2306:"FrĂ„n senare tid vet man genom slĂ€ktforskning att den svenska kustbefolkningen har varit starkt endogam i sin fortplantning, pĂ„ sĂ„ sĂ€tt att Ă€kta makar kom frĂ„n familjer som levde nĂ€ra varandra, ofta i samma by. SĂ„ var fallet överallt bland allmogen, Ă€ven den finska, och man gissar att antalet blandĂ€ktenskap mellan kontrahenter frĂ„n olika sprĂ„kgrupper under den tid som kyrkoböcker har förts har hĂ„llit sig stadigt under en procentenhet. NĂ€r befolkningstalet har uppnĂ„tt en viss storlek och nĂ€ringslivet stabiliserats Ă€r det lĂ€tt att finna sin Ă€ktenskapliga partner pĂ„ nĂ€ra hĂ„ll. Invandringstiden tycks dĂ€remot ha varit en tid dĂ„ ett stort antal blandĂ€ktenskap ingicks mellan svenskar och finnar i de kustnĂ€ra bygderna. FörhĂ„llandena mĂ„ste ha varit mycket rörliga och den manliga övervikten bland inflyttarna stor. Forskarna har rĂ€knat ut att om blandningsprocenten var ca 20 procent â d.v.s. om bara vart femte Ă€ktenskap var ett blandĂ€ktenskap â skulle det ha tagit fyra till fem generationer innan de gemensamma dragen utgjorde 60 procent av de tvĂ„ gruppernas totala genuppsĂ€ttning. Om blandningsprocenten dĂ€remot var endast 10 procent â bara vart tionde Ă€ktenskap var svensk-finskt â skulle det ha tagit Ă„tta till nio generationer att uppnĂ„ samma resultat. Med tanke pĂ„ att kolonisationstiden varade ungefĂ€r frĂ„n 1150 till 1300, eller kanske 1350, och generationerna var kortare Ă€n i dag, Ă€r bĂ„da alternativen möjliga. Mest troligt Ă€r det att blandĂ€ktenskap var mycket vanliga i kolonisationens tidigaste fas. Det stora upptagandet av finska ortnamn tyder pĂ„ detta, liksom ocksĂ„ den finskpĂ„verkade satsintonation som de finlandssvenska dialekterna uppvisar. Man fĂ„r sĂ„lunda sannolikt rĂ€kna med en hög andel finnar, inte bara in sĂ€rskilda byar eller "finnbölen", utan ocksĂ„ i de svenska bosĂ€ttningarna som familjemedlemmar och tjĂ€nstefolk. SprĂ„ksituationen kan sĂ„lunda under den tidiga kolonisationsfasen och tiderna dĂ€refter betraktas som blandsprĂ„kig. Först sĂ„ smĂ„ningom smĂ€lter det finska inslaget ihop med det svenska och det exogama samhĂ€llet sluter sig och blir endogamt".
870:. Historian Tarkiainen (2008) presents that from the late Middle Ages onwards until relatively recent times, Swedish-speaking peasants tended to select their marriage partners from the same parish, often from the same village as themselves. This tends to be the rule among traditional peasant communities everywhere. As tightly knit peasant communities tend to assimilate potential newcomers very quickly, this has meant that most marriages within the Swedish-speaking peasantry during this period were contracted with members of the same language group. During the time of early immigration by Swedes to the coastal regions (approximately between 1150 and 1350), the situation was different and according to a study from the 1970s (as referenced by Tarkiainen, 2008) the intermarriage rate between local Finns and Swedish newcomers was considerable. According to Tarkiainen, in the areas of initial Swedish immigration, the local Finns were assimilated into the Swedish-speaking population.
2361:"In Finland this question (Swedish nationality) has been subjected to much discussion. The Finnish majority tries to deny the existence of a Swedish nationality. An example of this is the fact that the statutes always use the concept "Swedish-speaking" instead of Swedish", "The wording of the Finnish Constitution (Art. 14.1): "Finnish and Swedish shall be the national languages of the republic" has been interpreted by linguist and constitution-writing politician E.N. SetÀlÀ and others as meaning that these languages are the State languages of Finland instead of the languages of the both nationalities of Finland", "It is not correct to call a nationality a linguistic group or minority, if it has developed culture of its own. If there is not only a community of language, but also of other characteristics such as folklore, poetry and literature, folk music, theater, behavior, etc."
2162:"In Finland this question (Swedish nationality) has been subjected to much discussion. The Finnish majority tries to deny the existence of a Swedish nationality. An example of this is the fact that the statutes always use the concept 'Swedish-speaking' instead of 'Swedish'". "The concept of nation has a different significance as meaning of a population group or an ethnic community, irrespectively of its organization. For instance, the Swedes of Finland, with their distinctive language and culture form a nationality which under the Finnish constitution shall enjoy equal rights with the Finnish nationality". "It is not correct to call a nationality a linguistic group or minority if it has developed a culture of its own. If there is not only a community of language but also of other characteristics such as folklore, poetry and literature, folk music, savvy, behavior, etc."
2180:"To define a person as Swedish-speaking says nothing about whether he or she has Finland-Swedish identity". "McRae distinguishes a gap in Finland between the formal 'linguistic peace' and the practical 'linguistic instability' which put the Finland-Swedes in a 'sociological, psychological and political' minority position. Consistent with this, Allardt (2000:35) claims that the most serious contemporary problem for the Finland Swedes is the members of the group themselves: their 'submissiveness' and willingness to 'conceal their Finland-Swedishness' in the face of the majority. Furthermore, the Finland-Swedes' relations to Sweden are considered a sensitive issue in Finland. Höckerstedt (2000:8â9) argues that an emphasis on the 'Swedish' part of the Finland-Swedish identity is 'taboo-laden' and regarded as unpatriotic."
1218:. This has caused a heated debate among Swedish-speaking Finns. The current language act of Finland has been criticized as inadequate instrument to protect the linguistic rights of Swedish-speaking Finns in practice. The criticism was partly legitimized by the report (2008) conducted by Finnish government which showed severe problems in the practical implementation of the language act. The recent administrative reforms in Finland have caused harsh criticism in the Swedish-speaking media and created fear over the survival of Swedish as an administrative language in Finland. A special status in the form partial self-determination and fixed protection for Swedish language in Swedish-speaking municipalities have been proposed in Finland's Swedish-speaking media.
1010:
and the other
Finnish-speaking (only families living in those municipalities where Swedish was at least a co-official language were included in this study). 67.7% of the children from these bilingual families were registered as Swedish-speaking. The proportion of those who attended schools where Swedish was the language of instruction was even higher. The Finnish authorities classify a person as a Swedish- or Finnish-speaker based only upon that person's (or parent's) own choice, which can be changed at any time. It is only possible to be registered either as Swedish- or Finnish-speaking, not both as in Canada, for example. It is significantly more common nowadays than it used to be for children from bilingual families to be registered as Swedish-speaking.
2297:"Ăstra Nyland var vid 1200-talets mitt ett Ă€nnu jungfruligt omrĂ„de Ă€n vĂ€stra Nyland. Landskapet hade karaktĂ€ren av en ofantlig, nĂ€stan obebudd ödemark med en havskust som endast sporadiskt, vid tiden för strömnings och laxfiske, besöktest av finnar frĂ„n Tavastland samnt troligen Ă€ven av samer" "Efter kolonisationen fick kusten nĂ€stan helsvensk bosĂ€ttning; bynamnen Ă€r till 70â100% av svensk ursprung. Enligt berĂ€kningar av Saulo Kepsu (Kepsu, Saulo, Uuteen Maahan, Helsinki 2005) Ă€r bynamnen mest svenskdominerade i vĂ€ster (Pojo-Karistrakten) och i öster (BorgĂ„-PernĂ„) med en svacka i mellersta Nyland)" "Finska ortnamn Ă€r ovanligt fĂ„ inom Sibbo, vilket tyder pĂ„ att omrĂ„det var praktiskt taget folktomt nĂ€r svenskarna kom"
2243:"For the mainland provinces, the Finnish-speaking parties and leadership studiously avoided self-government for Swedish speakers but instead offered cultural concessionsâmost notably administrative autonomy for Swedish schools and a Swedish dioceseâthat were sufficient to satisfy moderate Swedish-speakers and to discourage activists from striving for more. As our previous analysis has suggested at several points, a retrospective view of subsequent language development strongly suggest that the centre-oriented Swedish-speaking leadership made a flawed decision in accepting this settlement, though whether more could have been achieved at that point by harder bargaining is difficult to assess".
1188:
1338:
the city in which they live, or because their partners are
Swedish-speaking. About one quarter of immigrants in the Helsinki area would choose to integrate in Swedish if they had the option. According to a report by Finland's Swedish think tank, Magma, there is a widespread perception among immigrants that they are more easily integrated in the Swedish-speaking community than in the majority society. However, some immigrants also question whether they ever will be fully accepted as Finland Swedes. Swedish-speaking immigrants also have their own association, Ifisk, and in the capital region there is a publicly financed project named
1030:
183:
780:
political view emphasized the equality of the
Swedish nationality next to the Finnish-speaking nationality and the fact the national languages of Finland were the languages of the respective nationalities of the country, not the languages of the state itself. The concept of minority, although de facto the case for Swedish speakers, was perceived as being against the spirit of the constitution. However, gradually after the Second World War, the concept of minority has been increasingly applied to Swedish speakers, even within the Finland-Swedish political discourse.
2198:"Den svenska kolonisationen av vÀstra Nyland skedde etappvis. De första invandrarna torde ha kommit till Egentliga Finland under missionstiden, nÀr ett antal svenskar slog sig ner i Karisnejdens kustland, dÀr vissa Äldriga ortnamn med början pÄ rots (t.ex. RÄdsböle) vittnar om deras bosÀttning. Dessa namn syftar pÄ Roslagen. Den andra vÄgen, som sökte sig till central bygden vid Pojovikens vattensystem, kom troligen under andra korstÄget pÄ 1200-talet. Den förde sig inflyttare frÄm flera hÄll in Sverige och Àgde rum i skuggan av en militÀroperation mot Tavastland."
