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the opposite side. This rigid structure affords intrinsically less dynamic and intonational flexibility than does, for example, a transverse flute embouchure. This can be offset by other structural details. In the case of the recorder, their presence or absence often differentiates between mass-produced and artisan-built instruments. In a broader context, the difference between one type of duct flute and another is determined both by gross and finer structural detail.
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217:). Subsequent authors have used the term in that sense but differ in the element of the mechanical aggregate illustrated above that they regard specifically as the fipple. That word is used variously to designate the block, the edge, the full block-duct-edge structure, and the entire instrument. This ambiguity is detailed in the article headed
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The recorder can be used to illustrate further nuance in the design of duct flutes. By definition, the duct is formed by a channel carved into the body of the instrument, and the block. This passage is alternately termed a windway and ends at an opening referred to as a window, bounded by the edge on
169:
system for classifying musical instruments places this group under the heading "Flutes with duct or duct flutes." The label "fipple flute" is frequently applied to members of the subgroup but there is no general agreement about the structural detail of the sound-producing mechanism that constitutes
203:
Recorders…were it not for the fipple, that straitneth the air…would yeeld no sound. … Some kinds of winde-instruments, are blowne at a small hole in the side, which straitneth the breath at the first entrance, the rather in respect of their traverse, and stop above the hole, which performeth the
307:
in 1940, and has been dated to the 14th century. It is largely intact, though not playable. A second more or less intact 14th century recorder was found in a latrine in northern
Germany (in Göttingen): other 14th-century examples survive from Esslingen (Germany) and Tartu (Estonia). There is a
186:
The accompanying illustration of the mouthpiece of a recorder shows a wooden block (A) with a channel carved into the body of the instrument (B), together forming a duct that directs a ribbon of air across an opening toward a sharp edge (C). The edge splits the air in a manner that alternately
377:, the latter usually have an edge slanted toward the inside of the instrument, and a primary air chamber before the constricted air canal or windway, created with a separate mobile piece tied to the instrument's body, an external block, making a roof instead of a floor for the windway.
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As is clear from the
Hornbostel-Sachs heading, there are several ways in which a duct can be formed. These include the player's lips controlling the stream of air as it is directed to the edge, without mechanical assistance. Common examples of this are the end-blown
242:. Various additional structural details permit the player to alter both these factors. One example of this is the set of finger holes that laterally pierce the body of a recorder and are opened or closed to change the length of the vibrating air column.
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directs it into and outside of the tube, setting the contained column of air into periodic vibration. This flow-controlled "air reed" is a definitive characteristic of all flutes, which therefore all have an edge or equivalent air-splitting device.
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A whistle sound is produced by the interaction between the air reed and the air column in the segment of the instrument that projects just beyond the edge. The dimensions of the entire body of the instrument determine its
225:, which concludes, "Since nobody can agree what the term means, to avoid further confusion its use should be abandoned." In the text below, what might otherwise be termed a fipple flute is referred to as a duct flute.
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By this description, the fipple is a plug that nearly closes one end of the pipe, open only for the duct that "straightens” the channel of air blown axially into the instrument. The solid "stop” near the mouth hole or
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The
Tusculum whistle is a 14-cm whistle with six finger holes, made of brass or bronze, found with pottery dating to the 14th and 15th centuries; it is currently in the collections of the
213:
on a pipe that is blown transversely is analogous to it. This provides historical justification for using the term "fipple flute" to designate a recorder (cf. the German term
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199:. The first attested use of the term fipple is in a comparison between the recorder and the transverse flute by Francis Bacon, published in 1626.
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fragment of a possible 14th-15th-century bone recorder in Rhodes (Greece); and there is an intact 15th-century example from Elblag (Poland).
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fipples part, as is seene in flutes and fifes, which will not give a sound by a blast at the end, as recorders &c., doe.
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L.E. McCullough notes that the oldest surviving whistles date from the 12th century, but that, "Players of the
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Several
Indigenous American flutes, including the double chamber instrument commonly known as the
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Cross-section of the mouthpiece of a recorder, indicating a block (A), duct (B), and edge (C)
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are also mentioned in the description of the King of
Ireland's court found in
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One of the earliest surviving recorders was discovered in a castle moat in
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714:. John Gardner Printers, Ltd Hawthorne Rd, Liverpool, England. 1982:
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Reconstructed bone flutes, sound sample and playing instructions.
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McCullough, L.E. (1976). "Historical Notes on the
Tinwhistle",
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Raistrick, A.; Spaul, Professor; Todd, Eric (22 January 2024).
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631:
L.E. McCullough (1976). "Historical Notes on the
Tinwhistle".
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player and a double pipe player accompany a gymnast in this
421:(aka swanee or swannee whistle, piston flute, jazz flute)
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
431:) and modern "chromatic" instruments with 10 holes
270:Duct flutes have a long history: an example of an
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481:for additional information on sound production
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322:The following flutes have a duct structure:
289:dating from the 7th and 8th centuries A.D."
274:specimen, made from a sheep bone, exists in
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120:Learn how and when to remove this message
572:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.42042
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7:
727:The Complete Irish Tin Whistle Tutor
634:The Complete Irish Tin Whistle Tutor
58:adding citations to reliable sources
502:. Musical Instrument Museums Online
25:
526:Fundamentals of Musical Acoustics
500:"Flutes with duct or duct flutes"
149:specifies a variety of end-blown
34:
528:. New York: Dover. p. 491.
345:(forerunner of the tin whistle)
45:needs additional citations for
1:
670:National Museums Scotland.
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712:The Recorder and Its Music
697:The Modern Recorder Player
695:Hauwe, Walter van (1984).
