357:
157:
332:
500:, including plans to expand the Finnish territory. Their political visions included principles of democracy, but as Red Finland was primarily the formation of revolution and civil war, the acts of violence and warfare were emphasized in the policy. The Red Guards included a minor faction of Finnish Bolsheviks who supported association of FSWR to Soviet Russia. FSWR/Red Finland never gained a true status and form of state and republic as the Reds lost the Civil War on 5 May 1918.
86:
858:
778:
100:
844:
769:, to the Whites. Therefore, the formation of the local Red civil administration remained unfinished and waited for the result of the Civil War. The top and middle-rank civil servants of the pre-civil war administration refused to co-operate with the Reds, and new leadership had to be chosen and trained from the lower rank servants.
672:
was the prime mover at the start of the
Finnish-Russian talks for the Red Treaty; among other things he aimed to work for peace talks between the Finnish Whites and Reds, by diminishing the Russian influence in Finland. The Finnish Bolsheviks, few in number, but influential and active in the Finnish
644:, an ideal level of co-operation and co-ordination was never achieved, due to both states being preoccupied with their own respective civil wars. The goal of the Finnish Reds' majority was a neutral and independent Finland, and some of them demanded annexation of
2569:
487:
proposed adding "Socialist
Workers' Republic" into the name during negotiations. The People's Delegation later blamed its delegates for succumbing to Lenin's demand, since the official name of the state should have been decided by the Finns themselves.
1380:
Klemettilä, Aimo (1989). "Lenin ja Suomen kansalaissota" [Lenin and the
Finnish Civil War]. In Numminen, J.; Apunen, O.; von Gerich-Porkkala, C.; Jungar, S.; Paloposki, T.; Kallio, V.; Kuusi, H.; Jokela, P.; Veilahti, V. (eds.).
2616:
603:
empowered the lamed
Finnish Parliament, until July 1917; restoration of the socialists' power in the Parliament was among the main goals of the January Revolution 1918. The Finnish Red-White conflict of 1918 has been described as
1404:
Manninen, Ohto (1995). "Vapaussota - osana suursotaa ja Venäjän imperiumin hajoamista" [War of
Independence - as part of the Great War and the disintegration of the Russian Empire]. In Aunesluoma, J.; Häikiö, M. (eds.).
754:, the Red Government. On April 10 of the same year, the Reds reformed their entire administration and Manner was appointed leader of the Red Finland and the Supreme Commander of the Red Guard under the authority of the
145:
796:
and FSWR on 5 May 1918. After the war, the initially powerful and well-organized
Finnish Social Democrats, born and bred in the relatively free and nationalistic social atmosphere, within the
516:
between White and Red
Finland took shape approximately between 28 January and 3 February 1918, and it remained largely unchanged until the general offensive of the Whites in March 1918.
3099:
2517:
3094:
2559:
146:
576:
were excluded and given to state and local administration. The draft was never finally formulated and approved in Red
Finland, before the defeat of FSWR in the 1918 war.
1311:
Kalela, Jorma (2008). "Yhteiskunnallinen kysymys ja porvarillinen reformismi" [Social question and bourgeois reformism]. In Pernaa, V.; Niemi, K. Mari (eds.).
3114:
656:
areas of
Russian Karelia to Finland. The Russian-Finnish Red treaty had only minor importance for the Bolsheviks as they carried out peace negotiations with the
2484:
1334:
Keränen, Jorma; Tiainen, Jorma; Ahola, Matti; Ahola, Veikko; Frey, Stina; Lempinen, Jorma; Ojanen, Eero; Paakkonen, Jari; Talja, Virpi; Väänänen, Juha (1992).
2512:
2340:
1841:
633:
3069:
2589:
2023:
765:
took major attention and energy of the Red leadership, and the situation was not alleviated by the loss of many strategically important sites, such as
496:
Red
Finland/FSWR was an attempt to establish a socialist state, based on the legacy of Scandinavian-Finnish culture, socialist ideas originating from
156:
1649:
1242:
Haapala, Pertti (2014). "The Expected and Non-Expected Roots of Chaos: Preconditions of the Finnish Civil War". In Tepora, T.; Roselius, A. (eds.).
