342:. In addition to a fixed stipend of some 700 golden florins yearly, he was continually in receipt of special payments for the orations and poems he produced; so that, had he been a man of frugal habits or of moderate economy, he might have amassed a considerable fortune. As it was, he spent his money as fast as he received it, living in a style of splendour and self-indulgence. In consequence of this prodigality, he was always poor. His letters and his poems abound in demands for money from patrons, some of them couched in language of the lowest adulation, and others savouring of literary brigandage.
189:. In contrast, the Byzantines supported the candidacy of the pretender Mustafa. This would have been difficult for the pupil of John Chrysoloras. The final victory of Murad II resulted in the siege of Constantinople in spring 1422. It was during the great assault of 22 August 1422 that his professor, mortally ill, dictated to him his will. Nominated executor of this will with the widow of the dead, Manfredina Doria, he was also designated tutor of Chrysoloras' girls. After the completion of his term as chancellor in July 1423, he entered the service of the emperor
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which he lectured, the masters whom he served, the books he wrote, the authors he illustrated, the friendships he contracted, and the wars he waged with rival scholars. He was a man of vast physical energy, of inexhaustible mental activity, of quick passions and violent appetites; vain, restless, greedy of gold and pleasure and fame; unable to stay quiet in one place, and perpetually engaged in quarrels with his peers.
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During the second year of his
Milanese residence Filelfo lost his first wife, the Greek Theodora. He soon married again; and this time he chose for his bride a young lady of good Lombard family, called Orsina Osnaga. When she died he took in wedlock for the third time a woman of Lombard birth, Laura
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and formed a large collection of Greek manuscripts. In 1427, he accepted an invitation from the
Venetian Republic, and set sail for Italy, intending to resume his professorial career. From this time forward until the date of his death, Filelfo's biography consists of a record of the various towns in
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of
Florence to pronounce upon him the sentence of death. On the return of Cosimo to Florence, Filelfo's position in that city was no longer tenable. His life, he asserted, had been already once attempted by a cut-throat in the pay of the Medici; and now he readily accepted an invitation from the
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on their birthdays, and to compose poems on their favorite themes. For their courtiers he wrote epithalamial and funeral orations; ambassadors and visitors from foreign states he greeted with the rhetorical lucubrations then so much in vogue. The students of the university he taught in daily
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Not satisfied with these outlets for his mental energy, Filelfo went on translating from the Greek, and prosecuted a paper warfare with his enemies in
Florence. He wrote, moreover, political pamphlets on the great events of Italian history; and when Constantinople was taken by the
411:, he had sent violent letters of abuse to his papal patron Sixtus, denouncing his participation in a plot so dangerous to the security of Italy. Lorenzo now invited him to profess Greek at Florence, and so Filelfo went there in 1481. Two weeks after his arrival he succumbed to
276:. In Siena, however, he was not destined to remain more than four years. His fame as a professor had grown great in Italy, and he daily received tempting offers from princes and republics. The most alluring of these, made him by the Duke of Milan,
395:. Sixtus himself soon fell under the ban of his displeasure; and when a year had passed he left Rome never to return. Filelfo reached Milan to find that his wife had died of the plague in his absence, and was already buried.
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He was admitted to the society of the first scholars and the most eminent nobles. In 1419 he received an appointment from the state, which enabled him to reside as notary and chancellor to the Baile of the
Venetians in
162:. This appointment was an honour for Filelfo as a man of trust and general ability, and gave him the opportunity of acquiring the most coveted of all possessions at that moment — a scholar's knowledge of the
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with good emoluments. At first he was pleased with the city and court of Rome; but his satisfaction turned to discontent, and he gave vent to his ill-humour in a venomous satire on the pope's treasurer,
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For some time past he had been desirous of displaying his abilities and adding to his fame in
Florence. Years had healed the breach between him and the Medici family; and on the occasion of the
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He assumed his charge of chancellor for the bailo
Benedetto Emo (summer 1421 to summer 1423), with diplomatic missions. In late 1421, he accompanied Emo during an embassy to the Ottoman Sultan
363:, of which 12,800 lines were written, but which was never published. Some years after the deaths of Francesco and Bianca (1466 and 1468, respectively), Filelfo turned his thoughts towards
201:, was decided, and was concluded when he returned from Hungary after sixteenth months of absence (end October 1424). With a new teacher, Chrysococes, he acquired a thorough knowledge of
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and the students of
Florence had already begun to exalt the recovery of classic texts and culture. They had created an eager appetite for the antique, had rediscovered many important
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from the Greek. Nor was he dead to the claims of society. At first, he seems to have lived with the
Florentine scholars on tolerably good terms; but he was so arrogant that
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146:. According to the custom of that age in Italy, it became his duty to explain the language, and to illustrate the beauties of the principal Latin authors, with
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138:. During these studies, Filelfo acquired so great a reputation for learning that in 1417, when he was eighteen, he was invited to teach eloquence and
261:'s friends were not long able to put up with him. Filelfo hereupon broke out into open and violent animosity; and when Cosimo was exiled by the
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curiously illustrates the multifarious importance of the scholars of that age in Italy. It was his duty to celebrate his princely patrons in
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367:. He was now an old man of seventy-seven years, honored with the friendship of princes, recognised as the most distinguished of Italian
230:. During the week he lectured to large audiences of young and old on the principal Greek and Latin authors, and on Sundays he explained
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lectures, passing in review the weightiest and lightest authors of antiquity, and pouring forth a flood of miscellaneous erudition.
