960:
large central T with the installation identification on top of it – an "H" or older "UH" is located in the ground, a "OH" is above ground, followed by the pipe inner diameter in millimeters (with a small 80 mm in residential areas). The numbers around the T allow to locate the installation in reference to the plate's location – the number left of the T is in meter left of the sign, the number right of the T is in meter right of the sign, and number below the T tells the distance in meter in front of the sign, where a negative number would point to a place behind the sign. The distance numbers are always given with a comma decimeter precision. If it is not a common fire hydrant type then another identification may be used, for example "300 mÂł" would point to a cistern usable to pump water from.
412:
1028:
721:
1064:
1225:
1241:
1330:
1016:
1198:
495:
706:
736:
1213:
3000:
578:
1186:
1080:
1170:
33:
612:
1048:
751:
994:
558:
631:
661:
235:
691:
802:
593:
216:, the distances are commonly 3 to 5 metres (10 to 16 ft), often indicated by yellow or red paint on the curb. The rationale behind these laws is that hydrants need to be visible and accessible in an emergency. In the event that a car is illegally parked next to a fire hydrant when firefighters need access to it, firefighters are legally allowed to break the car's windows to run the hose through it, while the car owner receives a parking citation.
271:
814:
790:
646:
3669:
2723:
853:. Mounted on a small post or nearby wall etc., the two numbers indicate the diameter of the water main (top number) and the distance from the sign (lower number). Modern signs show these measurements in millimetres and metres, whereas older signs use inches and feet. Because the orders of magnitude are so different (6 inches versus 150 mm) there is no ambiguity whichever measuring system is used.
778:
826:
517:) should have their nozzle caps and bonnet colored light blue, Class A hydrants (1000–1499 gpm) green, Class B hydrants (500–999 gpm) orange, Class C hydrants (0–499 gpm) red, and inoperable or end-of-system (risking water hammer) black. These aids arriving firefighters in determining how much water is available and whether to call for additional resources or find another hydrant.
2771:
766:
1266:. This is done by vacuuming the air out of the dry hydrant, hard sleeve, and the fire engine pump with a primer. Because lower pressure now exists at the pump intake, atmospheric pressure on the water and the weight of the water forces water into the above-water portion of the dry hydrant, into the hard sleeve, and finally into the pump. This water can then be pumped by the engine's
2759:
2747:
1348:
223:
676:
400:
3681:
2735:
528:, hydrant colors communicate different messages to firefighters; for example, if the inside of the hydrant is corroded so much that the interior diameter is too narrow for good pressure, it will be painted in a specific scheme to indicate to firefighters to move on to the next one. In many localities, a white or purple top indicates that the hydrant provides
391:, they are often used for attaching pressure gauges or loggers or monitor system water pressure. Automatic flushing devices are often attached to hydrants to maintain chlorination levels in areas of low usage. Hydrants are also used as an easy above-ground access point by leak detection devices to locate leaks from the sound they make.
1063:
1124:
if the grade around the hydrant changes. Without extending the height, the wrenches to remove caps would not clear and the break flanges for traffic models would not be located correctly in case they were hit. Hydrant repair kits are also available to repair sacrificial parts designed to break when hit by a vehicle.
1123:
Occasionally a stone or foreign object will mar the seat gasket. In this case, most hydrants have a special seat wrench that allows removal of the seat to replace the gasket or other broken parts without removing the hydrant from the ground. Hydrant extensions are also available for raising a hydrant
1310:
would dig down to the pipes and drill a hole for water to fill a “wet well” for the buckets or pumps. This had to be filled and plugged afterwards, hence the common US term for a hydrant, 'fireplug'. A marker would be left to indicate where a 'plug' had already been drilled to enable firefighters to
188:
are often trained extensively on fire hydrants in the fire academy to be quick and safe while connecting the fire engine to the fire hydrant (usually within 1 minute). Time is often critical as other firefighters will be waiting for the water supply. When operating a hydrant, a firefighter typically
1095:
In most areas, fire hydrants require annual inspections and maintenance; they normally only have a one-year warranty, but some have 5- or even 10-year warranties, although the longer warranty does not remove the need for periodic inspections or maintenance. These inspections are generally performed
959:
the hydrant marker plates follow the style of other marker plates pointing to underground installations. Fire hydrant marker plates have a red border. Other water hydrants may have a blue border. A gas hydrant would have a yellow background instead of a white one for fire hydrants. All of them have
163:
the water flow; they are designed to be operated full-on or full-off. The valving arrangement of most dry-barrel hydrants is for the drain valve to be open at anything other than full operation. Usage at partial opening can consequently result in considerable flow directly into the soil surrounding
922:
Painted markers – Usually a white or yellow (sometimes reflective paint) triangle or arrow painted on the road, pointing towards the side of the road the hydrant will be found on. These are most common in old areas, or on new roads where more advanced signs have not been installed.
473:
Both wet- and dry-barrel hydrants typically have multiple outlets. Wet barrel hydrant outlets are typically individually controlled, while a single stem operates all the outlets of a dry barrel hydrant simultaneously. Thus, wet barrel hydrants allow single outlets to be opened, requiring somewhat
868:
areas tall narrow posts painted with visible colours such as red are attached to the hydrants to allow them to be found during heavy snowfall periods. The tops of the fire hydrants indicate available flow in gallons per minute; the color helps make a more accurate choice of what hydrants will be
485:
fittings for large diameter supply line. The larger outlet is known as a "steamer" connection, because they were once used to supply steam powered water pumps, and a hydrant with such an outlet may be called a "steamer hydrant", although this usage is becoming archaic. Likewise, an older hydrant
926:
Hydrant Marker Plates – Found on power poles, fences, or street-signs, these are a comprehensive and effective system of identification. The plate consists of several codes; H (Potable water
Hydrant), RH (Recycled/Non-Potable), P (Pathway, where the hydrant cover can be found), R
1259:. A dry hydrant is usually an unpressurized, permanently installed pipe that has one end below the water level of a lake or pond. This end usually has a strainer to prevent debris or wildlife, such as fish, from entering the pipe. The other end is above ground and has a hard sleeve connector.
