53:
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for rapid innovation and market entry, as fintechs leveraged the regulatory compliance and infrastructure of established banks while bringing their own technological expertise and customer-centric approaches. This further accelerated the growth of the fintech sector, enabling the proliferation of digital-first financial services. The maturation of this model paved the way for the rise of
913:
3315:
1433:
Mobile-first fintech applications saw unprecedented growth during this period. Many trading platforms reported significant increases in new user accounts, with some seeing millions of new funded accounts added in the early months of the pandemic. Similarly, payment and money transfer apps experienced
1383:
The partner banking model, which emerged in the early 2000s, gained significant traction in the post-crisis era. This model expanded beyond its initial "rent-a-charter" concept, evolving into more comprehensive partnerships between traditional banks and fintech companies. These collaborations allowed
1604:
Interest-based revenue is crucial for many fintech companies, particularly in the banking and lending sectors. Digital banks and investment platforms typically earn interest on customer deposits and cash balances. Lending platforms often combine interest revenue with loan sales, selling portions of
1413:
This period also saw the rise of peer-to-peer (P2P) payment applications. These platforms revolutionized how individuals transfer money, enabling quick and easy transactions between users. By allowing fast, direct transfers through mobile devices, P2P payment apps significantly reduced the friction
1584:
Transaction fees form a primary source of income for many fintech businesses, particularly payment processors and cryptocurrency exchanges. These companies typically charge a percentage of each processed transaction. Some companies have expanded this model to include premium fees for services like
1009:
The evolution of fintech spans over a century, marked by significant technological innovations that have revolutionized the financial industry. While the application of technology to finance has deep historical roots, the term "fintech" emerged in the late 20th century and gained prominence in the
1612:
Some revenue models, such as payment for order flow (PFOF) used by certain brokerage firms, occupy a regulatory gray area. While PFOF allows for commission-free trades, potentially benefiting retail investors, it has faced scrutiny due to concerns about conflicts of interest and best execution
1600:
Subscription and freemium models allow companies to offer basic services at no cost while charging for advanced features or premium tiers. This approach is common among digital banks and financial management platforms. In the business-to-business (B2B) sector, usage-based pricing is prevalent,
1437:
The events of 2020 also exposed the limitations of traditional financial institutions in meeting the needs of consumers and businesses in times of crisis. fintech companies, with their agile and technology-driven business models, were better positioned to respond to the challenges posed by the
1328:
The early 2000s also saw the emergence of innovative business models in the financial services industry. WebBank, established in 1997, began offering a "rent-a-charter" model in 2005, providing the necessary banking infrastructure and regulatory compliance for fintech startups to offer banking
1608:
Data-driven revenue models, while potentially lucrative, have faced increasing scrutiny and regulation. Some firms engage in data monetization, selling aggregated or anonymized user data to third parties. However, this practice has raised privacy concerns and regulatory challenges. A less
1109:
and transatlantic cable systems. These innovations transformed the transmission of financial information across borders, enabling faster and more efficient communication between financial institutions. A significant milestone in electronic money movement came with the establishment of the
1341:
served as a catalyst for the rapid growth of the fintech industry, as declining trust in traditional financial institutions created opportunities for innovative, technology-driven solutions. The early days of the post-crisis era saw the emergence of digital currencies, with
1031:
The fintech ecosystem includes various types of companies. While startups developing new financial technologies or services are often associated with fintech, the sector also encompasses established technology companies expanding into financial services and traditional
1426:, which began in early 2020, had a profound impact on the fintech industry, accelerating the adoption of digital financial services and highlighting the importance of technology in ensuring the resilience and accessibility of financial systems. As lockdowns and
1205:(Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication) standardized and secured communication between financial institutions globally. SWIFT's messaging system became the global standard for international money and security transfers.
1601:
especially for API services. Fintech infrastructure providers often charge based on the volume of API calls or transactions processed, enabling other businesses to access specialized financial services without developing them internally.
1484:
The fintech industry includes a diverse range of financial services and technologies, categorized into several key areas. Many companies operate across multiple areas or create new niches that blur these distinctions.
1350:. While e-Gold, which allowed users to create accounts denominated in grams of gold and enable instant transfers, ultimately faced legal challenges and closure, it laid the foundation for future digital currencies.
981:", refers to the application of innovative technologies to products and services in the financial industry. This broad term encompasses a wide array of technological advancements in financial services, including
2623:
1609:
controversial approach involves leveraging user data for targeted advertising and lead generation, earning revenue through product recommendations and referral fees while providing free services to users.
1324:
in 1998. PayPal's success in creating a secure and user-friendly online payment system demonstrated the viability of digital payment solutions and paved the way for numerous subsequent fintech startups.
1313:, founded in 1982, leading the charge. In 1992, E-Trade became one of the first financial services companies to offer online trading to consumers, revolutionizing the way individuals interacted with the
1256:. This innovation revolutionized how financial professionals accessed and analyzed market data, providing real-time financial market data, analytics, and news to financial institutions worldwide.
1570:
Core banking systems, financial data aggregation services, open banking APIs, Banking-as-a-Service (BaaS) platforms, and advanced data analytics tools supporting the entire fintech ecosystem.
1202:
1024:
However, the term didn't gain popularity until the early 1990s when
Citicorp Chairman John Reed used it to describe the Financial Services Technology Consortium. This project, initiated by
1293:
website. This service initially allowed members to check account balances online, with bill pay functionality added in 1997. However, it was not until 1999 that the first state-chartered,
3160:
1434:
substantial user growth, with some platforms more than doubling their monthly active users over a three-year period, indicating a massive shift towards digital financial services.
