429:. Fire horns, large compressed air horns, also were and still are used as an alternative to a fire siren. Many fire horn systems were wired to fire pull boxes that were located around a town, and this would "blast out" a code in respect to that box's location. For example, pull box number 233, when pulled, would trigger the fire horn to sound two blasts, followed by a pause, followed by three blasts, followed by a pause, followed by three more blasts. In the days before telephones, this was the only way firefighters would know the location of a fire. The coded blasts were usually repeated several times. This technology was also applied to many steam whistles as well. Some fire sirens are fitted with brakes and dampers, enabling them to sound out codes as well. These units tended to be unreliable, and are now uncommon.
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147:. Although there is no standard signaling of fire sirens, some utilize codes to inform firefighters of the location of the fire. Civil defense sirens also used as fire sirens often can produce an alternating "hi-lo" signal (similar to emergency vehicles in many European countries) as the fire signal, or attack (slow wail), typically 3x, as to not confuse the public with the standard civil defense signals of alert (steady tone) and fast wail (fast wavering tone). Fire sirens are often tested once a day at noon and are also called
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764:) when spinning up to operating speed. Appropriate wiring and transient protection for engine control computers is a necessary part of an installation. Wiring should be similar in size to the wiring to the vehicle engine starter motor. Mechanical vehicle mounted devices usually have an electric brake, a solenoid that presses a friction pad against the siren rotor. When an emergency vehicle arrives on-scene or is cancelled en route, the operator can rapidly stop the siren.
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upon the spacing of the speakers. These phase differences also account for increases, based upon the frequency and the speaker spacing. However, sirens are designed to sweep the frequency of their sound output, typically, no less than one octave. This sweeping minimizes the effects of phase cancellation. The result is that the average sound output from a dual speaker siren system is 3 dB greater than a single speaker system.
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electric siren, which was the first dual tone siren. The popularity of fire sirens took off by the 1920s, with many manufacturers including the
Federal Electric Company and Decot Machine Works creating their own sirens. Since the 1970s, many communities have since deactivated their fire sirens as pagers became available for fire department use. Some sirens still remain as a backup to pager systems.
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1097:: "Si l'on fait passer de l'eau dans la sirène, au lieu d'air, elle produit également le son, lors même qu'elle est entièrement immergée dans ce fluide, et les mêmes nombres de chocs produisent les mêmes nombre de notes par l'air. C'est à cause de cette propriété d'être sonore dans l'eau, que j'ai cru pouvoir lui donner le nom sous lequel elle est désignée."
181:. De la Tour's siren consisted of two perforated disks that were mounted coaxially at the outlet of a pneumatic tube. One disk was stationary, while the other disk rotated. The rotating disk periodically interrupted the flow of air through the fixed disk, producing a tone. De la Tour's siren could produce sound under water, suggesting a link with the
1105:: If one runs water through the siren instead of air, it still produces sound even though it is fully immersed in this fluid, and the same number of shocks produce the same number of audible vibrations as in air. It is because of this property of making sound in water that I thought I could give it the name by which it is designated.
630:, sirens are designated Class A or Class B. A Class A siren is loud enough that it can be mounted nearly anywhere on a vehicle. Class B sirens are not as loud and must be mounted on a plane parallel to the level roadway and parallel to the direction the vehicle travels when driving in a straight line.