887:
3089:
3109:
2601:
2544:
2260:
3104:
2656:
2012:
688:. After the successful seizure of power in October 1917 and in January 1918, the Bolsheviks' power political strategy shifted gradually toward
1757:
1698:
1555:
1441:
1324:
1301:
1278:
1255:
1961:
85:
1451:
Pietiäinen, Jukka-Pekka (1992). "Suomen ulkopolitiikan alku" [The beginning of Finland's foreign policy]. In Manninen, O. (ed.).
816:), were split in two. The moderate socialists continued their pre-1918 political culture, adhered to the society and political system of
3084:
2638:
1899:
1784:
3008:
419:
1814:
1789:
1597:
1574:
1532:
1509:
1487:
1464:
1418:
1394:
1370:
1347:
1232:
99:
474:
2579:
2333:
2646:
2474:
1359:
Poliittinen liike ja sosiaalinen kollektiivisuus: tutkimus sosialidemokratiasta ja ammattiyhdistysliikkeestä Suomessa 1918-1930
541:
208:
2925:
2897:
2725:
2678:
2549:
2286:
1662:
1224:
3028:
2626:
2394:
751:
525:
470:
415:
244:
223:
673:
Red Guards supported Lenin's Russian federalism. The Finns got Petsamo, but the question of Aunus and Viena remained open.
3074:
2864:
2673:
2420:
2218:
2053:
3003:
1363:
Political movement and social collectivity: a study of social democracy and the trade union movement in Finland 1918-1930
2584:
2479:
2464:
1914:
1642:
122:
1613:
2469:
2326:
2077:
1762:
881:
705:
660:. In the end, the fate of the Finnish Reds and FSWR was determined through the power political decisions made between
3023:
1949:
907:
3079:
3048:
2690:
2621:
2243:
2238:
1939:
1929:
1799:
1683:
1433:
950:
821:
3018:
2099:
1971:
1836:
1809:
1715:
892:
350:
3033:
2435:
2425:
3013:
2233:
2033:
1804:
712:
among the Finnish socialists stalled his plan. Lenin's "socialist" power policy followed that of the former
1542:
Suodenjoki, Sami (2009). "Siviilihallinto" [Civil administration]. In Haapala, P.; Hoppu, T. (eds.).
2430:
2184:
2169:
2104:
1924:
1904:
1730:
1720:
1635:
701:
573:
3043:
2499:
1997:
1944:
1710:
3038:
2459:
792:
The Finnish Civil War ended with the German invasion of Finland and the consequent defeat of the Finnish
2715:
2522:
2119:
2038:
1956:
762:
423:
2124:
2109:
2063:
1966:
1909:
1819:
1772:
793:
427:
583:
in Finland raised a major question in terms of the constitution draft, among the Finnish (moderate)
2935:
2685:
2611:
2504:
2374:
2199:
2141:
2089:
2048:
2018:
1887:
1873:
1678:
902:
782:
600:
529:
91:
684:, Lenin emphasized the policy of nations' right to self-determination for the former parts of the
2953:
2877:
2389:
2349:
2279:
2204:
2156:
2146:
2058:
1985:
1919:
1824:
1794:
1693:
1670:
964:
786:
681:
536:
of Red Finland/FSWR, on the basis of the Finnish Social Democratic principles and mentality. The
477:, signed on 1 March 1918. The People's Delegation had earlier used the name Republic of Finland (
201:
137:
17:
1619:
446:
of the Finnish People's Delegation. The FSWR collapsed when the Red Guards were defeated by the
2920:
2849:
2766:
2743:
2442:
2415:
2353:
2228:
2179:
2007:
1725:
1593:
1570:
1551:
1528:
1505:
1483:
1460:
1437:
1414:
1390:
1366:
1343:
1320:
1297:
1274:
1251:
1228:
741:
697:
557:
443:
408:
262:
599:. The relation between democracy and revolution was contradictory for the socialists, as the
2948:
2844:
2814:
2781:
2564:
2494:
2489:
2302:
2255:
2223:
2129:
2094:
1740:
1247:
954:
912:
871:
863:
777:
653:
641:
462:
447:
187:
164:
63:
48:
2983:
2834:
2384:
2194:
2189:
2134:
2043:
2002:
897:
813:
747:
439:
400:
230:
205:
191:
1866:
720:
position of a country determined the way it was treated by the Russian leadership (e.g.