3024:
1399:
payments using smartphones, democratizing access to payment processing and highlighting the transformative potential of mobile technology in the financial services industry.
2968:
1145:
The 1960s and 1970s marked the beginning of the shift from analog to digital finance, with several groundbreaking developments shaping the future of financial technology.
2383:
2750:
Jagtiani, Julapa; Lemieux, Catharine (2019). "The roles of alternative data and machine learning in fintech lending: Evidence from the
LendingClub consumer platform".
843:
2256:
1546:
Technology applications in insurance and real estate, offering personalized policies, streamlined claims processes, and innovative property management solutions.
1502:
Digital banking platforms and neobanks offering user-friendly interfaces, expense tracking, financial planning, and integrated personal finance management tools.
872:
3108:
2160:
1028:, was designed to promote technological cooperation in the financial sector, marking a pivotal moment in the industry's collaborative approach to innovation.
1554:
Blockchain-based technologies enabling cryptocurrencies and decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms for more transparent and decentralized financial systems.
1410:
in 2014, which further popularized mobile payments and demonstrated the growing consumer demand for convenient, secure, and user-friendly payment solutions.
1263:
offering the first UK online banking service called
Homelink. This service allowed customers to view statements, transfer money, and pay bills using their
833:
798:
1380:
and online financial services, these companies played a crucial role in enabling the growth of new fintech startups and driving innovation in the sector.
1297:-insured institution operating primarily online was established. First Internet Bank, founded by David Becker, marked a new era in online-only banking.
3080:
1641:
collapsed in
November 2022, facing accusations of deceptive practices, improper handling of client assets, and insufficient risk controls. FTX founder
1305:
The late 1990s and early 2000s marked a significant turning point in the evolution of financial technology, as numerous innovations emerged during the
2356:
Drasch, Benedict J.; Schweizer, André; Urbach, Nils (2018). "Integrating the 'Troublemakers': A taxonomy for cooperation between banks and fintechs".
955:
1530:
Robo-advisors, online brokerages, and digital wealth management platforms using algorithms for automated investment advice and portfolio management.
611:
1510:
Digital payment solutions, peer-to-peer transfers, international remittances, payroll services, and corporate card and expense management systems.
1395:
drove the development of mobile-first fintech solutions. Square's introduction of a mobile card reader in 2009 enabled small businesses to accept
3134:
2597:
2723:
Gomber, Peter; Koch, Jascha-Alexander; Siering, Michael (2017). "Digital
Finance and FinTech: Current research and future research directions".
1460:
The shift towards digital financial services during this period also accelerated the adoption of blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies. As
1388:, which challenged traditional banking paradigms by offering fully digital experiences, redefining customer expectations in the banking sector.
3816:
3483:
1900:
1457:. Several prominent fintech companies achieved record-breaking valuations, further underscoring the sector's growth and investor confidence.
1294:
2777:
Jung, Dominik; Dorner, Verena; Weinhardt, Christof; Pusmaz, Hakan (2018). "Designing a robo-advisor for risk-averse, low-budget consumers".
2542:
2329:
Chiu, Iris H-Y (2017). "A new era in fintech payment innovations? A perspective from the institutions and regulation of payment systems".
1329:
services without obtaining their own charters. This model would later prove crucial in enabling the growth of numerous fintech companies.
1454:
624:
2868:
Chen, Yan; Bellavitis, Cristiano (2020). "Blockchain disruption and decentralized finance: The rise of decentralized business models".
1538:
Algorithmic trading platforms, market data analytics, and portfolio optimization tools for institutional trading and asset management.
1449:. The surge in fintech investments was marked by significant capital inflows, leading to higher valuations and more frequent exits via
1240:
The 1980s and 1990s witnessed significant developments in fintech, with the rise of digital financial services and the early stages of
3254:
1666:
783:
1338:
3347:
3214:
2240:
1430:
measures forced businesses and consumers to rely more heavily on digital channels, fintech solutions experienced a surge in demand.
1017:
titled "Fin-Tech New Source of Seed Money." This piece reported on a startup investment company established by former executives of
1562:
Regulatory technology solutions for monitoring, reporting, compliance, fraud detection, and cybersecurity in the financial sector.
1414:
in personal financial transactions, making it simpler for people to split bills, share costs, or send money to friends and family.
2841:
Eling, Martin; Lehmann, Martin (2018). "The impact of digitalization on the insurance value chain and the insurability of risks".
2568:
505:
1522:, online personal loans, and small business financing, often using alternative data and machine learning for credit assessment.
3716:
3189:"SEC Charges Robinhood Financial With Misleading Customers About Revenue Sources and Failing to Satisfy Duty of Best Execution"
1372:
As the fintech landscape continued to evolve, new payment processing companies entered the market, offering developer-friendly
2996:
3857:
3756:
3403:
3319:
1278:(Electronic Data Interchange) standards, allowing businesses to exchange financial documents electronically and streamlining
265:
175:
2110:
1122:
lines to facilitate secure transfers between member banks, marking one of the first instances of electronic money movement.
1438:
rapidly changing environment, offering innovative solutions for remote banking, contactless payments, and digital lending.
1133:
in 1950, a pivotal moment that would reshape consumer spending and credit. This innovation paved the way for the launch of
1001:
and established technology and financial firms that aim to improve, complement, or replace traditional financial services.
3842:
3786:
1465:
1286:
948:
917:
161:
2462:
de Reuver, Mark; Ondrus, Jan; Bouwman, Harry (2015). "Mobile payment systems: adoption patterns in different countries".
2804:
Kirilenko, Andrei A.; Lo, Andrew W. (2013). "Moore's Law versus Murphy's Law: Algorithmic
Trading and Its Discontents".