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In a pneumatic siren, the stator is the part which cuts off and reopens air as rotating blades of a chopper move past the port holes of the stator, generating sound. The pitch of the siren's sound is a function of the speed of the rotor and the number of holes in the stator. A siren with only one row
247:
developed a siren to announce the silent arrival of his electric boats. Two early fire siren manufacturers were
William A. Box Iron Works, who made the "Denver" sirens as early as 1905, and the Inter-State Machine Company (later the Sterling Siren Fire Alarm Company) who made the ubiquitous Model "M"
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Multi-speaker electronic sirens often are alleged to have dead spots at certain angles to the vehicle's direction of travel. These are caused by phase differences. The sound coming from the speaker array can phase cancel in some situations. This phase cancellation occurs at single frequencies, based
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The worst installations are those where the siren sound is emitted above and slightly behind the vehicle occupants such as cases where a light-bar mounted speaker is used on a sedan or pickup. Vehicles with concealed sirens also tend to have high noise levels inside. In some cases, concealed or poor
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Two tone sirens are often designed to emit a minor third, musically considered a "sad" sound. To do this, they have two rotors with different numbers of openings. The upper tone is produced by a rotor with a count of openings divisible by six. The lower tone's rotor has a count of openings divisible
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The rotating disk of such a siren is driven by air pressure alone: The holes in each disk are not drilled perpendicularly to the disk. Instead, the holes slope in a clockwise direction in one disk and counterclockwise in the other. To escape, the flowing air must therefore change direction sharply,
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Siren speakers, or mechanical sirens, should always be mounted ahead of the passenger compartment. This reduces the noise for occupants and makes two-way radio and mobile telephone audio more intelligible during siren use. It also puts the sound where it will be useful. A 2007 study found passenger
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to synthesize a selected siren tone (wail, yelp, pierce/priority/phaser, hi-lo, scan, airhorn, manual, and a few more) which is played through external speakers. It is not unusual, especially in the case of modern fire engines, to see an emergency vehicle equipped with both types of sirens. Often,
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Instead of disks, most modern mechanical sirens use two concentric cylinders, which have slots parallel to their length. The inner cylinder rotates while the outer one remains stationary. As air under pressure flows out of the slots of the inner cylinder and then escapes through the slots of the
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Research has shown that sirens mounted behind the engine grille or under the wheel arches produces less unwanted noise inside the passenger cabin and to the side and rear of the vehicle while maintaining noise levels to give adequate warnings. The inclusion of broadband sound to sirens has the
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or musical quality of a mechanical siren is caused because it is a triangle wave, when graphed as pressure over time. As the openings widen, the emitted pressure increases. As they close, it decreases. So, the characteristic frequency distribution of the sound has harmonics at odd (1, 3, 5...)
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The dials atop the siren are connected, via reduction gears, to the perforated disks (in the cylinder beneath the dials) which produce the siren's sound. The dials allow the siren's frequency to be determined. During the 19th century, sirens were among the few sources of sound having a known
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In
Germany and some other European countries, the pneumatic two-tone (hi-lo) siren consists of two sets of air horns, one high pitched and the other low pitched. An air compressor blows the air into one set of horns, and then it automatically switches to the other set. As this back and forth
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to it, one can repeatedly close and open all of the stator ports thus creating a tone called a pulse. If this is done while the siren is wailing (rather than sounding a steady tone) then it is called a pulse wail. By doing this separately over each row of ports on a dual tone siren, one can
299:), such that the material between the holes interrupts a flow of air from fixed holes on the outside of the unit (called a stator). As the holes in the rotating disk alternately prevent and allow air to flow it results in alternating compressed and rarefied air pressure, i.e.
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The frequency, i.e. the cycles per second of the sound of a mechanical siren is controlled by the speed of its rotor, and the number of openings. The wailing of a mechanical siren occurs as the rotor speeds and slows. Wailing usually identifies an attack or urgent emergency.
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switching occurs, the sound changes tones. Its sound power varies, but could get as high as approximately 125 dB, depending on the compressor and the horns. Comparing with the mechanical sirens, it uses much less electricity but needs more maintenance.
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sirens, alerting an entire community of impending danger. Most fire sirens are either mounted on the roof of a fire station or on a pole next to the fire station. Fire sirens can also be mounted on or near government buildings, on tall structures such as
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alternately sound each of the two tones back and forth, creating a tone known as Hi/Lo. If this is done while the siren is wailing, it is called a Hi/Lo wail. This equipment can also do pulse or pulse wail. The ports can be opened and closed to send
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Mechanical sirens blow air through a slotted disk or rotor. The cyclic waves of air pressure are the physical form of sound. In many sirens, a centrifugal blower and rotor are integrated into a single piece of material, spun by an electric motor.
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approves specific models for use on emergency vehicles in the state. The approval is important because it ensures the devices perform adequately. Moreover, using unapproved devices could be a factor in determining fault if a collision occurs.
128:, as well as in systems where several sirens are distributed around a town for better sound coverage. Most fire sirens are single tone and mechanically driven by electric motors with a rotor attached to the shaft. Some newer sirens are
650:. Though this version remains quite similar to the California Title 13 standard for sound output at various angles, this updated practice enables an acoustic laboratory to test a dual speaker siren system for compliant sound output.
