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Color temperature issues such as these can be compensated for by other factors such as lens filters and color gels placed in front of the lights. The color temperature of a film stock is generally indicated next to the film speed number — e.g. 500T stock is color film stock with an ASA of 500 and balanced for tungsten light; 250D would have an ASA of 250 and be balanced for daylight. While black-and-white film has no color temperature itself, the silver halide grains themselves tend to be slightly more responsive to blue light, and therefore will have daylight and tungsten speeds — e.g. Kodak's Double-X stock is rated 250D/200T, since the tungsten light will give slightly less exposure than an equivalent amount of daylight.
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improperly preserved film can deteriorate in a period of time much faster than many photographs or other visual presentations. Cellulose nitrate, because of its unstable chemistry, eventually breaks down, releasing nitric acid, further catalyzing the decomposition. In the final stage of celluloid decomposition, the film has turned into a rust-like powder. Likewise, tri-acetate stock is also vulnerable to deterioration. Because of the small gauge of the film, owners of home-made films often find that their film can become shrunken and brittle to the point where the film is unwatchable in the space of a few years. In general, decaying acetate film breaks down into
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film, the by-products of the development reaction simultaneously combine with chemicals known as color couplers that are included either in the film itself or in the developer solution to form colored dyes. Because the by-products are created in direct proportion to the amount of exposure and development, the dye clouds formed are also in proportion to the exposure and development. Following development, the silver is converted back to silver salts in the
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804:) as a guide. A series of Answer Prints are then made from the OCN. During the Answer Print stage, corrections in the film's density and color are corrected (timed) to the filmmakers' tastes. Interpositive (IP) prints are struck from the OCN, checked to make sure they look the same as the custom timed Answer Print, and then each IP is used to make one or more Dupe Negative (DN) copies. The
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maintain the image information accurately across duplication, each manufacturer tends to only produce one or two different intermediate stocks. Similarly, release print stocks usually are available only in two varieties: a "normal" print or a deluxe print (on more-costly print film like Kodak Vision
Premiere) with slightly greater saturation and contrast.
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parity with its orthochromatic offering and the panchromatic stock began to overtake the orthochromatic stock's market share within a few years. As similar panchromatic film stocks were also manufactured by Agfa and Pathé, making the shift to panchromatic stocks largely complete by 1928, Kodak discontinued orthochromatic stock in 1930.
443:, to promote the film when Kodak introduced it as a standard option. Panchromatic film stock increased costs and no motion pictures were produced on it in their entirety for several years. The cross-cutting between panchromatic and orthochromatic stocks caused continuity problems with costume tones and
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is defined at 5600 K, which is considered "colder" and shifted towards blue. This means that unfiltered tungsten stock will look normal shot under tungsten lights, but blue if shot during daylight. Conversely, daylight stock shot in daylight will look normal, but orange if shot under tungsten lights.
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Orthochromatic film remained dominant until the mid-1920s due to Kodak's lack of competition in the panchromatic market. In 1925, Gevaert introduced an orthochromatic stock with limited color sensitivity and a fully panchromatic stock, Pan-23. In 1926, Kodak lowered the price of panchromatic stock to
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Film stock manufacturers began to diversify their products. Each manufacturer had previously offered one negative stock (usually orthochromatic) and one print stock. In 1920, a variant of Type F film known as X-back was introduced to counteract the effects of static electricity on the film, which can
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Salt (1992). p. 179. "There was apparently some question as to differences in relative contrast between the two stocks. As Barry Salt notes, "this claim is almost impossible to substantiate now, given the extreme difficulty there is in seeing a reasonable number of original prints of films shot on
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and create odd exposure patterns on the film. A resin backing was used on the film, which rendered the film too opaque to allow focusing through the back of the film, a common technique for many cameras of that era. The X-back stock was popular on the east coast of the US. Other manufacturers were
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Eastman's first motion picture film stock was offered in 1889. At first the film was the same as photographic film. By 1916, separate "Cine Type" films were offered. From 1895, Eastman supplied their motion picture roll film in rolls of 65 feet, while Blair's rolls were 75 feet. If longer lengths
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to the surface of the silver salts, make the crystals sensitive to different colors. Typically the blue-sensitive layer is on top, followed by the green and red layers. During development, the exposed silver salts are converted to metallic silver, just as with black-and-white film. But in a color
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Due to the specialized nature of the exposure and the higher degree of control afforded by the film lab equipment, these intermediate and release stocks are specially designed solely for these applications and are generally not feasible for camera shooting. Because intermediates only function to
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through physical or chemical means, and thus, motion picture film is at risk for the same reason. Films deteriorate over time, which can damage individual frames or even lead to the entire film being destroyed. Cellulose nitrate, cellulose diacetate and triacetate are known to be unstable media:
707:, as well as intended under- and over-exposure may cause the cinematographer to actually "rate" the stock differently from the EI. This new rating is not a change to the stock itself — it is merely a way of calculating exposure without figuring out the compensation after each light reading.