3228:
3852:
1275:
1036:
adopting new technologies. This diverse landscape has led to innovations across multiple financial sectors, including
2084:
1970:
2408:
Huang, Yufei; Zhu, Huiming; Li, Zhenhua; Jiang, Zhibin (2021). "Mobile
Payment in China: Practice and Its Effects".
3847:
3691:
3468:
1581:
Fintech companies utilize various revenue models, often combining multiple approaches to diversify income streams.
727:
441:
131:
2918:
Omarini, Anna (2018). "Banks and
Fintechs: How to Develop a Digital Open Banking Approach for the Bank's Future".
1833:
3453:
2211:
Tripsas, Mary (2009). "Technology, Identity, and
Inertia Through the Lens of "The Digital Photography Company"".
1126:
788:
673:
451:
225:
1681:
1209:
1172:
1153:
1018:
941:
477:
1021:, aimed at providing venture capital and industry expertise to startups in the financial technology industry.
1805:
Lee, In; Shin, Yong Jae (2018). "Fintech: Ecosystem, business models, investment decisions, and challenges".
1450:
120:
110:
3265:
1167:
Fintech infrastructure continued to evolve with the establishment of the Inter-bank
Computer Bureau in the
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3368:
279:
190:
3661:
3646:
3583:
3543:
3533:
3473:
3433:
3340:
1626:
1469:
1358:
1033:
619:
230:
2059:
2653:
1916:
1137:
cards in 1958 and the BankAmericard (later Visa) in 1959, further expanding the credit card industry.
3726:
3681:
3601:
3595:
3568:
3548:
3493:
3488:
3408:
1671:
1279:
1115:
1065:
815:
732:
436:
361:
295:
247:
90:
2896:
2489:
3791:
3761:
3741:
3651:
3611:
3538:
3528:
3523:
1996:
1862:
1701:
1630:
1194:. NASDAQ's electronic quotation system represented a significant leap forward from the traditional
1073:
892:
882:
602:
559:
511:
456:
270:
3776:
3771:
3656:
3631:
3578:
3503:
3418:
1622:
1519:
1473:
1253:
1183:
905:
887:
737:
692:
641:
482:
371:
105:
3247:
The Rise and Development of FinTech (Open Access): Accounts of Disruption from Sweden and Beyond
2135:
52:
1376:
that dramatically simplified online payment integration. By lowering the barriers to entry for
1179:(Bankers' Automated Clearing Services) to facilitate electronic funds transfers between banks.
3706:
3563:
3508:
3438:
3423:
3383:
3288:
3250:
2946:
2516:
2435:
Dahlberg, Tomi; Guo, Jie; Ondrus, Jan (2015). "A critical review of mobile payment research".
2236:
2034:
2016:
1896:
1787:
1724:
1642:
1427:
1423:
1245:
793:
669:
564:
431:
426:
421:
395:
356:
180:
80:
1589:
represent another significant revenue stream, particularly for firms offering payment cards.
1369:, opening up new possibilities for secure, transparent, and decentralized financial systems.
3701:
3671:
3641:
3636:
3616:
3588:
3553:
3478:
3388:
3333:
3280:
2927:
2877:
2850:
2821:
2813:
2786:
2759:
2732:
2703:
2665:
2524:
2471:
2444:
2417:
2365:
2338:
2220:
2008:
1873:
1814:
1716:
1654:
1354:
1290:
1260:
1134:
1014:
994:
865:
658:
632:
550:
543:
526:
472:
446:
333:
315:
300:
220:
211:
115:
100:
62:
36:
2186:
1592:
1232:
3806:
3801:
3721:
3626:
3606:
3518:
3513:
3443:
3428:
1586:
1442:
1224:
payments, and electronic bill payments, significantly reducing the need for paper checks.
1161:
1053:
998:
848:
773:
764:
722:
687:
679:
487:
376:
290:
71:
1942:
1105:
The late 19th century laid the groundwork for early fintech with the development of the
3796:
3781:
3746:
3731:
3711:
3573:
3558:
3398:
3373:
1676:
1634:
1366:
1306:
1249:
1241:
1217:
1191:
1168:
1085:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1013:
The earliest documented use of the term dates back to 1967, appearing in an article in
982:
755:
593:
285:
255:
170:
137:
3836:
3821:
3463:
3448:
3413:
1403:
1216:, facilitated faster and more efficient money transfers. The ACH network allowed for
1213:
986:
822:
778:
554:
516:
496:
381:
342:
95:
1445:
valuations for fintech companies soared, driven by low interest rates and a booming
17:
3696:
3621:
3052:
2369:
1461:
1446:
1314:
1089:
1069:
929:
747:
717:
577:
275:
152:
125:
3188:
2342:
2257:"The Rise of Rent-a-Charter: Examining New Risks Behind Bank-Fintech Partnerships"
3245:
Teigland, R.; Siri, S.; Larsson, A.; Puertas, A. M.; Bogusz, C. I., eds. (2018).
2448:
2012:
1818:
3811:
3751:
3736:
3686:
3676:
3378:
2690:
Hornuf, Lars; Klus, Milan F.; Lohwasser, Todor S.; Schwienbacher, Armin (2021).
1396:
1195:
1171:
in 1968. This development laid the groundwork for the country's first automated
1130:
974:
337:
202:
147:
142:
85:
3284:
2945:
Zetzsche, Dirk A.; Arner, Douglas W.; Buckley, Ross P.; Weber, Rolf H. (2019).
2881:
2708:
2691:
3458:
2854:
2790:
2736:
2669:
1745:
1650:
1646:
1585:
instant payouts, catering to merchants who require immediate access to funds.
