199:
20:
282:
60:
405:. While Ruffo was testing a gun's air pump for leaks by plugging its outlet with a scrap of wood, he noticed that, after he had pressurized the pump, the wood had been scorched. Subsequently, he found that tinder was ignited by the pump. Ruffo made an apparatus to study the phenomenon further, but his invention was not popularized.
185:, is very similar except that the pump also has valves and a hose to deliver compressed air as an output. In the case of the pump, the heating of the compressed air is an undesired side effect. In both fire piston and pumps, the mechanism and lubricants must be chosen to resist high peak temperatures and pressures.
166:
compression ratio, the final compressed volume of the tinder and air must be small relative to that of the length of the piston tube. These two factors together mean that only a tiny amount of tinder can be lit by a fire piston, but this can be sufficient to light other tinder, and in turn to light a larger fire.
358:) that were then exported in the ancient maritime trade networks of Southeast Asia. These piston-bellows reached as far as Madagascar prior to European contact. The bamboo piston-bellows technology was also adopted early by the Chinese, replacing the indigenous Chinese leather-bellows technology completely.
93:
of tinder. This is hot enough for the tinder in the piston face to ignite with a visible flash that can be seen, if the cylinder is made of translucent or transparent material. The piston is then quickly withdrawn, before the now-burning tinder depletes the available oxygen inside the cylinder. The
165:
of about 25 to 1. This compares with about 20:1 for a modern diesel engine, and between 7:1 and 11.5:1 for a gasoline engine. The fire piston is made deliberately narrow so that unaided human strength can exert enough force to compress the air in the cylinder to its fullest extent. To achieve a high
137:
Rapid compression of a gas increases its pressure and its temperature at the same time. If this compression is done too slowly the heat will dissipate to the surroundings as the gas returns to thermal equilibrium with them. If the compression is done quickly enough, then there is no time for thermal
860:
In 1802, a worker in St. Etienne, France, who had long been making improvements to air rifles, noticed that (1) when the gun was fired in the dark, it emitted a bright light, and (2) if there was lint present in the gun when the gun was pressurized, the lint would become scorched or even ignite.
408:
It is recorded that the first fire piston made its wider debut in front of scientists in 1802, and it was patented in 1807 simultaneously in both
England and France. Fire pistons, or "fire syringes" as they were called then, enjoyed a brief period of popularity in parts of Europe during the early
361:
Whether the
European fire pistons were influenced by the Southeast Asian fire pistons was a matter of debate. But Balfour (1908) and Fox (1969) have demonstrated convincingly that the European fire pistons were independently discovered via air guns. Fox, however, tries to argue that the Southeast
944:
The production of light during the discharge of an air gun was investigated by John Hart of
England and found to be due to contamination; likewise, the French chemist Louis Jacques Thénard investigated the production of light during the compression of gases, and found that contamination was also
292:
Fire pistons in
Southeast Asia were variously constructed of bamboo, wood, metal, ivory, bone, and horn. The main tube was typically around 3.25 in (8.3 cm) long and 0.5 in (1.3 cm) in diameter, with a bore size around 0.375 in (0.95 cm). The end of the tube usually
88:
The piston (or cylinder) has a handle on the end to allow a firm grip to be applied to it, or a large enough surface area to strike it sharply without causing pain, while the cylinder (or piston) is braced or slammed against a hard surface. The compression of the air when the piston is quickly
861:
Word of these observations reached Messrs. Eynard, Haèz, and
Gensoul, who confirmed them and publicized them. Joseph Mollet (1756–1829), a professor of physics in Lyon, learned of these facts and investigated them. In 1804, he presented his findings to the Academy of Lyon. See:
1045:"Specification of the Patent granted to Richard Lorentz, … for certain inventions (communicated to him by Foreigners residing abroad) of different Machines or Instruments, one of which will produce instantaneous Light, and the other instantaneous Fire. Dated February 5, 1807."
177:
work well as tinder, and can also hold an ember. By contrast, cotton fibers ignite at 455 °F (235 °C) and will flash brightly but do not hold an ember. The bright flash of light is sometimes sufficient for demonstration purposes, but will not start a persistent fire.
142:
of the gas can suddenly become much higher than that of its surroundings, increasing from the original room temperature of the gas to a temperature hot enough to set tinder alight. The air in the cylinder acts both as a source of heat and as an oxidizer for the tinder fuel.