1207:
municipality is defined as bilingual, and when it falls below 6%, the municipality becomes monolingual. In bilingual municipalities, all civil servants must have satisfactory language skill in either
Finnish or Swedish (in addition to native-level skill in the other language). Both languages can be used in all communications with the civil servants in such a town. Public signs (such as street and traffic signs, as illustrated) are in both languages in bilingual towns and municipalities with the name in the majority language being on the top.
2225:"Many scholars were drawn into this debate, and a later writer notes "a correlation between the scholar's mother-tongue and his view on the age and continuity of Scandinavian settlements of the country" (HÀmÀlÀinen, 1966), whereas Finnish writers tended to deny or minimize the presence of Swedish speakers before the historically documented expeditions of the twelfth century, Swedish-speaking scholars have found archeological and philological evidence for a continuous Swedish or Germanic presence in Finland from pre-historic times."
451:. During the 14th century, the population expansion from Sweden proper increasingly took the form of organised mass migration: the new settlers came in large numbers in large ships from various parts of Sweden's Eastern coast, from SmÄland to HÀlsingland. Their departure from Sweden proper to Finland was encouraged and organized by the Swedish authorities. The coast of Ostrobothnia received large-scale Swedish settlements during the 13th and 15th centuries, in parallel with events that resulted in Swedish expansion to
1297:, most of them are fluent in both Swedish and Finnish. Although in some municipalities Swedish is the only official language, Finnish is the dominant language in most towns and at most employers in Finland. In areas with a Finnish-speaking majority, Finnish is most often used when interacting with strangers and known Finnish speakers. However, 50% of all Swedish speakers live in areas in which Swedish is the majority language and in which they can use Swedish in all or most contexts (see demographics below).
730:
2252:"In towns, however, the linguistic balance started to change in the 20th century. The most significant changes have taken place in the past few decades, when new native speakers of Finnish moved into the towns in large numbers. The capital region of Helsinki has been affected the most by this development. Gradually, what were formerly profoundly Swedish-speaking parishes in the countryside have become densely populated towns with a majority of Finnish-speaking inhabitants"
2261:"However, this does not mean that Swedes would have inhabited only settled areas that were completely unpopulated. Indeed, it is probable that no such areas were available. We can assume that the rest of the coastal area was inhabited by Finns at the time when the Swedish settlers arrived in the country. Our assumption is based on place names: the Swedish place names on the coast include numerous Finnish substrate namesâincontrovertible proof of early Finnish settlement."
74:
943:
2189:" Den svenska kolonisationen av Finland och omrÄdets införlivande med Sverige hör till detta sammanhang. Sveriges jord rÀckte inte under denna expansiva tid till för befolkningen i Sverige. Skaror av svenskar sökte sig nytt land i Finlands kustomrÄden, och fann dÀr nya boplatser. För första gÄngen smalt de inte samman med den infödda befolkningen, eftersom det svenska storsamhÀllet verkade för svenskarnas nationella och sprÄkliga fortbestÄnd i landet".
2171:"Less well known internationally is the 6 percent minority of ethnic Swedes in Finland. While we never hear of 'Sami-speaking Norwegians', 'Hebrew-speaking Palestinians' etc., one often stumbles on the term 'Swedish-speaking Finns' to denote a certain group of ethnic Swedes. This is a way of denying the group their ethnic identity. Admittedly, something similar is practised in Turkey, where the Kurds are called 'Mountain Turks' in official quarters"
721:
1496:
1552:
1510:
2333:"The subpopulation LMO (Larsmo, Swedish-speaking) differed significantly from all the other populations". "The geographical substructure among the Finnish males was notable when measured with the ΊST values, reaching values as high as ΊST=0.227 in the Yfiler data. This is rather extreme, given that, e.g., subpopulations Larsmo and Kymi are separated by mere 400 km, with no apparent physical dispersal barriers between them".
1180:
1566:
1482:
104:
4296:
1468:
4233:
1524:
784:
language for those parts of the country where
Swedish speakers made up the local majority. The Finnish-speaking parties and leadership studiously avoided self-government for Swedish speakers in the Finnish mainland. Of the broader wishes of the Swedish-speaking political movement only cultural concessionsâmost notably administrative autonomy for Swedish schools and a Swedish
1454:
122:
1538:
2352:"The identity of the Swedish minority is however clearly Finnish (Allardt 1997:110). But their identity is twofold: They are both Finland Swedes and Finns (Ivars 1987)." (Die IdentitÀt der schwedischen Minderheit ist jedoch eindeutig finnisch (Allardt 1997:110). Ihre IdentitÀt ist aber doppelt: sie sind sowohl Finnlandschweden als auch Finnen (Ivars 1987).)
1019:
527:"Whereas Finnish-speaking scholars tended to deny or minimize the presence of Swedish-speakers before the historically documented Swedish expeditions starting from the 12th century, Swedish-speaking scholars have found archeological and philological evidence for a continuous and Swedish or Germanic presence in Finland from pre-historic times."
1167:
953:
2207:"Den svenska kolonisationen hade en uppenbar masskaraktĂ€r och var styrd uppifrĂ„n, frĂ€mst av kronan, vilket framgĂ„r av att hemmanen var kronohemman. Folk kom inte lĂ€ngre i allmogefarkoster utan skeppades över pĂ„ större fraktfartyg, och tydligen frĂ„n alla hĂ„ll inom Sveariket â Ă
tminstone frÄn Uppland, SmÄland, GÀstrikland och HÀlsingland.
2370:"Nyland has always been characterised as an area of medieval colonisation conducted by the Swedes. Previously this colonisation has been seen as an immigration of independents peasants. As a new result a significant noble impact has been verified both in the colonisation activity itself and the establishing of parish churches as well".
1134:(1809â1917) the Finnish language was promoted by the Russian authorities as a way to sever the cultural and emotional ties with Sweden and to counter the threat of a reunion with Sweden. Consequently, the Finnish language began to replace Swedish in the administrative and cultural sphere during the later part of the 19th century.
2216:"FrĂ„n Sideby i söder till Karleby i norr, en strĂ€cka pĂ„ omkring 300 kilometerm gĂ„r en obruten kedja av svenska hemman, byar och samhĂ€llen och detta kustland strĂ€cker sig som en circa 30 kilometer bred zon inĂ„t landet". "Ăsterbottens bosĂ€ttningshistoria har sin parallel i kolonisationen av Norrlandskusten under samma epok".
848:
native
Finnish speakers up until the early modern age. Whether the Finnish settlements prior to the arrival of the Swedes have been permanent or seasonal is debated. According to another toponymic study, some Finnish villages and farms on the south-western coast and the archipelago became Swedish-speaking by assimilation.
2234:"Den nationella rörelsen i Finland, fennomanin, som utgick frÄn Friedrich Hegels tankar, strÀvade efter att skapa en enad finsk nation för att stÀrka Finlands stÀllning. Nationens grÀnser skulle sammanfalla med dess folks grÀnser, och alltsÄ ocksÄ dess sprÄks grÀnser. MÄlet var bland annat en förfinskning av Finland"
2397:"DÀr Ahlberg anser att det Àr statens plikt och skyldighet att implementera vÄr finlÀndska, teoretiska tvÄsprÄkighet ocksÄ i praktiken, bland annat via olika specialarrangemang i olika regioner, anser Wideroos att det lurar en risk i att lyfta ut speciella regioner ur sitt nationella och finlandssvenska sammanhang"
934:, Ostrobothnia, differed significantly from the Finnish-speaking sub-populations in the country in terms of Y-STR variation. This study however was comparing one small Swedish-speaking municipality of 4652 inhabitants to Finnish-speaking provinces and only tells about the origin of two different Y-DNA haplotypes.
2415:"Svenska riksdagsgruppens ordförande Ulla-Maj Wideroos (SFP) sÀger att det finns en dold politisk agenda i Finland med mÄlet att försvaga det finlandssvenska.Wideroos sade i Slaget efter tolv i Radio Vega i dag att regeringens förvaltningsreformer enbart har som mÄl att slÄ sönder svensksprÄkiga strukturer".
1351:
Swedish speakers have migrated to many parts of the world. One study has shown they are more likely to emigrate than the rest of the
Finnish population. It is estimated that between the early 1870s and late 1920s, approximately 70,000 Swedish-speaking Finns emigrated to North America. In Minnesota, a
1206:
On the municipal level, this right is legally restricted to municipalities with a certain minimum of speakers of the minority language. All
Finnish communities and towns are classified as either monolingual or bilingual. When the proportion of the minority language increases to 8% (or 3000), then the
960:
According to a sociological study published in 1981, the
Swedish-speaking Finns meet the four major criteria for a separate ethnic group: self-identification of ethnicity, language, social structure, and ancestry. However, not all Swedish-speaking Finns are willing to self-identify as representatives
838:
During most of the 20th century, marriages across language borders tended to result in children becoming
Finnish speakers, and knowledge of Swedish declined. During the last decades the trend has been reversed: many bilingual families chose to register their children as Swedish speakers and put their
830:
An important contribution to the decline of Swedish speakers in Finland during the second half of the 20th century was that many Swedish speakers emigrated to Sweden. An estimated 30â50% of all Finnish citizens who moved to Sweden were Swedish-speaking Finns. Reliable statistics are not available, as
826:
According to official statistics, Swedish speakers made up 12.9% of the total population of Finland of 2.6 million in 1900. By 1950 their proportion had fallen to 8.6% of a total of 4 million people, and by 1990 they formed 5.9% of the country's 5 million people. This sharp decline has since levelled
807:, still mainly Swedish-speaking in the beginning of the 19th century, attracted Finnish-speaking workers, civil servants and university students from other parts of Finland, as did other Swedish-speaking areas. As a result, the originally unilingual Swedish-speaking coastal regions in the province of
580:
During the 19th century a national awakening occurred in Finland. It was supported by the Russian central administration for practical reasons, as a security measure to weaken Swedish influence in Finland. This trend was reinforced by the general wave of nationalism in Europe in the mid-19th century.