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multiples of the fundamental. The power of the harmonics roll off in an inverse square to their frequency. Distant sirens sound more "mellow" or "warmer" because their harsh high frequencies are absorbed by nearby objects.
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When testing, a frightening sound is not desirable. So, electronic sirens then usually emit musical tones: Westminster chimes is common. Mechanical sirens sometimes self-test by "growling", i.e. operating at low speeds.
307:. To reduce the energy consumption without losing sound volume, some designs of pneumatic sirens are boosted by forcing compressed air from a tank that can be refilled by a low powered compressor through the siren disk.
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475:. To achieve tempered ratios in a mechanical siren, the rotors must either be geared, run by different motors, or have very large numbers of openings. Electronic sirens can easily produce a tempered minor third.
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Emergency
Warning Lights and Devices committee oversees the SAE emergency vehicle lighting practices and the siren practice, J1849. This practice was updated through cooperation between the SAE and the
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A mechanical siren that can alternate between its tones uses solenoids to move rotary shutters that cut off the air supply to one rotor, then the other. This is often used to identify a fire warning.
205:. When commercial electric power became available, sirens were no longer driven by external sources of compressed air, but by electric motors, which generated the necessary flow of air via a simple
255:, the British civil defence used a network of sirens to alert the general population to the imminence of an air raid. A single tone denoted an "all clear". A series of tones denoted an air raid.
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were also used as a warning device if a supply of steam was present, such as a sawmill or factory. These were common before fire sirens became widely available, particularly in the former
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to help draw attention. The first electronic siren that mimicked the sound of a mechanical siren was invented in 1965 by
Motorola employees Ronald H. Chapman and Charles W. Stephens.
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Sirens often use horns to aim the pressure waves. This uses the siren's energy more efficiently by aiming it. Exponential horns achieve similar efficiencies with less material.
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of ports is called a single tone siren. A siren with two rows of ports is known as a dual tone siren. By placing a second stator over the main stator and attaching a
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The first emergency vehicles relied on a bell. In the 1970s, they switched to a duotone airhorn, which was itself overtaken in the 1980s by an electronic wail.
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sirens, to differentiate them from electronic devices. Mechanical sirens driven by an electric motor are often called "electromechanical". One example is the
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outer cylinder, the flow is periodically interrupted, creating a tone. The earliest such sirens were developed during 1877–1880 by James
Douglass and
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445:, with specialized amplifiers and tone generation. They usually imitate the sounds of mechanical sirens in order to be recognizable as sirens.
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170:. Robison's sirens were used as musical instruments; specifically, they powered some of the pipes in an organ. Robison's siren consisted of a
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de la Tour (1819) "Sur la Sirène, nouvelle machine d'acoustique destinée à mésures les vibrations de l'air qui contient la son,"
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Some sirens have two pairs of slotted cylinders, allowing such a siren to produce two tones having a musical interval of a
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597:". Some heavy metal bands also use air raid type siren intros at the beginning of their shows. The opening measure of
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985:(London, England: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1875). (Reprinted in 1954 by Dover Publishing Inc. of N.Y., N.Y.)
932:"Sur la Sirène, nouvelle machine d'acoustique destinée à mésures les vibrations de l'air qui contient la son"
216:, which transforms the high-pressure sound waves in the siren to lower-pressure sound waves in the open air.
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A Whelen WPS electronic siren imported to Saudi Arabia by HSS Engineering for use as a Civil
Defense siren.
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1552:"Regulatory requirements for sirens on California-licensed vehicles, (Author: California Highway Patrol)"
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that opened and closed a pneumatic tube. The stopcock was apparently driven by the rotation of a wheel.
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To improve the efficiency of the siren, it uses a relatively low frequency, usually several hundred
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are mounted in fixed locations and used to warn of natural disasters or attacks. Sirens are used on
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Catchpole, Ken; Denis
Mckeown (8 June 2007). "A framework for the design of ambulance sirens".
886:"Temperament of the scale of music" in: John Robison with David Brewster and James Watt, ed.s,
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became available, the first fire sirens were manufactured. In 1886 French electrical engineer
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934:(On the siren, new acoustic machine to be used for measuring the vibrations of sound in air)
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installations produce noise levels which can permanently damage vehicle occupants' hearing.