2963:
2887:
2882:
2872:
2839:
2824:
2804:
2753:
2738:
2707:
2554:
2307:
1934:
1752:
849:
809:
685:
669:
637:
497:
484:
303:
3063:
2973:
2943:
2915:
2905:
2829:
2786:
2776:
2771:
2761:
2399:
2250:
1497:
941:
657:
649:
553:
455:
451:
2968:
2910:
2854:
2819:
2606:
2596:
2318:
2028:
717:
561:
533:
509:
144:
2978:
2958:
2809:
2733:
2174:
1745:
1705:
797:
709:
549:
257:
2796:
2666:
2661:
2454:
1735:
1688:
839:
689:
680:
after the revolutionary year 1917. While in political opposition prior to the
588:
584:
569:
513:
2379:
592:
2617:
Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia
708:, the victory of the White Guards in the Finnish civil war and the marked
2574:
2209:
1846:
1829:
755:
621:
565:
431:
177:
105:
1474:
Piilonen, Juhani (1993). "Rintamien selustassa". In Manninen, O. (ed.).
640:, and the 1 March 1918 Red Treaty was signed between these two unstable
2293:
1851:
1658:
1165:
968:
876:
817:
805:
801:
766:
729:
725:
713:
693:
665:
645:
596:
537:
404:
375:
337:
632:
Although the Finnish Socialist Worker's Republic was supported by the
2164:
1365:]. Historiallisia tutkimuksia (in Finnish). Jyväskylä: Gummerus.
829:
825:
721:
677:
661:
454:, with Manner and most of the Finnish People's Delegation fleeing to
379:
1294:
A nation divided, spirit cheap. Justice in the civil war in Finland?
959:
936:
1627:
2651:
2114:
1856:
800:
and Russian culture, and affected primarily by socialist ideas of
776:
1614:
Treaty of Friendship with the Finnish Socialist Workers’ Republic
1861:
544:
was absent from the program. Instead, it represented an idea of
435:
2322:
1631:
746:
After the start of the Finnish Civil War, on January 28, 1918,
532:, formulated and set forth, on 23 February 1918, a draft for a
27:
Socialist revolutionary faction of the Finnish Civil War (1918)
1457:
The years of independence 1917–1920, III Looking to the future
832:
and a marked part of the common supporters living in Finland.
1480:
The years of independence 1917-1920, II Struggle for power
1453:
Itsenäistymisen vuodet 1917–1920, III Katse tulevaisuuteen
1411:
Finnish War of Independence 1918. Atlas and research guide
1290:
Kansa kahtia, henki halpaa. Oikeus sisällissodan Suomessa?
884:— short-lived Soviet puppet government during World War II
1389:] (in Finnish). Opetusministeriö. pp. 163–203.
1105:
1041:
1017:
989:
1168:[Tampere surrendered, Finland 80] (in Finnish).
1476:
Itsenäistymisen vuodet 1917-1920, II Taistelu vallasta
1550:] (in Finnish). W. Söderström. pp. 246–269.
560:. The constitution model included most of democratic
1525:
People's delegation as the government of Red Finland
2996:
2934:
2896:
2863:
2795:
2752:
2724:
2706:
2699:
2637:
2537:
2408:
2367:
2360:
2155:
2076:
1984:
1886:
1771:
1669:
1620:
Treaty with the Finnish Socialist Workers’ Republic
1413:] (in Finnish). W. Söderström. pp. 21–32.
1244:
The Finnish Civil War 1918. History, Memory, Legacy
371:
299:
285:
275:
250:
240:
218:
197:
183:
173:
32:
696:, Lenin plotted its annexation by Russia, but the
1567:The Communist Parties of Scandinavia and Finland
1407:Suomen vapaussota 1918. Kartasto ja tutkimusopas
461:The name "Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic" (
118:"Kaikkien maiden proletaarit, liittykää yhteen!"