1337:
There is a small community of Swedish-speaking immigrants in Finland. Many of them come from Sweden, or have resided there (about 8,500 Swedish citizens live in Finland and around 30,000 residents in Finland were born in Sweden), while others have opted for Swedish because it is the main language in
1288:
Being a small minority usually leads to functional bilingualism. Swedish-speaking Finns are more fluent in Finnish than Finnish-speakers are in Swedish due to the practical matter of living in a predominantly Finnish-speaking country. In big cities with a significant Swedish-speaking population such
878:
Finland-Swedish folklore along the coast has been traditionally maritime-influenced. The folklore themes are typical in the Nordic context. Stories and tales involving the evil water-spirit are central. The origins of some of the tales have been German and French from which they have been adapted to
1137:
The rise of the Finnish language to an increasingly prevalent position in society was, at the outset, mainly a construct of eager promoters of the Finnish language from the higher strata of society, mainly with Swedish-speaking family backgrounds. A later development, especially at the beginning of
1009:
Marriages between Swedish- and Finnish-speakers are nowadays very common. According to a study commissioned by the Swedish Assembly of Finland in 2005, 48.5% of all families with children where at least one of the parents was Swedish-speaking were bilingual in the sense of one parent being Swedish-
847:
The Finnish substrate toponyms (place names) within today's Swedish-speaking areas have been interpreted as indicative of earlier Finnish settlements in the area. A toponymical analysis from e.g. the Turunmaa archipelagoâtoday largely Swedish-speakingâsuggests the existence of a large population of
585:
their names and changed their everyday language to Finnish. This linguistic change had many similarities with the linguistic and cultural revival of 19th century Lithuania where many former Polish speakers expressed their affiliation with the Lithuanian nation by adopting Lithuanian as their spoken
783:
The Swedish nationality movement was effectively mobilized during the aftermath of Finnish independence and the civil war that shortly followed. The Swedish assembly of Finland was founded to protect the linguistic integrity of Swedish-speakers and seek fixed territorial guarantees for the Swedish
774:
who played a major role in the drafting the language act (1922) and the language paragraphs (1919) in the Finnish constitution, interpreted the language provisions so that they are not supposed to suggest the existence of two nationalities. According to this view Finland has two national languages
2134:
In a 2005 survey, 82% of the Swedish-speaking respondents felt the following best described their identity among the different choices provided: "Both belonging to a separate culture and being a Finn like others." (Swedish: BÄde att höra till en egen kultur, men ocksÄ att vara en finlÀndare bland
779:
and others) maintained that the Swedish population of Finland constituted a nationality of its own and the provisions of the constitution act were seen to support the view. The Finnish-speaking political circles denoted the cultural rights of Finland-Swedes as minority rights. The Finland-Swedish
2379:"FrÀlsestÄndets ursprung var till tvÄ tredjedel svenskt, till en tredjedel tyskt. NÄgon social rörelse som skulle ha fört kristnade finnar uppÄt till dessa poster fanns inte, dÄ jordegendomen inte var ett vilkor för en ledande stÀllning inom förvaltning, rÀttskipning och skatteadministration".
1106:
and the rising burgher class in the expanding cities. The Church required fluency in Finnish from clergymen serving in predominantly or totally Finnish-speaking parishes (most of the country); consequently clerical families tended to maintain a high degree of functional bilingualism. Clerical
925:
In a 2008 study a joint analysis was performed for the first time on Swedish and Finnish autosomal genotypes. Swedish-speakers from Ostrobothnia (reference population of the study representing 40% of all Swedish-speakers in Finland) did not differ significantly from the neighbouring, adjacent
745:
issue as to what language policy would best preserve Finland as a nation. This also explains why so many academically educated Swedish speakers changed to Finnish: it was motivated by ideology. Both parties had the same patriotic objectives, but their methods were completely the opposite. The
1285:, all students are required to pass an examination in the "other domestic language" on a level that enables them to be employed as civil servants in bilingual offices and communities. The actual linguistic abilities of those who have passed the various examinations however vary considerably.
1153:
Even though the proportional distribution of Swedish-speakers among different social strata closely reflects that of the general population, there is still a lingering conception of Swedish as a language of the historical upper class culture of Finland. This is reinforced by the fact that
2270:"Another indication of older Finnish settlement is evidenced by the fact that native speakers of Finnish named so many different types of places in the area that the substrate nomenclature seems to consist of names referring to village settlement rather than to names of natural features."
439:(ca. 1150) which, if it took place, served to expand Christianity and annex Finnish territories to the kingdom of Sweden. Simultaneously the growth of population in Sweden, together with lack of land, resulted in Swedish settlements in Southern and Western coastal areas of Finland. The
1123:(Viborg)) during the late Middle Ages tended to be of German origin. In the 19th century, a new wave of immigration came from German-speaking countries predominantly connected to commercial activities, which has formed a notable part of the grand bourgeoisie in Finland to this day.
3686:
1387:
has traditionally been the number one destination for Swedish-speaking emigrants. In one study covering the period 2000â2015, over half of the 26,000 Swedish-speaking Finns who had moved abroad moved to Sweden. There are about 200,000 Swedish-speaking Finns living in Sweden
1578:
In 2021, 1,432 Finland-Swedes moved abroad, which was the lowest amount since 1996. Emigration peaked during 2015â2018, when nearly 2,000 emigrated annually. They made up 20.1% of Finnish emigrants in 2021. Net migration of Swedish-speakers from Sweden was 256 in 2021.
2144:"At the same time the new generations are still proud of their special characteristics and of their culture as part of the Finnish people." ("Samanaikaisesti uudet sukupolvet ovat kuitenkin edelleen ylpeitÀ erityispiirteistÀÀn ja kulttuuristaan osana Suomen kansaa.")
1149:
and the aspiration to raise the Finnish language and Finnic culture from peasant status to the position of a national language and a national culture gave rise to negative portrayals of Swedish speakers as foreign oppressors of the peaceful Finnish-speaking peasant.
974:
Despite these varying viewpoints, the Swedish-speaking population in Finland in general have their own identity distinct from that of the majority, and they wish to be recognized as such. In speaking Swedish, Swedish-speaking Finns predominantly use the Swedish word
2388:"One factor for instability is that Finland's language legislation, unlike that of Belgium or Switzerland, is based on flexible rather than fixed linguistic territoriality, except in the Ă
land islands, where Swedish enjoys a permanently protected special status"
2342:
Finland has generally been regarded as an example of a monocultural and egalitarian society. However, Finland has a Swedish-speaking minority that meets the four major criteria of ethnicity, i.e. self-identification of ethnicity, language, social structure and
304:. Swedish-speakers comprise 5.2% of the total Finnish population or about 4.9% without Ă
land. The proportion has been steadily diminishing since the early 19th century, when Swedish was the mother tongue of approximately 15% of the population and considered a
2324:"Clear East-West duality was observed when the Finnish individuals were clustering using Geneland. Individuals from the Swedish-speaking part of Ostrobotnia clustered with Sweden when a joint analysis was performed on Swedish and Finnish autosomal genotypes".
753:
The majority of the populationâboth Swedish and Finnish speakersâwere farmers, fishermen and other workers. The farmers lived mainly in unilingual areas, while the other workers lived in bilingual areas such as Helsinki. This co-existence gave birth to
581:
As a result, under the influence of the German idea of one national language, a strong movement arose that promoted the use of the Finnish language in education, research and administration. Many influential Swedish-speaking families learned Finnish,
3694:
334:(literally 'Finland's-Swede'), which is used by the group itself, does not have an established English translation. The Society of Swedish Authors in Finland and the main political institutions for the Swedish-speaking minority, such as the
1162:
consisting of about 6000 persons, of which about two thirds are Swedish-speakers. Still the majority of the Swedish-speaking Finns have traditionally been farmers and fishermen from the Finnish coastal municipalities and archipelago.
4117:
319:
families tend to register their children as Swedish speakers. It is estimated that 70% of bilingual familiesâthat is, ones with one parent Finnish-speaking and the other Swedish-speakingâregister their children as Swedish-speaking.
775:
but only one nationality. This view was never shared in the Swedish-speaking political circles and paved the way for a linguistic conflict. Contrary to the Finnish-speaking view the leaders of the Swedish nationality movement (
1398:. Due to noticeable differences between Finland Swedish and Swedish as spoken in Sweden, Swedish-speaking Finns have been mistaken for non-native speakers and have been required to take language courses. Groups, particularly
965:, has defined the Swedish-speaking Finns as a people who express Finnish identity in the Swedish language. The issue is debated: an opposite view is still that the Swedish-speaking Finns are a sub-group of the ethnic Swedes,
2315:"En del av stoffet har har gÄtt vidare till finnarna och utgör ett element i vÀstra Finlands folklore. SÀrskilt nÀr det gÀller folksÄngerna har finlandssvenskarna haft en stor betydelse för den yngre finska folkpoesin".
1342:
aimed at facilitating integration of immigrants who know or wish to learn Swedish. Most if not all immigrants also wish to be fluent in Finnish due to the fact that it is the dominant language in Finnish society.
724:
The number of Swedish speakers in Finland 1880â2009 by province. The population in Vaasa province declined in the early 20th century due to emigration to North America and again in the 1960s due to emigration to
4039:
Trots sitt svenska modersmÄl blev han tvungen att av principskÀl gÄ en kurs i svenska för invandrare. Detta beskriver han som ett svÄrt slag, att han blev ifrÄgasatt dÄ det gÀllde identiteten som svensksprÄkig.
2279:"This seems to support our conception that there was a large population of native speakers of Finnish in the archipelago and that it remained Finnish-speaking for a longer period than was previously believed."
2065:
796:
The urbanization and industrialization that began in the late 19th century increased the interaction between people speaking different languages with each other, especially in the bigger towns. Helsinki
1006:
In literature regarding to international law and minority rights, a view that the Swedish-speakers in Finland not only constitute an ethnic minority but a distinct nationality has also been presented.
523:
In 1966, the historian HÀmÀlÀinen (as referenced by McRae 1993) addressed the strong correlation between the scholar's mother-tongue and the views on the Scandinavian settlement history of Finland.
381:
as a way of depriving them their ethnic affiliation, reducing it to merely a matter of language and de-emphasising the "Swedish part" of Finland-Swedish identity, i.e. their relations to Sweden.
3572:
4121:
2713:
2288:"The Swedish colonization primarily focused on coastal areas and the archipelago, but eventually expanded as farms and villages that had previously been Finnish became Swedish-speaking".
