5081:
the fish will increase with depth and be the same no matter which vase the fish is in. If the fish swims to the bottom, the pressure will be greater, but it makes no difference which vase it is in. All vases are filled to equal depths, so the water pressure is the same at the bottom of each vase, regardless of its shape or volume. If water pressure at the bottom of a vase were greater than water pressure at the bottom of a neighboring vase, the greater pressure would force water sideways and then up the narrower vase to a higher level until the pressures at the bottom were equalized. Pressure is depth dependent, not volume dependent, so there is a reason that water seeks its own level.
3439:
3093:
47:
5049:
Or, if the liquid is two or three times as dense, the liquid pressure is correspondingly two or three times as great for any given depth. Liquids are practically incompressible â that is, their volume can hardly be changed by pressure (water volume decreases by only 50 millionths of its original volume for each atmospheric increase in pressure). Thus, except for small changes produced by temperature, the density of a particular liquid is practically the same at all depths.
2327:
2907:. Because there are an extremely large number of molecules and because the motion of the individual molecules is random in every direction, no motion is detected. When the gas is at least partially confined (that is, not free to expand rapidly), the gas will exhibit a hydrostatic pressure. This confinement can be achieved with either a physical container of some sort, or in a gravitational well such as a planet, otherwise known as
216:
2073:
1786:
5177:
there are three holes in a bucket (top, bottom, and middle), then the force vectors perpendicular to the inner container surface will increase with increasing depth â that is, a greater pressure at the bottom makes it so that the bottom hole will shoot water out the farthest. The force exerted by a fluid on a smooth surface is always at right angles to the surface. The speed of liquid out of the hole is
2805:
2940:(becoming less true as the atomic scale is approached), the pressure will still have a single value at that point. Therefore, pressure is a scalar quantity, not a vector quantity. It has magnitude but no direction sense associated with it. Pressure force acts in all directions at a point inside a gas. At the surface of a gas, the pressure force acts perpendicular (at right angle) to the surface.
2369:(Ba), equal to 1 dyn·cm, or 0.1 Pa. Pressure is sometimes expressed in grams-force or kilograms-force per square centimetre ("g/cm" or "kg/cm") and the like without properly identifying the force units. But using the names kilogram, gram, kilogram-force, or gram-force (or their symbols) as units of force is deprecated in SI. The
3474:, and both bulk solids and bulk liquids can be put under negative absolute pressure by pulling on them. Microscopically, the molecules in solids and liquids have attractive interactions that overpower the thermal kinetic energy, so some tension can be sustained. Thermodynamically, however, a bulk material under negative pressure is in a
2608:. A msw is defined as 0.1 bar (= 10,000 Pa), is not the same as a linear metre of depth. 33.066 fsw = 1 atm (1 atm = 101,325 Pa / 33.066 = 3,064.326 Pa). The pressure conversion from msw to fsw is different from the length conversion: 10 msw = 32.6336 fsw, while 10 m = 32.8083 ft.
2867:(32 psi)", but is actually 220 kPa (32 psi) above atmospheric pressure. Since atmospheric pressure at sea level is about 100 kPa (14.7 psi), the absolute pressure in the tire is therefore about 320 kPa (46 psi). In technical work, this is written "a gauge pressure of 220 kPa (32 psi)".
2486:
4903:
2891:(such as helium) at 200 kPa (29 psi) (gauge) (300 kPa or 44 psi ) is 50% denser than the same gas at 100 kPa (15 psi) (gauge) (200 kPa or 29 psi ). Focusing on gauge values, one might erroneously conclude the first sample had twice the density of the second one.
5176:
component after they're collided to the container's wall. Likewise, if the collision site is a hole, water spurting from the hole in a bucket initially exits the bucket in a direction at right angles to the surface of the bucket in which the hole is located. Then it curves downward due to gravity. If
5080:
If four interconnected vases contain different amounts of water but are all filled to equal depths, then a fish with its head dunked a few centimetres under the surface will be acted on by water pressure that is the same in any of the vases. If the fish swims a few centimetres deeper, the pressure on
5071:
of liquid present. Volume is not the important factor â depth is. The average water pressure acting against a dam depends on the average depth of the water and not on the volume of water held back. For example, a wide but shallow lake with a depth of 3 m (10 ft) exerts only half the average
4633:
Liquid pressure also depends on the density of the liquid. If someone was submerged in a liquid more dense than water, the pressure would be correspondingly greater. Thus, we can say that the depth, density and liquid pressure are directly proportionate. The pressure due to a liquid in liquid columns
2890:
and the plumbing components of fluidics systems. However, whenever equation-of-state properties, such as densities or changes in densities, must be calculated, pressures must be expressed in terms of their absolute values. For instance, if the atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa (15 psi), a gas
5048:
The pressure a liquid exerts against the sides and bottom of a container depends on the density and the depth of the liquid. If atmospheric pressure is neglected, liquid pressure against the bottom is twice as great at twice the depth; at three times the depth, the liquid pressure is threefold; etc.
5163:
An experimentally determined fact about liquid pressure is that it is exerted equally in all directions. If someone is submerged in water, no matter which way that person tilts their head, the person will feel the same amount of water pressure on their ears. Because a liquid can flow, this pressure
5088:
is large but liquid pressure energy is low. At the bottom of the vessel, all the gravitational potential energy is converted to pressure energy. The sum of pressure energy and gravitational potential energy per unit volume is constant throughout the volume of the fluid and the two energy components
5164:
is not only downward. Pressure is seen acting sideways when water spurts sideways from a leak in the side of an upright can. Pressure also acts upward, as demonstrated when someone tries to push a beach ball beneath the surface of the water. The bottom of a boat is pushed upward by water pressure (
5076:
applied to the longer dam will be greater, due to the greater total surface area for the pressure to act upon. But for a given 5-foot (1.5 m)-wide section of each dam, the 10 ft (3.0 m) deep water will apply one quarter the force of 20 ft (6.1 m) deep water). A person will
2840:
Another example is a knife. If the flat edge is used, force is distributed over a larger surface area resulting in less pressure, and it will not cut. Whereas using the sharp edge, which has less surface area, results in greater pressure, and so the knife cuts smoothly. This is one example of a
4629:
When a person swims under the water, water pressure is felt acting on the person's eardrums. The deeper that person swims, the greater the pressure. The pressure felt is due to the weight of the water above the person. As someone swims deeper, there is more water above the person and therefore
2298:
It is incorrect (although rather usual) to say "the pressure is directed in such or such direction". The pressure, as a scalar, has no direction. The force given by the previous relationship to the quantity has a direction, but the pressure does not. If we change the orientation of the surface
5171:
When a liquid presses against a surface, there is a net force that is perpendicular to the surface. Although pressure does not have a specific direction, force does. A submerged triangular block has water forced against each point from many directions, but components of the force that are not
2939:
In a physical container, the pressure of the gas originates from the molecules colliding with the walls of the container. The walls of the container can be anywhere inside the gas, and the force per unit area (the pressure) is the same. If the "container" is shrunk down to a very small point
3981:) is the temperature at which the vapor pressure equals the ambient atmospheric pressure. With any incremental increase in that temperature, the vapor pressure becomes sufficient to overcome atmospheric pressure and lift the liquid to form vapour bubbles inside the bulk of the substance.
2573:
When millimetres of mercury (or inches of mercury) are quoted today, these units are not based on a physical column of mercury; rather, they have been given precise definitions that can be expressed in terms of SI units. One millimetre of mercury is approximately equal to one
3111:
Pressure in open conditions usually can be approximated as the pressure in "static" or non-moving conditions (even in the ocean where there are waves and currents), because the motions create only negligible changes in the pressure. Such conditions conform with principles of
4960:
2816:
can easily damage the wall. Although the force applied to the surface is the same, the thumbtack applies more pressure because the point concentrates that force into a smaller area. Pressure is transmitted to solid boundaries or across arbitrary sections of fluid
2387:
4832:
2882:
technical work, a gauge pressure of 32 psi (220 kPa) is sometimes written as "32 psig", and an absolute pressure as "32 psia", though the other methods explained above that avoid attaching characters to the unit of pressure are preferred.
3143:
can be used in almost any situation to determine the pressure at any point in a fluid. The equation makes some assumptions about the fluid, such as the fluid being ideal and incompressible. An ideal fluid is a fluid in which there is no friction, it is
3123:
Closed bodies of fluid are either "static", when the fluid is not moving, or "dynamic", when the fluid can move as in either a pipe or by compressing an air gap in a closed container. The pressure in closed conditions conforms with the principles of
2498:(mbar). Similar pressures are given in kilopascals (kPa) in most other fields, except aviation where the hecto- prefix is commonly used. The inch of mercury is still used in the United States. Oceanographers usually measure underwater pressure in
2611:
Gauge pressure is often given in units with "g" appended, e.g. "kPag", "barg" or "psig", and units for measurements of absolute pressure are sometimes given a suffix of "a", to avoid confusion, for example "kPaa", "psia". However, the US
2544:(Hg) and water; water is nontoxic and readily available, while mercury's high density allows a shorter column (and so a smaller manometer) to be used to measure a given pressure. The pressure exerted by a column of liquid of height
5464:
5688:
Pressure itself is not a Force, even though we sometimes talk "informally" about the "force exerted by the pressure. The correct statement is that the Fluid exerts a force on a surface. In addition, Pressure is a scalar, not a
3458:
When dealing in relative (gauge) pressures. For instance, an absolute pressure of 80 kPa may be described as a gauge pressure of â21 kPa (i.e., 21 kPa below an atmospheric pressure of 101 kPa). For example,
1505:
5003:
4751:
This is derived from the definitions of pressure and weight density. Consider an area at the bottom of a vessel of liquid. The weight of the column of liquid directly above this area produces pressure. From the definition
4827:
4786:
3231:
2279:
4907:
197:
4739:
5147:
5596:
3793:
and shares many similar properties with three-dimensional pressure. Properties of surface chemicals can be investigated by measuring pressure/area isotherms, as the two-dimensional analog of
3627:
3029:
2283:
The minus sign comes from the convention that the force is considered towards the surface element, while the normal vector points outward. The equation has meaning in that, for any surface
3042:
minus the hydrostatic pressure. The negative of the stress tensor is sometimes called the pressure tensor, but in the following, the term "pressure" will refer only to the scalar pressure.