71:
sealed at one end and open at the other. Sizes range in length from 3 to 6 inches (7.5 to 15 cm) with a bore about 0.25 inch (6–7 mm) in diameter, to 10 to 14 inches (25 to 35 cm) with a bore about 0.5 inch (14 mm) in diameter. A
362:
Asian fire pistons were introduced from Europe, but this is rejected as unconvincing by other scholars. The presence of derivative piston-bellows technology and the existence of fire pistons even in isolated and widely separated cultures, like the
80:
is fitted into the cylinder. A string packing lubricated with water or rubber gasket lubricated with grease is used to create an air-tight but slippery seal. At the end of the piston a small cavity is made, where
883:.) Mollet appended (pp. 30–31) the names of several inventors who had made fire pistons: Mr. Dumotiez (or Dumotier) of Paris; Mr. Dubois, a foundry worker from Lyon; and Mr. Thibaudier, another resident of Lyon.
867:
Mémoire sur deux faits nouveaux, l'inflammation des matières combustibles et l'apparition d'une vive lumière obtainue par la seule compression de l'air; lu dans la séance publique de l'Académie de Lyon le 27 mars
343:
with bamboo. These piston bellows could pump sufficient air into a furnace to produce temperatures high enough to melt metal, which led to the independent development of sophisticated bronze and iron
389:. He acquired the idea of the internal combustion engine after he witnessed Linde light a cigarette with a fire piston. This fire piston was acquired by Linde from Southeast Asia during a lecture in
927:, claimed that the emission of light during the firing of an air gun had been noticed earlier in England by a "Mr. Fletcher", who had demonstrated the effect to Nicholson and his colleagues.
158:, an early antecedent to the diesel, since the fuel (tinder) is compressed with the gas, while in a diesel the fuel is injected when the gas is already compressed and at a high temperature.
989:, pneumatic lighter), but he had it fabricated by a professional maker of scientific instruments in Paris, "Dumotier" (variously spelled Dumoutier, Du Moutier, and Dumotiez). See:
931:
401:
The first known documented fire piston in the West was made in 1745 by the Abbot
Agostino Ruffo of Verona, Italy, who was making a pair of air guns for the king of Portugal,
523:
Annual report of the Board of
Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, showing the operations, expenditures and condition of the institution for the year ending June 30, 1907
85:
can be inserted without it being crushed during subsequent operations. The piston can be completely withdrawn from the cylinder for installation or removal of the tinder.
901:(1752–1825), a Swiss scientist and journalist who publicized the findings of British science, communicated Mollet's observations to Alexander Tilloch, editor of the
98:
is then fanned or blown upon vigorously to create a flame, at which time various stages of larger kindling can be added until built into a full-scale fire.
985:
In 1806, a "Colonel
Grobert", who probably was Jacques François Louis Grobert (1757-181?), a colonel in the French artillery, conceived a fire piston (
43:
origin which is used to kindle fire. In Malay it is called "gobek api" . It uses the principle of the heating of a gas (in this case air) by rapid and
1591:
385:
at around 1892, not the
European versions (which had largely been replaced by matches by the late 19th century). Diesel was a student of the inventor
873:"Ce procédé nouveau assure tellement la réussite de l'expérience, que l'appareil qu'on vient de décrire pourrait être considéré comme une espece de
130:
1267:
871:(Lyon, France: Ballancre père et fils, 1811). In 1804, Mollet suggested that his findings could be used to make a fire piston. From p. 13:
539:
121:
designs have become available using wood dowels, PVC and copper pipe, and rubber O-rings, to build versions costing less than $ 2 USD each.
879:(This new procedure so assures the success of the experiment that the apparatus that was just described could be considered as a type of
1177:
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smouldering tinder can then be removed from the face of the piston and transferred to a larger nest of tinder material. The
1642:
1225:
293:
flared out into a small cavity used for holding tinder. The tinder used was typically obtained from the leaf bases of
888:"Rapport sur un mémoire de M. Mollet, relatif à la production de la lumière et de chaleur par l'effet de compression"
1260:
1240:
1040:
In 1807, Robert
Lorentz of Hammersmith, England, obtained a British patent for a fire piston on behalf of Grobert.