758:âa Finnish slang with novel slang words of Finnish, local and common Swedish and Russian origin. Helsinki was primarily Swedish-speaking until the late 19th century, see further:
2521:
4152:
2802:
392:
became dominant before the independence of Finland in 1917, and the term has remained common to the present, despite later immigrants tending to use different terms such as
2153:"... Finland has a Swedish-speaking minority that meets the four major criteria of ethnicity, i.e. self-identification of ethnicity, language, social structure and ancestry
1142:). This was generally done throughout the entire society. In upper-class families it was predominantly in cadet branches of families that the name translations took place.
3433:
Jukka U. Palo et al. 2008. The effect of number of loci on geographical structuring and forensic applicability of Y-STR data in Finland. Int J Legal Med (2008)122:449â456.
1233:; the primary language in which lessons are taught depends upon the pupil's mother tongue. This language of instruction is officially and in general practice called the
1210:
The Swedish-speaking areas in Finnish Mainland do not have fixed territorial protection, unlike the languages of several national minorities in Central Europe such as
4401:
539:
continuity in Finland. Current research has established that the Swedish-speaking population and Swedish place names in Finland date to the Swedish colonisation of
467:
The origin of the Swedish-speaking population in the territory that today constitutes Finland was a subject of fierce debate in the early 20th century as a part of
358:
2406:"SprÄklagen frÄn 2004 tillÀmpas inte ordentligt, visar regeringen i en redogörelse. Myndigheterna uppvisar fortfarande stora brister i anvÀndningen av svenska"
1447:
From 1990 to 2021, a total of 50,034 Swedish-speaking Finns have emigrated abroad. 76.5% moved to other Nordic countries. The most popular destinations were;
839:
children in Swedish schools. One motive is the language skills needed during their professional lives. Population statistics do not recognize bilingualism.
1145:
Opposition to the Swedish language was partly based around historical prejudices and conflicts that had sprung up during the 19th century. The intensified
3580:
985:) when referring to all Finnish nationals. The purpose is to use a term that includes both themselves and Finnish-speaking Finns because the Swedish word
4221:
561:
The proportion of Swedish speakers in Finland has declined since the 18th century, when almost 20% spoke Swedish (these 18th-century statistics excluded
4199:
373:, the first of which is the sole form used on the institute's website. Some debators insist for the use of the more traditional English-language form,
3246:"Tavaststjerna i provinsialismernas snĂ„rskog.Det sverigesvenska förlagsargumentet i finlandssvensk sprĂ„kvĂ„rd Av CHARLOTTA AF HĂLLSTRĂM-REIJONEN, 2007"
3181:
2770:
3063:
2852:
Hedberg, C. 2004. The Finland-Swedish wheel of migration. Identity, networks and integration 1976â2000. Geographiska regionstudier 61.87pp.Uppsala.
3560:
1087:
Most noble families of the medieval period arrived directly from Sweden. A significant minority of the nobility had foreign origins (predominantly
505:, used place names in trying to prove that the Swedish settlement in Finland dates back to prehistoric times. Their views were opposed mainly by
1404:
1056:
was still the language of instruction from the secondary school upwards and in use among the educated class and priests. As Finland was part of
1191:
Train timetable showing departing commuter trains at the Pasila railway station in Helsinki. Language was changing between Finnish and Swedish.
1115:
who immigrated in large numbers to the cities and towns of Sweden and Finland. As a result, the wealthier burghers in Sweden (and in cities as
531:
Since the late 20th century, several Swedish-speaking philologists, archaeologists and historians from Finland have criticized the theories of
3766:
3716:
3996:
3955:
3880:
2985:
2881:
811:
were cut into two parts. There was a smaller migration in the opposite direction, and a few Swedish-speaking "islands" emerged in towns like
1203:. This means that members of the Swedish language minority have the right to communicate with the state authorities in their mother tongue.
2945:
1211:
917:, is celebrated in Finland; the day celebrates the Swedish-speaking population of Finland, their culture, and the bilinguality of Finland.
3467:
2733:
2688:
3844:
2812:
1187:
962:
221:
More than 17,000 Swedish-speaking Finns live in officially monolingual Finnish municipalities, and are thus not represented on the map.
3909:
3157:
946:
586:
language. As the educated class in Finland was almost entirely Swedish-speaking, the first generation of the Finnish nationalists and
253:. They maintain a strong identity and are seen either as a separate cultural, ethnic or linguistic group or, occasionally, a distinct
78:
3263:
3917:
3229:
3071:
2923:
2857:
835:
of the Finnish-speakers has been somewhat faster than that of the Swedish-speakers until recent times, when the trend has reversed.
4160:
2109:
Swedish-speaking Finns, Finland-Swedes, Finland Swedes, Finnish Swedes, Fennoswedes or Swedes of Finland. The term Swedo-Finnish (
3319:
3620:
3534:
1594:
1441:
1399:
430:
315:, the population of the minority group is stable, and may even be increasing slightly in total numbers since more parents from
4214:
3512:
3454:
3059:
Finlandssvenska bebyggelsenamn: namn pÄ landskap, kommuner, byar i Finland av svenskt ursprung eller med sÀrskild svensk form
2060:
1909:
1588:
444:
3372:
A study by Lars Huldén, Professor of Scandinavian Philology (2001), referred in the doctoral dissertation by Felicia Markus
2586:
See (Swedish)(Finnish)"Folktingets undersökning om finlandssvenskarnas identitet â Identitet och framtid", Folktinget, 2005.
894:, the Finland-Swedish modernists of the early 20th century had a significant impact on the whole of Scandinavian modernism.
1437:) several times, with the 2017 attempt failing due to the ethnic group not being established in the country prior to 1900.
803:
in Swedish and predominantly used until the late 19th century), named after medieval settlers from the Swedish province of
3395:
1029:
862:
According to an interpretation based on the results of recent (2008) genome-wide SNP scans and on church records from the
788:âwere realized, which nevertheless were sufficient to prevent more thorough conflict between the ethno-linguistic groups.
492:
3673:"Finland bor stadigvarande ca 8 500 svenska medborgare. Dessa utgör en heterogen grupp med mÄnga olika typer av bakgrund"
4285:
1658:
1146:
910:
831:
the Swedish authorities, as opposed to their Finnish counterpart, do not register languages. Another reason is that the
556:
468:
2055:
2050:
1784:
1365:
1034:
914:
339:
305:
1357:
879:
the Nordic milieu. (Finland)-Swedish folklore has also had a significant impact on the folklore of Finnish speakers.
3646:
3113:
2977:
1806:
1801:
182:
4207:
759:
335:
4095:
4062:
3561:
http://svenska.yle.fi/nyheter/sok.phpid=154463&lookfor=&sokvariant=arkivet&advanced=yes&antal=10
3444:
Markku T. HyyppÀ and Juhani MÀki: Social participation and health in a community rich in stock of social capital
3104:
771:
4273:
3748:
2495:
2469:
1797:
1674:
2775:
1915:
3602:
2443:
4406:
2011:
1990:
1664:
1278:
1200:
1099:
1045:
961:
of a distinct ethnicity. The major political organisation representing the Swedish-speakers in Finland, the
569:, which were ceded to Russia in 1743, and the northern parts of present-day Finland were counted as part of
1444:
is a Washington state, USA-based association which aims to preserve the ethnic group's emigration history.
1273:
in Swedish). Lessons in the "other domestic language" usually start in the third, fifth or seventh form of
1102:
form) was constituted most often of the wealthier strata of the peasantry with the closely linked medieval
577:
was formed and Karelia was reunited with Finland, the share of Swedish speakers was 15% of the population.
2780:
2085:
1895:
1883:
1814:
1793:
1761:
1635:
1621:
1332:
1131:
574:
440:
274:
266:
1627:
4366:
4335:
3944:
HjÀrnflykt eller inte?: En analys av den svensksprÄkiga flyttningen mellan Finland och Sverige 2000-2015
3005:
2807:
1921:
1847:
1691:
1679:
1640:
856:
544:
436:
729:
4330:
2636:
2135:
alla andra. Finnish: Kuulumista omaan kulttuuriin, mutta myös suomalaisena olemista muiden joukossa.)
1274:
1065:
4118:"11w1 -- Immigration and emigration by country of departure or arrival, sex and language, 1990-2021"
3140:
2939:
1138:
the 20th century, was the adoption or translation or modification of Swedish surnames into Finnish (
506:
4361:
4295:
3773:
3723:
2045:
1962:
1819:
1766:
1757:
1373:
851:
According to another view (e.g. Tarkiainen 2008) the two major areas of Swedish language speakers (
3986:
3870:
1107:
families in the whole seem to have been more fluent in Finnish than the burghers as whole. In the
487:
4345:
4310:
3298:
3293:
2652:
2565:
2447:
1943:
1853:
991:, in Finland-Swedish usage, implies a Finnish-speaking Finn. In Sweden, this distinction between
281:
2803:"Kysymykset: kuinka suuri osa suomenruotsalaisista on kaksikielisiÀ, siis niin ettÀ molemmat..."
1927:
1713:
1707:
1409:(Fris), an interest group, have campaigned for decades in Sweden for recognition as an official
887:
883:
472:
4019:
3478:
2744:
4340:
4320:
4315:
3991:
3961:
3951:
3923:
3913:
3875:
3836:
3336:
3320:
https://pxdata.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11ra.px/
3225:
3185:
3077:
3067:
2981:
2919:
2877:
2853:
2515:
2075:
2070:
1966:
1810:
1741:
1735:
1611:
1410:
1361:
1222:
301:
4086:"Finlandssvenskarna fÄr inte nationell minoritetsstatus i Sverige - vÄr historia Àr för kort"
3424:
Population Genetic Association and Zygosity testing on preamplified Dna. 2008. Ulf Hannelius.
2871:
4237:
2644:
2569:
2118:
2110:
1985:
1958:
1871:
1841:
1829:
1624:, courtier and diplomat, and in Finland, he is considered one of the great Finnish statesmen
1159:
1103:
1061:
1049:
942:
832:
720:
385:
312:
289:
270:
242:
234:
146:
73:
2627:
Andersson and Herberts., HĂ„kan and Kjell (1996). "The Case of the Swedish-Speaking Finns".
4378:
4251:
3443:
3271:
3205:
2835:
2021:
1996:
1981:
1933:
1835:
1772:
1747:
1719:
1652:
1095:
1084:, Swedish also held sway, but in a more varying degree depending on regional differences.
