:Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca
1300:Drawing of anterior view of young
1233:does not feed on the siphonophore
965:Circulatory and respiratory system
14:
1344:Drawing of right side of veliger.
1332:Drawing of right side of veliger.
1387:
1375:
1363:
1351:
1337:
1325:
1313:
1293:
795:Drawing of a single denticle of
589:(1851) described the tissues of
409:was expanded in 2016 to include
1229:. Some authors have noted that
2188:William Collins Publishers Ltd
1755:. Wellington, 1120 pp., pages
771:. Anterior end is on the left.
593:as being very tough and firm.
433:with a membrane and lacking a
1:
2190:, Auckland, New Zealand 1979
2014:. Accessed 20 December 2009.
2589:Gastropods described in 1831
985:Drawing of cross section of
1804:PLoS ONE. 11(12): e0167800.
693:small bivalve of the genus
437:; a dorsal anal opening; a
2605:
612:Drawing of dorsal view of
534:for one of those synonyms
473:is the island location of
278:Hymeneaeolis elegantissima
2162:Williams, M . N . (1978)
1138:from the Canary Islands.
861:would appear to resemble
262:Alder & Hancock, 1855
254:Alder & Hancock, 1851
210:
203:
184:
177:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
2209:, a Nudibranch Mollusck"
2123:from Lord Howe Island".
2104:: 161–170, pls. III-IV.
1446:Descriptiones Animalium
710:Drawing of the jaws of
635:See notes on the image.
619:See notes on the image.
1136:loggerhead sea turtles
1075:Onchidoris bilamellata
1061:
994:
978:
961:
898:
800:
786:
772:
740:
729:
715:
659:
638:
622:
605:
455:
329:& O'Donoghue, 1923
1432:, Plate 19, figure 1.
1267:Richard Cardeu Willan
1149:attacks and preys on
1051:
984:
972:
951:
888:
794:
780:
766:
737:
723:
709:
649:
628:
611:
599:
530:proposed a new genus
516:was preoccupied by a
451:
2184:New Zealand Mollusca
1702:, carried on by the
1426:Zoologischer Atlas 4
1195:Pollicipes polymerus
508:Johan Ernst Gunnerus
16:Species of gastropod
2089:, the nudibranchs,
2083:Ianthina prolongata
1939:MacFarland, F . M .
1868:(Eschscholtz, 1831)
1775:(Eschscholtz, 1831)
1253:The stadium of the
1114:This nudibranch is
1081:Lamellidoris aspera
902:Reproductive system
891:reproductive system
881:Reproductive system
439:reproductive system
368:in the superfamily
2091:Glaucus atlanticus
2021:2009-04-11 at the
2010:2010-09-13 at the
1880:Baird, W. (1843).
1177:Lepas fascicularis
1161:gooseneck barnacle
1121:Glaucus atlanticus
1062:
1003:respiratory system
999:circulatory system
995:
979:
962:
899:
801:
787:
773:
741:
730:
716:
660:
639:
623:
606:
536:Eolidia longicauda
528:Harold John Finlay
456:
236:Eolidia longicauda
2571:
2570:
2453:Open Tree of Life
2240:Taxon identifiers
1958:, figures 23-28.
1700:Alexander Agassiz
1279:Doridella obscura
1236:Physalia physalis
1189:Lepas testudinata
805:
804:
745:
744:
336:
335:
330:
319:
308:
296:
285:
274:
263:
255:
247:
232:
221:
2596:
2564:
2563:
2551:
2550:
2538:
2537:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2497:
2496:
2484:
2483:
2474:
2473:
2461:
2460:
2448:
2447:
2435:
2434:
2425:
2424:
2412:
2411:
2409:NBNSYS0000175349
2399:
2398:
2386:
2385:
2373:
2372:
2360:
2359:
2347:
2346:
2334:
2333:
2321:
2320:
2308:
2307:
2295:
2294:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2235:
2134:(Eschscholtz)".
2087:Lepas anserifera
2085:, the barnacle,
2034:
2031:
2025:
2001:
1992:
1984:
1978:
1969:
1963:
1962:, figures 11-12.
1936:
1913:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1877:
1871:
1862:
1849:
1838:(Eschscholtz)".
1832:
1805:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1778:
1769:
1760:
1744:
1723:
1722:, figures 13-15.
1694:
1690:
1684:
1683:, image F and I.
1663:
1642:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1545:
1534:
1533:-302, pls. 9-10.