987:, there are two types of fire hydrants, of which one is on the public ground and the other inside a building. The ones inside a building are installed on a wall. They are big, rectangular boxes that also provide alarms (sirens), a fire extinguisher and, at certain times, emergency kits.
466:. This design is known as a "dry barrel" hydrant, in that the barrel, or vertical body of the hydrant, is normally dry. A drain valve underground opens when the water valve is completely closed; this allows all water to drain from the hydrant body to prevent the hydrant from freezing.
176:
can be installed directly onto the hydrant orifices to control individual outputs and allow for changing equipment connections without turning off the flow to other orifices. These valves can be up to 12 inches (30 cm) in diameter to accommodate the large central "steamer"
1288:
are connections for firehoses within a building and serve the same purpose inside larger structures as fire hydrants do outdoors. Standpipes may be "dry" or "wet" (permanently filled with water); a dry standpipe requires an external source of water such as firefighting
951: – Almost exclusively blue, these are placed on one side or the other of the centre line of the road, to indicate on which side of the road the hydrant lies. They are visible for several hundred meters at night in heavy rain, further in clear conditions.
298:
heads to enable residents to use the hydrants to cool off during hot weather, while gaining some control on water usage. Sometimes those simply seeking to play in the water remove the caps and open the valve, providing residents a place to play and cool off in summer.
1318:
pipes replaced the wood, permanent underground access points were included for the fire fighters. Some countries provide access covers to these points, while others attach fixed above-ground hydrants – the first cast iron ones were patented in 1801 by
1096:
by the local municipalities or fire departments, but they often do not inspect hydrants that are identified as private. Private hydrants are usually located on larger properties to adequately protect large buildings in case of a fire and in order to comply with the
1115:
annually in order that the fire hydrant perform the service expected of them, while others have incorporated proprietary features to provide long-term lubrication of the hydrant's operating mechanism. In any case, periodic inspection of lubricants is recommended.
1131:
use the hydrants for flushing out water line sediments. When doing so, they often use a hydrant diffuser, a device that diffuses the water so that it does not damage property and is less dangerous to bystanders than a solid stream. Some diffusers also
469:
In warm areas, above-ground hydrants may be used with one or more valves in the above-ground portion. Unlike with cold-weather hydrants, it is possible to turn the water supply on and off to each port. This style is known as a "wet barrel" hydrant.
155:
causes it to be very heavy, and high-water pressure causes it to be stiff and unable to make a tight turn while pressurized. When a fire hydrant is unobstructed, this is not a problem, as there is enough room to adequately position the hose.
1015:
1027:
927:(Roadway). The plate is vertically oriented, around 8 cm wide, and 15 cm high. It usually faces in the direction of the hydrant. Found on this plate, from top to bottom, are the following features:
315:
sometimes cause monetary loss by wasting water when they open hydrants. Such vandalism can also reduce municipal water pressure and impair firefighters' efforts to extinguish fires. Most fire hydrants in
993:
864:
embedded in the street are used to allow rapid identification of hydrants at night. In areas with snow cover, tall signs or flags are used so that hydrants can be found even if covered with snow. In
1073:, along with another blue special-purpose water hydrant marker plate – The numbers indicate the diameter (80 mm) and the location (2.8 meter in the back, 1.5 meter to the right).
513:
recommend hydrants be colored chrome yellow for rapid identification apart from the bonnet and nozzle caps which should be coded according to their available flow. Class AA hydrants (>1500
1100:. Such hydrants have met the requirements of insurance underwriters and are often referred to as UL/FM hydrants. Usually, companies are contracted out to inspect private fire hydrants, unless the
1750:— Issued to John Jorden on September 8, 1838, for "...a new and useful improvement in Fire-Plugs and Hydrants...". This is an early wooden bodied hydrant, the earliest hydrant patent extant; the
1185:
3516:
1498:
532:
water. Where artistic and/or aesthetic considerations are paramount, hydrants can be extremely varied, or more subdued. In both instances this is usually at the cost of reduced practicality.
735:
320:
are protected by a silver-coloured cover with a red top, secured to the ground with bolts to protect the hydrant from vandalism and unauthorized use. The cover must be removed before use.
1550:
551:, and many other countries, most hydrants are located below ground and are reached by a riser, which provides the connections for the hoses. The covers can also be artistically designed.
1197:
918:
system (spring hydrant type), and a separate standpipe with a central plunger is used to open the valve. Consequently, hydrant signage is essential, because of their concealed nature.
234:
181:
on many US hydrants. It is good practice to install valves on all orifices before using a hydrant as the protective caps are unreliable and can cause major injury if they fail.