1041:
891:
456:
258:
142:
4020:"'Hörni klÀppar, sluta flajdas': Mark Levengood talade kring Àmnet 'SprÄk och identitet'"
1859:
1667:, soldier in the service of Imperial Russia, who also acted as Prime Minister of Bulgaria
733:
Share of native speakers of Swedish in the population by municipality in Finland in 2020.
2640:
4325:
4027:
3942:
2033:
2027:
1949:
1825:
1753:
1646:
1631:
1501:
1414:
1179:
1053:
927:
804:
755:
566:
532:
285:
215:
1661:, architect and chairman of the committee in charge of rebuilding the city of Helsinki
1064:
was the language of the nobility, administration and education. Hence the two highest
4395:
4278:
2656:
2080:
2016:
1975:
1937:
1865:
1701:
1515:
1422:
1369:
1139:
1057:
515:
511:
3987:"Finlandssvensk rusch till Sverige, men det Àr svÄrt locka unga till föreningslivet"
3624:
3538:
3385:
Christer Kuvaja & Arja Rantanen, Sibbo sockens historia fram till Ă„r 1868, 1998.
3220:
Haggrén, Georg; Halinen, Petri; Lavento, Mika; Raninen, Sami; Wessman, Anna (2015).
4142:
The Finns in America by Taru Spiegel, Reference Librarian. The Library of Congress.
3138:
Wickholm, Anna (2003). "Pörnullbacken â ett brandgravfĂ€lt eller brandgropgravar?".
2039:
1953:
1936:, Finnish inventor at the beginning of the 20th century, often referred to as the "
1877:
1725:
1670:
1605:
1601:
1430:
1426:
897:
863:
747:
502:
31:
2918:. Finlands svenska historia. Vol. 1. Svenska litteratursÀllskapet i Finland.
1312:
41% live in officially bilingual towns and municipalities where Swedish dominates,
1309:
44% live in officially bilingual towns and municipalities where Finnish dominates,
481:
477:
2805:[what percentage of Finnish-Swedes are bilingual, meaning that both...].
496:
4261:
1778:
1557:
1215:
1127:
1108:
1077:
1023:
536:
297:
254:
158:
3403:
4266:
3647:"Befolkning efter sprĂ„k 31.12.2000â2011. Ă
lands statistik- och utredningsbyrÄ"
3203:
AhlbÀck, Olav (1954). "Den finlandssvenska bosÀttningens Àlder och ursprung".
1889:
1788:
1685:
1353:
1282:
1221:
Following an educational reform in the 1970s, both Swedish and Finnish became
776:
742:
582:
17:
3965:
3927:
3573:"Förverkligandet av de sprÄkliga rÀttigheterna förutsÀtter konkreta ÄtgÀrder"
3340:
3189:
435:
The first Swedish arrivals in Finland have often been linked to the putative
3245:
3081:
1905:
1322:
6% live in officially monolingual Finnish-speaking towns and municipalities.
1196:
1155:
1112:
1111:, commerce in the Swedish realm, including Finland, was dominated by German
587:
316:
3360:
2734:"Svenska Finlands folkting: Finlandssvenskarna 2005 â en statistik rapport"
1091:), but their descendants normally adopted Swedish as their first language.
952:
3903:
956:
Envelope stamp (not postage) issued by the Swedish People's party in 1922.
3650:
3096:
3057:
1695:
1615:
1316:
1290:
1069:
930:
According to a 2008 Y-DNA study, a Swedish-speaking reference group from
867:
738:
570:
452:
293:
3621:"Den österbottniska kustregionen borde fÄ en specialstatus - Vasabladet"
1383:
For a number of reasons, including geographical and linguistic reasons,
1253:
in Swedish). The secondary language, as a school subject, is called the
843:
Historical relationship of the Swedish- and Finnish-speaking populations
2689:"Population 31.12. by Region, Language, Age, Sex, Year and Information"
2648:
2573:
2090:
1571:
1529:
1487:
1434:
1088:
1081:
1018:
852:
812:
808:
785:
562:
540:
448:
262:
250:
109:
3672:
3155:
Meinander, C. F. (1983). "Om svenskarnes inflyttningar till Finland".
2825:
See, Finland-Swedish Think Tank Magma and Finland-Swedish Association.
1787:, Marshal and 6th President of Finland, commander-in-chief during the
4382:
4232:
4085:
4052:
2470:"Encyklopedi om invandring, integration och rasism: Finlandssvenskar"
1729:
1473:
1459:
1384:
1380:, Finland, was founded by Swedish-speaking Finns in the early 1900s.
1377:
1120:
1073:
931:
902:
463:
Debate about the origin of the Swedish-speaking population in Finland
170:
127:
3502:
Haggren & Jansson, 2005. New light on the colonisation of Nyland
2537:
Conflict and Compromise in Multilingual Societies: Finland, Volume 3
2473:
1166:
202: Bilingual municipalities with Swedish as the majority language
196: Bilingual municipalities with Finnish as the majority language
3535:"MÄngfaldspolitik sÀkrar mervÀrdet av tvÄsprÄkigheten - Vasabladet"
1838:, keyboard player, songwriter, producer (real name: Sebastian Teir)
1722:, mining engineer and businessman, best known as a founder of Nokia
926:
Finnish-speaking populations but formed a genetic cluster with the
900:
is perhaps the most renowned example of Finland-Swedish prose. Her
737:
The language issue was not primarily an issue of ethnicity, but an
3687:"SyntymĂ€valtio iĂ€n ja sukupuolen mukaan maakunnittain 1990 â 2012"
1969:
1543:
1294:
1178:
1165:
1116:
1028:
1017:
941:
820:
728:
181:
174:
3835:
Vento, Isak; Harjula, Mikael; Himmelroos, Staffan (25 May 2020).
3524:
Finland: Marginal Case of Bicommunalism?, Kenneth D. McRae, 1988.
3455:
Saari, Mirja: Schwedisch als die zweite Nationalsprache Finnlands
859:) were largely uninhabited at the time of the arrival of Swedes.
2066:
List of Swedish-speaking and bilingual municipalities of Finland
1418:
1277:
and are a part of the curriculum in all secondary education. In
1044:
in the 13th century, at a time when that realm was still in the
1014:
Historical predominance of the Swedish language among the gentry
906:
books have fascinated children and adults throughout the world.
882:
Finland-Swedish literature has a rich legacy. Under the lead of
816:
4203:
4189:
886:, who also captivated audiences in the English-speaking world,
4090:
4057:
2718:
2444:"Appendix table 1. Population according to language 1980â2021"
1395:
347:
4184:
1704:, scientist, Nobel laureate in physiology or medicine in 1967
1319:, of whose population about 90% was Swedish-speaking in 2010,
766:
The Swedish nationality and quest for territorial recognition
190: Officially monolingual Finnish-speaking municipalities
3335:(in Swedish). Helsinki: Holger Schildts Förlagsaktiebolag.
2424:"Den österbottniska kustregionen borde fÄ en specialstatus"
1413:
group, in addition to the five existing recognized groups:
1076:, had Swedish as their language. In the two minor estates,
866:
period, Swedish-speaking peasantry has been overwhelmingly
547:
coastal regions of Finland in the 12th and 13th centuries.
3767:"p.105 Via svenska â Den svensksprĂ„kiga integrationsvĂ€gen"
2676:
The cultural rights of the Swedish ethnic group in Finland
1154:
Swedish-speakers are statistically overrepresented among "
261:, which encompasses both a standard language and distinct
3871:"Följ med HBL till finlandssvenska Larsmont i Minnesota!"
3717:"p.19 Via svenska â Den svensksprĂ„kiga integrationsvĂ€gen"
594:
Swedish-speakers as a percentage of Finland's population
300:
off the west coast of Finland, where Swedish is the sole
208: Monolingual Swedish-speaking municipalities (Ă
land)
4194:
3799:
2972:
Ainiala, Terhi; Saarelma, Minna; Sjöblom, Paula (2008).
1886:, influential Fennoman philosopher and Finnish statesman
1433:. The issue has been debated in the Swedish Parliament (
770:
The Finnish-speaking parties, under the lead of Senator
447:
in the 13th century extended the Swedish settlements to
2502:. Kotus. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015
1649:, writer, film director, actor, producer and politician
590:
came predominantly from a Swedish-speaking background.
3817:
1999:, former Prime Minister and 13th President of Finland.
1360:, and in the northeastern part of the state including
3363:, edited by Ritva Liisa PitkÀnen and Janne Saarikivi.
3356:
3354:
3352:
3350:
2024:â the dialect of Swedish spoken by the Finland Swedes
1040:
Areas of modern-day Finland were integrated into the
3006:"Nimistö Suomen esihistorian tutkimuksen aineistona"
1094:
The clergy in the earlier part the formation of the
4354:
4303:
4244:
4185:
The Finland-Swedish information and cultural center
2916:
Sveriges Ăsterland: frĂ„n forntiden till Gustav Vasa
1965:and the main author of the original version of the
1183:
Many geographical places in Finland have two names.
164:
152:
136:
118:
100:
95:
85:
47:
1694:, painter best known for his illustrations of the
4053:"Blir finlandssvenskarna en minoritet i Sverige?"
3468:"Finlandssvenskarna 2005 â en statistisk rapport"
3361:Borrowing of Place Names in the Uralian Languages
1643:, Admiral, first governor of Ă
land and politician
311:According to a 2007 statistical analysis made by
3902:Alanen, Arnold Robert (2012). "Finland Swedes".
3224:(in Finnish). Helsinki: Gaudeamus. p. 340.
2550:Jacob, James E.; Beer, William R., eds. (1985).
2520:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2051:Swedish unit of the Finnish Broadcasting Company
3044:Conflict and Compromise in Multilingual Society
1305:Of the Swedish-speaking population of Finland,
359:Research Institute for the Languages of Finland
2714:"YLE Internytt: TvÄsprÄkigheten pÄ frammarsch"
4215:
3950:(in Swedish), Tankesmedjan Magma, p. 4,
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
1984:, composer, musicologist, and founder of the
1850:, romantic writer and Finland's national poet
1769:, vocalist of folk/black metal band Finntroll
1389:
1267:
1259:
1247:
1239:
1003:is not widely understood and often not made.
998:
992:
986:
976:
966:
798:
329:
59:
52:
8:
2670:
2668:
2666:
1130:, Sweden lost Finland to Russia. During the
229:(whose members are called by many namesâsee
42:
3693:(in Finnish). Tilastokeskus. Archived from
3579:(in Swedish). 26 March 2009. Archived from
3331:Nikander, Gabriel; von Born, Ernst (1921).