377:
Despite the independent invention of European fire pistons, it was the Southeast Asian fire pistons that inspired
1207:
1230:
89:
forced into the cylinder causes the interior temperature to rise sharply to over 400 °F (260 °C), the
1361:
1353:
1297:
90:
1188:
Primitive Skills and Crafts: An outdoorsman's guide to shelters, tools, weapons, tracking, survival, and more
1044:
963:
633:
Primitive Skills and Crafts: An Outdoorsman's Guide to Shelters, Tools, Weapons, Tracking, Survival, and More
1376:
578:
Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering
267:
336:(c. 100-500 AD). It was one of the early definite proofs linking Madagascar with a Southeast Asian origin.
198:
766:
329:
374:, makes it definitely known that Southeast Asian fire pistons existed long before the European versions.
1253:
1217:
1632:
909:
219:
139:
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898:
547:
993:
809:
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68:
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The antiquity of the fire piston in Southeast Asia is unknown, but it definitely pre-dated the
169:
Tinders that ignite at a very low temperature work best. Easily-combustible materials such as
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A 19th-century glass-cylinder fire syringe with a metal piston to which the tinder is attached
77:
44:
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1586:
966:(Observations of the light that springs from air and oxygen as a result of compression),
540:"Origin of Diesel Engine is in Fire Piston of Mountainous People Lived in Southeast Asia"
150:
to ignite the fuel in the cylinder, eliminating the need for a spark plug as used in the
117:, or metal. Today, fire pistons are commonly constructed from wood, metal, or plastic.
1492:
1235:
456:
410:
386:
318:
118:
40:
605:
The Complete Book of Fire: Building Campfires for Warmth, Light, Cooking, and Survival
1626:
1520:
1397:
1318:
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382:
378:
367:
363:
310:
147:
665:
A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100–1500
281:
1446:
1371:
1328:
430:
425:
182:
964:"Observations sur la lumière qui jaillit de l'air et de l'oxigène par compression"
339:
The principles governing fire pistons were also used to construct Southeast Asian
59:
693:
663:
631:
603:
576:
505:
Hough, Walter. 1928. Fire-making apparatus in the United States National Museum.
480:
347:
in Southeast Asia starting at around 1500 BC. Particularly in the development of
1487:
1472:
1436:
1381:
1276:
438:, a Filipino bamboo children's toy gun using the same principle and construction
231:
223:
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106:
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485:. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum. pp. 109–110.
294:
729:
1545:
1530:
1525:
1441:
1338:
1323:
1287:
1098:
Post, Augustus (September 1929) "The Landing Field: The Diesel engine,"
286:
259:
203:
63:
Modern fire piston made from 1/2" PVC pipe, wood dowel, and rubber O-ring
19:
1477:
1292:
435:
340:
239:
1157:
Fox, Robert (July 1969). "The Fire Piston and Its Origins in Europe",
1333:
390:
348:
298:
271:
247:
235:
174:
114:
110:
82:
73:
48:
1152:
Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution
1231:
An equation describing the change in temperature during compression
795:"Nuova Osserv(azioni) sopra l'Aria condensata dentro d'una Siringa"
1576:
1560:
1482:
1451:
1313:
1078:
Smiley, Edwin (February 1915) "Primitive methods of making fire,"
544:
First International Conference on Business and technology Transfer
371:
280:
275:
255:
197:
128:
95:
58:
18:
840:"Societies and Academies: Paris: Academy of Sciences, Sept. 4,"
305:
carried along with the piston. They were reported to be known as
351:
263:
243:
102:
101:
Ancient and modern versions of fire pistons have been made from
1249:
1245:
1027:" ((1) Invented by Colonel Grobert, executed by Mr. Dumotier.)
1065:
Fox, Robert. 1969. The fire piston and its origins in Europe.
181:
The construction of a hand-operated pump, such as an ordinary
892:
Notice des Travaux de l'Académie du Gard pendant l'année 1811
538:
Ogata, Masanori; Shimotsuma, Yorikazu (October 20–21, 2002).
218:
Fire pistons were invented by Southeast Asians (probably the
416:
In the US, descriptions have been published for many years.
1011:(Paris, France: F. Schoell and H. Nicolle, 1809), vol. 1,
994:"Moyen de produire des inflammations par l'air comprimé"
546:. Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers. Archived from
457:"Metallurgy, Southeast Asian (Glossary) Piston bellows"
525:, 565–593. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
935:
Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts
925:
Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts
1190:(New York: Skyhorse Publishing, ), pp. 163–176.
1048:
The Repertory of Arts, Manufactures, and Agriculture
953:
The Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature and Art
1569:
1503:
1460:
1390:
1352:
1306:
950:"On light produced by the discharge of an air-gun,"
996:(Means of producing ignitions by compressed air),
668:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 4.