2650:
1329:
720:
1212:
750:
3311:
1147:
developed an "Adopt a
Hydrant" website, which enables volunteers to sign up to shovel out fire hydrants after snowstorms. As of 2014, the system has been implemented in
1778:— Issued to Zebulon Erastus Coffin on July 21, 1868. This is a cast iron hydrant very similar to modern fire hydrants, it was produced by Boston Machine Co. See also
1224:
1714:
1047:
557:
1079:
411:
1601:
1625:
3504:
2568:
1323:, then chief-engineer of the Philadelphia Water Works. Invention since then has targeted problems such as tampering, freezing, connection, reliability etc.
592:
1255:
In rural areas where municipal water systems are not available, dry hydrants are used to supply water for fighting fires. A dry hydrant is analogous to a
3119:
2400:
1808:
1798:
705:
933:
Below this, a number giving the distance to the hydrant (in meters), then a second number below that giving the size (in millimeters) of the water main.
611:
2809:
462:
to the above-ground portion. A valve rod extends from the valve up through a seal at the top of the hydrant, where it can be operated with the proper
2837:
3483:
373:
lines and fill their tanks on site from a hydrant. If necessary, the municipal workers will record the amount of water they used or use a meter.
1557:
1931:
1841:
577:
1724:
1169:
3528:
3522:
2558:
1519:
902:
510:
936:
A black line across the center of the plate indicates the hydrant is found on the opposite side of the road to which the plate is affixed.
849:, hydrants are located in the ground. Yellow "H" hydrant signs indicate the location of the hydrants and are similar to the blue signs in
1658:
520:
Other codings can be and frequently are used, some of greater complexity, incorporating pressure information, others more simplistic. In
3024:
2405:
2206:
2052:
1906:
3399:
1762:— Issued to Richard Stileman on January 20, 1863. An early iron hydrant, believed the first patented hydrant with the larger size
1021:
British fire hydrant and sign – the sign indicates the hydrant is 100 mm in diameter and 1 metre from the sign
506:
454:
In areas subject to freezing temperatures, at most only a portion of the hydrant is above ground. The valve is located below the
914:, hydrant signage varies, with several types displayed across the country. Most Australian hydrants are underground, being of a
3712:
3160:
2848:
2365:
939:
Plates for recycled water have a purple background, as well as the RH code, normal potable hydrants are white, with the H code.
690:
2762:
2645:
1916:
801:
1632:
1240:
1426:
660:
3510:
3467:
3139:
2802:
2455:
2022:
190:
294:
ordered the opening of the fire hydrants to provide relief to the population. Today some US communities provide low flow
3707:
3581:
3419:
2660:
2655:
2635:
630:
416:
1499:« Street pooling » : d'où vient cette idée d'ouvrir des bouches à incendie en période de canicule ?
3452:
3384:
3201:
3034:
2430:
2385:
505:
Above ground hydrants are coloured for purely practical criteria or more aesthetic reasons. In the United States, the
494:
245:
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3019:
2959:
2678:
2410:
2349:
1834:
1511:
3722:
3534:
3369:
3029:
2390:
1921:
825:
789:
388:
37:
1803:
307:
To prevent casual use or misuse, the hydrant requires special tools to be opened, usually a large wrench with a
3672:
3478:
3394:
3374:
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3114:
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2795:
2750:
2708:
2425:
2319:
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1957:
1285:
1256:
1152:
1120:
is generally done with a food-grade non-petroleum lubricant to avoid contamination of the distribution system.
813:
451:, an accessible part of the hydrant is above ground. It can also be mounted in an exterior wall of a building.
1298:
Before piped mains supplies, water for firefighting had to be kept in buckets and cauldrons ready for use by '
2738:
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3727:
3717:
3321:
3286:
3134:
3084:
2774:
2395:
2304:
1663:
1034:
477:
A typical US dry-barrel hydrant has two smaller outlets and one larger outlet. The larger outlet is often a
777:
116:
varies according to region and depends on various factors (including the size and location of the attached
32:
3747:
3462:
3341:
3316:
3306:
3014:
2974:
2640:
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2221:
2201:
2032:
2017:
1984:
1365:
1204:
944:
861:
73:
765:
447:
hydrants are accessible under a heavy metal cover. In other countries, such as the US, and many parts of
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3191:
3079:
3059:
2726:
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1926:
1827:
645:
109:
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the water to avoid ground contamination. Hydrants are also sometimes used as entry or exit points for
3346:
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2914:
2619:
2573:
2460:
1997:
1992:
1891:
1478:
948:
295:
427:
Depending on the country or location, hydrants can be above or below ground. In countries including
351:
are commonly permitted to do so, provided they pay for the water and agree to allow firefighters to
3389:
3296:
2478:
2334:
2324:
2191:
2120:
2100:
1456:
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are also sometimes classified as fire hydrants if they can supply enough water volume and pressure.
846:
331:
who need temporary water may purchase permits to use hydrants. The permit will generally require a
212:
In most jurisdictions it is illegal to park a car within a certain distance of a fire hydrant. In
3176:
3104:
3069:
3064:
2919:
2518:
2503:
2176:
2027:
1964:
1871:
514:
358:
328:
84:
since at least the 18th century. Above-ground pillar-type hydrants are a 19th-century invention.
2299:
1527:
All barrels are to be chrome yellow except in cases where another color has already been adopted
930:
The codes listed above, Potable/Non-potable at the top, Path/Roadway on the bottom of the plate.
1540:
BS 750: "Specification for underground fire hydrants and surface box frames and covers" (2012).
1191:
A fire hydrant that was hit by a snowplow and knocked over, damaging only the sacrificial bolts
3602:
3597:
3592:
3488:
3379:
3361:
3251:
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2999:
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2140:
2115:
2085:
1720:
1375:
1156:
675:
347:
into the hydrant. Additionally, residents who wish to use the hydrant to fill their in-ground
209:
hydrant could cause a failure, injuring the firefighter operating the hydrant or bystanders.
