Firefighting in the United States

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well as engine company and truck company operations. Some of these supplies include The Jaws Of Life Hydraulic Rescue Tools Systems (Spreaders,Cutters,Combi Tools,Rams,Etc),Air,Electric and Battery operated Power Tools,Specialized Power Saws,Air Bags,Rope Rescue Equipment, Hazardous Materials Response Equipment,Emergency Medical Services Equipment and other specialized Tools and Equipment. In some areas it is identical to a rescue unit or a medic company. A squad in the Los Angeles County Fire Department is a small truck which is the primary response vehicle for rescue and medical responses. it carries a small amount of firefighting, rescue and medical equipment. A fictional squad example is Squad 51 from the TV show

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single-apparatus firehouse in either a municipal or small department. At a firehouse with two or more apparatus, there will typically be two captains with one serving as the firehouse's commander. In Philadelphia, for example, a captain in charge of a ladder company is the commanding officer of that firehouse, and the captain of the engine company supervises the medic unit in that station. Although only working on 1 of 4 shifts as the company officer, the captain is the supervising officer of the house overall and is reported to by the lieutenants on the other 3 shifts, even if the captain is not present during those shifts. As with lieutenant, some departments still use the older style, Foreman, instead of captain.

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company performs the ladder work and supplies master streams to the fireground. The truck company or ladder company also performs structural ventilation and overhaul, primary and secondary search & rescue, securing of utilities, and often supplies rapid intervention teams. Some ladder trucks also have rescue and medical equipment. There are several types of ladder companies or truck companies in the United States fire service. This includes Hook and Ladder Companies,Tower Ladder Companies,Aerial Tower Companies,etc. Some aerial ladder trucks will also act as quint trucks if necessary. The number of personnel on Truck Companies or Ladder Companies depends on the Response profile and department.

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Battalion Chiefs, District Chiefs and Division Chiefs assigned to supervise a large number of fire companies and Special Units in each battalion, district or division. This is common in different parts of any city. (The Boston Fire Department, for example, has 10 district chiefs that operate under 2 division chiefs citywide, supervising a total of 34 engine companies,23 ladder companies,and 2 heavy rescue Companies along with several specialty units). This is usually the lowest chief rank. Typical insignia is two crossed gold bugles or two stars, although some departments use 3 bugles or 1 star. Some are occasionally identified with an oak leaf like a US military

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officers with ranks such as lieutenant, captain, battalion chief, deputy chief and assistant chief, division chief, district chief, etc. Fire departments, especially larger ones, may also be organized into military-style echelons, such as companies, battalions and divisions or districts. Fire departments may also have unsworn or non-uniformed members in non-firefighting capacities such as administration and civilian oversight, e.g., a board of commissioners. While adhering to a paramilitary command structure, most fire departments operate on a much less formal basis than the military.

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responsibility of supplying water to a fire scene,to locate and confine the fire and extinguish the fire. Some engine companies or pumper companies are equipped for some levels of medical first response or medium rescue response. Engine Companies or Pumper Companies have a varied number of personnel on board but there is usually a Driver or Engineer, an officer (Either a Lieutenant or Captain) and either two, three, or more firefighters.

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neighborhoods. A trend in these specific house fires is that sixty percent of these houses do not have working smoke detectors. Additionally, these households are prone to using supplemental heating devices and substandard extension cords that are not Underwriters Laboratories (UL) compliant. UL compliant extension cords are labeled with information as to the use, size, and rating of the cord (Dunston, 2008, p. 2).

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lodging expenses, lost time at work, medical expenses, and psychological damages are equally high (the United States Fire Administration 1996). According to American Red Cross statistics, the annual losses from floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, and other natural disasters combined in the United States average just a fraction of those from fires. House fires in particular are one of the most common

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protect fewer than 25,000 people and more than half of these are in small, rural departments protecting fewer than 2,500 people. Departments range in size from a handful of firefighters to over 11,400 sworn firefighters and 4,600 additional personnel in the New York City Fire Department. These additional personnel include uniformed

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A Chief Officer Vehicle is a command car containing a lower ranking chief officer in command of an area/district/division/battalion in a department that contains usually around three or more fire stations and companies/units that respond to large fires, mass casualty incidents, and any emergency with

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Heavy Rescue Companies are units that carry a large variety of tools and equipment to assist in the search and rescue of victims at an incident such as a fire, traffic collision or other situations. It may or may not provide emergency medical response and may or may not transport patients to hospital

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Engine Companies or Pumper Companies operate units that pour water onto a fire and perform other duties at different Emergency calls. Modern engine companies or pumper companies almost always operate "triple-combination" units that have a pump, a tank of water, and hoses. This company has the primary

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In the early days of the fire service, fire companies were, more or less, social organizations. And, being an accepted member meant a certain social status in the community. Remnants of that social status can still be found today in the traditional style firefighter's parade helmets that resemble top

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As of 2014, there were 1,134,400 firefighters in the United States (not including firefighters who work for the state or federal governments or in private fire departments). Of these, 346,150 (31%) are career and 788,250 (69%) are volunteer. These firefighters operate out of 27,198 fire departments.