1521:Kansanvaltuuskunta Punaisen Suomen hallituksena
548:and it was influenced by the constitutions of
3100:States and territories disestablished in 1918
2334:
1643:
1313:Suomalaisen yhteiskunnan poliittinen historia
587:. The question arose if the power gained via
478:
442:served as its sole leader as Chairman of the
55:
40:
8:
634:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
434:, most of southern Finland, and the city of
1502:A Concise History of the Russian Revolution
1319:] (in Finnish). Edita. pp. 31–44.
1194:
1137:
1097:
1073:
1033:
981:
828:, with the main leaders living in exile in
676:Lenin aimed to halt a complete collapse of
3095:States and territories established in 1918
2703:
2364:
2341:
2327:
2319:
2082:
1990:
1892:
1777:
1650:
1636:
1628:
1182:
1141:
1109:
1101:
1053:
993:
985:
155:
29:
1160:
1158:
958:
930:
928:
1317:The political history of Finnish society
1178:
1117:
1113:
1077:
1069:
1045:
997:
888:Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic
820:, while the far-left faction formed the
418:, a government formed by members of the
2602:Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine
2545:Provisional Committee of the State Duma
1202:
1198:
1149:
1125:
1121:
1049:
1037:
1005:
1001:
924:
2657:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
1527:] (in Finnish). Opetusministeriö.
1482:] (in Finnish). pp. 486–627.
1459:] (in Finnish). pp. 252–403.
1081:
469:) appeared only in the Treaty between
57:Finlands socialistiska arbetarrepublik
1569:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
1145:
1093:
1057:
1029:
467:Suomen sosialistinen työväentasavalta
284:
274:
270:
217:
213:
42:Suomen sosialistinen työväentasavalta
7:
2485:Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)
3115:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
2448:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
1590:Revolution in Finland 1917-1918, II
1586:Vallankumous Suomessa 1917-1918, II
1340:Chronicle of Finland's independence
512:area of Red Finland as well as the
389:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
34:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
2570:Council of the People's Commissars
1271:The great myths of Finnish history
1036:, pp. 19–24, 30–33, 497–504;
579:The political situation after the
572:in political decision making, but
430:. The FSWR controlled the capital
25:
3070:1918 disestablishments in Finland
1622:, Lenin's writings on the matter.
1592:] (in Finnish). Gummerus Oy.
1548:The Little Giant of the Civil War
761:The warfare between the Reds and
18:Finnish Socialist Soviet Republic
2580:Military Revolutionary Committee
856:
842:
568:, including an extensive use of
414:The FSWR was established by the
395:), more commonly referred to as
355:
330:
142:
98:
84:
2475:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
1336:Suomen itsenäistymisen kronikka
1296:] (in Finnish). Art House.
1221:State and Revolution in Finland
935:Hodgson, John H. (March 1970).
542:dictatorship of the proletariat
3110:1918 establishments in Finland
3009:German Revolution of 1918–1919
2550:Russian Provisional Government
1758:History of independent Finland
1544:Sisällissodan pikkujättiläinen
1504:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing.
1430:Civil War in Europe, 1905-1949
1342:] (in Finnish). Gummerus.
1267:Suomen historian suuret myytit
1225:University of California Press
750:was appointed chairman of the
475:Council of People's Commissars
1:
3105:Former unrecognized countries
2674:Socialist Revolutionary Party
2421:Ukrainian War of Independence
937:"The Finnish Communist Party"
2585:Russian Constituent Assembly
2480:Red Army invasion of Georgia
2465:Estonian War of Independence
1166:"Tampere antautui, Suomi 80"
984:, pp. 73–113, 417–429;
123:Workers of the world, unite!
3029:Workers' Councils in Poland
2627:Ukrainian People's Republic
2470:Latvian War of Independence
1616:, a Russian-Finnish treaty.
1197:, pp. 19–22, 497–504;
882:Finnish Democratic Republic
704:, Finland-operation of the
526:Finnish People's Delegation
471:Finnish People's Delegation
416:Finnish People's Delegation
411:from January to May 1918.
245:Finnish People's Delegation
224:Finnish People's Delegation
3131:
3090:Post–Russian Empire states
3085:Former socialist republics
3049:Belarusian-Soviet conflict
2691:General Jewish Labour Bund
2560:Pro-independence movements
2013:Government-owned companies
1684:Finland under Swedish rule
1584:Upton, Anthony F. (1981).