147:
A user should take care not to open or close a fire hydrant too quickly, as this can cause a
3586:
2924:
2380:
2075:
1395:
1267:
1245:
1144:
727:
222:
1107:
Some fire hydrant manufacturers recommend lubricating the head mechanism and restoring the
270:
3628:
3281:
3216:
3155:
3124:
3099:
3049:
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2329:
2125:
2007:
1952:
1886:
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to supply steam fire engines. Manufactured and marketed as the
Stileman hydrant. See also
1385:
1320:
1128:
173:
141:
137:
93:
1807:. Winter 2002. Provides a history with dates of fire hydrant development. (Archived from
1684:
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3150:
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2216:
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2105:
2037:
1400:
1390:
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1299:
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842:
756:
741:
636:
548:
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432:
366:
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129:
121:
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and tank trucks, may also be allowed to use hydrants to fill their water tanks. Often
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2909:
2853:
2703:
2553:
2420:
2294:
2269:
2254:
2211:
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1751:
876:
Green: 1,000–1,499 US gallons per minute (63–95 L/s); good for residential areas
857:
564:
352:
348:
324:
287:
241:
213:
133:
105:
1767:
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3145:
3109:
2899:
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2864:
2609:
2594:
2493:
2284:
2249:
2135:
2110:
2070:
2065:
2042:
1969:
1896:
1876:
1850:
1307:
1133:
1101:
381:
377:
291:
275:
148:
69:
1005:
1791:
3291:
3246:
3236:
3129:
3074:
3039:
2934:
2614:
2289:
2274:
2181:
2155:
2145:
2080:
2060:
2002:
1947:
1901:
1858:
1733:
1434:
1311:
find ready-drilled holes. Later wooden systems had pre-drilled holes and plugs.
1303:
1279:
1117:
1108:
1000:
976:
907:. but most municipal water authorities do not actually follow these guidelines.
584:
540:
340:
332:
248:
202:
185:
65:
1602:"The Proper Painting of Fire Hydrants for Maintenance and Color Classification"
1575:
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3404:
2904:
2889:
2869:
2523:
2309:
2279:
2259:
2196:
2166:
2130:
1974:
1881:
1754:
itself burned to the ground in 1836, taking with it all prior hydrant patents.
455:
336:
169:
117:
132:
and possibly split it into multiple streams. One may connect the hose with a
17:
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3301:
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3256:
3241:
3221:
3196:
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1302:' or brought with a horse-drawn fire-pump. From the 16th century, as wooden
1097:
980:
964:
911:
712:
317:
312:
252:
206:
97:
879:
Orange: 500–999 US gallons per minute (32–63 L/s); marginally adequate
1746:
399:
151:, which can damage nearby pipes and equipment. The water inside a charged
3566:
3276:
3231:
2954:
2944:
2843:
2604:
2599:
2440:
2012:
1911:
915:
666:
618:
568:
420:
370:
344:
308:
283:
165:
160:
152:
113:
1716:
The Great
Columbus Experiment of 1908: Waterworks that Changed the World
905:
291: Recommended
Practice for Water Flow Testing and Marking of Hydrants
104:
on the hydrant to provide a powerful flow of water, on the order of 350
1249:
1176:
1160:
1137:
1070:
1038:
956:
873:
Blue: 1,500 US gallons per minute (95 L/s) or more; very good flow
850:
696:
622:
598:
536:
525:
481:
connection if the local fire department has standardized on hose using
436:
404:
178:
1427:"Firecock | Definition of Firecock by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com"
459:
1262:
When needed, a pumper fire engine will pump from the lake or pond by
1148:
1112:
1054:
681:
651:
521:
498:
463:
440:
198:
77:
1003:, dated 1858. The letters "FC" indicate the old name for a hydrant:
1696:
744:
hydrant side view from city water supply pipeline right-of-way land
205:
worn. High-pressure water coursing through a potentially aging and
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398:
269:
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101:
31:
27:
Connection point by which firefighters can tap into a water supply
923:
These are almost always coupled with a secondary form of signage.
3556:
1483:
486:
without a steamer connection may be called a "village hydrant."
125:
81:
2791:
1823:
1819:
882:
Red: below 500 US gallons per minute (32 L/s); inadequate
387:
Since fire hydrants are one of the most accessible parts of a
759:
hydrant top view with description and patent date information
1218:
A fire hydrant without a diffuser, flushing discolored water
3517:
National
Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
1790:— Issued to Birdsill Holly on September 14, 1869. See also
474:
more effort, but simultaneously allowing more flexibility.
1734:(29/5/2024) https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/fire-hydrant
1085:
A blue reflector marks the location of the fire hydrant
343:(if not designed into the hydrant already) to prevent
1556:. Cambridgeshire County Council. 2009. Archived from
1512:"National Fire Protection Association Report (p. 18)"
1203:
A fire hydrant flushing water through a diffuser in
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3169:
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2628:
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2469:
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2439:
2358:
2230:
2051:
1983:
1940:
1857:
1804:
The
American Heritage of Invention & Technology
274:Children playing in the spray of a fire hydrant in
3312:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)
1626:"Hydrant Flushing FAQ, United States of America"
164:the hydrant, which, over time, can cause severe
76:. Underground fire hydrants have been used in
2803:
1835:
1551:"Good Stewardship for Schools Premises p. 18"
900:These markings and colours are prescribed in
380:vehicles. These vehicles use a high-pressure
376:Fire hydrants may be used to supply water to
355:from their pool in the case of an emergency.