630:
409:nineteenth century, until being displaced by the
581:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–141.
507:Proceedings of the United States National Museum
1032:History of Shock Waves, Explosions, and Impacts
810:"Sull'invenzione dell'Accendi-fuoco Pneumatico"
698:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 155–167.
51:, which is then used to set light to kindling.
1241:The Naked Scientists - How a fire piston works
154:. The principle of operation is closer to the
1261:
1118:Spencer, Billie (March 1974) "Man and fire,"
827:(On the invention of the pneumatic lighter),
755:(2009). "Rudolf Diesel and the Fire Piston".
517:
515:
246:, some of the islands east of Java including
8:
1218:University of Bristol, School of Chemistry:
222:). Their use was mostly concentrated in the
998:L'Esprit des journaux, françois et étranger
734:(Film). Prelinger Archives: Shell Oil. 1952
687:
685:
1268:
1254:
1246:
1213:YouTube Instructions on Making Fire Piston
1208:The Firepiston: Ancient Firemaking Machine
1182:Jamison, Richard with Mel Deweese (2007),
1034:(Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag, 2009),
285:Modern replica of a fire piston made from
1592:Native American use of fire in ecosystems
910:(Letter from Prof. Pictet to Mr. Tilloch)
814:Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei
695:Clerks and Craftsmen in China and the Est
629:Jamison, Richard; Jamison, Linda (2007).
570:
568:
566:
564:
1009:Histoire naturelle appliquée à la Chimie
825:"Sur l'invention du briquet pneumatique"
838:(Editorial staff) (September 21, 1876)
608:. Menasha Ridge Press. pp. 34–35.
533:
531:
521:Balfour, Henry. 1908. The fire piston.
474:
472:
447:
1226:A collection of antique fire syringes
1197:; New York: W. W. Norton and Company.
1172:. Menasha Ridge Press, Birmingham AL
7:
1141:Arbor Scientific, Tools That Teach,
637:. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. pp.
1170:The Remarkable Firepiston Woodsmoke
301:vines and were usually stored in a
67:A fire piston consists of a hollow
146:The same principle is used in the
14:
482:Fire as an Agent in Human Culture
455:Manansala, Paul K. (2006-03-24).
47:compression to ignite a piece of
968:Annales de chimie et de physique
820:(2) : 41–44. (in Italian)
138:equilibrium to be achieved. The
1582:Control of fire by early humans
1186:in: Richard and Linda Jamison,
962:Thénard, Louis Jacques (1830)
805: : 307–308. (in Italian)
715:The Coming of the Age of Steel
23:Demonstration of a fire piston
1:
1236:Photographs of a fire syringe
923:William Nicholson, editor of
835: : 541–543. (in French)
194:Southeast Asia and Madagascar
1184:"The remarkable fire piston"
1136:General and cited references
1017:(1) Inventé par le colonel
1015:From page 94, footnote 1: "
1659:
366:of northern Burma and the
76:with an airtight circular
1283:
1193:Rowlands, John J. (1947)
930:(Editorial staff) (1803)
662:Hall, Kenneth R. (2010).
330:Austronesian colonization
254:. They are also found in
226:regions, particularly in
39:, is a device of ancient
1362:Autoignition temperature
932:"Flash from an air-gun,"
692:Needham, Joseph (1970).
575:Needham, Joseph (1965).
91:autoignition temperature
16:Tool for kindling a fire
1377:Minimum ignition energy
1147:Balfour, Henry (1907).
381:in his creation of the
268:Mainland Southeast Asia
1195:The Cache Lake Country
1159:Technology and Culture
1067:Technology and Culture
914:Philosophical Magazine
903:Philosophical Magazine
894:, part 1, pp. 175–182.
823:Govi, Gilberto (1876)
808:Govi, Gilberto (1876)
799:Giornale de' Letterati
767:Sebastopol, California
479:Hough, Walter (1926).
289:
270:, as well as parts of
215:
134:
125:Principle of operation
64:
24:
992:Grobert (April 1806)
602:Tilton, Buck (2010).
284:
201:
132:
62:
37:slam rod fire starter
31:, sometimes called a
22:
1643:Primitive technology
1143:Fire Syringe P1-2020
1030:Krehl, Peter O. K.,
710:Wertime, Theodore A.