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which debuted in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Presently, almost all fire departments across the United States have been trained in and perform technical rescue, vehicle rescue, high-angle rescue, wildland firefighting, and hazardous materials incidents. Additionally, almost all career departments

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In the 20th century, the nature of an American firefighter's job began to change. Structural firefighting was still the main purpose of the department, but more specialized training and education, such as for high-rise structure fires, confined space environments, and building construction education

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facing emergency disaster workers in recent history. According to the US Fire Administration, the United States has a more severe fire problem than generally perceived. In inner city Pennsylvania neighborhoods, house fires have greatly increased, especially in socially and economically disadvantaged

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Like most U.S. police departments or law enforcement agencies, U.S. fire departments are usually structured in a paramilitary manner. Firefighters are sworn, uniformed members of their departments. Rank-and-file firefighters are equivalent to enlisted personnel; supervisory firefighters are command

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Similar to a chief vehicle the EMS supervisor or EMS captain vehicle contains a chief officer or other officers for emergency medical services which usually responds to large emergencies, and is usually tasked with directing medical resources on scene. These units have specialized equipment to help

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Truck Companies or Ladder Companies operate units that carry ladders and an aerial device and other equipment to access buildings above ground level and assist in other emergencies. Some truck companies or ladder companies have been designated "quint trucks". Primarily, the truck company or ladder

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Lieutenant is typically used as the lowest "fire officer" rank, usually being marked by a single bugle, often in silver. Some departments instead use a single bar (as in military / police fashion), again, usually in silver. Others may use a single gold bugle or bar. Some departments have multiple

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Most larger urban areas have career firefighters. Most rural areas have volunteer or paid on-call firefighters. Smaller towns and suburban areas may have either. 74% of career firefighters are in departments that protect 25,000 or more people. 95% of volunteer firefighters are in departments that

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This type of unit has many different local and regional definitions. In the New York City Fire Department and Baltimore City Fire Department, for example, a squad company is a hybrid company consisting of an apparatus equipped with supplies necessary to perform some levels of rescue operations as

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going as far as to ban the volunteer departments from the city. As a proud Norse Celt, he vowed that "Indianapolis will only accept aggressive, paid firemen possessing the bravery and strength of a Highland Warrior and the dedication to battle like the Viking". Many volunteer companies disbanded

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The two million fire calls that American fire departments respond to each year represent the highest figures in the industrialized world. Each year thousands of people die, tens of thousands of people are injured, and property damage reaches billions of dollars. Indirect costs, such as temporary

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Firefighters in the United States today are organized along paramilitary lines, and are most often grouped into city or county departments. They utilize modern equipment. Professional fire departments protect 68% of the US population, with a total of 1,216,600 firefighters serving in 27,228 fire

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Additional ranks outside the normal chain may exist; sergeants, majors, and inspectors are other ranks used by some departments. According to the 1986 Anchorage Fire Department Explorer Handbook, Anchorage Fire Department used a single gold bugle for inspectors, and both single silver bugle and

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Hazardous Materials Companies operate specialized units that deal with the mitigation of hazardous materials events. This truck may carry tools and equipment to deal with such events as train derailments, large vehicle accidents, industrial accidents, CBRNE events, and other situations that may

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established the colonies' first firefighting system in 1647. Fire wardens inspected the houses and chimneys, fining for potential hazard. An eight-man team called a Rattle-Watch patrolled the streets at night. When a fire was detected, they shook wooden rattles to alert townspeople. In 1711 the

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Firefighting in the United States is becoming more of a profession than it once was. Historically, especially in smaller departments, little formal training of firefighters was required. Now, most states require both career and volunteer firefighters to complete a certificate program at a fire

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Battalion chief (sometimes division chief or district chief) is often the highest-ranking shift officer that is always on duty at any given time in a smaller department (i.e., operating as the shift commander); or,in the case of a larger departments comprising multiple battalions,there may be