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To direct a siren's sound and to maximize its power output, a siren is often fitted with a
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by five. Unlike an organ, a mechanical siren's minor third is almost always physical, not
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and rescue-squad vehicles. Its distinct tone of urgency, high sound pressure level (123
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See also: Michael Lamm, "Feel the noise: The art and science of making sound alarming,"
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1214:(St. Benedict, Oregon: Mount Angel Abbey, 2002), pages 170-171. Available on-line at:
1203:, vol. 6, no. 4, pages 20–23 (Summer 1990) and "The history of fog signals – part 2,"
1011:, vol. 18, no. 3, pages 22–27 (Winter 2003). (Lamm's article is available on-line at:
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On the
Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music, 3rd ed.
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1148:. For a brief biography of George Slight, see the Spanish Knowledge (XXG) article
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Some time before 1799, the siren was invented by the
Scottish natural philosopher
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Many fire sirens (used for summoning volunteer firefighters) serve double duty as
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Electric-motor-driven mechanical sirens may draw 50 to 200 amperes at 12 volts (
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Sirens must also be approved by local agencies, in some cases. For example, the
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857:, Swiss Federal Office for Civil Protection (page visited on 7 September 2013).
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The earliest way of summoning volunteer firemen to a fire was by ringing of a
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U.S. Patent no. 3,324,408 (filed: Nov. 23, 1965; published: June 6, 1967).
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Governments may have standards for vehicle-mounted sirens. For example, in
367:. A siren which can do both pulse and Morse code is known as a code siren.
452:. Lower frequency sound waves go around corners and through holes better.
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1207:, vol. 7, no.1, pages 8–17 (Fall 1990). See especially page 11 of part 2.
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688: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1178:, vol. 89, pages 297-303. Regarding the siren, see pages 300 and 301.
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235:, either mounted atop the fire station, or in the belfry of a local
556:'s "The Klaxon: March of the Automobiles" (1929), which features a
65:. They are tested once a year, on the first Wednesday in February.
1940:
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291:, consists of a rotating disk with holes in it (called a chopper,
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The electrically powered cylinder siren used to alert the town of
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frequency. Hence they were used in research on hearing and sound.
1185:(Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1913),
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Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers
906:
Die Sirenen: Ein Beitrag zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Akustik
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314:
usage, vehicular pneumatic sirens are sometimes referred to as
1256:"Electronic siren including a shock excited resonant circuit,"
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when power is applied) its application is normally limited to
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of Greek mythology; hence the name he gave to the instrument.
601:
1998 by Canadian band Sloan uses multiple sirens overlapped.
1372:"J1849_202002: Emergency Vehicle Sirens - SAE International"
1329:"Cal. Code Regs. Tit. 13, § 1028 - Performance Requirements"
949:
For descriptions of Robison's and de la Tour's sirens, see:
30:
This article is about the alarm device. For other uses, see
1518:
Emergency vehicle siren noise: A potential for hearing loss
209:, which was incorporated into the siren's inner cylinder.
112:. There are two general types: mechanical and electronic.
1041:
Elementary Treatise on Physics: Experimental and Applied
350:) and square sound waves account for its effectiveness.
1304:
Art Attack: A Short Cultural History of the Avant-Garde
1212:
Transportation-markings: A Historical Survey, 1750–2000
197:; the final version was first installed in 1887 at the
1199:
Wayne Wheeler, "The history of fog signals – part 1,"
1137:(Latheronwheel, Scotland: Whittles Publishing, 2001),
177:
In 1819, an improved siren was developed and named by
1307:. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 84.
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ability to increase localisation of sirens, as in a
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1999:
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1002:
Sounds of Our Times: Two Hundred Years of Acoustics
954:
Sounds of Our Times: Two Hundred Years of Acoustics
494:. They have been prominently featured in works by
1397:"A framework for the design of ambulance sirens"
1043:, 8th ed. (N.Y., N.Y.: Wm. Wood and Co., 1877),
997:driving the rotating disk like a turbine. See:
967:. De la Tour's siren is illustrated on page 31.
908:(Berlin, Germany: R. Gaertners, 1891), part 1,
733:compartment sound levels could exceed 90dB(A).
383:Electronic sirens incorporate circuits such as
338:, though it has seen increasing use on type IV
1354:"Siren Standards (Office of Justice Programs)"
648:National Institute of Standards and Technology
1604:
8:
2338:Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel
1254:Ronald H. Chapman and Charles W. Stephens,
1135:Lost Sounds: The Story of Coast Fog Signals
1004:(New York: Springer Verlag, 1998), page 30.