159:Most fire hydrant valves are not designed to
8:
2569:Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel
869:utilized to supply water to the fire scene.
423:when supplying water to a construction site
369:maintenance trucks need water to flush out
3120:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention
2810:
2796:
2788:
2445:
2401:International Association of Fire Fighters
1842:
1828:
1820:
1335:Old style wooden "fire plug" still in use
3505:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association
886:The hydrant bodies are also color-coded.
2838:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
3484:Listing and approval use and compliance
1418:
1325:
1165:
989:
553:
218:
120:). This user can attach this hose to a
1780:Boston Machine page at FireHydrant.org
501:fire hydrant cover in Shinbashi, Tokyo
3529:Society of Fire Protection Engineers
7:
3680:
3523:National Fire Protection Association
2734:
2559:Modular Airborne FireFighting System
1713:Hinds, Conrade C. (9 October 2012).
1520:National Fire Protection Association
1057:, marked with a plate and a red cone
3025:Condensed aerosol fire suppression
2207:Self-contained breathing apparatus
1907:Firefighter assist and search team
1576:"Hydrant color codes and markings"
1477:Wesser, James (25 February 2024).
100:to the fire hydrant, then opens a
25:
3400:Fire alarm notification appliance
1069:Red fire hydrant marker plate in
3679:
3668:
3667:
2998:
2769:
2757:
2745:
2733:
2722:
2721:
1932:Fire department ranks by country
1768:Stileman page at FireHydrant.org
1346:
1328:
1223:
1211:
1196:
1184:
1168:
1078:
1062:
1046:
1026:
1014:
992:
860:without winter snow cover, blue
824:
812:
800:
788:
776:
764:
749:
734:
719:
704:
689:
674:
659:
644:
629:
617:Hydrant at Fredantori square in
610:
591:
576:
556:
233:
221:
3161:Vehicle fire suppression system
2849:Combustibility and flammability
2770:
2406:International Firefighters' Day
2366:Candidate Physical Ability Test
1236:Non-pressurized (dry) Hydrants
1230:Hydrant testing by firefighters
890:Chrome Yellow: Municipal System
64:is a connection point by which
1917:Special operations firefighter
1685:The History of Sanitary Sewers
1:
3511:Institution of Fire Engineers
3468:Fire Safety Evaluation System
3140:Personal protective equipment
2456:Wildfire emergency management
2023:Hazardous materials apparatus
1792:Holly page at FireHydrant.org
1659:"Is Coding the New Literacy?"
1431:Lexico Dictionaries | English
1336:
191:personal protective equipment
3582:GHS precautionary statements
3420:Manual fire alarm activation
1479:"How do fire hydrants work?"
807:Fire hydrant 5 sided top nut
417:reduced pressure zone device
3453:Fire protection engineering
3385:Explosive gas leak detector
3202:Electromagnetic door holder
3035:External water spray system
2431:World Police and Fire Games
2386:Fire protection engineering
1104:has undertaken that task.
282:In 1896, during a terrible
136:connection, instantaneous "
124:, which can use a powerful
3764:
3629:Harry C. Bigglestone Award
3020:Automatic fire suppression
2960:K-factor (fire protection)
2679:Glossary of wildfire terms
2411:List of firefighting films
1859:Personnel and organization
1091:Inspection and maintenance
896:Violet: Non-potable supply
3663:
3535:Underwriters Laboratories
3370:Aspirating smoke detector
3030:Detonation flame arrester
2996:
2717:
2391:Geography of firefighting
1922:Volunteer fire department
1035:Corporation of Birmingham
601:underground hydrant with
389:water distribution system
38:Charlottesville, Virginia
3479:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
3395:Fire alarm control panel
3375:Carbon monoxide detector
3352:Standpipe (firefighting)
3115:Gaseous fire suppression
2880:Enthalpy of vaporization
2709:Template:Fire protection
2426:World Firefighters Games
2320:Gaseous fire suppression
1306:systems were installed,
1153:Providence, Rhode Island
795:Hydrant nozzle side view
771:2016 modern fire hydrant
403:Hydrant installation in
92:The user (most likely a
3322:Pressurisation ductwork
3287:Firewall (construction)
3135:Passive fire protection
3085:Fire suppression system
2396:History of firefighting
1457:"Brooklyn Johnny Pumps"
1353:Cast iron hydrant, 1904
1053:Underground hydrant in
384:to discourage rioting.
72:. It is a component of
3713:Firefighting equipment
3498:Industry organizations
3463:Fire-resistance rating
3342:Smoke exhaust ductwork
3317:Penetration (firestop)
3307:Packing (firestopping)
3015:Active fire protection
2975:Spontaneous combustion
2534:Firefighting apparatus
2222:Thermal imaging camera
2202:Secure information box
2018:Firefighting apparatus
1719:. Arcadia Publishing.
1657:Raja, Tasneem (2014).
1501:Le Monde, 26 June 2017
1366:Active fire protection
1252:
1205:Durham, North Carolina
783:Forward hydrant nozzle
502:
424:
408:
290:, the Commissioner of
279:
255:actively pumping water
74:active fire protection
41:
3650:Template:Firefighting
3624:Arthur B. Guise Medal
3577:GHS hazard statements
3080:Fire sprinkler system
3060:Fire-retardant fabric
2579:Wildland water tender
2161:Hydraulic rescue tool
1927:Women in firefighting
1687:Retrieved August 2019
1582:. Water supply office
1574:Lamm, Willis (2001).