662:
Ganchou, Th. (2005). "Les ultimae voluntates de Manuel et Iôannès
Chrysolôras et le séjour de Francesco Filelfo à Constantinople".
426:) was published for the first time, with French translation, notes and commentaries, by Emile Legrand in 1892 at Paris (C. xii. of
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scholarship to some extent from the restrictions of earlier periods. Filelfo was destined to carry on their work in the field of
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who sent him immediately to Sigismond, King of Hungary. Before his departure, his marriage with Theodora, the daughter of
353:, husband of Bianca, Visconti's only child, who would become Duke of Milan in 1450. In order to curry favor with this
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675:
Meserve, Margaret (2010). "Nestor Denied: Francesco Filelfo's Advice to Princes on the Crusade against the Turks".
336:, he procured the liberation of his wife's mother, Manfredina Doria, by a message addressed in his own name to the
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222:; but the city was too much disturbed with political dissensions to attend to him; so Filelfo crossed the
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When Filelfo arrived at Venice with his family in 1427, he found the city had almost been emptied by the
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On the death of Visconti in 1447, Filelfo, after a short hesitation, transferred his allegiance to
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Crossing the Apennines and passing through Florence, he reached Rome in the second week of 1475.
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University of Oxford Thesis, 1974, 569 pp. (Part 1: Text, 1-198, Part 2: Footnotes, 199-569)
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In addition to these labours of the chair, he found time to translate portions of
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736:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 341–342.
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and as an agent in the still unaccomplished recovery of Greek culture.
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considered the chief masters of moral science and of elegant diction.
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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174:, whose name was already well known in Italy as that of his uncle
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at the end of 1420, Filelfo placed himself under the tuition of
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A complete edition of Filelfo's Greek letters (based on the
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Symonds appended his own assessment of Filelfo's work.
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Francesco Filelfo at the court of Milan (1439-1481)
415:, and was buried at the age of eighty-three in the
299:: one hundred satirical compositions in hexameters.
440:De Keyser, Jeroen; Verreth, Louis, eds. (2022).
503:Humanism and the Council of Florence, 1438-1439
49:; 25 July 1398 – 31 July 1481) was an Italian
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750:Francisci Philelfi satyrarum hecatostichon
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442:Francesco Filelfo: Rhetorica ad Alexandrum
428:Publications de l'Ă©cole des lang. orient.
86:. He is believed to be a third cousin of
27:Italian Renaissance humanist (1398–1481)
639:Viti, P. (1997). "Filelfo, Francesco".
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53:and author of the philosophic dialogue
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595:Vita di Francesco Filelfo da Tolentino
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780:People from the Province of Macerata
641:Dizionario biografico degli Italiani
618:Filelfo in Milan. Writings 1451-1477
546:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
444:. Alessandria: Edizioni dell'Orso.
359:, he began his ponderous epic, the
166:. Immediately after his arrival in
323:, to salute them with encomiastic
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534:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
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790:15th-century writers in Latin
785:Italian Renaissance humanists
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265:party in 1433, he urged the
90:. At the time of his birth,
509:. Denton, TX. pp. 3–4.
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537:"Franscesco Filelfo"
500:Swisher, Samuel (1991).
417:Church of the Annunziata
218:. He therefore moved to
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191:John VIII Palaeologus
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51:Renaissance humanist
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724:Filelfo, Francesco
616:Robin, M. (1991).
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309:panegyrics
210:In Tuscany
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722:(1911). "
699:154515098
649:cite book
626:cite book
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413:dysentery
369:humanists
272:state of
243:Aristotle
224:Apennines
134:educator
110:In Venice
82:, in the
80:Tolentino
63:Biography
598:. Milan.
434:Editions
388:rhetoric
373:pontiffs
361:Sforziad
282:Lombardy
268:signoria
251:Xenophon
247:Plutarch
228:Florence
187:Mehmed I
183:Murad II
132:Humanist
122:and the
120:rhetoric
92:Petrarch
56:On Exile
730:(ed.).
717::
384:Vatican
356:parvenu
263:Albizzi
220:Bologna
116:grammar
18:Filelfo
726:". In
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678:Osiris
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339:sultan
317:libels
255:Lysias
216:plague
197:, and
152:Virgil
148:Cicero
144:Venice
74:, 1448
755:Somni
695:S2CID
507:(PDF)
460:Notes
334:Turks
313:epics
305:Milan
274:Siena
236:Duomo
232:Dante
203:Greek
128:Padua
100:Latin
96:Roman
43:Latin
655:link
632:link
521:link
446:ISBN
365:Rome
325:odes
319:and
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