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or more, while perforations may vary in shape, pitch, and positioning. The film is also distinguished by how it is wound with regard to perforations and base or emulsion side, as well as whether it is packaged around a core, a daylight spool, or within a cartridge. Depending on the manufacturing
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used to make the film flexible evaporated quickly, making the film dry and brittle, causing splices to part and perforations to tear. In 1911 the major
American film studios returned to using nitrate stock. More amateur formats began to use acetate-based film, and several, including Kodak's own
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format, were designed specifically to be manufactured with safety base. Kodak released Cine
Negative Film Type E in 1916 and Type F (later known as Negative Film Par Speed Type 1201) in 1917. As both of these orthochromatic films were no faster than previous offerings, the improvements were in
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were made. Eastman increased the length of rolls to 200 feet without major adjustments to the emulsion, retaining a large market share. Lumière reformulated its stock to match the speed of
Eastman film, naming it 'Etiquette Violette' (Violet Label). Blair sold his English company to
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experiments. Blair's company supplied film to Edison for five years. Between 1892 and 1893, Eastman experienced problems with production. Because of patent lawsuits in 1893, Blair left his
American company and established another in Britain. Eastman became Edison's supplier of film.
812:(DI), it has become possible to completely edit, composite visual effects, and color grade the image digitally at full resolution and bit-depth. In this workflow, the answer print is generated digitally and then written out to the IP stage using a laser film printer known as a
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color negative stock, Eastman Color
Negative film 5247, in 1950. A higher quality version in 1952, Eastman Color Negative film 5248, was quickly adopted by Hollywood for color motion picture production, replacing both the expensive three-strip Technicolor process and Monopack.
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to be a viable replacement base, and Kodak began selling acetate-base films the following year in 22 mm widths for Edison's work on the Home
Kinetoscope, which was commercially released in 1912. Eastman Kodak introduced a non-flammable 35 mm film stock in 1909. The
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Despite this, some filmmakers continue to opt for film stock as a medium of choice for aesthetic reasons. Movies produced entirely on photochemical film or with a combination of analog and digital methods are a minority, but maintain a stable presence among both
47:
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and contrast, which influence the look of the image. The stock manufacturer will usually give an exposure index (EI) number equal to the ASA which they recommend exposing for. However, factors such as forced or non-standard development (such as
371:, which is highly flammable. Nitrate film fires were virtually impossible to extinguish. A significant number of fatal accidents occurred in theatrical projection booths, where the heat of the projector lamp made ignition a possibility. Amateur
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onto a screen. Negative images need to be transferred onto photographic paper or other substrate which reverses the image again, producing a final positive image. Creating a positive image from a negative film can also be done by
330:. Consumers usually purchased unperforated film and had to punch it by perforators that were often imprecise, causing difficulty in making prints for the opposite perforation format. In 1908, the perforators began to be made by
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Use of film remained the dominant form of cinematography until the early 21st century when digital formats supplanted the use of film in many applications. This has also led to the replacement of film projectors with
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The distinction between camera stocks and print stocks involves a difference in the recording process. When the work print or edit master has been approved, the
Original Camera Negative (OCN) is assembled by a
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Different emulsions and development processes exist for a variety of image recording possibilities: the two most common of which are black and white, and color. However, there are also variant types, such as
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made celluloid film commercially available in 1889; Thomas Henry Blair, in 1891, was his first competitor. The stock had a frosted base to facilitate easier viewing by transmitted light. Emulsions were
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there is usually one layer of silver salts. When the exposed grains are developed, the silver salts are converted to metallic silver, which blocks light and appears as the black part of the film
599:(with dark highlights, light shadows, and, in principle, complementary colors). The first films were darkened by light: negative films. Later films that produce a positive image became known as
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required a fully transparent film base that Blair's
American operation could not supply. Eastman shortly thereafter bought the company out and became the leading supplier of film stock.