4067:
5207:
3985:
formation deeper in the liquid requires a higher pressure, and therefore higher temperature, because the fluid pressure increases above the atmospheric pressure as the depth increases.
3516:
For non-isotropic stresses in rigid bodies, depending on how the orientation of a surface is chosen, the same distribution of forces may have a component of positive stress along one
3325:
3877:
3791:
3366:
2481:{\displaystyle p={\frac {F\cdot {\text{distance}}}{A\cdot {\text{distance}}}}={\frac {\text{Work}}{\text{Volume}}}={\frac {\text{Energy (J)}}{{\text{Volume }}({\text{m}}^{3})}}.}
4898:{\displaystyle {\text{pressure}}={\frac {\text{force}}{\text{area}}}={\frac {\text{weight}}{\text{area}}}={\frac {{\text{weight density}}\times {\text{volume}}}{\text{area}}},}
2113:
5380:
2638:
Differential pressure is expressed in units with "d" appended; this type of measurement is useful when considering sealing performance or whether a valve will open or close.
5263:
2996:
2971:
1340:
1285:
1230:
6002:
5040:
4667:
1037:
990:
905:
858:
770:
723:
5368:
5310:
3265:
6152:
2570:. Fluid density and local gravity can vary from one reading to another depending on local factors, so the height of a fluid column does not define pressure precisely.
1815:
941:
809:
4967:
3486:. In certain situations, the cavitation can be avoided and negative pressures sustained indefinitely, for example, liquid mercury has been observed to sustain up to
2362:
1175:
4791:
4756:
3683:
3657:
5337:
3155:
2613:
1516:
5077:
feel the same pressure whether their head is dunked a metre beneath the surface of the water in a small pool or to the same depth in the middle of a large lake.
674:
5283:
4616:
3727:
3705:
2184:
2158:
2136:
1404:
1013:
966:
881:
834:
746:
699:
2209:
5874:
638:
3520:, with a component of negative stress acting along another surface normal. The pressure is then defined as the average of the three principal stresses.
5084:
Restating this as an energy equation, the energy per unit volume in an ideal, incompressible liquid is constant throughout its vessel. At the surface,
1494:
4705:
2812:
As an example of varying pressures, a finger can be pressed against a wall without making any lasting impression; however, the same finger pushing a
5172:
perpendicular to the surface cancel each other out, leaving only a net perpendicular point. This is why liquid particles' velocity only alters in a
2616:
recommends that, to avoid confusion, any modifiers be instead applied to the quantity being measured rather than the unit of measure. For example,
5659:
1527:
5213:
is the depth below the free surface. This is the same speed the water (or anything else) would have if freely falling the same vertical distance
5096:
6251:
6207:
6174:
6136:
5897:
5751:
5716:
5672:
1097:
2311:
2002:
1808:
1395:
631:
509:
5849:
2878:, graph labels, and table headings, the use of a modifier in parentheses, such as "kPa (gauge)" or "kPa (absolute)", is permitted. In non-
2586:
is measured in millimetres (or centimetres) of mercury in most of the world, and lung pressures in centimetres of water are still common.
1064:
3566:
is the pressure a fluid exerts when it is forced to stop moving. Consequently, although a fluid moving at higher speed will have a lower
6427:
447:
5064:
is used. Otherwise, discussions of liquid pressure refer to pressure without regard to the normally ever-present atmospheric pressure.
144:
6432:
3573:
1579:
1553:
1074:
528:
6402:
6452:
6349:
5986:
5961:
5891:
4609:
480:
2350:(N/m, or kg·m·s). This name for the unit was added in 1971; before that, pressure in SI was expressed in newtons per square metre.
1632:
1103:
502:
51:
Pressure exerted by particle collisions inside a closed container. The collisions that exert the pressure are highlighted in red.
6391:
6319:
3757:
There is a two-dimensional analog of pressure â the lateral force per unit length applied on a line perpendicular to the force.
3570:, it may have a higher stagnation pressure when forced to a standstill. Static pressure and stagnation pressure are related by:
5931:
5493:
3443:
1801:
5562:
4582:
1732:
264:
4955:{\displaystyle {\text{pressure}}={\frac {{\text{weight density}}\times {\text{(area}}\times {\text{depth)}}}{\text{area}}}.}
4283:
4120:
1627:
1899:
1867:
1707:
1480:
457:
3838:
3763:
2924:
of the gas pushing outwards from higher pressure, lower altitudes to lower pressure, higher altitudes is balanced by the
2808:
The effects of an external pressure of 700 bar on an aluminum cylinder with 5 mm (0.197 in) wall thickness
6041:
5517:
4602:
4323:
4209:
3749:. Depending on where the inlet holes are located on the probe, it can measure static pressures or stagnation pressures.
1092:
295:
285:
5340:
4278:
2082:
5638:
a particular industry or country. Industries in
British English-speaking countries typically use the "gauge" spelling.
5613:
4187:
3001:
2354:
300:
290:
4070:
5757:
5544: â measure of how the internal energy of a system changes when it expands or contracts at constant temperature
5227:
3813:
is another example of surface pressure, but with a reversed sign, because "tension" is the opposite to "pressure".
3289:
2567:
1903:
1622:
1584:
1548:
260:
3988:
The vapor pressure that a single component in a mixture contributes to the total pressure in the system is called
4194:
4023:
3944:
3545:
2600:(fsw or FSW) units of pressure, and these are the units for pressure gauges used to measure pressure exposure in
1377:
1125:
571:
384:
374:
31:
5180:
5052:
Atmospheric pressure pressing on the surface of a liquid must be taken into account when trying to discover the
5010:
4637:
3050:
2754:
msw (metres sea water), used in underwater diving, particularly in connection with diving pressure exposure and
6457:
6442:
4489:
4484:
4099:
2658:
2578:. The water-based units still depend on the density of water, a measured, rather than defined, quantity. These
2203:
1983:
depends upon the field in which one is working, on the nearby presence of other symbols for quantities such as
4964:
With the "area" in the numerator and the "area" in the denominator canceling each other out, we are left with
4273:
4266:
2732:
fsw (feet sea water) used in underwater diving, particularly in connection with diving pressure exposure and
6462:
6437:
5550:
5090:
4552:
4547:
4216:
3460:
3140:
2933:
2921:
2903:, the gas as a whole does not appear to move. The individual molecules of the gas, however, are in constant
2315:
2020:
1789:
1617:
1414:
1117:
1056:
592:
581:
247:
3478:
state, and it is especially fragile in the case of liquids where the negative pressure state is similar to
3438:
4104:
3303:
3092:
2755:
2733:
2533:
1722:
1642:
1439:
523:
277:
252:
3332:
4527:
4145:
3524:
3454:
are, in general, positive, there are several situations in which negative pressures may be encountered:
3039:
2035:
1933:
1891:
1657:
1234:
547:
393:
242:
6407:
3467:
procedure during which negative gauge pressure is applied intermittently to a pregnant woman's abdomen.
1866:
are used to express pressure. Some of these derive from a unit of force divided by a unit of area; the
5634:
The preferred spelling varies by country and even by industry. Further, both spellings are often used
6276:
6084:
5574:
5499:
5085:
4365:
4182:
4162:
4150:
4094:
3978:
3971:
2909:
2849:
2764:
2529:
2370:
1941:
1737:
1662:
1652:
452:
326:
314:
137:
6447:
6315:
5601:
5487:
5317:
4567:
4415:
4308:
4014:
3893:
3660:
3563:
3558:
3544:
creates a very small yet cosmically significant amount of negative pressure, which accelerates the
2925:
2675:
2299:
element, the direction of the normal force changes accordingly, but the pressure remains the same.
1929:
1682:
1677:
1444:
466:
432:
427:
340:
5878:
3104:
An open condition, called "open channel flow", e.g. the ocean, a swimming pool, or the atmosphere.
2979:
2954:
46:
6146:
6100:
6074:
5821:
5535:
5511:
4587:
4221:
4177:
4172:
3915:
3046:
2494:
prefer the hectopascal (hPa) for atmospheric air pressure, which is equivalent to the older unit
2055:
2028:
1771:
1434:
1382:
1295:
1240:
1185:
614:
598:
485:
437:
422:
412:
221:
215:
3085:
refers to both liquids and gases â for more information specifically about liquid pressure, see
1429:
1019:
972:
887:
840:
752:
705:
6194:. NATO Science Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry. Vol. 242. pp. 379â388.
5853:
5346:
5288:
3248:
2886:
Gauge pressure is the relevant measure of pressure wherever one is interested in the stress on
6422:
6345:
6292:
6247:
6213:
6203:
6170:
6132:
5982:
5957:
5887:
5747:
5712:
5668:
5541:
5173:
4634:
of constant density or at a depth within a substance is represented by the following formula:
4204:
4155:
3517:
3471:
2645:
2589:
2541:
2537:
2506:
2326:
1907:
1766:
1727:
1717:
1289:
1087:
923:
915:
788:
417:
407:
349:
2509:(atm) is an established constant. It is approximately equal to typical air pressure at Earth
2502:(dbar) because pressure in the ocean increases by approximately one decibar per metre depth.