1243:
1175:Fire hydrant wrench (
497:
414:
402:
323:In most areas of the
273:
244:hydrant hooked to an
35:
3434:Professions, trades,
3347:Smokeproof enclosure
3207:Electromagnetic lock
2915:Flammability diagram
2826:Fundamental concepts
2620:Wildland fire module
2574:Wildland fire engine
2461:Wildfire suppression
1998:Fire command vehicle
1993:Airport crash tender
1892:Retained firefighter
831:Fireman uses hydrant
3708:American inventions
3390:Fire alarm call box
3297:Heat and smoke vent
2479:Aerial firefighting
2335:Stop, drop and roll
2325:Multiple-alarm fire
2192:Portable water tank
2101:Fire proximity suit
1406:Portable water tank
893:Red: Private System
699:underground example
458:and connected by a
419:is used to prevent
3362:Fire alarm systems
3177:Annulus (firestop)
3105:Flashback arrestor
3070:Fire-safe polymers
3065:Fire retardant gel
2920:Flammability limit
2519:Fire retardant gel
2504:Fire lookout tower
2177:New York roof hook
2028:Light and air unit
1965:Fire lookout tower
1872:Chief fire officer
1811:on April 28, 2010)
1799:"The Fire Hydrant"
1787:U.S. patent 94,749
1775:U.S. patent 80,143
1759:U.S. patent 37,466
1524:. 15 August 2013.
1437:on 24 October 2020
1253:
1138:pipe cleaning pigs
503:
425:
409:
359:Municipal services
280:
189:wears appropriate
42:
3695:
3694:
3603:Safety data sheet
3598:List of S-phrases
3593:List of R-phrases
3489:Sprinkler fitting
3380:Circuit integrity
3252:Fire extinguisher
3090:Firefighting foam
2985:Thermal radiation
2785:
2784:
2692:
2691:
2684:List of wildfires
2544:Helicopter bucket
2539:Firefighting foam
2141:Hard suction hose
2086:Fire extinguisher
2076:Fire brigade keys
1726:978-1-61423-685-6
1699:Accessed Aug 2019
1638:on 6 October 2011
1376:Fire extinguisher
1244:A dry hydrant by
1157:Anchorage, Alaska
1037:' hydrant cover,
711:Spanish cover in
303:Preventing misuse
16:(Redirected from
3755:
3723:Street furniture
3683:
3682:
3671:
3670:
3587:Life Safety Code
3192:Compartmentation
3002:
2925:Flammable liquid
2812:
2805:
2798:
2789:
2773:
2772:
2761:
2760:
2749:
2748:
2737:
2736:
2725:
2724:
2446:
2381:Fire photography
2163:("Jaws of life")
2121:Fireman's switch
1844:
1837:
1830:
1821:
1797:Wohleber, Curt.
1789:
1777:
1761:
1749:
1730:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1637:
1631:. Archived from
1630:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1606:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1580:Fire hydrant.org
1571:
1565:
1564:
1563:on 4 March 2012.
1562:
1555:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1516:
1508:
1502:
1497:Marc Bettinelli
1495:
1489:
1488:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1433:. Archived from
1423:
1396:Flushing hydrant
1350:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1268:centrifugal pump
1246:Passumpsic River
1227:
1215:
1200:
1188:
1172:
1145:Code for America
1129:fire departments
1082:
1066:
1050:
1030:
1018:
999:Hydrant sign in
996:
856:In areas of the
828:
819:Big pipe hydrant
816:
804:
792:
780:
768:
753:
738:
728:British Columbia
726:Fire hydrant in
723:
713:Barcelona, Spain
708:
693:
678:
663:
648:
633:
614:
605:hose connections
595:
580:
567:painted with an
560:
339:and sometimes a
237:
225:
174:butterfly valves
36:Fire hydrant in
21:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3659:
3633:
3612:
3540:
3493:
3435:
3429:
3356:
3282:Firestop pillow
3217:Emergency light
3170:Building design
3165:
3156:Tank blanketing
3125:Inerting system
3100:Flame retardant
3050:Fire protection
3045:Fire prevention
3003:
2994:
2859:Dangerous goods
2821:
2819:Fire protection
2816:
2786:
2781:
2758:
2746:
2713:
2688:
2667:
2624:
2583:
2484:Controlled burn
2471:
2465:
2435:
2376:Fire engine red
2354:
2345:Two-in, two-out
2300:Fireman's carry
2226:
2126:Flame retardant
2047:
2008:Fire motorcycle
1979:
1953:Fire department
1936:
1887:Station officer
1867:Battalion chief
1853:
1848:
1818:
1785:
1773:
1757:
1747:U.S. patent 909
1745:
1742:
1740:Further reading
1727:
1712:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1697:Firehydrant.org
1695:
1691:
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1420:
1415:
1410:
1386:Fire protection
1361:
1354:
1351:
1342:
1339:
1333:
1321:Frederick Graff
1300:bucket-brigades
1296:
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1238:
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615:
606:
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587:
583:Hydrant in the
581:
572:
571:patriotic theme
563:Hydrant in the
561:
492:
397:
363:street sweepers
305:
268:
263:
256:
238:
229:
226:
142:Storz connector
138:quick connector
94:fire department
90:
68:can tap into a
40:, United States
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3761:
3759:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3743:Urban planning
3740:
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3728:Infrastructure
3725:
3720:
3718:Water industry
3715:
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3476:
3471:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3448:Fire insurance
3445:
3439:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3425:Smoke detector
3422:
3417:
3412:
3410:Flame detector
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3366:
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3329:
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3284:
3279:
3274:
3272:Fire sprinkler
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3212:Emergency exit
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3182:Area of refuge
3179:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3151:Spark arrestor
3148:
3143:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3095:Flame arrester
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3055:Fire retardant
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3004:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2990:Water pressure
2987:
2982:
2980:Structure fire
2977:
2972:
2967:
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2927:
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2875:Dust explosion
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2340:Structure fire
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2312:
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2262:
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2247:
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2217:Smoke detector
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2116:Fireman's pole
2113:
2108:
2106:Fire retardant
2103:
2098:
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2078:
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2063:
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2038:Rescue vehicle
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2015:
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1401:Hydrant wrench
1398:
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1391:Fire sprinkler
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1371:Birdsill Holly
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3655:Template:HVAC
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3591:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3443:Duct cleaning
3441:
3440:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3415:Heat detector