1510:
1449:
1439:
1433:
1420:
1416:
1391:
1379:
1367:
1355:
1341:
1329:
1317:
1297:
1201:Balanus glandula
1171:Lepas anserifera
1069:cerebral ganglia
1038:Excretory system
1033:Excretory system
759:
758:
702:
701:
663:Digestive system
642:Digestive system
325:
314:
306:
291:
280:
269:
261:
253:
238:
227:
216:
190:
35:
21:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2559:
2554:
2546:
2541:
2533:
2528:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2506:Eolidia pinnata
2500:
2492:
2487:
2479:
2477:
2469:
2464:
2456:
2451:
2443:
2438:
2430:
2428:
2420:
2415:
2407:
2402:
2394:
2389:
2381:
2376:
2368:
2363:
2355:
2350:
2342:
2337:
2329:
2324:
2316:
2311:
2303:
2298:
2290:
2285:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2242:
2180:Powell A. W. B.
2173:
2145:Jeffreys, J. G.
2072:Bergh, L. S. R.
2043:
2041:Further reading
2038:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2023:Wayback Machine
2012:Wayback Machine
2002:
1995:
1985:
1981:
1970:
1966:
1937:
1916:
1897:
1893:
1882:"Genus Oithona"
1879:
1878:
1874:
1863:
1852:
1833:
1808:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1781:
1770:
1763:
1745:
1726:
1696:Bergh, L. S. R.
1692:
1691:
1687:
1664:
1645:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1603:(for 1863)(2):
1586:
1585:
1581:
1569:Fiona atlantica
1565:Bergh, L. S. R.
1563:
1559:
1547:
1546:
1537:
1511:
1452:
1440:
1436:
1422:Eschscholtz, F.
1418:
1417:
1410:
1402:
1395:
1392:
1383:
1380:
1371:
1368:
1359:
1356:
1345:
1342:
1333:
1330:
1321:
1318:
1309:
1298:
1251:
1222:Porpita porpita
1216:Velella velella
1165:Lepas anatifera
1144:
1112:
1046:
1035:
967:
883:
656:salivary glands
644:
544:
487:
461:
400:species complex
378:goose barnacles
376:, specifically
267:Fiona atlantica
251:Oithona nobilis
225:Eolidia pinnata
199:
192:
186:
173:
170:F. pinnata
159:
147:
135:
123:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
91:
78:
66:
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2602:
2600:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2576:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2552:
2539:
2526:
2510:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2485:
2475:
2462:
2449:
2436:
2426:
2413:
2400:
2387:
2374:
2361:
2348:
2335:
2322:
2309:
2296:
2283:
2268:
2252:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2198:
2177:
2172:
2171:External links
2169:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2142:
2128:
2105:
2079:
2069:
2062:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2026:
1993:
1979:
1964:
1954:-358. 546 pp.
1914:
1891:
1872:
1850:
1806:
1791:
1779:
1761:
1724:
1685:
1643:
1609:
1579:
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1343:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1312:
1310:
1299:
1292:
1250:
1247:
1143:
1142:Feeding habits
1140:
1111:
1108:
1065:Nervous system
1054:nervous system
1045:
1044:Nervous system
1042:
1034:
1031:
966:
963:
882:
879:
803:
802:
788:
774:
743:
742:
731:
717:
667:salivary gland
643:
640:
587:Albany Hancock
543:
540:
502:from 1775 was
500:Peter ForsskĂĄl
486:
483:
479:Baranof Island
460:
457:
358:(sea slug), a
343:, common name
334:
333:
332:
331:
320:
309:
297:
289:Aeolis plicata
286:
275:
264:
256:
248:
233:
222:
208:
207:
201:
200:
193:
182:
181:
175:
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161:
160:
155:
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143:
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136:
131:
129:
125:
124:
89:Heterobranchia
86:
84:
80:
79:
74:
72:
68:
67:
62:
60:
56:
55:
50:
48:
44:
43:
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36:
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27:
15:
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10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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2540:
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2531:
2527:
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2472:
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2437:
2433:
2427:
2423:
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2414:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2305:Fiona_pinnata
2301:
2297:
2293:
2292:Fiona_pinnata
2288:
2284:
2279:
2278:Fiona pinnata
2273:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2248:Fiona pinnata
2245:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:(6): 325-405.
2219:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2203:(April 1904)
2202:
2201:Casteel D. B.
2199:
2197:
2196:0-00-216906-1
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2141:(2): 142–146.
2140:
2137:
2133:
2132:Fiona pinnata
2129:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2095:Fiona pinnata
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2061:(3): 454-466.