1392:
1377:
1362:
1264:
1081:
1052:. Fintech applications span a wide range of financial services. These include
1045:
990:
572:
411:
347:
3292:
2475:
2020:
1791:
1728:
1353:
The invention of Bitcoin in 2008 by an anonymous creator using the pseudonym
2947:"The Future of Data-Driven Finance and RegTech: Lessons from EU Big Bang II"
2421:
1407:
1268:
1119:
1106:
1077:
1041:
1025:
877:
838:
521:
310:
305:
3325:
3135:"Lawmakers Call for Investigation of Fintech Company Yodlee's Data Selling"
2224:
1775:
1720:
3314:
912:
3393:
2931:
2528:
1309:. One notable development was the rise of online trading platforms, with
1160:, revolutionizing access to cash and basic banking services. Inspired by
1149:
325:
185:
2826:
2817:
2282:
1893:
Electronic Value Exchange: Origins of the VISA Electronic Payment System
1877:
3498:
3357:
3229:"Sam Bankman-Fried Is Found Guilty of 7 Counts of Fraud and Conspiracy"
2897:"FinTech, RegTech, and the reconceptualization of financial regulation"
2763:
1385:
1347:
1310:
1221:
1111:
1037:
44:
1285:
A significant milestone in consumer digital banking came in 1994 when
1863:"The Economics of Interchange Fees and Their Regulation: An Overview"
1402:
The evolution of mobile payment systems continued with the launch of
1343:
1321:
1187:
1157:
197:
2969:"2024 Notice of Annual Meeting of Stockholders and Proxy Statement"
2543:"Robinhood Raises $ 280 Million in Series F Funding Led by Sequoia"
1476:
grew, opening up new avenues for innovation in the fintech sector.
3766:
2308:
2161:"First Internet Bank Launches Real-Time Internet Banking Services"
2136:"Stanford Federal Credit Union Pioneers Online Financial Services"
1357:
marked a turning point in the evolution of digital currencies and
1208:
The introduction of electronic fund transfer systems, such as the
1164:, the ATM marked a significant step towards self-service banking.
416:
366:
1834:"Creating an Integrated Payment System: The Evolution of Fedwire"
2598:"How COVID-19 has sped up digitalization for the banking sector"
1176:
742:
709:
320:
260:
3329:
3109:"LendingClub Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2022 Results"
1125:
The 1950s ushered in a new era of consumer financial services.
2231:
Vartanian, Thomas P.; Ledig, Robert H.; Bruneau, Lynn (1998).
1638:
1373:
653:
2895:
Arner, Douglas W.; Barberis, Jànos; Buckley, Ross P. (2016).
2283:"Bullion and Bandits: The Improbable Rise and Fall of E-Gold"
1774:
Arner, Douglas W.; Barberis, Jànos; Buckley, Ross P. (2016).
2843:
The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance-Issues and Practice
3215:"How Sam Bankman-Fried's crypto empire vanished overnight"
1605:
their loan portfolios to other institutions or investors.
1118:
in 1918. This early electronic funds transfer system used
1625:, some have been criticized for prioritizing growth over
1365:
technology sparked a wave of development in the field of
2901:
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
1832:
Gilbert, Adam M.; Hunt, Dara; Winch, Kenneth C. (1997).
1995:
Scott, Susan V.; Zachariadis, Markos (August 1, 2012).
1776:"The Evolution of Fintech: A New Post-Crisis Paradigm?"
1418:
Accelerated Growth of Digital Finance (2020 - Present)
1228:
The Rise of Digital Financial Services (1980s - 1990s)
1702:"FinTech and Financial Innovation: Drivers and Depth"
1464:
around the world explored the possibility of issuing
985:, online lending platforms, digital payment systems,
2235:. Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson LLP.
1259:
Online banking emerged in the early 1980s, with the
2517:"The Global Impact of COVID-19 on Fintech Adoption"
1769:
1767:
1740:
1738:
1186:was transformed in 1971 with the establishment of
2410:Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development
2263:. Duke University School of Law. January 23, 2020
1621:As fintech companies seek to disrupt traditional
3273:Journal of International Business and Management
2997:"Coinbase Shareholder Letter First Quarter 2024"
2521:Swiss Finance Institute Research Paper No. 20-38
2309:"Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System"
2951:Stanford Journal of Law, Business & Finance
2692:"How do banks interact with fintech startups?"
1861:Evans, David S.; Schmalensee, Richard (2005).
1333:Post-Financial Crisis Innovation (2008 - 2019)
3341:
2437:Electronic Commerce Research and Applications
1997:"Origins and development of SWIFT, 1973–2009"
1596:GAO report image explaining interchange fees.
1346:serving as a precursor to the development of
1141:The Digital Revolution Begins (1960s - 1970s)
1101:Early Foundations (Late 19th Century - 1950s)
949:
8:
3081:"Revenue Opportunities Created By Open APIs"
2464:International Journal of Electronic Business
2111:"What is EDI (Electronic Data Interchange)?"
3266:"The Fintech Sensation – What is it about?"
1320:Another pivotal moment was the founding of
834:International Financial Reporting Standards
799:Separation of investment and retail banking
3348:
3334:
3326:
2233:21st Century Money, Banking & Commerce
956:
942:
827:
760:
598:
400:
67:
31:
2825:
2707:
1248:founded Innovative Market Systems (later
3231:. The New York Times. December 13, 2022.
3025:"Merchant Indifference Test Application"
1591:
1507:Payments, Remittances, and Transactions
1487:
1231:
2187:"E*TRADE Financial Corporation History"
1971:"Nasdaq: 50 Years of Market Innovation"
1943:"Payment systems in the United Kingdom"
1780:Georgetown Journal of International Law
1709:Finance and Economics Discussion Series
1692:
1551:Blockchain, Cryptocurrencies, and DeFi
763:
640:
601:
495:
464:
403:
210:
160:
70:
43:
2870:Journal of Business Venturing Insights
2307:Nakamoto, Satoshi (October 31, 2008).
