280:
288:
and given meager provisions of mostly rice and fish. Once at the canneries, Filipino cannery workers were also subject to abuse and racism. They were forced to buy groceries out of their wages, and lodged in cannery bunkhouses that were inferior to those provided for their white counterparts. As migrant workers, Alaskeros worked in salmon canneries during the summer, and lived in
Washington, Oregon, or California during the rest of the year. Many were students looking to make money over the summer, in order to pay their keep during the academic year. Some of the workers even sent money to their families back in the Philippines. This encourages their siblings to move into the United States.
17:
385:
414:
1288:
472:– community activist, politician, cultural worker, Former Deputy Mayor and Councilmember, City of Kodiak, Alaska between 1997 and 2003, Government Relations & Legislative Affairs Director & FilAm Vote Director, National Federation of Filipino American Associations (NaFFAA), Vice President for Internal Affairs, Asian American Unity Coalition (AAUC), President & Founder, Asian American Pacific Islander Coalition of Alaska (AAPICA)
302:, which owned several canneries in Alaska, on the basis of racial discrimination. From the beginning of their involvement in the salmon canning industry, Filipino and Native workers had been channeled into "non-skilled" jobs, recruited through contractors in the Philippines and directly from Alaska Native villages, while white workers tended to be hired for "skilled" and higher-paying positions.
295:, which was the first Filipino-led union in the United States. The union faced significant opposition from labor contractors, including the assassination of first president Virgil Duyungan and secretary Aurelio Simon in 1936 by the nephew of a labor contractor. Both Duyungan and Simon became martyr figures for the union movement in Alaska and Seattle.
276:, Filipinos were able to freely migrate to the United States as U.S. nationals. The salmon canning industry in Southeastern Alaska became a significant source of employment for Filipino workers, who called themselves "Alaskeros" and were primarily hired through Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino contractors.
396:
The
Filipino Community of Anchorage started with an informal Filipino group called the "Bachelor's Club" in 1953. (147) Filipinos in Anchorage were gathering and celebrating community long before this, however, with Filipino boxers performing at the 1937 Independence Day celebration in Anchorage. The
371:
A large wave of
Filipino immigration in the 1940s arose from the wartime upheaval of World War II. Many Filipinos settled in Anchorage as military family or spouses, as military employees, or as members of the armed services. The Filipino community in Anchorage took on a white-collar character, with
287:
Because cannery jobs paid well, high compared to what a worker could earn in the
Philippines, the limited-English population of Alaskeros was vulnerable to labor exploitation. Cannery crews traveled to Alaska in extremely poor conditions; over 200 workers were packed in ships only meant to hold 150,
233:
In 1903, about 80 Filipinos formed a cableship crew that lay underwater communication cables connecting
Southeastern Alaska with Seattle, thereby playing a vital role in the development of Alaska's modern communications system. Filipino cableship crews possessed unique technical expertise from their
400:
The
Filipino Community Incorporated of Juneau originated with the many Filipino-Tlingit families in the area. Out of concern for their multiracial children, who were not fully accepted by other Filipinos or Tlingit, Tlingit wives of Filipinos in Juneau held box socials and bake sales to raise money
392:
Several
Filipino communities across Alaska have formed incorporated community organizations as spaces for communal gathering. The Filipino Community Club of Ketchikan, formed in 1938 from what was previously the Filipino Social Club, may have been the first of its kind in Alaska. The organization
257:
Former
Filipino mine workers went on to become significant fixtures in Filipino community organizations in Alaska. Gaspar Advincula and Benedicto Viloria, former ore sorters in the A-J Mine, were life members of the Filipino Community of Anchorage, while other mine employees who settled in Juneau
375:
Today, Filipino
Americans still hold a significant presence in Alaska. Despite modest economic growth since 1977 and slowing immigration from other demographic groups, Filipino migration to Alaska has continued, due to existing family ties and the history of the migration pathway, as well as the
206:
of 1791 also brought
Filipino seamen to Alaska. They were replacements for the deserters from the originally Spanish crew and had been conscripted when Spanish corvettes had stopped in Manila. These Filipinos were likely to have been part of shore parties, sent to scout the Alaskan shore for the
315:
Despite centuries of Filipino presence in Alaska, an Alaskero named Johnny Oleta may have been the first to establish year-round residency around 1910, when he settled in Ketchikan following the cannery season. There were 246 Filipinos in Alaska by July 1910, according to the 1910 U.S. Census.