6284:
6239:
6195:
6092:
6088:
5813:
5739:
5568:
5505:
5481:
4542:
4517:
4430:
4405:
4400:
4355:
3989:
3408:
3378:
3136:
2944:
2826:
2822:
2288:
2191:
1687:
1672:
1612:
1607:
1424:
1419:
1145:
1069:
537:
402:
5798:
3668:
3635:
5954:
Physics of continuous matter : exotic and everyday phenomena in the macroscopic world
5590:
5579:
5322:
4532:
4456:
4370:
4301:
4235:
4137:
3934:
3810:
3567:
3403:
3398:
3273:
2904:
2887:
2593:
2060:
1984:
1937:
1637:
1485:
1139:
780:
603:
364:
331:
4420:
4290:
3509:; this force is sometimes termed "vacuum pressure" (not to be confused with the negative
2524:
Because pressure is commonly measured by its ability to displace a column of liquid in a
6280:
5772:
5459:{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial u}{\partial t}}+(u\nabla )u=-\nabla P+\nu \nabla ^{2}u.}
4829:
where the volume of the column is simply the area multiplied by the depth. Then we have
656:
6020:
5584:
5475:
5268:
4537:
4395:
4360:
4261:
4167:
3948:
3794:
3712:
3690:
3502:
3490:
in clean glass containers. Negative liquid pressures are thought to be involved in the
3393:
3388:
3125:
3096:
Water escapes at high speed from a damaged hydrant that contains water at high pressure
2871:
2601:
2597:
2583:
2510:
2377:
2307:
2287:
in contact with the fluid, the total force exerted by the fluid on that surface is the
2169:
2143:
2121:
1895:
1852:
1692:
1462:
998:
951:
866:
819:
731:
684:
562:
442:
379:
369:
237:
207:
6416:
6311:
6267:
Briggs, Lyman J. (1953). "The
Limiting Negative Pressure of Mercury in Pyrex Glass".
6104:
5523:
4577:
4410:
4001:
3982:
3974:
3835:, pressure varies linearly with temperature and quantity, and inversely with volume:
3832:
3822:
3528:
3506:
3495:
3491:
3383:
3132:
3113:
2864:
2834:
2692:
2605:
2491:
2343:
2339:
1956:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1844:
1761:
1079:
648:
609:
321:
78:
5923:
5825:
5732:
McNaught, A. D.; Wilkinson, A.; Nic, M.; Jirat, J.; Kosata, B.; Jenkins, A. (2014).
4562:
4557:
4522:
4254:
3479:
3423:
3152:). The equation for all points of a system filled with a constant-density fluid is
3058:
2347:
2199:
2161:
2072:
1879:
1712:
1697:
1647:
1130:
87:
5060:
plus the pressure of the atmosphere. When this distinction is important, the term
3131:
The concepts of fluid pressure are predominantly attributed to the discoveries of
2804:
2302:
Pressure is distributed to solid boundaries or across arbitrary sections of fluid
6199:
6190:
Imre, A. R. (2007). "How to generate and measure negative pressure in liquids?".
5799:"USE OF LEGENDRE TRANSFORMS IN CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS (IUPAC Technical Report)"
5607:
5093:, where velocity head is zero and comparisons per unit volume in the vessel are
4572:
4475:
3742:
3541:
3527:
are generally non-isotropic, with the stress normal to one surface element (the
2974:
2929:
2719:
2715:
2195:
2043:
1887:
1667:
475:
4998:{\displaystyle {\text{pressure}}={\text{weight density}}\times {\text{depth}}.}
3116:. The pressure at any given point of a non-moving (static) fluid is called the
6243:
6096:
5556:
5529:
4822:{\displaystyle {\text{weight}}={\text{weight density}}\times {\text{volume}},}
4781:{\displaystyle {\text{weight density}}={\frac {\text{weight}}{\text{volume}}}}
4494:
4390:
3738:
3734:
3483:
3475:
2917:
2875:
2857:
2744:
2703:
2654:
centimetre, inch, millimetre (torr) and micrometre (mTorr, micron) of mercury,
2358:
2306:
these boundaries or sections at every point. It is a fundamental parameter in
1925:
1756:
1702:
17:
6296:
6217:
30:
This article is about pressure in the physical sciences. For other uses, see
5817:
5743:
5705:
4466:
4461:
4295:
3956:
3828:
3746:
3537:
3464:
3419:
3226:{\displaystyle {\frac {p}{\gamma }}+{\frac {v^{2}}{2g}}+z=\mathrm {const} ,}
3149:
2813:
2711:
2707:
2525:
354:
5502: â Analysis of the relationships between different physical quantities
3107:
A closed condition, called "closed conduit", e.g. a water line or gas line.
6042:"Thermal-FluidsPedia | Pressure (Thermodynamics) | Thermal-Fluids Central"
3531:) being negative, and positive for surface elements perpendicular to this.
3057:. This effect is unnoticeable at everyday pressures but is significant in
5165:
4445:
4350:
4316:
3964:
3922:
3145:
2830:
2748:
2495:
2274:{\displaystyle d\mathbf {F} _{n}=-p\,d\mathbf {A} =-p\,\mathbf {n} \,dA.}
1988:
1470:
1387:
1179:
359:
94:
5733:
2528:, pressures are often expressed as a depth of a particular fluid (e.g.,
5496: â Temperature and pressure point where phase boundaries disappear
4689:
4199:
3054:
2723:
2499:
2048:
1959:
to the surface of an object per unit area. The symbol for it is "p" or
576:
73:
6288:
5056:
pressure acting on a liquid. The total pressure of a liquid, then, is
2373:(symbol: at) is 1 kgf/cm (98.0665 kPa, or 14.223 psi).
5850:"14th Conference of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures"
5667:(2nd ed.). San Francisco: Pearson Addison Wesley. p. 1183.
4630:
greater pressure. The pressure a liquid exerts depends on its depth.
4340:
3940:
3035:
2786:
102:
6065:
Vishwakarma, Ram Gopal (2009). "Einstein's gravity under pressure".
5735:
IUPAC. Compendium of
Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book")
5553: â Understanding of gas properties in terms of molecular motion
5089:
change linearly with the depth. Mathematically, it is described by
2770:
gram-force and tonne-force (metric ton-force) per square centimetre,
2641:
Presently or formerly popular pressure units include the following:
6079:
5484: â Combination of Charles', Boyle's and Gay-Lussac's gas laws
4244:
3952:
3437:
3430:, mists, dust/air suspensions, in unconfined and confined spaces.
3091:
3078:
2803:
2790:
2773:
2381:
2366:
2325:
1964:
1840:
121:
98:
5981:(Fourth ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 106.
5924:"Rules and Style Conventions for Expressing Values of Quantities"
5072:
pressure that a small 6 m (20 ft) deep pond does. (The
3831:, molecules have no volume and do not interact. According to the
192:{\displaystyle {\mathsf {M}}{\mathsf {L}}^{-1}{\mathsf {T}}^{-2}}
3049:, pressure increases the strength of a gravitational field (see
2860:
2777:
2575:
1911:
1848:
552:
127:
4734:{\displaystyle p={\text{weight density}}\times {\text{depth}}.}
3470:
Negative absolute pressures are possible. They are effectively
4380:
3960:
3427:
2900:
3925:
exhibit a more complex dependence on the variables of state.
3505:
can create a small attractive force due to interactions with
2384:
per cubic metre (J/m, which is equal to Pa). Mathematically:
6365:, Example 3.5, McGraw–Hill Inc. (1966), New York.
5559: â Device that converts sound into an electrical signal
3077:
is most often the compressive stress at some point within a
2071:
1894:, symbol lbf/in) is the traditional unit of pressure in the
1859:
pressure) is the pressure relative to the ambient pressure.
5597:
Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology
2879:
2335:
6397:
5779:. Georgia State University, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy
5661:
Physics for
Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach
5316:
is m/s. Kinematic pressure is used in the same manner as
4702:
Another way of saying the same formula is the following:
6236:
Liquids Under
Negative Pressure (Nato Science Series II)
6167:
Fundamentals of
Engineering: Supplied Reference Handbook
5616: â Variation in pressure as a function of elevation
5142:{\displaystyle {\frac {p}{\gamma }}+z=\mathrm {const} .}
1940:
are used to express pressures in terms of the height of
5587: â Local pressure deviation caused by a sound wave
4698:
is height of liquid column or depth within a substance.
3733:
The pressure of a moving fluid can be measured using a
6234:
Imre, A. R; Maris, H. J; Williams, P. R, eds. (2002).
5184:
4742:
3426:
pressures are the result of the ignition of explosive
5837:
See Table 1 Conjugate pairs of variables ... (p.1357)
5383:
5349:
5325:
5291:
5271:
5230:
5183:
5099:
5013:
5007:
Written with symbols, this is our original equation:
4970:
4910:
4835:
4794:
4759:
4708:
4640:
4026:
3841:
3766:
3715:
3693:
3671:
3638:
3576:
3335:
3306:
3272:, density Ă acceleration of gravity is the (volume-)
3251:
3158:
3004:
2982:
2957:
2390:
2212:
2172:
2146:
2124:
2085:
1298:
1243:
1188:
1148:
1022:
1001:
975:
954:
926:
890:
869:
843:
822:
791:
755:
734:
708:
687:
659:
147:
6169:. Clemson, South Carolina: NCEES. 2011. p. 64.
5738:. 2.3.3. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
5546:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
5538: â Component of mechanical stress without shear
2844:
For gases, pressure is sometimes measured not as an
2821:
these boundaries or sections at every point. Unlike
2763:
kilogram-force, or kilopond, per square centimetre (
1902:
systems. Pressure may also be expressed in terms of
6127:Finnemore, John, E. and Joseph B. Franzini (2002).
2729:
short ton-force and long ton-force per square inch,
136:
108:
85:
72:
56:
39:
6021:"Gas Pressure Study Guide - Inspirit Learning Inc"
5704:
5458:
5362:
5331:
5304:
5277:
5257:
5201:
5141:
5034:
4997:
4954:
4897:
4821:
4780:
4733:
4661:
4061:
3871:
3785:
3721:
3699:
3677:
3651:
3621:
3360:
3319:
3259:
3225:
3061:, although it has not been experimentally tested.