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film. Generally, however, the vast majority of stock used today is "normal" (visible spectrum) color, although "normal" black and white also commands a significant minority percentage.
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Experiments with color films were made as early as the late 19th century, but practical color film was not commercially viable until 1908, and for amateur use when Kodak introduced
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and is sometimes recovered for subsequent use or sale. Fixing leaves behind only the formed color dyes, which combine to make up the colored visible image. Later color films, like
779:, and similar to celluloid decomposition, leads to an auto-catylictic breakdown of the base that cannot be reversed. The result of the acetic acid released is a strong odor of
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used one, two or three strips of monochrome film stock sensitized to certain primary colors or exposed behind color filters in special cameras. Technicolor introduced a color
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began to produce motion picture film in 1913, but remained a largely local supplier until World War I boycotts of popular French, American and
Italian film stocks allowed the
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in 1907 and retired to the US. Pathé began to supplement its operation in 1910 by purchasing film prints, stripping the emulsion from the film base and re-coating it.
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of the film. The emulsion will gradually darken if left exposed to light, but the process is too slow and incomplete to be of any practical use. Instead, a very short
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stock, called Monopack, for location shooting in 1941; it was ultimately a 35 mm version of Kodachrome that could be used in standard motion picture cameras.
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lens is used to produce only a very slight chemical change, proportional to the amount of light absorbed by each crystal. This creates an invisible
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roll film, with which it was difficult to view a single, continuously moving image without a complex apparatus. The first transparent and flexible
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547:" with a cellulose triacetate plastic base. All amateur film stocks were safety film, but the use of nitrate persisted for professional releases.
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in 1936. Commercially successful color processes used special cameras loaded with black-and-white separation stocks rather than color negative.
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There are several variables in classifying stocks; in practice, one orders raw stock by a code number, based on desired sensitivity to light.
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were much more eager to undertake this method, however, in order to depict longer actions. They created cemented rolls as long as 1,000 feet.
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Development chemicals applied to an appropriate film can produce either a positive (showing the same densities and colors as the subject) or
433:(1918) and originally available as a special order product. The stock's increased sensitivity to red light made it an attractive option for
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A fundamental limitation of film stock as a recording medium is that it reacts to light, but not sound. This is why the first films were
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to adapt the Lumière "Blue Label" (Etiquette Bleue) photographic plate emulsion for use on celluloid roll film, which began in early 1896.
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processes and camera equipment, lengths can vary anywhere from 25 to 2000 feet. Common lengths include 25 feet for 8 mm, 50 feet for
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which must be chosen with care. Speed determines the range of lighting conditions under which the film can be shot, and is related to
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787:". Modern polyester-based stocks are far more stable by comparison and are rated to last hundreds of years if stored properly.
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and film stock tend to be similar in composition and speed, but often not in other parameters such as frame size and length.
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discontinued the manufacture of nitrate base in 1951, and the industry transitioned entirely to safety film in 1951 in the
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Karlheinz Keller et al. "Photography" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
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The gauge and perforations are almost identical to modern film stock; the full silent ratio is also used as the
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334:. Eastman Kodak used the Bell and Howell machine to perforate its films. In 1909, Edison's organization of the
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As the quantity of film and filmmakers grew, the demand for standardization increased. Between 1900 and 1910,
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379:) slowly developed during this period. Kodak developed a heat-resistant 'safety base' for home projection.
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crystals. The sizes and other characteristics of the crystals determine the sensitivity, contrast and
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colloid; in the case of color film, there are three layers of silver halide, which are mixed with
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670:, 100 and 400 feet for 16 mm, 400 and 1000 feet for 35 mm, and 1000 for 65/70 mm.