185:, Filipino seamen found their way onto European ships crossing the Pacific to Alaska beginning in the late 18th century. The first recorded instance of a possible Filipino arriving in Alaska was in 1788. An unnamed "Manilla man" was a crew member on the British merchant ship
401:
for a community hall. The Filipino Community Inc., a social nonprofit, was organized in 1956, and a building purchased for the Filipino Community Hall in downtown Juneau. Many of the Tlingit women of the Filipino Community Inc. were also involved with the
343:
As they settled in the 1930s and 1940s, many former seasonal workers became business owners, particularly in the restaurant business. Because industrial laborers like Alaskeros were primarily men, they married and started families with women who were
368:. Some of these new generations of multiracial Filipino Americans became part of Tlingit family structures, wherein children of sisters are considered to be siblings, not cousins. A few Filipinos of this generation married white American women.
397:
Bachelor's Club of Anchorage turned into the Filipino Community of Anchorage and Vicinity (FCAV) in 1957, becoming more family-oriented with the arrival of men's wives and children, and the community was incorporated in 1968.
306:
eventually made it to the Supreme Court in 1989, where the suit was denied on the basis that statistical disparities in nonwhite representation within higher and lower paying jobs were insufficient to prove disparate impact.
316:
Following years showed 93 Filipinos in Alaska in 1920, 164 in 1930, and 403 by 1940. By the 1920s, Filipinos were the largest single immigrant group in Alaska. The first permanent communities began to develop in
459:
63:
In 2014, Filipinos made up 52% of Alaska's Asian and Pacific Islander population. In 2010, they represented 2.7% of Alaska's total population. Filipino Americans are the largest racial minority in the city of
44:
as early as 1788, and Filipino immigrants continued to arrive as workers in Alaska's developing natural resource industries: as sailors on American whaling ships; as ore sorters for gold mines in
219:, who allegedly believed that he was one of them for his physical resemblance and begged him to remain with the tribe because they wondered if he had been bought or captured by the Spanish.
879:
449:
Marie Husa – investigator for Anchorage Equal Rights Commission, licensed professional life coach, board member and ex-president in the Alaska Federation of Filipino Americans.
279:
226:
communities in the far northeast of Alaska. Oral history demonstrates linguistic crossover from this period of contact, with some words of "a Philippine dialect in the
24:
Dancers, wearing eagle costumes, lead the exit procession from Alaska Gov. Bill Walker's inauguration ceremony Monday, Dec. 1, 2014 in Juneau, Alaska's Centennial Hall.
490:
292:
376:
growth of the healthcare sector and the favorable economic climate. Tagalog is the third most commonly spoken non-English language in 2010, after Spanish and Yupik.
827:
500:
393:
gave Filipinos the chance to engage with local politics, speaking with public officials and discussing the grievances of the Filipino community in Ketchikan.
1234:
1049:
1644:
1189:
273:
182:
953:
1634:
634:
456:
250:
represented an industrial development that drew many Filipino laborers to Alaska. Brought over by contractors, Filipinos worked as ore sorters in the
1169:
222:
Filipino sailors were part of American whaling crews during the Alaskan whaling boom, beginning in 1848. Crews wintered in Jabbertown alongside
127:
1497:
875:
402:
1572:
1199:
1133:
328:
in the Southwest. Later on, Anchorage would become the location with the largest Filipino enclave, with smaller Filipino communities in
405:, an indigenous civil rights organization founded in 1915, and the shared history of the two organizations continues to be celebrated.
372:
a different profile from the Filipino communities in Ketchikan and Juneau, which were primarily concentrated around the fish industry.