1565:Upton, Anthony F. (1973).
1519:Rinta-Tassi, Osmo (1986).
1434:Cambridge University Press
1428:Payne, Stanley G. (2011).
1273:] (in Finnish). WSOY.
951:Cambridge University Press
822:Communist Party of Finland
739:
3019:Hungarian Soviet Republic
2395:Kerensky–Krasnov uprising
2273:
2085:
2024:National income agreement
1993:
1895:
1780:
1716:Golden Age of Finnish Art
893:Kingdom of Finland (1918)
618:Abortive (Red) Revolution
595:a true chance in Finnish
309:
295:
271:
236:
214:
154:
130:
114:
80:
75:
3014:Bavarian Soviet Republic
3004:Revolutions of 1917–1923
1900:Administrative divisions
1357:Kettunen, Pauli (1986).
1288:Jyränki, Antero (2014).
399:, was a self-proclaimed
209:proletarian dictatorship
2431:Kiev Bolshevik Uprising
1731:Finland in World War II
1721:Independence of Finland
1219:Alapuro, Risto (1988).
702:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
574:private property rights
420:Social Democratic Party
3044:Slovak Soviet Republic
3024:Hungarian–Romanian War
2726:Provisional Government
1265:Jussila, Osmo (2007).
908:Revolutions of 1917–23
789:
479:
466:
426:, with support of the
422:to rival the existing
287:• Disestablished
56:
41:
2716:Nicholas II of Russia
785:in parade after 1918
780:
483:), but Soviet leader
424:Government of Finland
184:Common languages
3075:Communism in Finland
3034:Polish–Ukrainian War
2436:Polish–Ukrainian War
2426:Ukrainian–Soviet War
2261:World Heritage Sites
1387:Lenin and Finland II
1248:Brill Academic Press
1201:, pp. 287–288;
1181:, pp. 486–627;
1148:, pp. 382–406;
1144:, pp. 163–203;
1124:, pp. 287–288;
1116:, pp. 486–627;
1112:, pp. 252–403;
1104:, pp. 163–203;
1100:, pp. 417–429;
1096:, pp. 262–265;
1080:, pp. 486–627;
1076:, pp. 497–504;
1056:, pp. 249–269;
1052:, pp. 287–288;
1048:, pp. 486–627;
1044:, pp. 88, 102;
1040:, pp. 167–176;
1032:, pp. 105–142;
1004:, pp. 287–288;
996:, pp. 252–403;
992:, pp. 88, 106;
988:, pp. 163–203;
628:Relations with Lenin
546:democratic socialism
134: Kansainvälinen
2686:Union of October 17
2505:Kronstadt rebellion
2500:Workers' Opposition
2375:February Revolution
1106:Keränen et al. 1992
1042:Keränen et al. 1992
1018:Keränen et al. 1992
990:Keränen et al. 1992
903:Otto Wille Kuusinen
877:Republic of Finland
783:Baltic Sea Division
752:People's Delegation
620:by the Finnish Red
601:February Revolution
530:Otto Ville Kuusinen
338:Republic of Finland
277:• Established
2954:Stepan Petrichenko
2878:Alexander Kerensky
2390:October Revolution
2350:Russian Revolution
2054:Telecommunications
1694:Great Northern War
1250:. pp. 21–50.