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3332:Smoke control
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
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3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
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3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
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3091:
3088:
3086:
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3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
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3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2950:Heat transfer
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2940:Friction loss
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2910:Fire triangle
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:Conflagration
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2808:
2806:
2801:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2778:
2777:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:Template:Fire
2702:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2646:United States
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:Saint Florian
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:Miscellaneous
2357:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2295:Fire triangle
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2255:Dead man zone
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2151:Heat detector
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
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2054:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
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1905:
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1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
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1888:
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1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
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1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1833:
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1826:
1825:
1822:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1752:patent office
1748:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1693:
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1597:
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1494:
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1235:
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1199:
1194:
1187:
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1135:
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1125:
1121:
1119:
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1105:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1044:
1041:, circa 1920s
1040:
1036:
1029:
1024:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1002:
1001:Cork, Ireland
995:
990:
988:
986:
983:countries of
982:
979:) and former
978:
974:
970:
966:
961:
958:
950:
946:
943:
938:
935:
932:
929:
928:
925:
921:
920:
919:
917:
913:
908:
906:
904:
895:
892:
889:
888:
887:
881:
878:
875:
872:
871:
870:
867:
863:
859:
858:United States
854:
852:
848:
844:
836:
827:
822:
815:
810:
803:
798:
791:
786:
779:
774:
767:
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758:
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747:
743:
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732:
729:
722:
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714:
707:
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698:
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687:
683:
677:
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657:
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647:
642:
638:
632:
627:
624:
620:
613:
608:
604:
600:
594:
589:
586:
579:
574:
570:
566:
565:United States
559:
554:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
500:
496:
489:
487:
484:
480:
475:
471:
467:
465:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
422:
418:
413:
406:
401:
394:
392:
390:
385:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
354:
350:
349:swimming pool
346:
342:
341:clapper valve
338:
334:
333:hydrant meter
330:
326:
325:United States
321:
319:
314:
310:
302:
300:
297:
293:
289:
288:New York City
285:
277:
272:
265:
260:
254:
250:
247:
243:
242:New York City
236:
231:
228:Clapper valve
224:
219:
217:
215:
214:North America
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
187:
182:
180:
175:
171:
167:
162:
157:
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
128:to boost the
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
96:) attaches a
95:
87:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
58:hydrant riser
55:
51:
47:
39:
34:
30:
19:
18:Fire hydrants
3738:Water supply
3733:Firefighting
3685:
3673:
3572:Flame spread
3458:Fireproofing
3436:and services
3337:Smoke damper
3327:Safety glass
3262:Fire hydrant
3261:
3227:Fire curtain
3187:Booster pump
3146:Relief valve
3110:Fusible link
2900:Fire loading
2895:Fire control
2865:Deflagration
2775:
2763:
2751:
2739:
2727:
2636:Ancient Rome
2610:Hotshot crew
2595:Fire lookout
2494:Fire flapper
2285:Fire control
2250:Chimney fire
2136:Halligan bar
2111:Fire shelter
2096:Fire hydrant
2095:
2071:Fire blanket
2066:Escape chair
2043:Water tender
1970:Fire station
1897:Fire marshal
1877:Fire captain
1851:Firefighting
1809:the original
1802:
1764:steamer port
1763:
1715:
1692:
1680:
1668:. Retrieved
1664:Mother Jones
1662:
1652:
1640:. Retrieved
1633:the original
1620:
1608:. Retrieved
1596:
1584:. Retrieved
1579:
1569:
1558:the original
1545:
1536:
1526:
1525:
1518:
1506:
1493:
1482:
1472:
1462:17 September
1460:. Retrieved
1451:
1439:. Retrieved
1435:the original
1430:
1421:
1313:
1308:firefighters
1297:
1261:
1254:
1142:
1134:dechlorinate
1126:
1122:
1109:head gaskets
1106:
1102:municipality
1094:
1004:
962:
954:
945:Road markers
909:
901:
899:
885:
855:
840:
534:
519:
504:
476:
472:
468:
453:
426:
395:Construction
386:
382:water cannon
378:riot control
375:
357:
322:
306:
292:Public Works
281:
276:Philadelphia
211:
186:firefighters
183:
158:
149:water hammer
146:
91:
70:water supply
66:firefighters
61:
57:
53:
49:
46:fire hydrant
45:
43:
29:
3292:Grease duct
3247:Fire escape
3237:Fire damper
3130:Intumescent
3075:Fire safety
3040:Fire bucket
2935:Flash point
2629:By location
2615:Smokejumper
2472:and tactics
2350:Ventilation
2290:Fire safety
2275:False alarm
2232:Terminology
2182:PASS device
2156:Hose bridge
2146:Hazmat suit
2081:Fire bucket
2061:Bunker gear
2003:Fire engine
1948:Drill tower
1902:Fire police
1340: 1900
1304:mains water
1280:Water wells
1274:Other Types
1118:Lubrication
977:South Korea
585:Philippines
541:Netherlands
530:non-potable
329:contractors
249:fire engine
203:face shield
122:fire engine
106:kilopascals
62:Johnny Pump
56:(archaic),
3702:Categories
3589:(NFPA 101)
3552:CE marking
3405:Fire drill
3008:Technology
2905:Fire point
2890:Fire class
2870:Detonation
2661:Washington
2656:California
2524:Fire trail
2470:Equipment
2310:Flash fire
2280:Fire class
2260:Deluge gun
2197:Rotary saw
2167:Kelly tool
2131:Fog nozzle
1975:Hose tower
1941:Facilities
1882:Fire chief
1441:22 October
1413:References
1289:equipment.