2060:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1974:Fiona pinnata
1968:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1886:The Zoologist
1883:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1866:Fiona pinnata
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1836:Fiona pinnata
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1795:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1773:Fiona pinnata
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1641:, figure 1-3.
1640:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1390:
1385:
1378:
1373:
1366:
1361:
1354:
1349:
1340:
1335:
1328:
1323:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1306:Fiona pinnata
1303:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1286:Fiona pinnata
1283:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1273:Fiona pinnata
1270:
1268:
1264:
1263:metamorphosis
1260:
1259:Fiona pinnata
1256:
1248:
1246:
1245:as its prey.
1244:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1231:Fiona pinnata
1228:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1153:of the genus
1152:
1148:
1147:Fiona pinnata
1141:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1132:Fiona pinnata
1129:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1058:Fiona pinnata
1055:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1000:
992:
991:Fiona pinnata
988:
983:
976:
975:Fiona pinnata
971:
964:
959:
958:Fiona pinnata
955:
950:
946:
942:
940:
934:
930:
928:
923:
921:
915:
913:
912:Fiona pinnata
909:
908:
903:
896:
895:Fiona pinnata
892:
887:
880:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
831:
829:
828:biliary ducts
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
798:
797:Fiona pinnata
793:
789:
784:
783:Fiona pinnata
779:
775:
770:
769:Fiona pinnata
765:
761:
760:
757:
754:
750:
736:
732:
727:
726:Fiona pinnata
722:
718:
713:
712:Fiona pinnata
708:
704:
703:
700:
698:
697:
691:
690:Fiona pinnata
687:
685:
681:
676:
674:
673:
672:Doto fragilis
668:
664:
657:
653:
652:Fiona pinnata
648:
641:
636:
632:
631:Fiona pinnata
627:
620:
615:
614:Fiona pinnata
610:
603:
602:Fiona pinnata
598:
594:
592:
591:Fiona pinnata
588:
584:
580:
577:
573:
571:
566:
565:has no eyes.
564:
563:Fiona pinnata
560:
558:
553:
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541:
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497:
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490:
484:
482:
480:
476:
475:Sitka, Alaska
472:
471:type locality
467:
465:
464:Fiona pinnata
458:
454:
453:Fiona pinnata
450:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
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397:
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380:in the genus
379:
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346:
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340:Fiona pinnata
328:
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321:
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310:
305:
301:
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287:
283:
279:
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268:
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259:Fiona nobilis
257:
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237:
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219:
215:
214:Limax marinus
212:
211:
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188:Fiona pinnata
183:
180:
179:Binomial name
176:
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128:Superfamily:
127:
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115:Cladobranchia
111:
106:
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38:
34:
29:
26:
25:Fiona pinnata
22:
19:
2505:
2247:
2217:
2212:
2207:Fiona marina
2206:
2183:
2163:
2148:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2127:(10): 21–34.
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2098:
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2090:
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2082:
2075:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2029:
1982:
1973:
1967:
1947:
1942:
1905:
1902:
1899:Finlay H. J.
1894:
1885:
1875:
1865:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1800:
1794:
1772:
1751:
1711:
1707:
1688:
1676:
1673:
1666:Hutton F. W.
1633:(for 1964):
1629:
1623:
1617:(in Italian)
1612:
1599:
1593:
1587:(in Italian)
1582:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1550:
1525:
1520:
1445:
1442:ForsskĂĄl, P.
1437:
1425:
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1063:
1057:
1036:
1027:
1012:
996:
990:
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957:
943:
939:mucous gland
935:
931:
924:
916:
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583:Joshua Alder
581:
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531:
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493:
491:
488:
468:
463:
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459:Distribution
452:
422:
415:Eubranchidae
411:Tergipedidae
406:
394:
393:
388:
381:
344:
339:
338:
337:
322:
312:Fiona marina
311:
303:
300:Fiona marina
299:
288:
277:
266:
258:
250:
235:
224:
213:
187:
185:
169:
168:
105:Nudibranchia
92:
83:(unranked):
24:
18:
2466:SeaLifeBase
2365:iNaturalist
2272:Wikispecies
2159:, figure 2.
2109:Pleurolidia
1693:(in German)
1679:: 162-167,
1524:(series 2)
1419:(in German)
1183:Lepas hilli
1094:nudibranchs
1052:Drawing of
1023:pericardium
952:Drawing of
889:Drawing of
847:Dendronotus
600:Drawing of
570:rhinophores
542:Description
532:Dolicheolis
504:preoccupied
427:rhinophores
307:Bergh, 1894
229:Eschscholtz
196:Eschscholtz
2578:Categories
2521:Q109557117
2121:Cerberilla
1710:, Harvard
1517:Hancock A.