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agreed to what would become the standard: 35 mm gauge, with Edison perforations and a 1.33
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film stock became more common. Created in 1913 for use in early color film processes such as
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film studio to flourish, boosting Agfa's orders. All film stocks were manufactured on a
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began to become the dominant gauge because of the commonality of Edison's and Lumière's
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is defined at 3200 K, which is considered "warmer" in tone and shifted towards orange;
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and by 1955 internationally. Since the late 1990s, almost all release prints have used
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shooting. Kodak financed a feature in 1922, shot entirely with panchromatic stock,
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1119:
The Power Filmmaking Kit: Make Your Professional Movie on a Next-to-Nothing Budget
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and interlayers that filter specific light spectra. These end up creating yellow,
427:, panchromatic was first used in a black-and-white film for exterior sequences in
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in movie cameras, although portions of the image (excluding those shot with an
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or "rem-jet" layer (now only on camera films). Originally the highly flammable
281:, but this was largely undesirable by most narrative filmmakers. The makers of
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Early motion picture experiments in the 1880s were performed using a fragile
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1211:
An Evening's Entertainment: The Age of the Silent Feature Picture, 1915–1928
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744:(and exhibitors often provided live musical accompaniment to compensate).
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This article is about motion-picture film. For still-photography film, see
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However, digital formats are sometimes deliberately altered to achieve a
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728:
613:
528:
319:
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140:
17:
783:, which is why the decay process in the archival community is known as "
345:
2406:
1555:
1501:
780:
584:
572:
327:
93:
86:
988:"KODAK FILM HISTORY Chronology of Motion Picture Films - 1889 to 1939"
1953:
1370:
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are then generated from the DN(s). Recently, with the development of
634:
612:
the negative to create a computer file which can then be reversed by
241:
Blair's new company supplied European filmmaking pioneers, including
112:
1242:
The Filmmaker's Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide for the Digital Age
715:
Another important quality of color film stock in particular is its
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922:
917:
548:
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393:
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128:
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were needed, the unexposed negative rolls could be cemented in a
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later became possible after engineers developed techniques like
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360:
62:
39:"Film roll" redirects here. For the photographic film roll, see
1279:
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1026:
lens) are later cropped out in post-production and projection.
158:. Color film has at least three sensitive layers. Dyes, which
139:(UV) light. Some special-purpose films are sensitive into the
686:
or its sensitivity to light listed by a measurement on the
204:, which was discovered and refined for photographic use by
127:. In addition to visible light, all films are sensitive to
752:
to synchronize playback of a separate soundtrack and then
1122:. Burlington, Massachusetts: Focal Press. p. 298.
1076:
Kodak: Chronology of Motion Picture Films, 1889 to 1939
543:
was used. In the 1930s, film manufacturers introduced "
633:); specialist technical films, such as those used for
509:
A short strip of undeveloped 35 mm color negative film
289:
was the first known company to use such film for the
135:. Most are at least slightly sensitive to invisible
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2782:
2687:
2630:
2536:
2420:
2332:
2284:
2024:
1791:
1591:
1313:
603:; processed transparent film of this type can be
99:containing microscopically small light-sensitive
1226:Film Style and Technology: History and Analysis
982:
980:
527:A piece of film consists of a light-sensitive
1291:
411:established in the 1920s, including American
8:
909:with emphasis on film for still photography.
756:to print the soundtrack on the film itself.
2843:Conservation and restoration of photographs
1039:, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1990, p. 74–75.
301:1900–1919: Toward the standard picture film
233:'s laboratory, was using Blair's stock for
2580:Comparison of digital and film photography
1298:
1284:
1276:
1179:"Digital Cinema Conversion Nears End Game"
587:layers in the negative after development.
401:1920s: Diversification of film sensitivity
2800:Photographs considered the most important
649:Film is also classified according to its
119:in the emulsion, which can be chemically
29:Medium used for recording motion pictures
85:. It is a strip or sheet of transparent
934:
481:processes 1 through 4 (1917–1954), and
81:, and projected onto a screen using a
1153:Color and Mastering for Digital Cinema
1037:The Transformation of Cinema 1907–1915
723:at which it accurately records white.
678:A critical property of a stock is its
356:reversal double-perforation film stock
313:and film stocks improved. A number of
492:Eastman Kodak introduced their first
167:. It is removed from the film in the
7:
1086:
1084:
963:. Academic Press. 28 December 2012.
852:or other noise for artistic effect.
800:using the edited work print or EDL (
766:Conservation and restoration of film
2795:Museums devoted to one photographer
1092:"1940 - 1959 | Motion Picture Film"
2342:Timeline of photography technology
1268:Chronology of Motion Picture Films
1213:, University of California Press.
892:List of motion picture film stocks
637:; and obsolete processes, such as
25:
2921:Audiovisual introductions in 1889
1240:Ascher, Steve and Edward Pincus.
1177:Barraclough, Leo (23 June 2013).
960:Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences
188:1888–1899: Before standardization
152:black-and-white photographic film
2893:
2883:
2882:
1244:. New York: Penguin Group, 1999.
531:applied to a tough, transparent
2894:
841:and mainstream film releases.
703:), compensation for filters or
287:American Mutoscope and Biograph
1150:Kennel, Glenn (26 July 2012).
1:
2392:Painted photography backdrops
2324:Golden triangle (composition)
1599:35 mm equivalent focal length
1271:, 2005. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
1262:, 2001. Retrieved 2007-07-09.
1253:, 2001. Retrieved 2007-07-09.
791:Intermediate and print stocks
501:Classification and properties
336:Motion Picture Patents Trust
2102:Intentional camera movement
1250:A Brief History of Fujifilm
1209:Koszarski, Richard (1994).
653:and the arrangement of its
469:for 16 mm in 1935 and
397:granularity and sharpness.
61:that is used for recording
2947:
2790:Most expensive photographs
2147:Multi-exposure HDR capture
1116:Tomaric, Jason J. (2008).
897:List of photographic films
763:
719:, which is defined by the
520:
458:
297:fight on 3 November 1899.
92:coated on one side with a
38:
31:
2926:Film and video technology
2878:
1259:Motion Picture Chronology
1056:Koszarski (1994). p. 140.
902:Color motion picture film
567:The emulsion consists of
461:Color motion picture film
111:to the image formed by a
69:. It is recorded on by a
2724:Digital image processing
1156:. Taylor & Francis.
947:10.1002/14356007.a20_001
772:subject to deterioration
645:Physical characteristics
535:, sometimes attached to
2397:Photography and the law
629:(in black and white or
349:A silent home movie on
2744:Gelatin silver process
1768:Science of photography
1753:Photographic processes
1731:Perspective distortion
571:grains suspended in a
510:
413:E.I. Dupont de Nemours
382:In 1909, tests showed
357:
51:
2202:Schlieren photography
1741:Photographic printing
1664:Exposure compensation
537:anti-halation backing
521:Further information:
508:
459:Further information:
440:The Headless Horseman
348:
133:high-energy particles
49:
1986:Straight photography
1624:Chromatic aberration
1224:Salt, Barry (1992).
887:List of film formats
810:digital intermediate
657:— gauges range from
415:in 1926 and Belgian
2853:photographic plates
2538:Digital photography
1716:Hyperfocal distance
1629:Circle of confusion
1228:. London: Starword.
447:was often avoided.
384:cellulose diacetate
261:. By 1896, the new
251:George Albert Smith
225:. By November 1891
143:(IR) region of the
2357:Autochrome Lumière
2352:Analog photography
2177:Pigeon photography
1966:Social documentary
1445:discontinued films
831:digital projection
802:edit decision list
511:
358:
52:
2908:
2907:
2709:Collodion process
2645:Chromogenic print
2632:Color photography
2142:Multiple exposure
2117:Lo-fi photography
1644:Color temperature
1219:978-0-520-08535-0
1163:978-1-136-03337-7
970:978-0-12-382166-9
907:Photographic film
877:Film preservation
848:, such as adding
725:Tungsten lighting
721:color temperature
711:Color temperature
541:cellulose nitrate
445:panchromatic film
369:nitrate film base
309:gradually became
177:Photographic film
34:Photographic film
16:(Redirected from
2938:
2897:
2896:
2886:
2885:
2764:Print permanence
2714:Cross processing
2672:CMYK color model
2657:Color management
2610:Foveon X3 sensor
2605:Three-CCD camera
2249:Miniature faking
2207:Sabattier effect
1819:Astrophotography
1674:Zebra patterning
1300:
1293:
1286:
1277:
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999:
993:. Archived from
992:
984:
975:
974:
955:
949:
939:
785:vinegar syndrome
742:literally silent
701:cross processing
682:, determined by
430:Queen of the Sea
259:Lumière Brothers
210:Hannibal Goodwin
21:
2946:
2945:
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2937:
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2911:
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2769:Push processing
2690:
2683:
2677:RGB color model
2626:
2532:
2416:
2328:
2294:Diagonal method
2280:
2020:
1924:Photojournalism
1787:
1619:Black-and-white
1587:
1566:Slide projector
1561:Movie projector
1440:available films
1309:
1304:
1274:
1236:
1234:Further reading
1231:
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1035:Eileen Bowser,
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798:negative cutter
793:
770:All plastic is
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622:
593:
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525:
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463:
457:
403:
354:black-and-white
332:Bell and Howell
303:
283:Actuality films
271:Victor Planchon
263:movie projector
227:William Dickson
190:
185:
123:into a visible
83:movie projector
63:motion pictures
44:
37:
30:
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1654:Depth of focus
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1649:Depth of field
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1256:Fujifilm USA.