1274:The late 1980s saw the development of
27:Subset of technologies used in finance
3817:Valuation using discounted cash flows
2515:Fu, Jonathan; Mishra, Mrinal (2020).
1535:Capital Markets and Asset Management
1282:(business-to-business) transactions.
1201:Two years later, the founding of the
7:
2624:"Fintechs: A New Paradigm of Growth"
2085:"British Move Fast In Home Banking"
1870:MIT Sloan Working Paper No. 4548-05
1746:"Fin-Tech New Source of Seed Money"
1301:The Dot-com Era (Late 1990s - 2007)
2569:"Block Q4 2022 Shareholder Letter"
2384:"The Rise of Banking as a Service"
1917:"From the archives: the ATM is 50"
1667:Artificial intelligence in finance
1559:Regtech, Compliance, and Security
1212:(Automated Clearing House) in the
873:Private equity and venture capital
784:Bank for International Settlements
25:
2358:Journal of Economics and Business
1527:Investment and Wealth Management
1244:. A major breakthrough came when
1175:system, eventually evolving into
997:. Fintech companies include both
918:Business and Economics portal
3313:
2806:Journal of Economic Perspectives
1518:Peer-to-peer lending platforms,
1198:system used in stock exchanges.
923:
911:
506:Base erosion and profit shifting
51:
3717:Quantitative behavioral finance
2920:International Business Research
2652:Schar, Fabian (April 1, 2023).
1129:introduced the first universal
3757:Strategic financial management
3404:Bull (stock market speculator)
3113:LendingClub Investor Relations
2370:10.1016/j.jeconbus.2018.04.002
2331:Law, Innovation and Technology
1752:. August 27, 1967. p. 116
1361:. Bitcoin's innovative use of
266:Collateralised debt obligation
176:Bull (stock market speculator)
1:
3787:Sustainable Development Goals
2725:Journal of Business Economics
2654:"DeFi's Promise and Pitfalls"
2343:10.1080/17579961.2017.1377912
1499:Banking and Personal Finance
1287:Stanford Federal Credit Union
1152:introduced the world's first
1088:, regulatory technology, and
612:Final consumption expenditure
3053:"Revolut 2023 Annual Report"
2449:10.1016/j.elerap.2015.07.006
2060:"Bloomberg: The Early Years"
2035:"History of the ACH Network"
2013:10.1080/00076791.2011.638502
1819:10.1016/j.bushor.2017.09.003
1633:. In a notable controversy,
1339:2008 global financial crisis
1190:, the world's first digital
993:-based applications such as
1700:Schindler, John W. (2017).
1391:The increasing adoption of
3874:
3469:Enterprise risk management
3285:10.37227/JIBM-2021-11-2094
3217:. CNBC. November 11, 2022.
3161:"Intuit Investor Dat 2023"
2882:10.1016/j.jbvi.2019.e00151
2709:10.1007/s11187-020-00359-3
1891:Stearns, David L. (2011).
844:Professional certification
442:Enterprise risk management
226:Offshore financial centres
3454:Diversification (finance)
3364:
2855:10.1057/s41288-017-0073-0
2791:10.1007/s12525-017-0279-9
2737:10.1007/s11573-017-0852-x
2670:10.1016/j.fin.2023.100028
1236:Bloomberg Terminal Museum
1127:Diners Club International
789:Financial Stability Board
3004:Coinbase Investor Report
2696:Small Business Economics
2576:Block Investor Relations
2476:10.1504/IJEB.2015.071386
1682:Trade finance technology
1019:Computer Control Company
478:Mergers and acquisitions
3264:Treu, Johannes (2022).
2422:10.24294/jipd.v5i1.1237
2001:Business History Review
1645:was later convicted of
1543:Insurtech and Proptech
3667:Investment performance
3369:Alternative investment
2976:Paypal Investor Report
2631:McKinsey & Company
2388:McKinsey & Company
2225:10.1287/orsc.1080.0419
1721:10.17016/FEDS.2017.081
1597:
1237:
1034:financial institutions
280:certificate of deposit
3858:Technology in society
3662:Investment management
3647:International finance
3474:Environmental finance
3434:Computational finance
1595:
1470:decentralized finance
1359:decentralized finance
1252:) and introduced the
1235:
1116:Federal Reserve Banks
1114:Funds Service by the
231:Conduit and sink OFCs
3843:Financial technology
3727:Risk-return spectrum
3682:Mathematical finance
3602:Fundamental analysis
3596:Financial technology
3494:Experimental finance
3489:Exchange traded fund
3322:at Wikimedia Commons
3320:Financial technology
2932:10.5539/ibr.v11n9p23
2752:Financial Management
2529:10.2139/ssrn.3588453
2490:"The Story of Venmo"
2213:Organization Science
1688:References and notes
1672:Fintech in Australia
1441:During this period,
1066:peer-to-peer lending
979:financial technology
457:Financial statements
437:Credit rating agency
362:Repurchase agreement
18:Financial Technology
3792:Sustainable finance
3762:Statistical finance
3742:Statistical finance
3652:Investment advisory
3612:Greater fool theory
3195:. December 17, 2020
2818:10.1257/jep.27.2.51
2604:. November 17, 2020
2578:. February 23, 2023
2167:. February 22, 1999
2165:First Internet Bank
1878:10.2139/ssrn.744705
1631:consumer protection
1515:Lending and Credit
1474:non-fungible tokens
1289:launched the first
1074:algorithmic trading
893:Accounting scandals
883:Stock market bubble
603:Government spending
560:Employment contract
512:Corporate tax haven
271:Credit default swap
3853:Financial services
3777:Structured product
3772:Structured finance
3657:Investment banking
3632:History of banking
3419:Capital management
3141:. January 17, 2020
3115:. January 25, 2023
2779:Electronic Markets
2764:10.1111/fima.12295
2089:The New York Times
1623:financial services
1598:
1480:Industry landscape
1468:, the interest in
1466:digital currencies
1254:Bloomberg Terminal
1238:
1184:securities trading
888:Stock market crash
738:Investment banking
728:Fractional-reserve
693:Warrant of payment
642:Government revenue
565:Financial planning
483:Structured finance
3848:Financial markets
3830:
3829:
3707:Position of trust
3439:Corporate finance
3424:Capital structure
3384:Asset (economics)
3356:General areas of
3318:Media related to
2091:. January 2, 1984
1902:978-1-84996-138-7
1807:Business Horizons
1643:Sam Bankman-Fried
1574:
1573:
1428:social distancing
1424:COVID-19 pandemic
1246:Michael Bloomberg
966:
965:
856:
855:
806:
805:
794:Deposit insurance
700:
699:
534:
533:
432:Corporate finance
427:Capital structure
422:Capital budgeting
357:Performance bonds
238:
237:
221:Financial centres
181:Financial planner
81:Asset (economics)
16:(Redirected from
3865:
3702:Personal finance
3692:Over-the-counter