303:. Such sirens can consume large amounts of
2214:
2170:International Association of Fire Fighters
1611:
1597:
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970:De la Tour's siren is also illustrated on
1395:Catchpole, K.; Mckeown, D. (2007-08-01).
1166:“Ailsa Craig lighthouse and fog signals,”
1054:(London: Charles Griffin and Co., 1899),
704:Learn how and when to remove this message
396:police sirens also use the interval of a
1276:"Varese and his Fire Siren: Not So Wild"
330:. Because of its high current draw (100
840:
819:
585:. A variation of a siren, played on a
441:Electronic sirens are high efficiency
41:Electronic Sirens Pavian by Telegrafia
890:(Edinburgh, Scotland: 1822), vol. 4,
830:J1849, 2020 Edition, February 2020 -
287:The pneumatic siren, which is a free
7:
2503:
2328:Modular Airborne FireFighting System
686:adding citations to reliable sources
956:(New York: Springer Verlag, 1998),
930:Charles Cagniard de la Tour (1819)
1976:Self-contained breathing apparatus
1676:Firefighter assist and search team
25:
1333:LII / Legal Information Institute
1009:Invention and Technology Magazine
888:A System of Mechanical Philosophy
179:Baron Charles Cagniard de la Tour
57:There are 8,200 alarm sirens for
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2526:
2514:
2502:
2491:
2490:
1701:Fire department ranks by country
1078:Annales de chimie et de physique
1050:J.H. Poynting and J.J. Thomson,
937:Annales de chimie et de physique
662:
581:segment played by percussionist
2539:
2175:International Firefighters' Day
2135:Candidate Physical Ability Test
1039:(translator: Edmund Atkinson),
673:needs additional citations for
589:, are the opening notes of the
415:electronic siren (WPS-2750) in
379:Hörmann HLS-381 Pneumatic siren
92:is a loud noise-making device.
1686:Special operations firefighter
1523:Theses: Doctorates and Masters
751:head-related transfer function
312:United States English language
1:
2225:Wildfire emergency management
1792:Hazardous materials apparatus
1515:Riach, Douglas (2003-01-01).
272:A motor siren (a German E57)
135:Fire sirens are often called
1579:- Pictures of Siren whistles
502:composers. Examples include
2200:World Police and Fire Games
2155:Fire protection engineering
1232:(1911), 11th ed., vol. 16,
981:of: Hermann von Helmholtz,
743:Interaural level difference
622:Approvals or certifications
575:" (1992) and in a CBS News
567:, sirens have been used in
2583:
2448:Glossary of wildfire terms
2180:List of firefighting films
1628:Personnel and organization
1183:Lighthouses and Lightships
1164:David A. Stevenson (1887)
747:interaural time difference
530:Symphony of Factory Sirens
328:Federal Signal Corporation
29:
2486:
2160:Geography of firefighting
1691:Volunteer fire department
1585:- pictures of fire sirens
1464:10.1080/00140130701318780
1413:10.1080/00140130701318780
940:, vol. 12, pages 167–171.
728:A fire truck uses a siren
635:California Highway Patrol
201:lighthouse in Scotland's
2478:Template:Fire protection
2195:World Firefighters Games
2089:Gaseous fire suppression
832:Emergency Vehicle Sirens
490:Sirens are also used as
2165:History of firefighting
1230:Encyclopædia Britannica
881:Encyclopædia Britannica
783:Chrysler air raid siren
617:mounted on a fire truck
2303:Firefighting apparatus
1991:Thermal imaging camera
1971:Secure information box
1787:Firefighting apparatus
1301:Aronson, Marc (1998).
1107:
1099:
826:Standard available at
729:
618:
512:(1918–21, rev. 1927),
500:contemporary classical
419:
380:
284:
228:
85:
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50:
42:
2348:Wildland water tender
1930:Hydraulic rescue tool
1696:Women in firefighting
1181:Frederick A. Talbot,
1100:
1092:
727:
612:
569:The Chemical Brothers
411:
378:
271:
227:during World War Two.