1254:
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1000:on 15 May 2013
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806:release prints
792:
789:
764:Main article:
761:
758:
737:
734:
712:
709:
675:
672:
646:
643:
639:orthochromatic
621:
618:
601:reversal films
597:negative image
592:
589:
577:color couplers
564:
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223:orthochromatic
214:George Eastman
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2699:Bleach bypass
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2667:primary color
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2652:Reversal film
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1096:www.kodak.com
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1066:both stocks."
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477:(1908–1914),
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267:Louis Lumière
264:
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255:Charles Urban
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218:Eastman Kodak
215:
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200:material was
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101:silver halide
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60:
59:analog medium
56:
48:
42:
35:
27:
19:
2865:Polaroid art
2759:K-14 process
2754:Instant film
2749:Gum printing
2704:C-41 process
2689:Photographic
2590:Image sensor
2585:Film scanner
2239:Sun printing
2172:Print toning
1959:space selfie
1929:Pictorialism
1859:Ethnographic
1839:Conservation
1711:Guide number
1706:Focal length
1434:
1266:
1257:
1248:
1241:
1225:
1210:
1203:Bibliography
1188:. Retrieved
1182:
1172:
1152:
1145:
1133:. Retrieved
1118:
1111:
1099:. Retrieved
1095:
1071:
1061:
1052:
1036:
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1014:
1002:. Retrieved
995:the original
959:
953:
937:
843:
835:
827:
818:
794:
769:
739:
714:
677:
674:Responsivity
655:perforations
648:
623:
620:Image record
594:
566:
559:film stock.
526:
512:
491:
464:
449:
438:
428:
421:Panchromatic
404:
389:plasticizers
381:
359:
340:aspect ratio
311:standardized
307:film formats
304:
275:
269:worked with
240:
206:John Carbutt
191:
173:Kodacolor II
168:
164:
149:
117:latent image
71:movie camera
54:
53:
50:A film strip
26:
2870:Stereoscopy
2734:E-6 process
2729:Dye coupler
2662:color space
2575:Digiscoping
2568:camera back
2483:Philippines
2412:Visual arts
2402:Glass plate
2387:Heliography
2286:Composition
2261:Ultraviolet
2217:Stereoscopy
2212:Slow motion
2197:Scanography
2112:Kite aerial
2052:Contre-jour
1944:Post-mortem
1934:Pornography
1914:Neues Sehen
1849:Documentary
1783:Zone System
1758:Reciprocity
1684:Film format
1614:Backscatter
1592:Terminology
1462:beauty dish
1361:rangefinder
1326:light-field
1307:Photography
1190:12 December
1101:12 December
872:Film leader
867:Film format
862:Direct film
777:acetic acid
746:Sound films
692:granularity
631:false color
545:safety film
479:Technicolor
475:Kinemacolor
455:Color films
425:Kinemacolor
377:home movies
315:film gauges
247:Robert Paul
235:Kinetoscope
165:bleach step
137:ultraviolet
2915:Categories
2860:Lomography
2691:processing
2640:Print film
2556:comparison
2523:Uzbekistan
2473:Luxembourg
2433:Bangladesh
2382:Dufaycolor
2362:Box camera
2319:Simplicity
2276:Zoom burst
2271:Xerography
2266:Vignetting
2256:Time-lapse
2244:Tilt–shift
2137:Mordançage
2127:Luminogram
2092:Holography
2087:High-speed
2067:Fill flash
2047:Burst mode
2025:Techniques
2006:Vernacular
2001:Underwater
1996:Toy camera
1976:Still life
1904:Monochrome
1894:High-speed
1844:Cloudscape
1834:Conceptual
1736:Photograph
1721:Lens flare
1701:Film speed
1583:Zone plate
1529:wide-angle
1514:long-focus
1135:3 February
1024:anamorphic
1004:2 February
929:References
850:film grain
680:film speed
467:Kodachrome
373:filmmaking
257:, and the
243:Birt Acres
125:photograph
105:resolution
55:Film stock
2810:Norwegian
2774:Stop bath
2719:Developer
2347:Ambrotype
2309:Lead room
2232:Slit-scan
2167:Photogram
2162:Panoramic
2072:Fireworks
2057:Cyanotype
1899:Landscape
1544:telephoto
1492:reflector
1487:monolight
1482:lens hood
1467:cucoloris
1403:safelight
1314:Equipment
1020:film gate
846:film look
688:raw stock
605:projected
591:Chemistry
557:polyester
523:Film base
483:Cinecolor
471:8 mm
419:in 1925.