1185:, pp. 249–269
1152:, pp. 282–288
1140:, pp. 24–28;
1120:, pp. 21–32;
1000:, pp. 21–32;
824:in August 1918 in
790:
787:Battle of Helsinki
773:Defeat of the FSWR
682:October Revolution
581:January Revolution
520:Draft constitution
351:Kingdom of Finland
202:Socialist republic
138:The Internationale
3080:Finnish Civil War
3057:
3056:
3039:Polish–Soviet War
2992:
2991:
2926:Alexander Antonov
2921:Maria Spiridonova
2850:Felix Dzerzhinsky
2767:Alexander Kolchak
2744:Alexander Guchkov
2533:
2532:
2460:Polish–Soviet War
2443:Finnish Civil War
2416:Russian Civil War
2316:
2315:
2269:
2268:
2072:
2071:
1980:
1979:
1962:Political parties
1915:Foreign relations
1882:
1881:
1557:978-951-0-35452-0
1443:978-1-107-64815-9
1383:Lenin ja Suomi II
1326:978-951-37-5321-4
1303:978-951-884-520-4
1280:978-951-0-33103-3
1257:978-900-4243-66-8
1072:, pp. 9–89;
812:(pre-World War I
742:Finnish Civil War
700:, German-Russian
698:Russian Civil War
558:French Revolution
504:Geographical area
444:Central Committee
409:Finnish Civil War
385:
384:
367:
366:
363:
362:
343:
342:
263:Finnish Civil War
147:
140:
126:
16:(Redirected from
3122:
2949:Maria Nikiforova
2845:Nikolai Bukharin
2815:Grigory Zinoviev
2782:Nikolai Yudenich
2704:
2565:Petrograd Soviet
2495:Tambov Rebellion
2490:Left SR uprising
2365:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2320:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2244:Independence Day
2234:National symbols
2083:
1991:
1893:
1785:Cities and towns
1778:
1763:Military history
1741:Continuation War
1652:
1645:
1638:
1629:
1603:
1580:
1561:
1538:
1515:
1493:
1470:
1447:
1424:
1400:
1376:
1353:
1330:
1307:
1284:
1261:
1238:
1206:
1205:, pp. 21–50
1195:Rinta-Tassi 1986
1192:
1186:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1153:
1138:Rinta-Tassi 1986
1135:
1129:
1128:, pp. 83–96
1108:, pp. 106;
1098:Rinta-Tassi 1986
1091:
1085:
1084:, pp. 31–44
1074:Rinta-Tassi 1986
1067:
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554:United States
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438:until March.
437:
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429:
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372:Today part of
370:
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210:
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172:
166:
165:White Finland
158:
153:
139:
133:
129:
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117:
113:
107:
101:
93:
87:
79:
74:
65:
58:
54:
50:
43:
39:
38:
31:
19:
2969:Fedir Shchus
2911:Boris Kamkov
2855:Alexei Rykov
2820:Leon Trotsky
2607:Green armies
2597:Black Guards
2447:
2294:Bibliography
2211:The Kalevala
2210:
2185:Coat of arms
2170:Architecture
2105:Demographics
2029:Nordic model
2003:Central bank
1925:Human rights
1905:Constitution
1625:
1589:
1585:
1566:
1547:
1543:
1524:
1520:
1501:
1479:
1475:
1456:
1452:
1429:
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1406:
1386:
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1339:
1335:
1316:
1312:
1293:
1289:
1270:
1266:
1243:
1227:, Berkeley.
1220:
1213:Bibliography
1212:
1211:
1203:Haapala 2014
1199:Jussila 2007
1190:
1174:
1150:Jussila 2007
1133:
1126:Jyränki 2014
1122:Jussila 2007
1089:
1065:
1050:Jussila 2007
1038:Alapuro 1988
1025:
1013:
1006:Jyränki 2014
1002:Jussila 2007
977:
946:
940:
798:Scandinavian
791:
760:
745:
718:geopolitical
716:empire; the
675:
631:
617:
614:(Red) Revolt
613:
609:
605:
591:would allow
580:
578:
562:civil rights
545:
534:constitution
523:
510:geographical
507:
495:
473:and Russian
460:
413:
396:
392:
388:
386:
320:Succeeded by
319:
314:
221:
131:
116:Motto:
115:
106:Coat of arms
2979:Fanya Baron
2959:Lev Chernyi
2810:Lev Kamenev
2734:Georgy Lvov
2708:Monarchists
1998:Agriculture
1842:Urban areas
1746:Lapland War
1711:Grand Duchy
1706:Finnish War
1082:Kalela 2008
781:The German
710:nationalism
706:German Army
550:Switzerland
540:concept of
448:White Finns
407:during the
397:Red Finland
315:Preceded by
258:World War I
241:Legislature
3064:Categories
2936:Anarchists
2797:Bolsheviks
2667:Mensheviks
2662:Bolsheviks
2612:Red Guards
2455:Heimosodat
2368:Revolution
2205:Literature
2120:Healthcare
1957:Parliament
1920:Government
1736:Winter War
1689:Cudgel War
1679:Prehistory
1146:Pipes 1996
1094:Upton 1981
1058:Payne 2011
1030:Upton 1973
919:References
794:Red Guards
690:federalism
589:revolution
585:socialists
570:referendum
514:front line
428:Red Guards
291:5 May 1918
198:Government
2865:Right SRs
2590:elections
2409:Civil War
2380:July Days
2354:Civil War
2229:Mythology
2125:Languages
2110:Education
2064:Transport
1967:President
1930:Judiciary
1910:Elections
1867:Jyväskylä
1820:Provinces
1773:Geography
1726:Civil War
953:: 70–85.