3023:
2990:
2965:
2480:
2273:
2198:element (a vector normal to the surface) with the
2178:
2152:
2130:
2107:
1334:
1279:
1224:
1169:
1031:
1007:
984:
960:
935:
899:
875:
852:
828:
803:
764:
740:
717:
693:
668:
191:
6003:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
5526: â Great force distributed over a small area
5508: â Kinetic energy per unit volume of a fluid
4682:is gravity at the surface of overlaying material,
3494:in plants taller than 10 m (the atmospheric
5571: â Pressure of a component gas in a mixture
5478: â Relation between gas pressure and volume
5374:NavierâStokes equation with kinematic quantities
3622:{\displaystyle p_{0}={\frac {1}{2}}\rho v^{2}+p}
3100:Fluid pressure occurs in one of two situations:
3024:{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =\sigma \mathbf {A} }
2783:kilogram-force and tonne-force per square metre,
2657:height of equivalent column of water, including
5711:. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education.
5565: â Comparison of a wide range of pressures
4002:Fluid statics § Pressure in fluids at rest
2856:. An example of this is the air pressure in an
6131:. New York: McGraw Hill, Inc. pp. 14â29.
6129:Fluid Mechanics: With Engineering Applications
5658:Knight, Randall D. (2007). "Fluid Mechanics".
5610: â Equipment generating a relative vacuum
2614:National Institute of Standards and Technology
2552:is given by the hydrostatic pressure equation
2295:of the right-hand side of the above equation.
5956:. Bristol: Institute of Physics. p. 50.
5532: â Applied engineering involving liquids
4610:
1809:
8:
6151:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6122:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6114:
5875:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
5520: â Repulsive force in quantum mechanics
1967:recommendation for pressure is a lower-case
5514: â Line integral of the electric field
4062:{\displaystyle J=-D{\frac {d\varphi }{dx}}}
6393:Introduction to Fluid Statics and Dynamics
5202:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\sqrt {2gh}}}
4617:
4603:
4450:
4240:
4083:
4005:
3053:) and so adds to the mass-energy cause of
1998:
1816:
1802:
1365:
517:
336:
214:
203:
6408:wikiUnits.org - Convert units of pressure
6375:
6373:
6371:
6229:
6227:
6078:
5444:
5384:
5382:
5354:
5348:
5324:
5296:
5290:
5270:
5249:
5240:
5229:
5185:
5182:
5119:
5100:
5098:
5012:
4987:
4979:
4971:
4969:
4938:
4930:
4922:
4919:
4911:
4909:
4881:
4873:
4870:
4857:
4844:
4836:
4834:
4811:
4803:
4795:
4793:
4768:
4760:
4758:
4723:
4715:
4707:
4639:
4039:
4025:
3848:
3840:
3773:
3765:
3714:
3692:
3670:
3643:
3637:
3607:
3590:
3581:
3575:
3342:
3336:
3334:
3307:
3305:
3252:
3250:
3203:
3178:
3172:
3159:
3157:
3016:
3005:
3003:
2983:
2981:
2958:
2956:
2928:, preventing the gas from diffusing into
2463:
2458:
2449:
2443:
2430:
2419:
2406:
2397:
2389:
2261:
2256:
2255:
2241:
2237:
2222:
2217:
2211:
2202:acting on it. The pressure is the scalar
2171:
2145:
2123:
2092:
2084:
1910:(atm) is equal to this pressure, and the
1297:
1242:
1187:
1147:
1021:
1000:
974:
953:
925:
889:
868:
842:
821:
790:
754:
733:
707:
686:
658:
180:
174:
173:
163:
157:
156:
149:
148:
146:
4788:we can express this weight of liquid as
2011:
5650:
5627:
5343:without explicitly showing the density
4474:
4429:
4379:
4339:
4243:
4112:
4086:
4013:
1562:
1539:
1493:
1453:
1403:
1368:
561:
536:
465:
392:
339:
206:
6144:
5918:
5916:
5880:The International System of Units (SI)
5312:constant mass density. The SI unit of
2863:, which might be said to be "220
2582:are still encountered in many fields.
2380:and may be expressed in units such as
2186:is the area of the surface on contact.
1851:over which that force is distributed.
175:
158:
150:
36:
5707:Physics: principles with applications
3939:Vapour pressure is the pressure of a
3737:, or one of its variations such as a
2206:that relates the two normal vectors:
1847:to the surface of an object per unit
7:
5490: â Comparison of various scales
5067:The pressure does not depend on the
3967:back to their liquid or solid form.
3951:in a closed system. All liquids and
3886:is the absolute pressure of the gas,
3753:Surface pressure and surface tension
3320:{\displaystyle {\frac {p}{\gamma }}}
3086:
6322:from the original on 8 January 2015
5152:
3872:{\displaystyle p={\frac {nRT}{V}},}
3786:{\displaystyle \pi ={\frac {F}{l}}}
3415:Explosion or deflagration pressures
3361:{\displaystyle {\frac {v^{2}}{2g}}}
3038:may be expressed as the sum of the
2870:Where space is limited, such as on
6312:"The Physics of Negative Pressure"
6192:Soft Matter under Exogenic Impacts
5604: â Theorem in fluid mechanics
5441:
5428:
5413:
5395:
5387:
5151:Terms have the same meaning as in
5132:
5129:
5126:
5123:
5120:
3760:Surface pressure is denoted by Ï:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
2943:A closely related quantity is the
2841:practical application of pressure
1023:
976:
891:
844:
756:
709:
529:Intensive and extensive properties
25:
5265:is the kinematic pressure, where
2951:, which relates the vector force
2353:Other units of pressure, such as
2108:{\displaystyle p={\frac {F}{A}},}
6403:Pressure being a scalar quantity
5760:from the original on 2016-03-04.
3017:
3006:
2984:
2959:
2606:personal decompression computers
2257:
2242:
2218:
1785:
1784:
1104:Table of thermodynamic equations
45:
6344:, 4th Ed, W. H. Freeman, 2006.
5934:from the original on 2009-07-10
5903:from the original on 2021-06-04
5593: â Term in fluid mechanics
5494:Critical point (thermodynamics)
3977:of a liquid (also known as the
3444:Bundesleistungszentrum Kienbaum
2852:; such measurements are called
2540:). The most common choices are
1955:is the amount of force applied
1580:Maxwell's thermodynamic surface
6342:Elements of Physical Chemistry
6067:Astrophysics and Space Science
5563:Orders of magnitude (pressure)
5416:
5407:
5086:gravitational potential energy
2700:imperial and customary units:
2469:
2454:
2361:, are also in common use. The
1314:
1302:
1259:
1247:
1204:
1192:
1164:
1152:
27:Force distributed over an area
1:
5886:(8th ed.), p. 127,
5703:Giancoli, Douglas G. (2004).
5258:{\displaystyle P=p/\rho _{0}}
3959:into a gaseous form, and all
3482:and is easily susceptible to
1975:is widely used. The usage of
1904:standard atmospheric pressure
1481:Mechanical equivalent of heat
6200:10.1007/978-1-4020-5872-1_24
6046:www.thermalfluidscentral.org
5518:Electron degeneracy pressure
5159:Direction of liquid pressure
4746:Derivation of this equation
3902:is the absolute temperature,
2991:{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} }
2966:{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} }
1942:column of a particular fluid
1093:Onsager reciprocal relations
6310:Karen Wright (March 2003).
5797:Alberty, Robert A. (2001).
5614:Vertical pressure variation
3807:, at constant temperature.
3045:According to the theory of
2825:, pressure is defined as a
1585:Entropy as energy dispersal
1396:"Perpetual motion" machines
1335:{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}
1280:{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}
1225:{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}
6479:
6428:Atmospheric thermodynamics
6269:Journal of Applied Physics
5035:{\displaystyle p=\rho gh.}
4662:{\displaystyle p=\rho gh,}
3999:
3932:
3820:
3556:
2833:of pressure is called the
2568:gravitational acceleration
1874:(Pa), for example, is one
1863:
1032:{\displaystyle \partial T}
985:{\displaystyle \partial V}
900:{\displaystyle \partial p}
853:{\displaystyle \partial V}
765:{\displaystyle \partial T}
718:{\displaystyle \partial S}
29:
6433:Underwater diving physics
6244:10.1007/978-94-010-0498-5
6097:10.1007/s10509-009-0016-8
5852:. Bipm.fr. Archived from
5363:{\displaystyle \rho _{0}}
5305:{\displaystyle \rho _{0}}
3945:thermodynamic equilibrium
3546:expansion of the universe
3260:{\displaystyle {\gamma }}
2916:In the case of planetary
2338:unit for pressure is the
2194:quantity. It relates the
1506:An Inquiry Concerning the
44:
32:Pressure (disambiguation)
6453:Thermodynamic properties
5977:Breithaupt, Jim (2015).
5339:in order to compute the
4121:ClausiusâDuhem (entropy)
4071:Fick's laws of diffusion
3817:Pressure of an ideal gas
3442:Low-pressure chamber in
3282:, velocity of the fluid,
3242:, pressure of the fluid,
2998:via the linear relation
2365:unit of pressure is the
2204:proportionality constant
2160:is the magnitude of the
1991:, and on writing style.
1519:Heterogeneous Substances
936:{\displaystyle \alpha =}
804:{\displaystyle \beta =-}
6340:P. Atkins, J. de Paula
6089:2009Ap&SS.321..151V
5952:Lautrup, Benny (2005).
5818:10.1351/pac200173081349
5744:10.1351/goldbook.P04819
4279:NavierâStokes equations
4217:Material failure theory
3729:is the static pressure.