324:35mm film
202:celluloid
198:film base
121:developed
90:film base
75:developed
67:animation
41:roll film
18:Filmstock
2889:Category
2595:CMOS APS
2493:Slovenia
2421:Regional
2367:Calotype
2304:Headroom
2182:Redscale
2097:Infrared
2042:Brenizer
2016:Wildlife
1939:Portrait
1884:Forensic
1874:Fine-art
1809:Aircraft
1799:Abstract
1679:F-number
1659:Exposure
1634:Clipping
1609:Aperture
1477:hot shoe
1398:enlarger
1393:Darkroom
882:Fujifilm
856:See also
839:arthouse
729:daylight
614:software
610:scanning
563:Emulsion
529:emulsion
487:reversal
408:sparking
291:Jeffries
279:darkroom
169:fix step
156:negative
145:spectrum
141:infrared
109:exposure
97:emulsion
2900:Outline
2836:Related
2528:Vietnam
2513:Ukraine
2448:Denmark
2428:Albania
2407:Tintype
2334:History
2299:Framing
2192:Rollout
2157:Panning
2107:Kirlian
2011:Wedding
1889:Glamour
1869:Fashion
1854:Eclipse
1824:Banquet
1746:Albumen
1556:Monopod
1534:fisheye
1502:softbox
1351:pinhole
1341:instant
1331:digital
1265:Kodak.
1184:Variety
824:Decline
781:vinegar
668:Super 8
585:magenta
573:gelatin
417:Gevaert
328:cameras
295:Sharkey
183:History
94:gelatin
87:plastic
2898:
2887:
2820:street
2815:Polish
2508:Turkey
2503:Taiwan
2488:Serbia
2478:Norway
2453:Greece
2438:Canada
2032:Afocal
1991:Street
1971:Sports
1954:Selfie
1909:Nature
1864:Erotic
1829:Candid
1804:Aerial
1792:Genres
1694:medium
1571:Tripod
1539:swivel
1452:Filter
1430:holder
1425:format
1321:Camera
1217:
1160:
1126:
1043:
967:
635:X-rays
583:, and
406:cause
231:Edison
212:, and
160:adsorb
129:X-rays
113:camera
79:edited
57:is an
2825:women
2783:Lists
2739:Fixer
2622:Pixel
2551:D-SLR
2498:Sudan
2468:Korea
2463:Japan
2458:India
2443:China
2227:Strip
2152:Night
2132:Macro
2037:Bokeh
1981:Stock
1949:Ruins
1689:large
1519:prime
1497:snoot
1457:Flash
1435:stock
1410:Drone
1371:still
1356:press
1346:phone
1336:field
998:(PDF)
991:(PDF)
923:Video
918:Tasma
736:Sound
663:70 mm
651:gauge
549:Kodak
394:16 mm
320:Pathé
229:, at
194:paper
2848:film
2563:MILC
2062:ETTR
1919:Nude
1879:Fire
1778:Sync
1576:head
1524:zoom
1509:Lens
1472:gobo
1420:base
1415:Film
1386:view
1215:ISBN
1192:2019
1158:ISBN
1137:2022
1124:ISBN
1103:2019
1041:ISBN
1006:2013
965:ISBN
913:ORWO
659:8 mm
581:cyan
533:base
517:Base
494:35mm
361:Agfa
351:16mm
131:and
2600:CCD
1381:toy
1376:TLR
1366:SLR
943:doi
699:or
684:ASA
661:to
365:UFA
150:In
77:,
65:or
2917::
1181:.
1094:.
1083:^
979:^
833:.
816:.
616:.
342:.
253:,
249:,
245:,
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208:,
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73:,
1299:e
1292:t
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1008:.
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945::
375:(
293:-
43:.
36:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