222:
83:
56:
48:
40:
2389:Wildland fire module
2343:Wildland fire engine
2230:Wildfire suppression
1767:Fire command vehicle
1762:Airport crash tender
1661:Retained firefighter
1352:Little, R A (1970).
1216:University of Oregon
814:Notes and references
682:improve this article
595:Ridin' the Storm Out
544:Dimitri Shostakovich
433:Physics of the sound
94:Civil defense sirens
2248:Aerial firefighting
2104:Stop, drop and roll
2094:Multiple-alarm fire
1961:Portable water tank
1870:Fire proximity suit
1494:"Alarms and Sirens"
1280:The Washington Post
788:Civil defense siren
492:musical instruments
462:The characteristic
84:An 1860s-era siren.
27:Noise-making device
2288:Fire retardant gel
2273:Fire lookout tower
1946:New York roof hook
1797:Light and air unit
1734:Fire lookout tower
1641:Chief fire officer
1261:2017-02-06 at the
1239:2022-11-13 at the
1221:2016-03-03 at the
1192:2022-11-13 at the
1171:2022-11-13 at the
1144:2022-11-13 at the
1087:2015-10-15 at the
1061:2022-11-13 at the
1018:2008-02-18 at the
977:2022-11-13 at the
963:2022-11-13 at the
915:2022-11-13 at the
897:2022-11-13 at the
853:2020-02-08 at the
730:
619:
613:Warning siren and
599:Money City Maniacs
420:
381:
285:
229:
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51:
43:
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2553:
2461:
2460:
2453:List of wildfires
2313:Helicopter bucket
2308:Firefighting foam
1910:Hard suction hose
1855:Fire extinguisher
1845:Fire brigade keys
1583:The Siren Archive
1282:. 27 January 1978
1013:American Heritage
1000:Robert T. Beyer,
952:Robert T. Beyer,
803:Thunderbolt siren
739:directional siren
725:
714:
713:
706:
643:SAE International
573:Song to the Siren
132:driven speakers.
100:vehicles such as
98:emergency service
16:(Redirected from
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2542:
2541:
2530:
2529:
2518:
2517:
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2215:
2150:Fire photography
1932:("Jaws of life")
1890:Fireman's switch
1613:
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1557:. Archived from
1556:
1546:Various examples
1534:
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1201:The Keeper's Log
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883:, 3rd ed., 1799.
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539:Ballet MĂ©canique
506:'s compositions
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2114:Two-in, two-out
2069:Fireman's carry
1995:
1895:Flame retardant
1816:
1777:Fire motorcycle
1748:
1722:Fire department
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1636:Battalion chief
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1160:
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1150:"George Slight"
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1564:on 2007-02-06.
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1540:External links
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848:Testing sirens
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808:Warning system
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654:Best practices
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591:REO Speedwagon
583:Evelyn Glennie
554:Henry Fillmore
549:Symphony No. 2
534:George Antheil
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484:
434:
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423:Steam whistles
405:
402:
372:
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336:fire apparatus
326:siren sold by
265:
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245:Gustave Trouvé
203:Firth of Clyde
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130:electronically
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2379:Hotshot crew
2364:Fire lookout
2263:Fire flapper
2054:Fire control
2019:Chimney fire
1980:
1905:Halligan bar
1880:Fire shelter
1865:Fire hydrant
1840:Fire blanket
1835:Escape chair
1812:Water tender
1739:Fire station
1666:Fire marshal
1646:Fire captain
1620:Firefighting
1559:the original