3672:Investor profile
3642:Impact investing
3637:History of money
3617:Growth investing
3479:Equity (finance)
3389:Asset allocation
3350:
3343:
3336:
3327:
3317:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3270:
3260:
3233:
3232:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3165:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3085:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3057:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3029:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3001:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2973:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2758:(4): 1009–1029.
2747:
2741:
2740:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2702:(3): 1505–1526.
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2633:. April 14, 2021
2628:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2573:
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2558:
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2554:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2496:. March 12, 2018
2486:
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2459:
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2452:
2432:
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2100:
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2075:
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2056:
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2031:
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1992:
1986:
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1983:
1981:
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1956:
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1838:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1750:The Boston Globe
1742:
1733:
1732:
1706:
1697:
1655:money laundering
1629:, security, and
1587:Interchange fees
1488:
1367:cryptocurrencies
1355:Satoshi Nakamoto
1291:Internet banking
1261:Bank of Scotland
1162:vending machines
1135:American Express
1015:The Boston Globe
1005:Defining fintech
995:cryptocurrencies
958:
951:
944:
930:Money portal
928:
927:
926:
916:
915:
866:Economic history
828:
761:
659:Deficit spending
633:Transfer payment
599:
527:Transfer pricing
473:Leveraged buyout
447:Enterprise value
401:
316:Letter of credit
301:Futures contract
134:
132:Over-the-counter
121:Foreign exchange
68:
55:
32:
21:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3807:Too big to fail
3802:Systematic risk
3722:Quantum finance
3627:Hedge (finance)
3607:Government bond
3444:Cost of capital
3429:Climate finance
3360:
3354:
3310:
3297:
3295:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3244:
3241:
3239:Further reading
3236:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3198:
3196:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3172:
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3159:
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3128:
3118:
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3107:
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3092:
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3008:
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2803:
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2798:
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2722:
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2717:
2689:
2688:
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2674:
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2636:
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2626:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2605:
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2571:
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2562:
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2497:
2488:
2487:
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2461:
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2402:
2392:
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2323:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2289:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2261:The FinReg Blog
2255:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2230:
2210:
2209:
2205:
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2193:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2033:
2032:
2028:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1923:. June 27, 2017
1915:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1755:
1753:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1663:
1619:
1579:
1567:Infrastructure
1482:
1443:venture capital
1420:
1335:
1303:
1230:
1218:direct deposits
1143:
1103:
1098:
1062:digital wallets
1058:mobile payments
1054:digital banking
1050:payment systems
1007:
962:
924:
922:
910:
898:
897:
868:
858:
857:
849:Fund governance
825:
808:
807:
774:Banking license
765:Bank regulation
752:
723:Deposit account
712:
702:
701:
688:Non-tax revenue
684:
663:
629:
596:
586:
585:
582:
546:
536:
535:
488:Venture capital
452:Risk management
398:
388:
387:
386:
377:Syndicated loan
353:
250:
240:
239:
130:
65:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3871:
3869:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3835:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3797:Swap (finance)
3794:
3789:
3784:
3782:Sustainability
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3747:Stock exchange
3744:
3739:
3734:
3732:Social finance
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3712:Public finance
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3399:Bond (finance)
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3374:Angel investor
3371:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3309:
3308:External links
3306:
3305:
3304:
3261:
3256:978-0815378501
3255:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3220:
3206:
3180:
3152:
3126:
3100:
3072:
3044:
3016:
2988:
2960:
2937:
2910:
2887:
2860:
2849:(3): 359–396.
2833:
2796:
2785:(3): 367–380.
2769:
2742:
2731:(5): 537–580.
2715:
2682:
2644:
2615:
2589:
2560:
2547:Robinhood Blog
2534:
2507:
2481:
2470:(4): 328–348.
2454:
2443:(5): 265–284.
2427:
2400:
2375:
2348:
2337:(2): 190–234.
2321:
2299:
2287:Wired Magazine
2274:
2248:
2241:
2219:(2): 441–460.
2203:
2178:
2152:
2127:
2102:
2076:
2051:
2026:
2007:(3): 461–502.