3461:abdominal decompression
3290:acceleration of gravity
2934:hydrostatic equilibrium
2922:pressure-gradient force
2780:per square centimetre),
2376:Pressure is related to
5460:
5364:
5341:NavierâStokes equation
5333:
5306:
5279:
5259:
5203:
5153:section Fluid pressure
5143:
5036:
4999:
4956:
4899:
4823:
4782:
4735:
4663:
4063:
3990:partial vapor pressure
3873:
3787:
3723:
3701:
3679:
3653:
3623:
3447:
3362:
3321:
3261:
3227:
3097:
3025:
2992:
2967:
2809:
2534:millimetres of mercury
2482:
2355:pounds per square inch
2331:
2275:
2180:
2154:
2132:
2109:
2076:
1971:. However, upper-case
1882:(N/m); similarly, the
1870:unit of pressure, the
1336:
1281:
1226:
1171:
1170:{\displaystyle U(S,V)}
1033:
1009:
986:
962:
937:
901:
877:
854:
830:
805:
766:
742:
719:
695:
670:
649:Specific heat capacity
253:Quantum thermodynamics
193:
5461:
5365:
5334:
5307:
5280:
5260:
5204:
5144:
5037:
5000:
4957:
4900:
4824:
4783:
4736:
4664:
4274:Bernoulli's principle
4267:Archimedes' principle
4064:
3874:
3788:
3724:
3707:is the flow velocity,
3702:
3680:
3678:{\displaystyle \rho }
3654:
3652:{\displaystyle p_{0}}
3624:
3525:electromagnetic field
3441:
3363:
3322:
3262:
3228:
3095:
3040:viscous stress tensor
3026:
2993:
2968:
2807:
2741:non-SI metric units:
2483:
2329:
2276:
2181:
2155:
2133:
2110:
2075:
1934:millimetre of mercury
1517:On the Equilibrium of
1337:
1282:
1235:Helmholtz free energy
1227:
1172:
1034:
1010:
987:
963:
938:
902:
878:
855:
831:
806:
767:
743:
720:
696:
671:
194:
5575:Pressure measurement
5500:Dimensional analysis
5381:
5347:
5332:{\displaystyle \nu }
5323:
5289:
5285:is the pressure and
5269:
5228:
5181:
5097:
5091:Bernoulli's equation
5011:
4968:
4908:
4833:
4792:
4757:
4706:
4638:
4366:Cohesion (chemistry)
4188:Infinitesimal strain
4024:
3979:normal boiling point
3972:atmospheric pressure
3839:
3764:
3713:
3691:
3669:
3636:
3574:
3399:Plant cell turgidity
3333:
3304:
3249:
3156:
3141:Bernoulli's equation
3118:hydrostatic pressure
3051:stressâenergy tensor
3002:
2980:
2955:
2910:atmospheric pressure
2850:atmospheric pressure
2765:technical atmosphere
2695:, and foot of water;
2530:centimetres of water
2388:
2371:technical atmosphere
2210:
2170:
2144:
2122:
2083:
1530:Motive Power of Fire
1296:
1241:
1186:
1146:
1098:Bridgman's equations
1075:Fundamental relation
1020:
999:
973:
952:
924:
888:
867:
841:
820:
789:
753:
732:
706:
685:
657:
145:
6281:1953JAP....24..488B
5488:Conversion of units
5318:kinematic viscosity
4676:is liquid pressure,
4284:Poiseuille equation
4015:Continuum mechanics
4009:Part of a series on
3963:have a tendency to
3955:have a tendency to
3947:with its condensed
3894:amount of substance
3661:stagnation pressure
3564:Stagnation pressure
3559:Stagnation pressure
3553:Stagnation pressure
3523:The stresses in an
2926:gravitational force
2507:standard atmosphere
2342:(Pa), equal to one
2003:Conjugate variables
1930:centimetre of water
1508:Source ... Friction
1440:Loschmidt's paradox
632:Material properties
510:Conjugate variables
5536:Hydrostatic stress
5512:Electric potential
5456:
5360:
5329:
5302:
5275:
5255:
5221:Kinematic pressure
5199:
5198:
5139:
5032:
4995:
4952:
4895:
4819:
4778:
4731:
4659:
4490:Magnetorheological
4485:Electrorheological
4222:Fracture mechanics
4059:
3916:ideal gas constant
3869:
3783:
3719:
3697:
3675:
3649:
3619:
3448:
3434:Negative pressures
3358:
3317:
3257:
3223:
3098:
3047:general relativity
3021:
2988:
2963:
2848:, but relative to
2810:
2789:per square metre (
2651:manometric units:
2513:and is defined as
2478:
2332:
2271:
2176:
2150:
2128:
2105:
2077:
2056:Chemical potential
1928:units such as the
1772:Order and disorder
1528:Reflections on the
1435:Heat death paradox
1332:
1277:
1222:
1167:
1029:
1005:
982:
958:
933:
897:
873:
850:
826:
801:
762:
738:
715:
691:
669:{\displaystyle c=}
666:
639:Property databases
615:Reduced properties
599:Chemical potential
563:Functions of state
486:Thermal efficiency
222:Carnot heat engine
189:
89:SI base units
6379:Hewitt 251 (2006)
6361:Streeter, V. L.,
6289:10.1063/1.1721307
6253:978-1-4020-0895-5
6209:978-1-4020-5871-4
6176:978-1-932613-59-9
6138:978-0-07-243202-2
5753:978-0-9678550-9-7
5718:978-0-13-060620-4
5674:978-0-321-51671-8
5542:Internal pressure
5402:
5278:{\displaystyle p}
5196:
5108:
5046:
5045:
4990:
4982:
4974:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4933:
4925:
4914:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4876:
4865:
4864:
4861:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4839:
4814:
4806:
4798:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4763:
4726:
4718:
4627:
4626:
4502:
4501:
4436:
4435:
4205:Contact mechanics
4128:
4127:
4057:
3864:
3781:
3745:, connected to a
3722:{\displaystyle p}
3700:{\displaystyle v}
3598:
3356:
3315:
3192:
3167:
2846:absolute pressure
2596:(msw or MSW) and
2590:Underwater divers
2538:inches of mercury
2473:
2461:
2452:
2447:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2425:
2422:
2409:
2179:{\displaystyle A}
2153:{\displaystyle F}
2131:{\displaystyle p}
2100:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2005:of thermodynamics
1826:
1825:
1767:Self-organization
1592:
1591:
1290:Gibbs free energy
1088:Maxwell relations
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1008:{\displaystyle V}
961:{\displaystyle 1}
916:Thermal expansion
910:
909:
876:{\displaystyle V}
829:{\displaystyle 1}
775:
774:
741:{\displaystyle N}
694:{\displaystyle T}
622:
621:
538:Process functions
524:Property diagrams
503:System properties
493:
492:
458:Endoreversibility
350:Equation of state
202:
201:
16:(Redirected from
6470:
6380:
6377:
6366:
6359:
6353:
6338:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6327:
6307:
6301:
6300:
6264:
6258:
6257:
6231:
6222:
6221:
6187:
6181:
6180:
6163:
6157:
6156:
6150:
6142:
6124:
6109:
6108:
6082:
6062:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6052:
6038:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6017:
6011:
6010:
5999:
5993:
5992:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5949:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5939:
5920:
5911:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5902:
5885:
5871:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5861:
5846:
5840:
5839:
5834:
5832:
5812:(8): 1349â1380.
5803:
5794:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5784:
5768:
5762:
5761:
5729:
5723:
5722:
5710:
5700:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5683:
5681:
5666:
5655:
5639:
5632:
5602:Torricelli's law
5569:Partial pressure
5547:
5506:Dynamic pressure
5482:Combined gas law
5465:
5463:
5462:
5457:
5449:
5448:
5403:
5401:
5393:
5385:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5244:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5197:
5186:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5109:
5101:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4988:
4983:
4980:
4975:
4972:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4934:
4931:
4926:
4923:
4920:
4915:
4912:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4882:
4877:
4874:
4871:
4866:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4837:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4812:
4807:
4804:
4799:
4796:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4761:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4724:
4719:
4716:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4451:
4416:Gay-Lussac's law
4406:Combined gas law
4356:Capillary action
4241:
4084:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4048:
4040:
4006:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3849:
3806:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3782:
3774:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3612:
3611:
3599:
3591:
3586:
3585:
3489:
3409:Pressure washing
3379:Hydraulic brakes
3368:, velocity head.
3367:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3347:
3346:
3337:
3327:, pressure head,
3326:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3316:
3308:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3256:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3193:
3191:
3183:
3182:
3173:
3168:
3160:
3137:Daniel Bernoulli
3030:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3020:
3009:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2962:
2932:and maintaining
2726:per square inch,
2690:
2688:
2687:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2634:
2626:
2580:manometric units
2561:
2520:
2518:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2398:
2289:surface integral
2280:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2260:
2245:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2138:is the pressure,
2137:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2093:
2079:Mathematically:
2012:
1999:
1944:in a manometer.
1923:
1922:
1918:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1788:
1787:
1495:Key publications
1476:
1475:("living force")
1425:Brownian ratchet
1420:Entropy and life
1415:Entropy and time
1366:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1070:Clausius theorem
1065:Carnot's theorem
1038:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1006:
991:
989:
988:
983:
967:
965:
964:
959:
946:
945:
942:
940:
939:
934:
906:
904:
903:
898:
882:
880:
879:
874:
859:
857:
856:
851:
835:
833:
832:
827:
814:
813:
810:
808:
807:
802:
771:
769:
768:
763:
747:
745:
744:
739:
724:
722:
721:
716:
700:
698:
697:
692:
679:
678:
675:
673:
672:
667:
645:
644:
518:
337:
218:
204:
198:
196:
195:
190:
188:
187:
179:
178:
171:
170:
162:
161:
154:
153:
132:
112:other quantities
110:Derivations from
90:
68:
64:
49:
37:
21:
6478:
6477:
6473:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6468:
6467:
6458:State functions
6443:Fluid mechanics
6413:
6412:
6398:Project PHYSNET
6388:
6383:
6378:
6369:
6363:Fluid Mechanics
6360:
6356:
6339:
6335:
6325:
6323:
6309:
6308:
6304:
6266:
6265:
6261:
6254:
6233:
6232:
6225:
6210:
6189:
6188:
6184:
6177:
6165:
6164:
6160:
6143:
6139:
6126:
6125:
6112:
6064:
6063:
6059:
6050:
6048:
6040:
6039:
6035:
6026:
6024:
6019:
6018:
6014:
6001:
6000:
5996:
5989:
5976:
5975:
5971:
5964:
5951:
5950:
5946:
5937:
5935:
5930:. 2 July 2009.