1527:. Retrieved
1522:
1517:
1510:
1498:. Retrieved
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1379:. Retrieved
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1336:. Retrieved
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1284:. Retrieved
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694:October 2016
691:
680:Please help
675:verification
672:
640:
632:
625:
576:
562:
552:(1927), and
547:
537:
529:
519:
518:(1924), and
513:
507:
489:
480:
477:
469:
461:
457:
454:
447:
443:loudspeakers
440:
436:
427:Soviet Union
421:
417:Milpitas, CA
382:
356:
352:
319:
315:
309:
286:
278:Sound sample
250:
230:
211:
187:
176:
168:John Robison
165:
157:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
134:
126:water towers
114:
110:fire engines
89:
87:
71:Sound sample
2398:By location
2384:Smokejumper
2241:and tactics
2119:Ventilation
2059:Fire safety
2044:False alarm
2001:Terminology
1951:PASS device
1925:Hose bridge
1915:Hazmat suit
1850:Fire bucket
1830:Bunker gear
1772:Fire engine
1717:Drill tower
1671:Fire police
1376:www.sae.org
1122:major third
1103:Translation
1080:, vol. 12,
496:avant-garde
404:Other types
385:oscillators
251:During the
241:electricity
199:Ailsa Craig
149:noon sirens
141:fire alarms
106:police cars
63:Switzerland
61:throughout
2430:Washington
2425:California
2293:Fire trail
2239:Equipment
2079:Flash fire
2049:Fire class
2029:Deluge gun
1966:Rotary saw
1936:Kelly tool
1900:Fog nozzle
1744:Hose tower
1710:Facilities
1651:Fire chief
1568:(206
1529:2022-11-13
1500:25 October
1452:Ergonomics
1401:Ergonomics
1381:2022-11-13
1338:2022-11-13
910:pages 7–10
628:California
578:60 Minutes
558:klaxophone
521:Ionisation
515:Hyperprism
393:amplifiers
389:modulators
371:Electronic
365:Morse code
340:ambulances
316:mechanical
293:siren disk
145:fire horns
102:ambulances
18:Fire siren
2410:Australia
2357:Personnel
2318:Hose pack
2298:Firebreak
2278:Fire rake
2268:Fire hose
2258:Driptorch
2210:Wildfires
2140:Fire camp
2084:Flashover
2014:Barn fire
2009:Backdraft
1860:Fire hose
1822:Equipment
1754:Apparatus
1421:0014-0139
509:Amériques
289:aerophone
264:Pneumatic
2561:Category
2521:Glossary
2497:Category
2466:See also
2374:Helitack
2369:Handcrew
2099:Rollover
2074:Firewall
1782:Fireboat
1681:Handcrew
1525:(Thesis)
1480:28283263
1472:17558670
1437:28283263
1429:17558670
1259:Archived
1237:Archived
1234:page 647
1219:Archived
1190:Archived
1169:Archived
1142:Archived
1095:Original
1085:Archived
1082:page 171
1059:Archived
1016:Archived
975:Archived
961:Archived
913:Archived
895:Archived
851:Archived
772:See also
587:keyboard
542:(1926);
532:(1922);
524:(1931);
486:In music
473:tempered
360:solenoid
172:stopcock
2545:Outline
2509:Commons
2420:History
2333:Pulaski
2218:General
1956:The pig
1187:page 62
1139:page 51
1056:page 37
972:page 12
958:page 30
793:Foghorn
398:tritone
320:coaster
162:History
117:tornado
2567:Sirens
2323:McLeod
2185:Muster
1566:
1478:
1470:
1435:
1427:
1419:
1311:
798:Klaxon
593:song "
464:timbre
413:Whelen
391:, and
346:at 10
305:energy
237:church
183:sirens
108:, and
2533:Index
2441:Lists
2039:Draft
1981:Siren
1941:Nomex
1802:Quint
1562:(PDF)
1555:(PDF)
1476:S2CID
1433:S2CID
1358:NCJRS
1161:See:
1120:or a
1118:minor
1052:Sound
1033:See;
876:See:
450:hertz
301:sound
297:rotor
259:Types
239:. As
143:, or
90:siren
32:Siren
1727:list
1502:2012
1468:PMID
1425:PMID
1417:ISSN
1309:ISBN
1288:2019
749:and
641:The
498:and
348:feet
332:amps
233:bell
214:horn
1570:KiB
1460:doi
1409:doi
828:SAE
684:by
571:' "
563:In
546:'s
536:'s
528:'s
324:Q2B
318:or
310:In
295:or
151:or
119:or
2563::
1521:.
1474:.
1466:.
1456:50
1454:.
1431:.
1423:.
1415:.
1405:50
1403:.
1399:.
1374:.
1356:.
1331:.
1278:.
1091::
1022:.)
762:DC
753:.
745:,
560:.
387:,
344:dB
155:.
139:,
104:,
88:A
1612:e
1605:t
1598:v
1572:)
1532:.
1504:.
1482:.
1462::
1439:.
1411::
1384:.
1360:.
1341:.
1317:.
1290:.
1243:.
1225:.
1196:.
1124:.
1065:.
1047:.
919:.
901:.
707:)
701:(
696:)
692:(
678:.
34:.
20:)
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