1728:, painter, illustrator, writer, creator of
4222:
4208:
4200:
3178:Studier över finlandssvenska ortnamnstyper
1170:A Finnish/Swedish street sign in Helsinki.
592:
72:
41:
3442:Allardt and Starck, 1981; Bhopal, 1997).
1400:Finlandssvenskarnas riksförbund i Sverige
947:Unofficial flag of Swedish-speaking Finns
4195:Society of Swedish Literature in Finland
3064:Society of Swedish Literature in Finland
1809:, Arctic explorer, first to conquer the
1186:
951:
792:Developments since the late 19th century
746:language strife would continue up until
719:
377:, as they view the labelling of them as
2435:
2102:
1710:, rally driver, two-time world champion
1682:, three times Prime Minister of Finland
471:. Some Finland-Swede scholars, such as
4402:Swedish-speaking population of Finland
3864:
3862:
3182:Svenska litteratursÀllskapet i Finland
2566:"Being Jewish in Contemporary Finland"
2513:
2500:Institute for the Languages of Finland
1813:and circumnavigate Eurasia; father of
344:Swedish-speaking population of Finland
227:Swedish-speaking population of Finland
43:Swedish-speaking population of Finland
4084:Söderlund, Linda (15 November 2017).
2999:
2997:
2967:
2965:
2042:â people of Finnish descent in Sweden
1972:relational database management system
1796:, explorer of the cliff dwellings of
1716:, Nobel laureate in economic sciences
1583:Notable Swedish-speakers from Finland
1225:. The school subjects are not called
416:are all used in academic literature.
7:
4120:. Statistics Finland. Archived from
3749:"Invandrare intresserade av svenska"
3333:Den svenska nationaliteten i Finland
3056:Huldén, Lars; Martola, Nina (2001).
2946:Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs
1952:, software engineer, creator of the
1394:), according to Finnish broadcaster
827:off to more modest annual declines.
96:Regions with significant populations
4238:Swedes abroad and their descendants
4018:Fellman, Ulrika (17 October 2008).
3603:"Wideroos: Dold anti-svensk agenda"
1614:, industrialist and founder of the
3910:Minnesota Historical Society Press
3869:Sundman, Sara (24 December 2017).
2940:"Main outlines of Finnish history"
2693:Tilastokeskuksen PxWeb-tietokannat
2678:(Europa Ethnica, 3â4 1999, p. 56).
2552:Language Policy and National Unity
1946:, journalist, historian and author
1688:, leading figure in Finnish design
79:Flag of the Swedish-speaking Finns
25:
4098:from the original on 17 June 2022
4065:from the original on 17 June 2022
3999:from the original on 17 June 2022
3985:Hakala, Heidi (16 October 2019).
3883:from the original on 18 June 2022
3119:from the original on 11 July 2020
2629:International Review of Education
1158:" families as well as within the
4294:
4231:
3847:from the original on 9 June 2022
1900:father of Swedish film criticism
1828:, singer-songwriter (real name:
1756:, ice hockey goaltender for the
1673:, Naval officer employed by the
1630:, ice hockey goaltender for the
1564:
1550:
1536:
1522:
1508:
1494:
1480:
1466:
1452:
1376:, Minnesota, a town named after
874:Culture, literature and folklore
230:
120:
102:
3837:"Den finlandssvenska diasporan"
3158:Historisk Tidskrift för Finland
2769:Holm, Carina (2 October 2010).
1595:Category:Swedish-speaking Finns
1442:Swedish-Finn Historical Society
1033:Finnish 17th century clergyman
981:(approximately translatable as
551:Nationalism and language strife
431:Swedish colonisation of Finland
273:and, to a lesser extent, other
3513:List of Finnish noble families
3097:"Where source criticism fails"
2535:Kenneth Douglas McRae (1997).
2125:) can be used as an attribute.
2061:List of Swedish-speaking Finns
1910:Finland national football team
1589:List of Swedish-speaking Finns
1022:Finnish 17th century nobleman
292:and of about 26,000 people in
249:) is a linguistic minority in
27:Linguistic minority in Finland
1:
3457:. Retrieved 10 December 2006.
3402:. 3 July 2005. Archived from
2974:Nimistöntutkimuksen perusteet
1132:period of Russian sovereignty
425:Medieval Swedish colonisation
4051:BĂŒlow, Anneli (3 May 2017).
3477:(in Swedish). Archived from
3376:. Stockholm University 2004.
2811:(in Finnish). Archived from
2779:(in Swedish). Archived from
2743:(in Swedish). Archived from
2036:â the ethnic group of Swedes
2030:â the ethnic groups of Finns
911:Finnish Swedish Heritage Day
2056:Swedish Assembly of Finland
1978:, industrialist and general
1698:(the Finnish national epic)
1327:Swedish-speaking immigrants
1035:Johannes Gezelius the elder
340:Swedish Assembly of Finland
288:of about 260,000 people in
4423:
3105:Fennoscandia Archaeologica
2978:Finnish Literature Society
2873:Finland-Swedes in Michigan
1924:, 3rd President of Finland
1918:, 1st President of Finland
1592:
1586:
1330:
1223:compulsory school subjects
554:
428:
29:
4375:
4292:
4157:The Swedish Film Database
3374:Living on the Other Shore
3176:Thors, Carl-Eric (1953).
2914:Tarkiainen, Kari (2008).
2876:. MSU Press. p. 21.
2608:Allardt and Starck, 1981.
2597:RuotsinkielisenÀ Suomessa
1659:Johan Albrecht Ehrenström
1199:country according to its
760:Fennicization of Helsinki
557:Finland's language strife
469:Finland's language strife
271:dialects spoken in Sweden
169:
157:
141:
90:
71:
4153:"Bengt Idestam-Almquist"
3294:"Population and Society"
3180:(in Swedish). Helsinki:
3062:(in Swedish). Helsinki:
3004:Kiviniemi, Eero (1980).
2976:(in Finnish). Helsinki:
1675:Russian-American Company
218:bilingual municipalities
30:Not to be confused with
2771:"Fler finlandssvenskar"
2012:Demographics of Finland
1991:Georg Henrik von Wright
1807:Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld
1802:Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld
1665:Johan Casimir Ehrnrooth
1391:Sverigefinlandssvenskar
1261:toinen kotimainen kieli
1255:other domestic language
1046:process of being formed
346:, but Swedish-speaking
34:, a minority in Sweden.
4190:Swedish People's Party
3095:Orrman, Elias (1993).
2870:Roinila, Mika (2012).
2599:. Helsinki 2012, p. 2.
2122:
2114:
2086:Finlandssvensk samling
1896:Bengt Idestam-Almquist
1884:Johan Vilhelm Snellman
1785:Carl Gustaf Mannerheim
1622:Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt
1390:
1358:Minneapolis-Saint Paul
1352:number settled on the
1333:Immigration to Finland
1269:andra inhemska sprÄket
1268:
1260:
1248:
1240:
1192:
1184:
1171:
1037:
1026:
999:
993:
987:
977:
967:
963:Swedish People's Party
957:
949:
799:
734:
726:
575:Grand Duchy of Finland
529:
457:Estonia's coastal area
441:Second Swedish Crusade
398:Swedish-speaking Finns
379:Swedish-speaking Finns
363:Swedish-speaking Finns
336:Swedish People's Party
330:
275:Scandinavian languages
246:
238:
222:
60:
53:
3941:Kepsu, Kaisa (2016),
3818:"Lead Group's domain"
3222:Muinaisuutemme jÀljet
2808:Helsinki City Library
1922:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
1916:Kaarlo Juho StÄhlberg
1848:Johan Ludvig Runeberg
1844:, poet and politician
1750:, classical violinist
1692:Akseli Gallen-Kallela
1680:Karl-August Fagerholm
1641:Hjalmar von Bonsdorff
1190:
1182:
1169:
1048:. At the time of the
1032:
1021:
955:
945:
732:
723:
525:
437:First Swedish Crusade
342:, use the expression
267:mutually intelligible
185:
165:Related ethnic groups
3653:on 13 September 2014
3583:on 13 September 2012
3484:on 28 September 2007
3264:"Swedish in Finland"
2840:www.carlonordling.se
2750:on 28 September 2007
2496:"What is a dialect?"
1868:, classical composer
1798:Mesa Verde, Colorado
1275:comprehensive school
1066:estates of the realm
4124:on 9 September 2022
4026:(in Swedish) (14).
3908:. St. Paul, Minn.:
3798:Löcke, Gerd-Peter.
2815:on 9 November 2013.
2641:1996IREdu..42..384A
1963:software programmer
1815:Gustaf Nordenskiöld
1794:Gustaf Nordenskiöld
1781:, singer-songwriter
1758:Nashville Predators
1671:Arvid Adolf Etholén
595:
350:often use the term
296:, a self-governing
44:
3905:Finns in Minnesota
3779:on 17 October 2017
3729:on 17 October 2017
3577:Finnish Government
3299:Statistics Finland
3013:kotikielenseura.fi
2836:"carlonordling.se"
2783:on 31 October 2014
2776:Ă
bo UnderrÀttelser
2659:– via JSTOR.
2649:10.1007/BF00601099
2574:10.33134/HUP-17-10
2476:on 27 January 2012
2448:Statistics Finland
2123:suomenruotsalainen
1944:Zacharias Topelius
1854:Helene Schjerfbeck
1779:Isak Elliot Lundén
1604:, mathematician,
1193:
1185:
1172:
1038:
1027:
971:or "East Swedes".
958:
950:
735:
727:
593:
396:. The expressions
282:Statistics Finland
247:suomenruotsalaiset
223:
61:suomenruotsalaiset
4389:
4388:
3992:Hufvudstadsbladet
3957:978-952-5864-67-0
3876:Hufvudstadsbladet
3609:. 25 August 2009.
3274:on 9 October 2004
3144:(in Swedish) (4).