5922:
5921:
5914:
5906:
5904:
5900:
5894:
5883:
5873:
5872:
5868:
5859:
5857:
5848:
5847:
5843:
5830:
5828:
5806:Pure Appl. Chem
5801:
5796:
5795:
5791:
5782:
5780:
5770:
5769:
5765:
5754:
5731:
5730:
5726:
5719:
5702:
5701:
5697:
5686:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5664:
5657:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5643:
5642:
5633:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5591:Static pressure
5580:Pressure sensor
5545:
5471:
5440:
5394:
5386:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5350:
5345:
5344:
5321:
5320:
5292:
5287:
5286:
5267:
5266:
5245:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5179:
5178:
5161:
5095:
5094:
5009:
5008:
4966:
4965:
4921:
4906:
4905:
4872:
4831:
4830:
4790:
4789:
4755:
4754:
4704:
4703:
4636:
4635:
4623:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4512:
4504:
4503:
4457:Viscoelasticity
4448:
4438:
4437:
4425:
4375:
4371:Surface tension
4335:
4238:
4236:Fluid mechanics
4228:
4227:
4226:
4140:
4138:Solid mechanics
4130:
4129:
4081:
4073:
4049:
4041:
4022:
4021:
4004:
3998:
3996:Liquid pressure
3937:
3935:Vapour pressure
3931:
3929:Vapour pressure
3850:
3837:
3836:
3825:
3819:
3811:Surface tension
3798:
3762:
3761:
3755:
3711:
3710:
3689:
3688:
3685:is the density,
3667:
3666:
3639:
3634:
3633:
3603:
3577:
3572:
3571:
3568:static pressure
3561:
3555:
3487:
3436:
3417:
3404:Pythagorean cup
3375:
3348:
3338:
3331:
3330:
3302:
3301:
3274:specific weight
3247:
3246:
3184:
3174:
3154:
3153:
3072:
3067:
3000:
2999:
2978:
2977:
2953:
2952:
2897:
2888:storage vessels
2872:pressure gauges
2829:. The negative
2827:scalar quantity
2802:
2708:short ton-force
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2602:diving chambers
2594:metre sea water
2553:
2516:
2514:
2457:
2448:
2412:
2399:
2386:
2385:
2324:
2216:
2208:
2207:
2168:
2167:
2142:
2141:
2120:
2119:
2081:
2080:
2061:Particle number
2004:
1997:
1950:
1938:inch of mercury
1920:
1916:
1915:
1822:
1777:
1776:
1752:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1602:
1594:
1593:
1572:
1558:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1507:
1474:
1467:
1449:
1430:Maxwell's demon
1392:
1363:
1362:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1140:Internal energy
1135:
1120:
1110:
1109:
1084:
1059:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1018:
1017:
997:
996:
971:
970:
950:
949:
922:
921:
886:
885:
865:
864:
839:
838:
818:
817:
787:
786:
781:Compressibility
751:
750:
730:
729:
704:
703:
683:
682:
655:
654:
634:
624:
623:
604:Particle number
557:
516:
505:
495:
494:
453:Irreversibility
365:State of matter
332:Isolated system
317:
307:
306:
305:
280:
270:
269:
265:Non-equilibrium
257:
232:
224:
172:
155:
143:
142:
116:
113:
111:
88:
66:
62:
59:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6476:
6474:
6466:
6465:
6463:Thermodynamics
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6438:Fluid dynamics
6435:
6430:
6425:
6415:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6387:
6386:External links
6384:
6382:
6381:
6367:
6354:
6333:
6302:
6275:(4): 488â490.
6259:
6252:
6223:
6208:
6182:
6175:
6158:
6137:
6110:
6073:(2): 151â156.
6057:
6033:
6012:
5994:
5987:
5969:
5962:
5944:
5912:
5892:
5866:
5841:
5789:
5763:
5752:
5724:
5717:
5695:
5673:
5665:(google books)
5649:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5617:
5611:
5605:
5599:
5594:
5588:
5585:Sound pressure
5582:
5577:
5572:
5566:
5560:
5554:
5551:Kinetic theory
5548:
5539:
5533:
5527:
5521:
5515:
5509:
5503:
5497:
5491:
5485:
5479:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5455:
5452:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5424:
5421:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5406:
5400:
5397:
5392:
5389:
5375:
5372:
5357:
5353:
5328:
5299:
5295:
5274:
5252:
5248:
5243:
5239:
5236:
5233:
5222:
5219:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5160:
5157:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5125:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5107:
5104:
5062:total pressure
5044:
5043:
5031:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5016:
4994:
4986:
4981:weight density
4978:
4951:
4937:
4929:
4924:weight density
4918:
4894:
4880:
4875:weight density
4869:
4856:
4843:
4818:
4810:
4805:weight density
4802:
4767:
4762:weight density
4748:
4747:
4730:
4722:
4717:weight density
4714:
4711:
4700:
4699:
4693:
4683:
4677:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4479:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4449:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4361:Chromatography
4358:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4293:
4281:
4276:
4264:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4239:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4089:
4088:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4055:
4052:
4047:
4044:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4018:
4017:
4011:
4010:
3997:
3994:
3933:Main article:
3930:
3927:
3920:
3919:
3909:
3908:is the volume,
3903:
3897:
3887:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3821:Main article:
3818:
3815:
3780:
3777:
3772:
3769:
3754:
3751:
3731:
3730:
3718:
3708:
3696:
3686:
3674:
3664:
3646:
3642:
3618:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3557:Main article:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3518:surface normal
3514:
3511:gauge pressure
3503:Casimir effect
3499:
3468:
3435:
3432:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3394:Hydraulic head
3391:
3389:Blood pressure
3386:
3381:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3354:
3351:
3345:
3341:
3328:
3314:
3311:
3299:
3293:
3283:
3277:
3255:
3243:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3166:
3163:
3126:fluid dynamics
3109:
3108:
3105:
3075:Fluid pressure
3071:
3070:Fluid pressure
3068:
3066:
3063:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3008:
2986:
2961:
2896:
2893:
2854:gauge pressure
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2784:
2781:
2771:
2768:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2730:
2727:
2712:long ton-force
2698:
2697:
2696:
2684:
2667:
2655:
2649:
2622:
2598:foot sea water
2584:Blood pressure
2511:mean sea level
2492:meteorologists
2477:
2471:
2466:
2456:
2442:
2429:
2418:
2415:
2405:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2378:energy density
2330:Mercury column
2323:
2320:
2308:thermodynamics
2270:
2267:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2190:Pressure is a
2188:
2187:
2175:
2165:
2149:
2139:
2127:
2104:
2099:
2096:
2091:
2088:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2008:
2007:
1996:
1993:
1949:
1946:
1914:is defined as
1855:(also spelled
1853:Gauge pressure
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1549:Thermodynamics
1545:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1525:
1523:
1514:
1512:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1466:
1465:
1463:Caloric theory
1459:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1287:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1232:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1177:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1028:
1025:
1015:
1004:
993:
992:
981:
978:
968:
957:
943:
932:
929:
919:
912:
911:
908:
907:
896:
893:
883:
872:
861:
860:
849:
846:
836:
825:
811:
800:
797:
794:
784:
777:
776:
773:
772:
761:
758:
748:
737:
726:
725:
714:
711:
701:
690:
676:
665:
662:
652:
643:
642:
641:
635:
630:
629:
626:
625:
620:
619:
618:
617:
612:
607:
596:
585:
566:
565:
559:
558:
556:
555:
550:
544:
541:
540:
534:
533:
532:
531:
526:
507:
506:
501:
500:
497:
496:
491:
490:
489:
488:
483:
478:
470:
469:
463:
462:
461:
460:
455:
450:
445:
443:Free expansion
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
397:
396:
390:
389:
388:
387:
382:
380:Control volume
377:
372:
370:Phase (matter)
367:
362:
357:
352:
344:
343:
335:
334:
329:
324:
318:
313:
312:
309:
308:
304:
303:
298:
293:
288:
282:
281:
276:
275:
272:
271:
268:
267:
256:
255:
250:
245:
240:
234:
233:
230:
229:
226:
225:
220:The classical
219:
211:
210:
208:Thermodynamics
200:
199:
186:
183:
177:
169:
166:
160:
152:
140:
134:
133:
114:
109:
106:
105:
92:
83:
82:
76:
70:
69:
60:
58:Common symbols
57:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
26:
24:
18:Water pressure
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6475:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6395:
6394:
6390:
6389:
6385:
6376:
6374:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6358:
6355:
6351:
6350:0-7167-7329-5
6347:
6343:
6337:
6334:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6306:
6303:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6263:
6260:
6255:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6230:
6228:
6224:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6186:
6183:
6178:
6172:
6168:
6162:
6159:
6154:
6148:
6140:
6134:
6130:
6123:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6115:
6111:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6061:
6058:
6047:
6043:
6037:
6034:
6022:
6016:
6013:
6008:
6004:
5998:
5995:
5990:
5988:9781137443243
5984:
5980:
5973:
5970:
5965:
5963:9780750307529
5959:
5955:
5948:
5945:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5919:
5917:
5913:
5899:
5895:
5893:92-822-2213-6
5889:
5882:
5881:
5876:
5870:
5867:
5856:on 2007-06-30
5855:
5851:
5845:
5842:
5838:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5800:
5793:
5790:
5778:
5774:
5767:
5764:
5759:
5755:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5736:
5728:
5725:
5720:
5714:
5709:
5708:
5699:
5696:
5692:
5690:
5676:
5670:
5663:
5662:
5654:
5651:
5645:
5637:
5631:
5628:
5621:
5615:
5612:
5609:
5606:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5592:
5589:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5570:
5567:
5564:
5561:
5558:
5555:
5552:
5549:
5543:
5540:
5537:
5534:
5531:
5528:
5525:
5524:High pressure
5522:
5519:
5516:
5513:
5510:
5507:
5504:
5501:
5498:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5486:
5483:
5480:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5468:
5466:
5453:
5450:
5445:
5437:
5434:
5431:
5425:
5422:
5419:
5410:
5404:
5398:
5390:
5373:
5371:
5355:
5351:
5342:
5326:
5319:
5315:
5297:
5293:
5272:
5250:
5246:
5241:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5193:
5190:
5187:
5175:
5169:
5167:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5149:
5136:
5116:
5113:
5110:
5105:
5102:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5050:
5042:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5005:
4992:
4984:
4976:
4962:
4949:
4935:
4927:
4916:
4892:
4878:
4867:
4854:
4841:
4816:
4808:
4800:
4765:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4728:
4720:
4712:
4709:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4631:
4620:
4615:
4613:
4608:
4606:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4508:
4507:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4473:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4441:
4432:
4428:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4401:Charles's law
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4310:
4309:non-Newtonian
4307:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4231:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4195:Compatibility
4193:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4183:Finite strain
4181:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4134:
4133:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4087:Conservations
4085:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4053:
4050:
4045:
4042:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4003:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3975:boiling point
3973:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3936:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3845:
3842:
3834:
3833:ideal gas law
3830:
3824:
3823:Ideal gas law
3816:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3778:
3775:
3770:
3767:
3758:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3716:
3709:
3694:
3687:
3672:
3665:
3662:
3644:
3640:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3616:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3595:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3529:normal stress
3526:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3513:of a vacuum).