1286:Standpipes
949:Cat's eyes
862:reflectors
667:Portuguese
490:Appearance
456:frost line
361:, such as
337:gate valve
309:pentagonal
261:Other uses
193:, such as
118:water main
3545:Standards
3474:Fire test
3302:Occupancy
3267:Fire pump
3257:Fire hose
3242:Fire door
3222:Exit sign
3197:Crash bar
2970:Pyrolysis
2965:Pool fire
2930:Flashover
2885:Explosive
2833:Backdraft
2641:Australia
2588:Personnel
2549:Hose pack
2529:Firebreak
2509:Fire rake
2499:Fire hose
2489:Driptorch
2441:Wildfires
2371:Fire camp
2315:Flashover
2245:Barn fire
2240:Backdraft
2091:Fire hose
2053:Equipment
1985:Apparatus
1610:14 August
1381:Fire hose
1316:cast iron
1257:standpipe
1248:in rural
1143:In 2011,
1098:fire code
981:Socialist
965:East Asia
912:Australia
682:Brazilian
318:Australia
296:sprinkler
253:fire hose
207:corroding
153:hose line
108:(51
88:Operation
3674:Category
3638:See also
3567:EN 16034
3277:Firestop
3232:Fire cut
2955:Jet fire
2945:Gas leak
2861:(HAZMAT)
2844:Boilover
2752:Glossary
2728:Category
2697:See also
2605:Helitack
2600:Handcrew
2330:Rollover
2305:Firewall
2013:Fireboat
1912:Handcrew
1642:12 March
1586:31 March
1359:See also
1006:firecock
916:ballcock
619:Helsinki
569:American
421:backflow
407:, Canada
371:sewerage
345:backflow
311:socket.
284:heatwave
179:orifices
166:scouring
161:throttle
134:threaded
114:pressure
112:); this
54:firecock
50:fireplug
3686:Commons
3519:(NCEES)
2840:(BLEVE)
2776:Outline
2740:Commons
2651:History
2564:Pulaski
2449:General
2187:The pig
1707:Sources
1670:21 June
1294:History
1250:Vermont
1177:Germany
1161:Chicago
1113:O-rings
1071:Germany
1039:England
957:Germany
851:Finland
847:Ireland
841:In the
837:Signage
684:example
669:example
654:example
639:example
623:Finland
537:Germany
526:Ontario
437:Ukraine
405:Ontario
313:Vandals
251:with a
140:" or a
3617:Awards
3531:(SFPE)
3525:(NFPA)
3507:(FEMA)
3470:(FSES)
2554:McLeod
2416:Muster
1723:
1522:(NFPA)
1159:; and
1149:Boston
1055:Russia
697:German
599:German
547:, the
539:, the
522:Ottawa
499:Kawaii
464:wrench
441:Russia
431:, the
278:(1996)
199:helmet
197:and a
195:gloves
78:Europe
3608:UL 94
3562:EN 54
3513:(IFE)
3142:(PPE)
2764:Index
2672:Lists
2270:Draft
2212:Siren
2172:Nomex
2033:Quint
1801:. In
1636:(PDF)
1629:(PDF)
1605:(PDF)
1561:(PDF)
1554:(PDF)
1515:(PDF)
1314:When
1127:Many
973:Japan
969:China
866:rural
652:Greek
637:Czech
603:Storz
545:Spain
483:Storz
479:Storz
460:riser
449:China
445:Spain
429:Japan
367:sewer
353:draft
201:with
102:valve
3557:EN 3
3537:(UL)
1958:list
1721:ISBN
1672:2014
1644:2012
1612:2022
1588:2015
1484:WHTM
1464:2024
1443:2020
1111:and
975:and
903:NFPA
845:and
511:NFPA
509:and
507:AWWA
335:, a
246:FDNY
184:New
170:Gate
126:pump
98:hose
82:Asia
80:and
963:In
955:In
947:or
910:In
535:In
515:gpm
443:or
286:in
172:or
110:psi
60:or
3704::
1661:.
1578:.
1517:.
1481:.
1429:.
1337:c.
1270:.
1163:.
1155:;
1151:;
1140:.
971:,
621:,
549:UK
543:,
524:,
439:,
435:,
433:UK
415:A
327:,
240:A
168:.
144:.
52:,
48:,
44:A
2811:e
2804:t
2797:v
1843:e
1836:t
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