1987:
1962:
1934:
1908:
1901:
1883:
1853:
1841:newyorkfed.org
1824:
1797:
1763:
1734:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1677:Smart contract
1674:
1669:
1662:
1659:
1635:cryptocurrency
1618:
1615:
1578:
1577:Revenue models
1575:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1556:
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1523:
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1500:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1481:
1478:
1419:
1416:
1334:
1331:
1302:
1299:
1250:Bloomberg L.P.
1242:online banking
1229:
1226:
1192:stock exchange
1173:clearing house
1142:
1139:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1086:cryptocurrency
1006:
1003:
983:mobile banking
964:
963:
961:
960:
953:
946:
938:
935:
934:
933:
932:
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826:
814:
813:
810:
809:
804:
803:
802:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
768:
767:
759:
758:
756:Lists of banks
751:
750:
745:
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735:
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713:
708:
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664:
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630:
628:
627:
625:Redistribution
622:
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606:
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364:
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308:
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283:
273:
268:
263:
258:
252:
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228:
223:
215:
214:
208:
207:
206:
205:
200:
195:
194:
193:
183:
178:
173:
171:Angel investor
165:
164:
158:
157:
156:
155:
150:
145:
140:
138:Private equity
135:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
75:
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66:
61:
60:
57:
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48:
47:
41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3870:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3823:
3822:Watered stock
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
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3780:
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3733:
3730:
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3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
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3648:
3645:
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3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
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3600:
3597:
3594:
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3577:
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3572:
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3560:
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3547:
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3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
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3510:
3507:
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3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3464:Eco-investing
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3449:Disinvestment
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3414:Capital asset
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3351:
3346:
3344:
3339:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3249:. Routledge.
3248:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3194:
3190:
3184:
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3140:
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3110:
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3089:
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3076:
3073:
3061:
3054:
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3033:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3005:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2977:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2957:(2): 245–288.
2956:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2911:
2907:(3): 371–413.
2906:
2902:
2898:
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2875:
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2864:
2861:
2856:
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2719:
2716:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2671:
2667:
2664:(2): 100028.
2663:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2645:
2632:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2577:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2549:. May 4, 2020
2548:
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2018:
2014:
2010:
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1991:
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1786:: 1271–1319.
1785:
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1617:Controversies
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1462:central banks
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1404:Google Wallet
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1182:The world of
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1070:robo-advisors
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987:robo-advisors
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823:Financial law
821:
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812:
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800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
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782:
780:
779:Basel Accords
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769:
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517:Tax inversion
515:
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383:
382:Synthetic CDO
380:
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34:
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30:
19:
3697:Pension fund
3622:Growth stock
3544:institutions
3409:Asset growth
3298:February 23,
3296:. Retrieved
3276:
3272:
3246:
3223:
3209:
3197:. Retrieved
3192:
3183:
3171:. Retrieved
3167:
3155:
3143:. Retrieved
3138:
3129:
3117:. Retrieved
3112:
3103:
3091:. Retrieved
3087:
3075:
3063:. Retrieved
3059:
3047:
3035:. Retrieved
3031:
3019:
3007:. Retrieved
3003:
2991:
2979:. Retrieved
2975:
2963:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2926:(9): 23–36.
2923:
2919:
2913:
2904:
2900:
2890:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2827:1721.1/87768
2812:(2): 51–72.
2809:
2805:
2799:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2673:. Retrieved
2661:
2657:
2647:
2635:. Retrieved
2630:
2618:
2606:. Retrieved
2601:
2592:
2580:. Retrieved
2575:
2563:
2551:. Retrieved
2546:
2537:
2520:
2510:
2498:. Retrieved
2493:
2484:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2416:(1): 56–69.
2413:
2409:
2403:
2391:. Retrieved
2387:
2378:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2315:
2302:
2290:. Retrieved
2286:
2277:
2265:. Retrieved
2260:
2251:
2232:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2194:. Retrieved
2190:
2181:
2169:. Retrieved
2164:
2155:
2143:. Retrieved
2139:
2130:
2118:. Retrieved
2114:
2105:
2093:. Retrieved
2088:
2079:
2067:. Retrieved
2063:
2054:
2042:. Retrieved
2038:
2029:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1978:. Retrieved
1974:
1965:
1953:. Retrieved
1949:
1937:
1925:. Retrieved
1920:
1911:
1895:. Springer.
1892:
1886:
1869:
1856:
1844:. Retrieved
1840:
1827:
1813:(1): 35–46.
1810:
1806:
1800:
1783:
1779:
1754:. Retrieved
1749:
1712:
1708:
1695:
1620:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1583:
1580:
1483:
1459:
1447:stock market
1440:
1436:
1432:
1421:
1412:
1406:in 2011 and
1401:
1390:
1382:
1371:
1352:
1336:
1327:
1319:
1315:stock market
1307:dot-com boom
1304:
1284:
1273:
1258:
1239:
1207:
1200:
1181:
1166:
1147:
1144:
1124:
1104:
1090:crowdfunding
1030:
1023:
1012:
1008:
978:
969:
968:
967:
819:
748:Money supply
733:Full-reserve
718:Central bank
578:Student loan
553: /
465:Transactions
276:Time deposit
162:Participants
91:Asset growth
29:
3812:Toxic asset
3752:Stockbroker
3737:Speculation
3687:Mutual fund
3677:Market risk
3584:social work
3534:engineering
3379:Super angel
3279:(1): 1–19.
2316:Bitcoin.org
2140:AOP Connect
1613:practices.
1422:The global
1397:credit card
1393:smartphones
1265:televisions
1196:open outcry
1131:credit card
1092:platforms.