3512:
3508:
3507:vacuum energy
3504:
3500:
3497:
3496:pressure head
3493:
3492:ascent of sap
3488:â425 atm
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3445:
3440:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3384:Artesian well
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3352:
3349:
3343:
3339:
3329:
3312:
3309:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3276:of the fluid,
3275:
3271:
3267:
3253:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3220:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3164:
3161:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3133:Blaise Pascal
3129:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3114:fluid statics
3106:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3094:
3090:
3088:
3087:section below
3084:
3081:. (The term
3080:
3076:
3069:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3059:neutron stars
3056:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3013:
3010:
2976:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2905:random motion
2902:
2895:Scalar nature
2894:
2892:
2889:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2836:
2835:force density
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2756:decompression
2753:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2735:
2734:decompression
2731:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2694:
2677:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2475:
2464:
2440:
2427:
2416:
2413:
2403:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2357:(lbf/in) and
2356:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2328:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2173:
2166:
2163:
2147:
2140:
2125:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2086:
2074:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1957:perpendicular
1954:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1845:perpendicular
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1762:Self-assembly
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1733:van der Waals
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1658:von Helmholtz
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1597:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1291:
1288:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1236:
1233:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1181:
1178:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1080:Ideal gas law
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1026:
1016:
1002:
995:
994:
979:
969:
955:
948:
947:
944:
930:
927:
920:
917:
914:
913:
894:
884:
870:
863:
862:
847:
837:
823:
816:
815:
812:
798:
795:
792:
785:
782:
779:
778:
759:
749:
735:
728:
727:
712:
702:
688:
681:
680:
677:
663:
660:
653:
650:
647:
646:
640:
637:
636:
633:
628:
627:
616:
613:
611:
610:Vapor quality
608:
606:
605:
600:
597:
595:
594:
589:
586:
583:
579:
578:
573:
570:
569:
568:
567:
564:
560:
554:
551:
549:
546:
545:
543:
542:
539:
535:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
520:
519:
515:
511:
504:
499:
498:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
472:
471:
468:
464:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
448:Reversibility
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
400:
399:
398:
395:
391:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
346:
345:
342:
338:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
322:Closed system
320:
319:
316:
311:
310:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
283:
279:
274:
273:
266:
262:
259:
258:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
235:
228:
227:
223:
217:
213:
212:
209:
205:
184:
181:
167:
164:
141:
139:
135:
131:
130:
125:
124:
119:
115:
107:
104:
100:
96:
93:
91:
84:
80:
77:
75:
71:
61:
55:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
6392:
6362:
6357:
6341:
6336:
6324:. Retrieved
6305:
6272:
6268:
6262:
6238:. Springer.
6235:
6191:
6185:
6166:
6161:
6128:
6070:
6066:
6060:
6049:. Retrieved
6045:
6036:
6025:. Retrieved
6023:. 2023-03-28
6015:
6006:
5997:
5978:
5972:
5953:
5947:
5936:. Retrieved
5927:
5905:, retrieved
5879:
5869:
5858:. Retrieved
5854:the original
5844:
5836:
5829:. Retrieved
5809:
5805:
5792:
5781:. Retrieved
5777:Hyperphysics
5776:
5766:
5734:
5727:
5706:
5698:
5687:
5685:
5678:. Retrieved
5660:
5653:
5635:
5630:
5377:
5313:
5224:
5214:
5210:
5170:
5162:
5150:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5068:
5066:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5006:
4963:
4753:
4701:
4695:
4685:
4679:
4673:
4632:
4628:
4476:Smart fluids
4421:Graham's law
4330:
4327:
4320:
4305:
4291:Pascal's law
4287:
4270:
4258:
4113:Inequalities
3987:
3969:
3938:
3921:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3889:
3883:
3826:
3809:
3803:
3799:
3759:
3756:
3732:
3562:
3510:
3480:superheating
3451:
3449:
3424:deflagration
3418:
3373:Applications
3298:, elevation,
3295:
3285:
3279:
3269:
3245:
3239:
3234:
3130:
3122:
3117:
3110:
3099:
3082:
3074:
3073:
3044:
3033:
2948:
2942:
2938:
2915:
2908:
2899:In a static
2898:
2885:
2869:
2853:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2818:
2811:
2640:
2637:
2630:
2627:rather than
2619:
2610:
2588:
2579:
2572:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2548:and density
2545:
2523:
2504:
2489:
2451:Volume
2375:
2352:
2348:square metre
2333:
2310:, and it is
2303:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2284:
2282:
2200:normal force
2189:
2162:normal force
2078:
2015:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1952:
1951:
1900:US customary
1880:square metre
1861:
1856:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1623:Carathéodory
1554:Heat engines
1526:
1515:
1504:
1486:Motive power
1471:
1131:Free entropy
1102:
602:
601: /
591:
590: /
587:
582:introduction
575:
574: /
513:
476:Heat engines
263: /
128:
122:
117:
74:SI unit
5608:Vacuum pump
5476:Boyle's law
5074:total force
4495:Ferrofluids
4396:Boyle's law
4168:Hooke's law
4146:Deformation
3795:Boyle's law
3743:Cobra probe
3542:dark energy
2975:vector area
2930:outer space
2918:atmospheres
2876:name plates
2747:, decibar,
2720:ounce-force
2716:pound-force
2633:= 100 psig"
2196:vector area
2044:Temperature
1906:; the unit
1888:square inch
1884:pound-force
1445:Synergetics
1126:Free energy
572:Temperature
433:Quasistatic
428:Isenthalpic
385:Instruments
375:Equilibrium
327:Open system
261:Equilibrium
243:Statistical
6448:Hydraulics
6417:Categories
6326:31 January
6051:2024-02-11
6027:2024-02-11
5938:2009-07-07
5907:2021-12-16
5860:2012-03-27
5831:1 November
5783:2022-03-05
5773:"Pressure"
5646:References
5557:Microphone
5530:Hydraulics
4692:of liquid,
4548:Gay-Lussac
4511:Scientists
4411:Fick's law
4391:Atmosphere
4210:frictional
4163:Plasticity
4151:Elasticity
4000:See also:
3923:Real gases
3739:Kiel probe
3735:Pitot tube
3498:of water).
3484:cavitation
3476:metastable
2858:automobile
2691:), metre,
2676:centimetre
2659:millimetre
2646:atmosphere
2625:= 100 psi"
2446:Energy (J)
1948:Definition
1926:Manometric
1908:atmosphere
1757:Nucleation
1601:Scientists
1405:Philosophy
1118:Potentials
481:Heat pumps
438:Polytropic
423:Isentropic
413:Isothermal
6297:0021-8979
6218:1568-2609
6147:cite book
6105:218673952
6080:0705.0825
5442:∇
5438:ν
5429:∇
5426:−
5414:∇
5396:∂
5388:∂
5352:ρ
5327:ν
5294:ρ
5247:ρ
5106:γ
5021:ρ
4985:×
4936:×
4928:×
4879:×
4809:×
4721:×
4648:ρ
4588:Truesdell
4518:Bernoulli
4467:Rheometer
4462:Rheometry
4302:Newtonian
4296:Viscosity
4046:φ
4034:−
3957:evaporate
3829:ideal gas
3768:π
3747:manometer
3673:ρ
3601:ρ
3538:cosmology
3465:obstetric
3452:pressures
3446:, Germany
3420:Explosion
3313:γ
3254:γ
3165:γ
3150:viscosity
3014:σ
2819:normal to
2814:thumbtack
2526:manometer
2417:⋅
2404:⋅
2312:conjugate
2304:normal to
2250:−
2232:−
1924:of this.