220:Austronesian peoples
161:Fire pistons have a
140:absolute temperature
1403:Solar Spark Lighter
1165:(3) : 355–370.
1154:, pp. 565–598.
987:briquet pneumatique
899:Marc-Auguste Pictet
228:the Malay Peninsula
55:Description and use
1149:"The fire piston,"
948:Hart, John (1823)
753:Gurstelle, William
413:invented in 1826.
290:
216:
202:Fire pistons from
135:
65:
25:
1620:
1619:
1054: : 250–253.
1021:, exécuté par M.
974: : 181–188.
920: : 363–364.
323:mortar and pestle
321:(literally "fire
210: (3,4); and
206: (1,2); the
163:compression ratio
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1521:Feather stick
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941: : 280.
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550:on 2007-05-23
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492:9780598370822
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383:diesel engine
380:
379:Rudolf Diesel
375:
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148:diesel engine
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52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
1587:Firem'n Chit
1447:Fire striker
1431:
1277:Firelighting
1219:
1194:
1187:
1169:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1126:(3) :
1123:
1119:
1114:
1106:(9) :
1103:
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1086:(12) :
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1079:
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938:
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917:
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876:
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864:Mollet, J.,
856:
846:
842:
832:
828:
817:
813:
802:
798:
787:
762:
756:
747:
736:. Retrieved
731:Diesel Story
730:
724:
714:
704:
694:
664:
657:
632:
624:
604:
597:
577:
552:. Retrieved
548:the original
543:
522:
506:
501:
481:
460:. Retrieved
450:
431:Firelighting
426:Fire striker
415:
407:
400:
376:
370:of highland
360:
338:
327:
314:
307:lek phai tok
306:
291:
224:Austronesian
217:
183:bicycle pump
180:
168:
160:
145:
136:
107:animal horns
100:
87:
66:
36:
33:fire syringe
32:
28:
26:
1633:Fire making
1473:Ferrocerium
1437:Fire plough
1432:Fire piston
1382:Smouldering
1069:10:355–370.
773:: 166–168.
208:Philippines
29:fire piston
1627:Categories
1511:Char cloth
1425:Pump drill
1420:Hand drill
1410:Fire drill
1367:Combustion
1307:Components
1120:Boys' Life
1100:Boys' Life
1080:Boys' Life
738:2007-02-16
554:2007-05-28
462:2007-05-28
345:metallurgy
334:Madagascar
303:tinder box
295:palm trees
252:Madagascar
171:char cloth
1607:Pyromania
1602:Pyrolysis
1556:Tinderbox
1541:Matchbook
1536:Fire ring
1516:Chuckmuck
1468:Blowtorch
1415:Bow drill
1344:Wood fuel
897:In 1803,
779:1556-2336
443:Citations
315:gobek api
250:, and in
214: (5)
45:adiabatic
1546:Matchbox
1531:Fire pit
1526:Fire pan
1493:Electric
1442:Fire-saw
1339:Wood ash
1324:Firewood
1298:Glossary
1288:Campfire
1023:Dumotier
712:(1961).
420:See also
287:cocobolo
260:Thailand
204:Thailand
69:cylinder
1638:Pistons
1478:Lighter
1293:Bonfire
1036:p. 273.
1019:Grobert
881:lighter
875:briquet
797:(1745)
436:Luthang
274:and in
240:Sumatra
189:History
111:antlers
1354:Topics
1334:Tinder
1176:
1013:p. 94.
843:Nature
777:
672:
645:
641:-176.
612:
585:
489:
403:John V
397:Europe
391:Penang
368:Igorot
364:Kachin
349:bronze
313:; and
299:rattan
272:Yunnan
262:, and
248:Flores
236:Borneo
175:amadou
115:bamboo
83:tinder
74:piston
49:tinder
1577:Arson
1561:Torch
1488:Black
1483:Match
1452:Flint
1329:Spark
1314:Ember
791:See:
372:Luzon
352:gongs
319:Malay
276:Japan
256:Burma
96:ember
35:or a
1551:Punk
1174:ISBN
868:1804
775:ISSN
758:Make
670:ISBN
643:ISBN
610:ISBN
583:ISBN
487:ISBN
311:Thai
297:and
264:Laos
244:Java
103:wood
78:seal
1108:44.
639:163
332:of
325:).
317:in
309:in
266:in
173:or
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678:.
651:.
618:.
591:.
557:.
495:.
465:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