2987:978-951-746-992-0
2883:978-1-60917-325-8
2076:Fennoman movement
2071:Svecoman movement
1811:Northeast passage
1742:Pernilla Karlsson
1738:, realist painter
1411:national minority
1212:German in Belgium
718:
717:
488:Knut Hugo Pipping
402:Swedes of Finland
386:Finnish Americans
328:The Swedish term
306:prestige language
302:official language
284:, Swedish is the
180:
179:
16:(Redirected from
4414:
4298:
4236:
4235:
4224:
4217:
4210:
4201:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4163:on 11 March 2014
4159:. Archived from
4149:
4143:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4034:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3949:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3866:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3778:
3772:. Archived from
3771:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3728:
3722:. Archived from
3721:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3649:. Archived from
3643:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3623:. Archived from
3617:
3611:
3610:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3537:. Archived from
3531:
3525:
3522:
3516:
3509:
3503:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3483:
3472:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3377:
3370:
3364:
3358:
3345:
3344:
3328:
3322:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3270:. Archived from
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3118:
3101:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3053:
3047:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3010:
3001:
2992:
2991:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2950:. 9 January 2014
2936:
2930:
2929:
2911:
2888:
2887:
2867:
2861:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2749:
2738:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2685:
2679:
2672:
2661:
2660:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2600:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2519:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2472:. Archived from
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2440:
2425:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2107:
2046:Diocese of BorgÄ
1986:Sibelius Academy
1959:Michael Widenius
1930:, modernist poet
1872:Krista Siegfrids
1842:Emil von Qvanten
1820:Gunnar Nordström
1767:Mathias LillmÄns
1628:Niklas BÀckström
1570:
1568:
1567:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1408:
1393:
1271:
1263:
1251:
1243:
1160:Finnish nobility
1104:Finnish nobility
1050:Late Middle Ages
1002:
996:
990:
980:
970:
833:natural increase
802:
596:
519:
500:
485:
449:Nyland (Uusimaa)
333:
290:mainland Finland
239:finlandssvenskar
213:
207:
201:
195:
189:
126:
124:
123:
108:
106:
105:
86:Total population
76:
63:
56:
54:finlandssvenskar
45:
21:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4379:Nordic diaspora
4371:
4350:
4299:
4290:
4240:
4230:
4228:
4181:
4176:
4166:
4164:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4127:
4125:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4101:
4099:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4068:
4066:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4032:
4030:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4002:
4000:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3970:
3968:
3958:
3947:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3920:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3886:
3884:
3868:
3867:
3860:
3850:
3848:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3800:"IFISK â IFISK"
3797:
3796:
3792:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3700:
3698:
3697:on 21 July 2012
3685:
3684:
3680:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3656:
3654:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3630:
3628:
3627:on 18 July 2011
3619:
3618:
3614:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3586:
3584:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3558:
3554:
3544:
3542:
3541:on 18 July 2011
3533:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3409:
3407:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3371:
3367:
3359:
3348:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3262:Jungner, Anna.
3261:
3260:
3256:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3206:Finsk Tidskrift
3202:
3201:
3197:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3099:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3074:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3046:, case Finland.
3041:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3018:
3016:
3008:
3003:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2971:
2970:
2963:
2953:
2951:
2944:thisisFINLAND (
2938:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2913:
2912:
2891:
2884:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2851:
2847:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2786:
2784:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2697:
2695:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2673:
2664:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2512:
2505:
2503:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2477:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2451:
2450:. 31 March 2022
2442:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2129:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2022:Finland Swedish
2007:
2002:
1997:Alexander Stubb
1982:Martin Wegelius
1934:Eric Tigerstedt
1928:Edith Södergran
1773:Magnus Lindberg
1748:Linda Lampenius
1720:Fredrik Idestam
1714:Bengt Holmström
1708:Marcus Grönholm
1653:Albert Edelfelt
1597:
1591:
1585:
1565:
1563:
1551:
1549:
1537:
1535:
1523:
1521:
1509:
1507:
1495:
1493:
1481:
1479:
1467:
1465:
1453:
1451:
1402:
1349:
1335:
1329:
1303:
1177:
1147:language strife
1096:Lutheran Church
1060:for 550 years,
1016:
940:
923:
915:flag flying day
909:On 6 November,
892:Elmer Diktonius
888:Gunnar Björling
884:Edith Södergran
876:
845:
794:
768:
559:
553:
509:
490:
475:
465:
433:
427:
422:
326:
259:Finland Swedish
220:
219:
211:
209:
205:
203:
199:
197:
193:
191:
187:
143:Finland Swedish
121:
119:
103:
101:
81:
67:
66:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4420:
4418:
4410:
4409:
4407:Finnish people
4404:
4394:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4300:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4286:United Kingdom
4283:
4282:
4281:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4259:
4254:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4241:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4180:
4179:External links
4177:
4175:
4174:
4144:
4135:
4109:
4094:(in Swedish).
4076:
4061:(in Swedish).
4043:
4010:
3995:(in Swedish).
3977:
3956:
3933:
3918:
3894:
3879:(in Swedish).
3858:
3843:(in Swedish).
3827:
3809:
3790:
3758:
3753:svenska.yle.fi
3740:
3708:
3678:
3664:
3638:
3612:
3607:svenska.yle.fi
3594:
3564:
3552:
3526:
3517:
3504:
3495:
3459:
3447:
3435:
3426:
3417:
3406:on 3 July 2005
3387:
3378:
3365:
3346:
3323:
3312:
3285:
3254:
3237:
3230:
3212:
3195:
3168:
3161:(in Swedish).
3147:
3141:Muinaistutkija
3130:
3087:
3072:
3048:
3035:
3026:
2993:
2986:
2980:. p. 68.
2961:
2931:
2924:
2889:
2882:
2862:
2845:
2827:
2818:
2794:
2761:
2725:
2705:
2680:
2662:
2635:(4): 384â388.
2619:
2610:
2601:
2588:
2579:
2557:
2542:
2527:
2487:
2461:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2417:
2408:
2399:
2390:
2381:
2372:
2363:
2354:
2345:
2335:
2326:
2317:
2308:
2299:
2290:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2245:
2236:
2227:
2218:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2173:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2137:
2127:
2115:finlandssvensk
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2034:Swedish people
2031:
2028:Finnish people
2025:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1979:
1973:
1956:
1950:Linus Torvalds
1947:
1941:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1903:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1874:, pop musician
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1826:Paradise Oskar
1823:
1817:
1804:
1791:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1754:Kevin Lankinen
1751:
1745:
1739:
1736:Eero JĂ€rnefelt
1733:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:Minnesota Wild
1625:
1619:
1612:Antti Ahlström
1609:
1598:
1587:Main article:
1584:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1561:
1547:
1533:
1519:
1505:
1502:United Kingdom
1491:
1477:
1463:
1462:32,867 (65.7%)
1364:and along the
1348:
1345:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1313:
1310:
1302:
1299:
1176:
1173:
1015:
1012:
939:
936:
922:
919:
875:
872:
844:
841:
793:
790:
767:
764:
756:Helsinki slang
716:
715:
712:
708:
707:
704:
700:
699:
696:
692:
691:
688:
684:
683:
680:
676:
675:
672:
668:
667:
664:
660:
659:
656:
652:
651:
648:
644:
643:
640:
636:
635:
632:
628:
627:
624:
620:
619:
616:
612:
611:
608:
604:
603:
600:
567:Kexholm County
555:Main article:
552:
549:
520:in the 1920s.
507:Heikki Ojansuu
464:
461:
429:Main article:
426:
423:
421:
418:
410:Finnish Swedes
406:Finland Swedes
375:Finland-Swedes
371:Finland-Swedes
352:Finland-Swedes
331:finlandssvensk
325:
322:
210:
204:
198:
192:
186:
178:
177:
167:
166:
162:
161:
155:
154:
150:
149:
139:
138:
134:
133:
132:60,000â107,000
130:
116:
115:
114:287,933 (2021)
112:
98:
97:
93:
92:
88:
87:
83:
82:
77:
69:
68:
65:
64:
57:
49:
48:
38:
26:
24:
18:Finnish Swedes
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4419:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4341:United States
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4297:
4287:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4234:
4225:
4220:
4218:
4213:
4211:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4148:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4110:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4080:
4077:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4014:
4011:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3981:
3978:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3953:
3946:
3945:
3937:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3919:9780873518604
3915:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3898:
3895:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3831:
3828:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3810:
3805:
3804:www.ifisk.net
3801:
3794:
3791:
3775:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3755:. 9 May 2012.
3754:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3725:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3639:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3556:
3553:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3480:
3476:
3475:folktinget.fi
3469:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3430:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3405:
3401:
3400:folktinget.fi
3397:
3391:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3316:
3313:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3255:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3233:
3231:9789524953634
3227:
3223:
3216:
3213:
3209:(in Swedish).
3208:
3207:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3151:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3134:
3131:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3098:
3091:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3073:9789515830715
3069:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:McRae, 1993,
3039:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2949:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2927:
2925:9789515831552
2921:
2917:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2858:91-506-1788-5
2855:
2849:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2765:
2762:
2746:
2742:
2741:folktinget.fi
2735:
2729:
2726:
2722:(in Swedish).
2721:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:Tore Modeen,
2671:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2620:
2617:Bhopal, 1997.