598:The Galpin Society Journal
594:"The Malham Iron-Age Pipe"
452:, Ukrainian overtone flute
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294:National Museums Scotland
1519:Chinese folk flute music
562:Montagu, Jeremy (2001).
138:Mouthpiece of a Catalan
566:. Oxford Music Online.
539:Francis Bacon (1626).
318:Category:Fipple flutes
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1565:Pipe organ components
1264:Native American flute
383:, and among them the
375:Native American Flute
257:
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137:
1524:List of compositions
729:, Oak Publications.
710:Hunt, Edgar (1962).
637:. Oak Publications.
399:Pipe (as with tabor)
170:the fipple, itself.
54:improve this article
893:Simple system flute
195:and the side-blown
1503:Shepherd's whistle
458:(or penny whistle)
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223:Grove Music Online
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153:that includes the
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27:Musical instrument
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672:"Whistle H.LT 40"
522:Benade, Arthur H.
276:Leeds City Museum
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16:(Redirected from
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826:Five-key flute
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742:External links
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651:on 7 June 2007
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1289:Slide whistle
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1239:Hydraulophone
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1005:Anasazi flute
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354:Hydraulophone
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334:(or dvojnice)
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110:February 2011
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71: –
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65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1444:Willow flute
1185:
1072:Nose whistle
726:
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675:. Retrieved
665:
653:. Retrieved
649:the original
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575:. Retrieved
557:
545:. Retrieved
543:. p. 40
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504:. Retrieved
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174:Nomenclature
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90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
18:Fipple flute
1377:Voice flute
1319:Tin whistle
1259:Low whistle
1194:Almpfeiferl
961:Contra-alto
878:Irish flute
873:Glass flute
677:22 December
456:Tin whistle
327:Bangsi Alas
316:Main page:
312:Duct flutes
305:Netherlands
163:tin whistle
1554:Categories
1397:Contrabass
1392:Great bass
1314:Tabor pipe
1269:Organ pipe
1062:Nose flute
1035:Shakuhachi
966:Contrabass
699:. Schott,
655:1 February
486:References
394:pipe organ
390:Flue pipes
215:Blockflöte
211:embouchure
80:newspapers
1529:Tone hole
1483:Molinukai
1362:Sopranino
1349:Recorders
1299:SpilĂĄpipa
1284:Sjøfløyte
1224:Flageolet
1204:Dentsivka
1199:Atenteben
981:Hyperbass
836:Kagurabue
604:: 28–38.
506:9 October
440:SpilĂĄpipa
343:Flageolet
301:Dordrecht
155:flageolet
145:The term
1466:Gemshorn
1439:Koncovka
1421:Overtone
1357:Garklein
1294:Souravli
1274:Salamuri
1214:Dvoyanka
1142:Larchemi
1079:Pinkillu
1067:Kalaleng
1030:Hotchiku
1015:Floghera
861:Shinobue
788:whistles
564:"Fipple"
524:(1990).
473:See also
435:Souravli
409:Salamuri
404:Recorder
385:Gemshorn
381:Ocarinas
272:Iron Age
264:Medieval
159:recorder
140:recorder
69:"Fipple"
1493:Tonette
1488:Ocarina
1434:Kalyuka
1339:Zuffolo
1329:Whistle
1304:Stabule
1219:Flabiol
1167:Soinari
1157:Paixiao
1137:Kuvytsi
1114:Washint
1104:Ĺ upelka
1099:Sopilka
941:Concert
936:Soprano
926:Piccolo
918:Concert
866:Yokobue
856:Ryūteki
846:Minteki
841:Komabue
811:Daegeum
806:Bansuri
577:11 July
547:11 July
450:Telenka
445:Stabule
425:Sopilka
392:of the
338:Flabiol
250:History
94:scholar
1471:Pifana
1458:Vessel
1429:Fujara
1334:Xirula
1324:Txistu
1234:Fujara
1186:Fipple
1152:Miskal
1109:Svirel
1094:Sodina
1052:KĹŤauau
1020:Frilka
931:Treble
898:Tambin
851:Nohkan
784:Flutes
733:
718:
703:
641:
618:841408
616:
462:Txistu
349:Fujara
303:, the
283:feadan
236:timbre
219:Fipple
165:. The
161:, and
147:fipple
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1534:Uakti
1512:Other
1382:Tenor
1309:Tarka
1254:Kuisi
1249:Khlui
1244:Khloy
1229:Frula
1209:Diple
1089:Quray
1047:Kaval
1010:Danso
997:blown
908:Xindi
883:Koudi
798:blown
796:Side-
614:JSTOR
467:Frula
429:aulos
369:Kuisi
364:Khlui
359:Khloy
332:Diple
240:pitch
151:flute
101:JSTOR
87:books
1387:Bass
1279:Shvi
1162:Siku
1119:Xiao
1084:Qina
1042:Gudi
995:End-
956:Bass
951:Alto
903:Venu
821:Fife
816:Dizi
786:and
731:ISBN
716:ISBN
701:ISBN
679:2022
657:2006
639:ISBN
579:2021
549:2021
508:2019
414:Shvi
238:and
73:news
1498:Xun
1478:Hun
1172:Wot
1147:Nai
1129:Pan
1057:Ney
1025:Fue
888:Sáo
831:Fue
606:doi
568:doi
221:in
193:ney
56:by
1556::
612:.
600:.
596:.
296:.
278:.
258:A
157:,
776:e
769:t
762:v
737:.
722:.
707:.
681:.
659:.
620:.
608::
602:5
581:.
570::
551:.
510:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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