1839:) is the
1831:(symbol:
1738:Waterston
1688:von Mayer
1643:de Donder
1633:Clapeyron
1613:Boltzmann
1608:Bernoulli
1569:Education
1540:Timelines
1324:−
1269:−
1057:Equations
1024:∂
977:∂
928:α
892:∂
845:∂
799:−
793:β
757:∂
710:∂
418:Adiabatic
408:Isochoric
394:Processes
355:Ideal gas
238:Classical
182:−
165:−
138:Dimension
6423:Pressure
6320:Archived
6316:Discover
6007:268-1992
6005:(1992).
5932:Archived
5898:archived
5877:(2006),
5826:98264934
5771:R Nave.
5758:Archived
5469:See also
5209:, where
5166:buoyancy
4973:pressure
4913:pressure
4838:pressure
4446:Rheology
4351:Adhesion
4331:Pressure
4317:Buoyancy
4262:Dynamics
4100:Momentum
3965:condense
3146:inviscid
2973:to the
2831:gradient
2800:Examples
2749:millibar
2592:use the
2562:, where
2519: Pa
2500:decibars
2496:millibar
2421:distance
2408:distance
2016:Pressure
1989:momentum
1953:Pressure
1896:imperial
1862:Various
1843:applied
1829:Pressure
1790:Category
1728:Thompson
1638:Clausius
1618:Bridgman
1472:Vis viva
1454:Theories
1388:Gas laws
1180:Enthalpy
588:Pressure
403:Isobaric
360:Real gas
248:Chemical
231:Branches
40:Pressure
6277:Bibcode
6085:Bibcode
5979:Physics
5689:vector.
5680:6 April
4690:density
4669:where:
4533:Charles
4341:Liquids
4255:Statics
4200:Bending
3914:is the
3892:is the
3879:where:
3659:is the
3629:where
3472:tension
3235:where:
3055:gravity
2947:tensor
2724:poundal
2566:is the
2542:mercury
2115:where:
2049:Entropy
1995:Formula
1919:⁄
1713:Smeaton
1708:Rankine
1698:Onsager
1683:Maxwell
1678:Massieu
1383:Entropy
1378:General
1369:History
1359:Culture
1356:History
580: (
577:Entropy
514:italics
315:Systems
101:⋅
97:⋅
6348:
6295:
6250:
6216:
6206:
6173:
6135:
6103:
5985:
5960:
5890:
5824:
5750:
5715:
5671:
5636:within
5174:normal
5069:amount
4940:depth)
4883:volume
4860:weight
4813:volume
4797:weight
4774:volume
4771:weight
4583:Stokes
4578:Pascal
4568:Navier
4563:Newton
4553:Graham
4528:Cauchy
4431:Plasma
4326:
4324:Mixing
4319:
4304:
4286:
4269:
4257:
4245:Fluids
4178:Strain
4173:Stress
4156:linear
4105:Energy
3983:Bubble
3953:solids
3949:phases
3941:vapour
3827:In an
3463:is an
3450:While
3148:(zero
3036:tensor
2945:stress
2920:, the
2823:stress
2787:sthene
2722:, and
2436:Volume
2382:joules
2344:newton
2340:pascal
2316:volume
2192:scalar
2036:Strain
2029:Stress
2021:Volume
1963:. The
1936:, and
1876:newton
1872:pascal
1703:Planck
1693:Nernst
1668:Kelvin
1628:Carnot
918:
783:
651:
593:Volume
508:Note:
467:Cycles
296:Second
286:Zeroth
79:pascal
6101:S2CID
6075:arXiv
5901:(PDF)
5884:(PDF)
5822:S2CID
5802:(PDF)
5622:Notes
5054:total
4989:depth
4932:(area
4847:force
4725:depth
4558:Hooke
4538:Euler
4523:Boyle
4381:Gases
3961:gases
3428:gases
3083:fluid
3079:fluid
3065:Types
3034:This
2791:pieze
2774:barye
2648:(atm)
2490:Some
2367:barye
2322:Units
2291:over
1985:power
1965:IUPAC
1864:units
1841:force
1751:Other
1718:Stahl
1673:Lewis
1663:Joule
1653:Gibbs
1648:Duhem
341:State
301:Third
291:First
6346:ISBN
6328:2015
6293:ISSN
6248:ISBN
6214:ISSN
6204:ISBN
6171:ISBN
6153:link
6133:ISBN
5983:ISBN
5958:ISBN
5928:NIST
5888:ISBN
5833:2021
5748:ISBN
5713:ISBN
5682:2020
5669:ISBN
4945:area
4888:area
4863:area
4850:area
4573:Noll
4543:Fick
4095:Mass
4080:Laws
3970:The
3501:The
3135:and
2861:tire
2778:dyne
2693:inch
2678:(cm
2661:(mm
2604:and
2576:torr
2505:The
2433:Work
2346:per
2334:The
1987:and
1912:torr
1898:and
1886:per
1878:per
1857:gage
1849:area
1723:Tait
553:Heat
548:Work
278:Laws
81:(Pa)
6396:on
6285:doi
6240:doi
6196:doi
6093:doi
6071:321
5814:doi
5740:doi
5168:).
5058:Ïgh
4688:is
3943:in
3741:or
3536:In
3422:or
3089:.)
2901:gas
2865:kPa
2745:bar
2704:kip
2674:),
2559:Ïgh
2536:or
2517:325
2515:101
2363:CGS
2359:bar
2314:to
1979:vs
1921:760
1892:psi
1835:or
1566:Art
512:in
86:In
6419::
6370:^
6318:.
6314:.
6291:.
6283:.
6273:24
6271:.
6246:.
6226:^
6212:.
6202:.
6149:}}
6145:{{
6113:^
6099:.
6091:.
6083:.
6069:.
6044:.
5926:.
5915:^
5896:,
5835:.
5820:.
5810:73
5808:.
5804:.
5775:.
5756:.
5746:.
5684:.
5370:.
5217:.
5155:.
3992:.
3802:=
3800:ÏA
3797:,
3540:,
3288:,
3270:Ïg
3268:=
3139:.
3128:.
3120:.
3031:.
2936:.
2913:.
2880:SI
2874:,
2837:.
2793:).
2767:),
2751:,
2718:,
2714:,
2710:,
2706:,
2635:.
2557:=
2532:,
2521:.
2336:SI
2318:.
1932:,
1868:SI
126:/
120:=
95:kg
65:,
6352:.
6330:.
6299:.
6287::
6279::
6256:.
6242::
6220:.
6198::
6179:.
6155:)
6141:.
6107:.
6095::
6087::
6077::
6054:.
6030:.
6009:.
5991:.
5966:.
5941:.
5863:.
5816::
5786:.
5742::
5721:.
5454:.
5451:u
5446:2
5435:+
5432:P
5423:=
5420:u
5417:)
5411:u
5408:(
5405:+
5399:t
5391:u
5356:0
5314:P
5298:0
5273:p
5251:0
5242:/
5238:p
5235:=
5232:P
5215:h
5211:h
5194:h
5191:g
5188:2
5137:.
5133:t
5130:s
5127:n
5124:o
5121:c
5117:=
5114:z
5111:+
5103:p
5030:.
5027:h
5024:g
5018:=
5015:p
4993:.
4977:=
4950:.
4917:=
4893:,
4868:=
4855:=
4842:=
4817:,
4801:=
4766:=
4729:.
4713:=
4710:p
4696:h
4686:Ï
4680:g
4674:p
4657:,
4654:h
4651:g
4645:=
4642:p
4618:e
4611:t
4604:v
4328:·
4321:·
4311:)
4306:·
4300:(
4288:·
4271:·
4259:·
4054:x
4051:d
4043:d
4037:D
4031:=
4028:J
3918:.
3912:R
3906:V
3900:T
3896:,
3890:n
3884:p
3867:,
3862:V
3858:T
3855:R
3852:n
3846:=
3843:p
3804:k
3779:l
3776:F
3771:=
3717:p
3695:v
3663:,
3645:0
3641:p
3617:p
3614:+
3609:2
3605:v
3596:2
3593:1
3588:=
3583:0
3579:p
3548:.
3353:g
3350:2
3344:2
3340:v
3310:p
3296:z
3292:,
3286:g
3280:v
3240:p
3221:,
3217:t
3214:s
3211:n
3208:o
3205:c
3201:=
3198:z
3195:+
3189:g
3186:2
3180:2
3176:v
3170:+
3162:p
3018:A
3011:=
3007:F
2985:A
2960:F
2949:Ï
2776:(
2758:,
2736:;
2689:O
2685:2
2680:H
2672:O
2668:2
2663:H
2631:p
2629:"
2623:g
2620:p
2618:"
2564:g
2555:p
2550:Ï
2546:h
2476:.
2470:)
2465:3
2460:m
2455:(
2441:=
2428:=
2414:A
2401:F
2395:=
2392:p
2293:S
2285:S
2269:.
2266:A
2263:d
2258:n
2253:p
2247:=
2243:A
2239:d
2235:p
2229:=
2224:n
2219:F
2214:d
2174:A
2164:,
2148:F
2126:p
2103:,
2098:A
2095:F
2090:=
2087:p
2038:)
2034:(
2031:)
2027:(
1981:p
1977:P
1973:P
1969:p
1961:P
1917:1
1890:(
1837:P
1833:p
1817:e
1810:t
1803:v
1330:S
1327:T
1321:H
1318:=
1315:)
1312:p
1309:,
1306:T
1303:(
1300:G
1275:S
1272:T
1266:U
1263:=
1260:)
1257:V
1254:,
1251:T
1248:(
1245:A
1220:V
1217:p
1214:+
1211:U
1208:=
1205:)
1202:p
1199:,
1196:S
1193:(
1190:H
1165:)
1162:V
1159:,
1156:S
1153:(
1150:U
1027:T
1003:V
980:V
956:1
931:=
895:p
871:V
848:V
824:1
796:=
760:T
736:N
713:S
689:T
664:=
661:c
584:)
185:2
176:T
168:1
159:L
151:M
129:A
123:F
118:p
103:s
99:m
67:P
63:p
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