1649:
1332:
1118:
131:
740:
676:
251:
876:"ANS and the Filipino Community: 'When we come together, we are strong.' | Juneau Empire - Alaska's Capital City Online Newspaper"
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1227:
1042:
853:
303:
1007:
1587:
452:
Genevieve Mina – State Representative for Alaska House District 19 presumed office in 2023, president of Alaska Young Democrats
426:
139:
850:"Stedman--Thomas Historic District--Featured in the National Register's Celebrate Asian-Pacific Heritage Month Feature - 2003"
1317:
1302:
1140:
604:
443:
436:
56:). Alaska's Filipino community has a long history of interaction and intermarriage with Alaska Native communities, and many
1337:
1123:
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143:
135:
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755:
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1087:
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1379:
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783:
Priagula, Citadelle (2010). "Examining Race-Conscious Remediation Through the Pilipino/a American Experience".
234:
experience laying cables in the Philippines, which was being developed under the management of the U.S. Army.
1608:
1092:
1082:
961:
638:
417:
Thelma Juana Buchholdt (born Garcia; 1934–2007) was a Filipino-born American lawyer, politician and writer.
384:
1441:
1431:
1367:
495:
425:– community activist, politician, historian, public speaker, cultural worker, and author, elected to the
189:, which bartered for sea otter furs with Alaska Natives. In 1789, 29 Filipino seamen were present on the
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1181:
1072:
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16:
1603:
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439:, and author and community activist known for work in Filipino American psychology and mental health.
388:
Filipino Community Hall (center) on Franklin St, Juneau Downtown Historic District, Southeast Alaska.
203:
115:
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1557:
1537:
1527:
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1384:
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1176:
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where she developed frameworks for the inclusion of Filipino Americans in coverage by Alaska media.
21:
432:
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1577:
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345:
329:
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208:
155:
65:
983:
422:
227:
199:, American fur trading ships that had stopped by Manila for repairs on their way to Alaska.
111:
103:
69:
291:
Major efforts to organize a union began in 1933, and eventually led to the creation of the
1312:
736:
621:"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data"
33:
333:
321:
247:
243:
49:
45:
41:
849:
1628:
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194:
73:
357:
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married Tlingit women and became active members of the Filipino Community, Inc.
212:
178:
905:"Hometown Alaska: Filipino history in Alaska runs deeper than you might expect"
756:"MUG-UP: The Role of the Mess Hall in Cannery Life | Alaska Historical Society"
696:
413:
824:"Cold? Yes. Isolated? Sure. But Alaska's Filipinos Thrive - New America Media"
283:
Quarters for Filipino workers at a salmon cannery in Nushagak, Alaska in 1917.
223:
485:
463:
349:
267:
53:
29:
533:
697:"Cannery Workers and Farm Laborers Union 1933-39: Their Strength in Unity"
462:
winner, former digital editor and first director of content strategy at
298:
In 1982, a coalition of Filipino and Alaska Native cannery workers sued
353:
254:, or the A-J Mine, and settled in Alaska when the mine closed in 1944.
216:
1212:
1027:
215:, a Filipino man from the expedition caught the attention of several
174:
37:
982:
Nuesca, Shayne; KTOO, Shayne Nuesca; Nuesca, Shayne (2022-04-01).
809:
Contemporary Immigration in America: A State-by-State Encyclopedia
412:
383:
361:
278:
442:
Dr. Gabriel Garcia – professor that teaches Public Health at the
1216:
1031:
242:
Starting in the late 1920s, the discovery of gold deposits in
930:"Meet Genevieve Mina, Alaska's second Filipino legislator"
620:
547:. Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development.
40:. Filipino seamen are recorded as having contact with
928:
Elizarde, Tasha; KTOO, Tasha Elizarde (2023-02-25).
1596:
1510:
1455:
1424:
1393:
1355:
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1295:
1250:
1149:
1111:
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903:Swenson, Ammon; Media, Alaska Public (2021-10-04).