736:Civil war
692:. As for
610:Rebellion
606:Class War
593:democracy
528:, mainly
206:one-party
2898:Left SRs
2679:Left SRs
2575:Red Army
2523:Siberian
2303:Category
2200:Folklore
2142:Religion
2090:Abortion
2049:Taxation
2039:Startups
2019:Industry
1945:Military
1888:Politics
1874:Wildlife
1847:Helsinki
1663:articles
1500:(1996).
836:See also
756:dictator
622:veterans
566:citizens
432:Helsinki
300:Currency
204:under a
178:Helsinki
2700:Figures
2639:Parties
2280:Outline
2190:Cuisine
2157:Culture
2135:Swedish
2130:Finnish
2078:Society
2059:Tourism
1986:Economy
1852:Tampere
1825:Regions
1800:Islands
1795:Geology
1671:History
1659:Finland
969:2493091
818:Finland
806:Austria
802:Germany
767:Tampere
730:Finland
726:Ukraine
714:Romanov
694:Finland
666:Germany
654:Petsamo
597:society
538:Marxist
463:Finnish
452:Germany
405:Finland
376:Finland
220:•
192:Swedish
188:Finnish
174:Capital
163:White:
132:Anthem:
64:Swedish
49:Finnish
2647:Kadets
2538:Groups
2513:Allied
2361:Events
2308:Portal
2180:Cinema
2165:Anthem
2017:
2008:Energy
1837:Rivers
1661:
1596:
1573:
1554:
1531:
1508:
1486:
1463:
1440:
1417:
1393:
1369:
1346:
1323:
1300:
1277:
1254:
1231:
967:
830:Russia
826:Moscow
763:Whites
722:Poland
678:Russia
662:Russia
556:, and
380:Russia
304:Markka
60:
45:
2652:Nabat
2287:Index
2256:Sport
2251:Sauna
2224:Music
2219:Media
2115:Finns
2095:Crime
1857:Turku
1830:Ă…land
1805:Lakes
1588:[
1546:[
1523:[
1478:[
1455:[
1409:[
1385:[
1361:[
1338:[
1315:[
1292:[
1269:[
965:JSTOR
949:(1).
646:Aunus
2352:and
2195:Flag
1950:NATO
1862:Oulu
1594:ISBN
1571:ISBN
1552:ISBN
1529:ISBN
1506:ISBN
1484:ISBN
1461:ISBN
1438:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1391:ISBN
1367:ISBN
1344:ISBN
1321:ISBN
1298:ISBN
1275:ISBN
1252:ISBN
1229:ISBN
808:and
728:vs.
664:and
652:and
616:and
552:and
524:The
508:The
492:Aims
450:and
436:Oulu
393:FSWR
387:The
92:Flag
76:1918
2175:Art
1935:Law
955:doi
732:).
403:in
3066::
1436:.
1432:.
1246:.
1223:.
1157:^
963:.
947:29
945:.
939:.
927:^
804:,
758:.
668:.
648:,
624:.
612:,
608:,
465::
458:.
190:,
2342:e
2335:t
2328:v
1651:e
1644:t
1637:v
1602:.
1579:.
1560:.
1537:.
1514:.
1492:.
1469:.
1446:.
1423:.
1399:.
1375:.
1352:.
1329:.
1306:.
1283:.
1260:.
1237:.
971:.
957::
724:-
391:(
125:"
121:"
66:)
62:(
51:)
47:(
20:)
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