1068:platforms,
975:portmanteau
286:Credit line
248:Instruments
143:Real estate
106:Derivatives
3837:Categories
3569:regulation
3549:management
3459:Divestment
3032:bundesbank
2876:: e00151.
1651:conspiracy
1647:wire fraud
1627:compliance
1378:e-commerce
1363:blockchain
1269:telephones
1082:blockchain
1046:investment
991:blockchain
816:Regulation
620:Operations
573:Retirement
412:Accounting
296:Derivative
203:Speculator
35:Part of a
3598:(Fintech)
3539:inclusion
3529:economics
3524:deepening
3499:Financial
3293:2616-5163
3088:fisglobal
2364:: 26–42.
2064:Bloomberg
2021:0007-6791
1792:1550-5200
1729:1936-2854
1637:exchange
1491:Category
1408:Apple Pay
1148:In 1967,
1120:telegraph
1107:telegraph
1078:insurtech
1042:insurance
1026:Citigroup
878:Recession
839:ISO 31000
522:Tax haven
396:Corporate
311:Insurance
306:Indemnity
212:Locations
101:Commodity
3579:services
3504:analysis
3394:Bad debt
3199:July 20,
3173:July 20,
3145:July 22,
3119:July 20,
3093:July 20,
3065:July 20,
3037:July 20,
3009:July 20,
2981:July 20,
2675:July 20,
2637:July 20,
2608:July 20,
2582:July 20,
2553:July 20,
2500:July 20,
2393:July 21,
2292:July 20,
2267:July 20,
2196:July 20,
2171:July 20,
2145:July 20,
2120:July 20,
2095:July 20,
2069:July 20,
2044:July 20,
1980:July 20,
1955:July 20,
1927:July 20,
1921:Barclays
1846:July 20,
1756:July 20,
1661:See also
1494:Details
1386:neobanks
1150:Barclays
999:startups
654:Taxation
544:Personal
497:Taxation
372:Security
326:Mortgage
186:Investor
3564:planner
3509:analyst
3358:finance
3193:SEC.gov
3060:Revolut
2658:FinTech
1715:(081).
1348:Bitcoin
1311:E-Trade
1222:payroll
1112:Fedwire
1096:History
1038:banking
1010:1990s.
970:Fintech
906:Outline
710:Banking
674:balance
672: (
404:General
336: (
291:Deposit
111:Domains
63:Markets
45:Finance
3589:system
3554:market
3291:
3253:
3168:Intuit
2494:Forbes
2239:
2191:Forbes
2019:
1975:Nasdaq
1899:
1790:
1727:
1653:, and
1344:e-Gold
1322:PayPal
1188:NASDAQ
1158:London
1048:, and
989:, and
818:
670:Budget
594:Public
551:Credit
508:(BEPS)
343:exotic
334:Option
198:Retail
116:Equity
72:Assets
37:series
3767:Stock
3519:crime
3514:asset
3269:(PDF)
3164:(PDF)
3084:(PDF)
3056:(PDF)
3028:(PDF)
3000:(PDF)
2972:(PDF)
2627:(PDF)
2572:(PDF)
2312:(PDF)
2039:Nacha
1946:(PDF)
1866:(PDF)
1837:(PDF)
1705:(PDF)
1455:SPACs
1203:SWIFT
417:Audit
367:Stock
153:Stock
126:Money
3574:risk
3559:plan
3300:2023
3289:ISSN
3251:ISBN
3201:2024
3175:2024
3147:2024
3121:2024
3095:2024
3067:2024
3039:2024
3011:2024
2983:2024
2677:2024
2639:2024
2610:2024
2584:2024
2555:2024
2502:2024
2395:2024
2294:2024
2269:2024
2237:ISBN
2198:2024
2173:2024
2147:2024
2122:2024
2097:2024
2071:2024
2046:2024
2017:ISSN
1982:2024
1957:2024
1929:2024
1897:ISBN
1848:2024
1788:ISSN
1758:2024
1725:ISSN
1713:2017
1520:BNPL
1472:and
1453:and
1451:IPOs
1374:APIs
1337:The
1295:FDIC
1267:and
1177:BACS
1084:and
1072:and
1060:and
977:of "
973:, a
743:Loan
680:Debt
555:Debt
338:call
321:Loan
261:Cash
256:Bond
148:Spot
86:Bond
3484:ESG
3281:doi
3139:WSJ
2928:doi
2878:doi
2851:doi
2822:hdl
2814:doi
2787:doi
2760:doi
2733:doi
2704:doi
2666:doi
2525:doi
2472:doi
2445:doi
2418:doi
2366:doi
2362:100
2339:doi
2221:doi
2115:SAP
2009:doi
1950:BIS
1874:doi
1815:doi
1717:doi
1639:FTX
1280:B2B
1276:EDI
1210:ACH
1156:in
1154:ATM
348:put
3839::
3287:.
3275:.
3271:.
3191:.
3166:.
3137:.
3111:.
3086:.
3058:.
3030:.
3002:.
2974:.
2955:25
2953:.
2949:.
2924:11
2922:.
2905:37
2903:.
2899:.
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2820:.
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2781:.
2756:48
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2729:87
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2602:EY
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2412:.
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2285:.
2259:.
2229:;
2217:20
2215:.
2189:.
2163:.
2138:.
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2087:.
2062:.
2037:.
2015:.
2005:86
2003:.
1999:.
1973:.
1948:.
1919:.
1872:.
1868:.
1839:.
1811:61
1809:.
1784:47
1782:.
1778:.
1766:^
1748:.
1737:^
1723:.
1711:.
1707:.
1657:.
1649:,
1317:.
1271:.
1220:,
1169:UK
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1076:,
1064:,
1056:,
1044:,
1040:,
39:on
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