149:
121:
97:
87:
660:
491:Cannery Workers and Farm Laborers Union, Local 7
954:"2020 National Edward R. Murrow Award winners"
1228:
1043:
501:Filipino American National Historical Society
8:
635:"Filipinos now Alaska's largest Asian group"
272:Between 1898 and 1934, during the period of
82:
848:Joeckel, Jeff; Bell, Shannon (2013-06-19).
1352:
1235:
1221:
1213:
1200:Hampton Roads (Virginia Beach/Norfolk/etc)
1050:
1036:
1028:
81:
984:"Sharing stories for Filipinos in Alaska"
457:Radio Television Digital News Association
52:; and as salmon cannery workers (called
15:
785:UCLA Asian Pacific American Law Journal
534:"Alaska's Asians and Pacific Islanders"
522:
293:Cannery Workers and Farm Laborers Union
898:
896:
724:. Temple University Press. p. 12.
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68:, and also have large numbers in the
7:
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688:
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568:
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562:
560:
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528:
526:
737:"The Alaskeros: Pioneers from afar"
60:also claim Alaska Native heritage.
1645:Filipino-American culture by state
14:
822:Advincula, Anthony (2010-11-03).
252:Alaska-Juneau Gold Mining Company
1635:Asian-American culture in Alaska
1286:
743:from the original on 2001-07-23.
667:. Bookhaus Publishers. pp.
304:Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio
882:from the original on 2015-10-16
856:from the original on 2013-06-19
830:from the original on 2010-11-03
427:Alaska House of Representatives
597:Filipinos in Alaska: 1788-1958
444:University of Alaska Anchorage
437:University of Alaska Anchorage
32:descent represent the largest
1:
754:Ringsmuth, Katherine (2013).
735:Ed, Schoenfeld (2021-10-06).
659:Bautista, Veltisezar (1998).
874:Miller, Clara (2015-10-16).
637:. 2021-01-17. Archived from
455:Shayne Nuesca – journalist,
762:. Alaska Historical Society
760:alaskahistoricalsociety.org
409:Notable Filipinos in Alaska
1666:
595:Buchholdt, Thelma (1996).
300:Wards Cove Packing Company
265:
1650:Filipino-American history
1284:
807:Arnold, Kathleen (2015).
720:Espiritu, Yen Le (1995).
324:in the Southeast, and on
154:
126:
102:
92:
695:Fresco, Crystal (1999).
403:Alaska Native Sisterhood
1640:Ethnic groups in Alaska
722:Filipino American Lives
663:The Filipino Americans
541:Alaska Economic Trends
496:Demographics of Alaska
460:Edward R. Murrow Award
429:between 1974 and 1982.
418:
389:
284:
25:
416:
387:
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150:Related ethnic groups
19:
1498:United Arab Emirates
701:depts.washington.edu
599:. Aboriginal Press.
204:Malaspina Expedition
116:Philippine languages
1008:"America Amplified"
909:Alaska Public Media
435:– professor at the
183:Spanish imperialism
84:
83:Filipinos in Alaska
58:Filipinos in Alaska
22:Ati-Atihan festival
1244:Overseas Filipinos
1059:Filipino Americans
511:Overseas Filipinos
506:Filipino Americans
419:
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285:
26:
1622:
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1506:
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1210:
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1012:America Amplified
470:Jesse V. Vizcocho
274:U.S. colonization
209:Northwest Passage
187:Iphigenia Nubiana
161:
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156:Filipino American
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960:. Archived from
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423:Thelma Buchholdt
346:African American
177:'s status as an
88:Total population
85:
36:subgroup in the
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38:State of Alaska
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50:Douglas Island
42:Alaska Natives
34:Asian American
13:
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1323:United States
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1190:New York City
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1170:San Francisco
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1134:Mental health
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140:Irreligion
28:People of
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1442:Singapore
1432:Indonesia
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66:Anchorage
54:Alaskeros
1568:Portugal
1447:Thailand
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1416:Pakistan
1406:Maldives
1328:template
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179:entrepôt
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164:History
112:Tagalog
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