2614:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2553:
2546:
2543:
2538:
2531:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2430:
2421:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2339:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2081:Fennicization
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2017:Svenskfinland
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1993:, philosopher
1992:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1976:Rudolf Walden
1974:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1938:Thomas Edison
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1866:Jean Sibelius
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1830:Axel Ehnström
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1702:Ragnar Granit
1700:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1582:
1580:
1573:
1562:
1559:
1548:
1545:
1534:
1531:
1520:
1517:
1516:United States
1506:
1503:
1492:
1489:
1478:
1475:
1464:
1461:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1370:Lake Superior
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1334:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1235:mother tongue
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1195:Finland is a
1189:
1181:
1174:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1140:fennicization
1135:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1058:Sweden proper
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:Swedish realm
1036:
1031:
1025:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1001:
995:
989:
984:
979:
972:
969:
964:
954:
948:
944:
937:
935:
933:
929:
920:
918:
916:
912:
907:
905:
904:
899:
895:
893:
889:
885:
880:
873:
871:
869:
865:
860:
858:
854:
849:
842:
840:
836:
834:
828:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
791:
789:
787:
781:
778:
773:
765:
763:
761:
757:
751:
749:
744:
743:philosophical
740:
731:
722:
713:
710:
709:
705:
702:
701:
697:
694:
693:
689:
686:
685:
681:
678:
677:
673:
670:
669:
665:
662:
661:
657:
654:
653:
649:
646:
645:
641:
638:
637:
633:
630:
629:
625:
622:
621:
617:
614:
613:
609:
606:
605:
601:
598:
597:
591:
589:
584:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
558:
550:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
528:
524:
521:
517:
513:
508:
504:
498:
494:
489:
483:
479:
474:
470:
462:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
432:
424:
419:
417:
415:
414:Swedish Finns
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
394:Finland-Swede
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:Swedish Finns
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
332:
323:
321:
318:
314:
313:Fjalar FinnÀs
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:mother tongue
283:
280:According to
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
257:. They speak
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
217:
184:
176:
172:
168:
163:
160:
156:
151:
148:
144:
140:
135:
131:
129:
117:
113:
111:
99:
94:
89:
84:
80:
75:
70:
62:
58:
55:
51:
50:
46:
37:
33:
19:
4256:
4165:. Retrieved
4161:the original
4156:
4147:
4138:
4126:. Retrieved
4122:the original
4112:
4100:. Retrieved
4089:
4079:
4067:. Retrieved
4056:
4046:
4038:
4031:. Retrieved
4023:
4013:
4001:. Retrieved
3990:
3980:
3969:, retrieved
3943:
3936:
3904:
3897:
3885:. Retrieved
3874:
3849:. Retrieved
3841:Politiikasta
3840:
3830:
3821:
3812:
3803:
3793:
3781:. Retrieved
3774:the original
3761:
3752:
3743:
3731:. Retrieved
3724:the original
3711:
3699:. Retrieved
3695:the original
3690:
3681:
3667:
3655:. Retrieved
3651:the original
3641:
3629:. Retrieved
3625:the original
3615:
3606:
3597:
3585:. Retrieved
3581:the original
3576:
3567:
3555:
3543:. Retrieved
3539:the original
3529:
3520:
3507:
3498:
3488:22 September
3486:. Retrieved
3479:the original
3474:
3462:
3450:
3438:
3429:
3420:
3408:. Retrieved
3404:the original
3399:
3396:"Folktinget"
3390:
3381:
3373:
3368:
3332:
3326:
3315:
3303:. Retrieved
3297:
3288:
3276:. Retrieved
3272:the original
3267:
3257:
3240:
3221:
3215:
3204:
3198:
3177:
3171:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3139:
3133:
3121:. Retrieved
3109:
3103:
3090:
3058:
3051:
3043:
3038:
3033:McRae, 1993.
3029:
3017:. Retrieved
3015:(in Finnish)
3012:
2973:
2952:. Retrieved
2943:
2934:
2915:
2872:
2865:
2848:
2839:
2830:
2821:
2813:the original
2806:
2797:
2785:. Retrieved
2781:the original
2774:
2764:
2754:22 September
2752:. Retrieved
2745:the original
2740:
2728:
2717:
2708:
2696:. Retrieved
2692:
2683:
2675:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2613:
2604:
2596:
2595:Folktinget:
2591:
2582:
2560:
2551:
2545:
2536:
2530:
2504:. Retrieved
2499:
2490:
2478:. Retrieved
2474:the original
2464:
2452:. Retrieved
2438:
2420:
2411:
2402:
2393:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2357:
2348:
2338:
2329:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2221:
2212:
2203:
2194:
2185:
2176:
2167:
2158:
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2140:
2130:
2105:
2040:Sweden Finns
1954:Linux kernel
1899:
1880:, translator
1878:Janina Orlov
1860:André Linman
1726:Tove Jansson
1606:Fields Medal
1602:Lars Ahlfors
1577:
1532:1,352 (2.7%)
1518:1,446 (2.9%)
1504:1,720 (3.4%)
1490:1,872 (3.7%)
1476:3,437 (6.9%)
1446:
1439:
1431:Tornedalians
1427:Sweden Finns
1382:
1350:
1339:
1336:
1304:
1301:Demographics
1287:
1283:universities
1279:polytechnics
1266:
1265:in Finnish,
1258:
1254:
1246:
1245:in Finnish,
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1209:
1205:
1201:constitution
1194:
1175:Bilingualism
1152:
1144:
1136:
1125:
1093:
1086:
1039:
1008:
1005:
982:
973:
959:
924:
913:, a general
908:
901:
898:Tove Jansson
896:
881:
877:
864:early modern
861:
857:Ostrobothnia
850:
846:
837:
829:
825:
795:
782:
772:E. N. SetÀlÀ
769:
752:
748:World War II
736:
579:
573:). When the
560:
545:Ostrobothnia
537:Scandinavian
530:
526:
522:
466:
443:against the
434:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
383:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
356:
351:
343:
327:
310:
279:
226:
224:
39:Ethnic group
36:
32:Sweden Finns
4367:New Zealand
4128:9 September
4028:Ă
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4024:Meddelanden
3822:delaktig.fi
3631:2 September
3545:2 September
2480:16 February
1967:open source
1940:of Finland"
1892:, architect
1822:, physicist
1647:Jörn Donner
1618:Corporation
1558:Netherlands
1403: [
1366:North Shore
1315:9% live in
1216:North Italy
1128:Finnish war
1109:Middle Ages
1100:High Church
1024:Gustaf Horn
968:östsvenskar
805:HĂ€lsingland
800:Helsingfors
739:ideological
510: [
503:Tor Karsten
491: [
476: [
324:Terminology
298:archipelago
255:nationality
159:Lutheranism
4396:Categories
4377:See also:
4331:Costa Rica
4267:Varangians
3657:6 December
3268:finland.fi
2506:31 October
2431:References
1890:Lars Sonck
1862:, musician
1789:Winter War
1775:, composer
1732:characters
1686:Kaj Franck
1593:See also:
1574:115 (0.2%)
1560:495 (1.0%)
1546:932 (1.9%)
1354:Iron Range
1331:See also:
1241:Ă€idinkieli
1126:After the
1119:(Ă
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994:finlÀndare
983:Finlanders
978:finlÀndare
868:endogamous
777:Axel Lille
583:fennicized
473:Ralf Saxén
445:Tavastians
390:Swede-Finn
4362:Australia
4346:Venezuela
4311:Argentina
3966:2342-7884
3928:918316682
3341:185183111
3190:470054426
2787:6 October
2657:144493718
2343:ancestry.
1908:, former
1906:Tim Sparv
1856:, painter
1800:; son of
1655:, painter
1249:modersmÄl
1197:bilingual
1156:old money
1113:merchants
588:Fennomans
388:the term
361:proposes
317:bilingual
269:with the
265:that are
137:Languages
4304:Americas
4096:Archived
4063:Archived
3997:Archived
3881:Archived
3845:Archived
3114:Archived
3082:48690289
2516:cite web
2454:5 August
2005:See also
1744:, singer
1696:Kalevala
1616:Ahlstrom
1374:Larsmont
1347:Diaspora
1340:Delaktig
1291:Helsinki
1098:(in its
1082:peasants
1078:burghers
938:Identity
921:Genetics
602:Percent
571:Norrland
533:Germanic
453:Norrland
263:dialects
153:Religion
4355:Oceania
4279:dialect
4274:Ukraine
4257:Finland
4252:Estonia
4167:1 March
4102:17 June
4069:17 June
4033:17 June
4003:17 June
3971:17 June
3887:18 June
3851:17 June
3783:24 July
3733:24 July
3691:Stat.fi
3587:17 June
3410:17 June
3305:17 June
3278:17 June
3123:16 June
3019:16 June
2954:16 June
2698:16 June
2637:Bibcode
2119:Finnish
2111:Swedish
2091:Yle FSR
1912:captain
1898:, the "
1760:of the
1634:of the
1572:Iceland
1530:Germany
1488:Denmark
1435:Riksdag
1231:Swedish
1227:Finnish
1074:priests
1068:, i.e.
1062:Swedish
813:Tampere
786:diocese
725:Sweden.
563:Karelia
420:History
251:Finland
243:Finnish
235:Swedish
147:Finnish
110:Finland
91:380,000
4383:Swedes
4336:Mexico
4321:Canada
4316:Brazil
4262:Russia
4245:Europe
3964:
3954:
3926:
3916:
3701:11 May
3339:
3228:
3188:
3080:
3070:
2984:
2922:
2880:
2856:
2655:
1730:Moomin
1608:winner
1569:
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1541:
1527:
1513:
1499:
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1474:Norway
1471:
1460:Sweden
1457:
1429:, and
1423:Romani
1385:Sweden
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1362:Duluth
1121:Vyborg
1089:German
1070:nobles
1000:finnar
988:finnar
932:Larsmo
928:Swedes
903:Moomin
853:Nyland
809:Nyland
650:11.0%
642:12.9%
634:14.3%
626:14.6%
618:16.3%
610:17.5%
541:Nyland
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3948:(PDF)
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3100:(PDF)
3009:(PDF)
2748:(PDF)
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2653:S2CID
2098:Notes
1970:MySQL
1544:Spain
1407:]
1356:, in
1317:Ă
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1295:Turku
1117:Turku
1054:Latin
821:Kotka
714:5.2%
711:2020
706:5.4%
703:2010
698:5.6%
695:2000
690:5.9%
687:1990
682:6.3%
679:1980
674:7.4%
671:1960
666:8.6%
663:1950
658:9.5%
655:1940
647:1920
639:1900
631:1880
623:1815
615:1749
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369:, or
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4005:2022
3973:2022
3962:ISSN
3952:ISBN
3924:OCLC
3914:ISBN
3889:2022
3853:2022
3785:2012
3735:2012
3703:2013
3659:2012
3633:2009
3589:2022
3547:2009
3511:See
3490:2007
3412:2022
3337:OCLC
3307:2022
3280:2022
3226:ISBN
3186:OCLC
3125:2022
3078:OCLC
3068:ISBN
3021:2022
2982:ISBN
2956:2022
2920:ISBN
2878:ISBN
2854:ISBN
2789:2012
2756:2007
2700:2022
2522:link
2508:2014
2482:2010
2456:2022
1836:Kebu
1440:The
1419:Jews
1415:SĂĄmi
1293:and
1281:and
1214:and
1080:and
1072:and
997:and
890:and
855:and
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817:Oulu
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565:and
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455:and
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