1400:References
1249:Life cycle
1212:cnidarians
1126:planktonic
839:Embletonia
809:oesophagus
753:oesophagus
356:nudibranch
110:Dexiarchia
100:Nudipleura
95:Euthyneura
76:Gastropoda
1620:Costa, A.
1590:Costa, A.
1257:larva of
1151:barnacles
1015:ventricle
927:ovotestis
851:Lomonotus
817:intestine
557:cnidosacs
538:in 1927.
518:Cyclopoid
374:barnacles
370:Fionoidea
363:gastropod
351:of small
164:Species:
133:Fionoidea
121:Aeolidida
47:Kingdom:
2584:Fionidae
2515:Wikidata
2383:10239215
2257:Wikidata
2117:Learchis
2052:Physalia
2019:Archived
2008:Archived
1960:Plate 70
1956:Plate 68
1908:(1927):
1747:Suter H.
1571:, Bgh."
1513:Alder J.
1444:(1775).
1424:(1831).
1242:Physalia
1099:Aeolidia
907:Aeolidia
875:page 357
654:showing
485:Taxonomy
435:cnidosac
419:Calmidae
407:Fionidae
304:pacifica
282:A. Costa
205:Synonyms
145:Fionidae
140:Family:
64:Mollusca
59:Phylum:
52:Animalia
2548:6518556
2458:2876546
2422:1287638
2357:2291755
2263:Q309687
2229:photo 2
2224:photo 1
2157:Plate 2
2147:(1869)
2136:Veliger
2048:Velella
1757:586-587
1749:(1913)
1720:Table 1
1681:Plate 6
1668:(1882)
1639:Table 1
1430:page 14
1302:veliger
1255:veliger
1227:Velella
1116:pelagic
1110:Ecology
1078:and in
1019:auricle
867:Oithona
859:Oithona
855:Antiopa
813:stomach
696:Mytilus
513:Oithona
366:mollusk
353:pelagic
349:species
347:, is a
327:Iredale
244:Gaimard
218:Förskal
198:, 1831)
152:Genus:
71:Class:
2561:534089
2494:139942
2481:507222
2478:uBio:
2445:139942
2429:NZOR:
2318:277004
2194:
2119:, and
1718:-132.
1529:(46):
1515:&
1207:Alepas
1186:, and
1067:: The
954:cerata
871:Hermaa
863:Hermaa
853:, and
749:radula
739:right.
684:radula
552:cerata
523:Ossian
443:radula
431:cerata
429:; the
404:family
402:. The
360:marine
318:, 1913
295:, 1881
293:Hutton
284:, 1867
273:, 1857
246:, 1832
242:&
231:, 1831
220:, 1775
119:clade
113:clade
108:clade
103:clade
98:clade
93:clade
87:clade
2556:WoRMS
2535:6FJPS
2489:WoRMS
2396:78675
2378:IRMNG
2370:50531
2344:59942
2339:EUNIS
2331:6J3D8
2113:Fiona
2076:Fiona
1912:-485.
1637:-30.
1156:Lepas
1007:heart
987:ceras
835:Eolis
495:Limax
423:Fiona
395:Fiona
391:genus
383:Lepas
345:Fiona
316:Suter
302:var.
271:Bergh
157:Fiona
2543:GBIF
2471:8592
2440:OBIS
2417:NCBI
2391:ITIS
2352:GBIF
2313:BOLD
2192:ISBN
2093:and
2050:and
1845:: .
1840:Tane
1607:-41.
1219:and
1198:and
1017:and
1001:and
997:The
925:The
843:Doto
821:anus
807:The
747:The
680:jaws
585:and
568:The
550:The
469:The
417:and
240:Quoy
2530:CoL
2404:NBN
2326:CoL
2300:AFD
2287:ADW
2054:".
2016:htm
1952:354
1910:320
1847:PDF
1716:130
1531:290
1304:of
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956:of
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877:).
506:by
498:by
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2139:15
2115:,
2111:,
2102:14
2059:13
1996:^
1950::
1917:^
1906:57
1884:.
1853:^
1843:25
1809:^
1782:^
1764:^
1727:^
1712:25
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1672:.
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1282:.
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1159::
1128:.
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841:,
837:,
526:.
413:,
386:.
2218:1
1948:6
1759:.
1630:4
1600:3
1526:8
1308:.
897:.
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637:)
621:)
617:(
477:(
194:(
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