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have only one heavy rescue company. A variety of specialized equipment and tools are found on a Heavy Rescue Company apparatus. This includes The Jaws Of Life Hydraulic Rescue Tool Systems (Spreaders,Cutters,Combi Tools,Rams,Etc),Numerous Specialized Power Saws,Numerous Air Bags,Specialized

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Captain is used in most large or municipal departments, usually being denoted with a pair of parallel bugles or parallel bars, connected by a thin cross-bar, in either silver or gold. This is frequently used as a senior supervisor of an individual company. A captain may be in command of a

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located on the front of the home. Often it was a problem for homeowners who did not have insurance to have the fire company respond to a fire in their home and effectively remove belongings and such because the firefighters knew that there wouldn't be any money in it for them.

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In 2011, there were about 1.1 million firefighters in the country. 31% were paid, and the remainder volunteered. The nation has seen an increase in paid positions; an 8.6% decrease in volunteers from 2008 to 2011. As of 2018, this decline continued, with 33% or 370,000 being

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Since at least 1980, calls for fires have decreased as a proportion of total calls and in absolute numbers from 3,000,000 to 1,400,000 in 2011, while in the same period medical calls have increased from 5,000,000 to 19,800,000. While some medical calls are dealt with only by

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the opportunity to join the companies or form their own ones. As early as 1818 in Philadelphia the local free black community attempted to form the African Fire Association. Meanwhile, some southern cities like Charleston and Savannah relied on African American labor.

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Firefighter (occasionally probie) is the lowest rank. Often, it may be subdivided into grades (such as 1st class, senior, or master firefighter - typically awarded based on seniority), which may or may not be marked on the individual's badge or by uniform rank

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around America's larger cities, however, Volunteer fire departments still protect property and play an important role, as they do even today. Later the specialized life-saving units in American fire departments - the pompier corps - were formed.

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U.S. firefighters work under the auspices of fire departments (also commonly called fire protection districts, fire divisions, fire companies, fire bureaus, and fire-rescue companies, etc). These departments are generally organized as local or

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these members give instructions and provide command and control at certain scenes. These Units are also designed to carry a large assortment of Emergency Medical Services Supplies and provide medical assistance at certain emergency incidents.

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hats worn by the early firefighters. Money that was used to help fund the organization was obtained by insurance company payouts from fighting fires. Firefighters could easily tell just which homeowners had fire insurance and who didn't by

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Career firefighters represent 15% of all departments but protect approximately two thirds of the U.S. population. Meanwhile, 85% of fire departments are volunteer or mostly volunteer and protect approximately one third of the population.

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of Philadelphia was an innovator in building firefighting apparatus. In 1800, he patented a hand-pumped engine that was the most powerful in the United States, and he built the first hose wagon in 1804, which eliminated the need for

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Air,Electric and Battery operated Power Tools,Specialized Cutting Torches,Cribbing,Rope Rescue Equipment,Hazardous Materials Response Equipment,Emergency Medical Services Equipment and other types of specialized Tools and Equipment.

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concerned Americans formed the so-called mutual fire societies of approximately twenty members each. When fire struck a society member, other members rushed for assistance. The first water-pumping engines were imported to

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Additional chief grades usually exist between chief and battalion chief; usual insignia is 3 or 4 crossed gold bugles or 3 or 4 stars. Common titles include district chief, division chief, assistant chief, and deputy

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A Brush Patrol unit is usually built on a heavy duty pickup chassis with equipment for fighting brush fires. A brush unit typically responds with an engine to major fires, though the brush unit may also respond

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Many fire departments use cuff stripes as well as bugles or military style insignia on their dress uniforms. Typically, they are the same in number and color as the bugles / stars worn, but variations exist.

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is regulated by the United States Department of Agriculture, US Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management and the Bureau of Indian Affairs. This is done through the National Wildland Coordination Center.

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A fire department responds to a fire every 23 seconds throughout the United States. Fire departments responded to 33,602,500 calls for service in 2015. 21,500,000 were for medical help, 2,533,500 were

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Depending on the department a helicopter may be in use as an air ambulance or a suppression and Fire observation tool for brush fires. Some are even used for both as in the case of departments like

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engine. This unit has the three items that an engine does -- pump, tank, hose -- but also carries ground ladders and has an aerial device and specialized equipment and tools for certain situations.

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Driver, engineer, or fire equipment operator are used by many departments. Usually, no insignia is present, but the badge will often note the rank. Some will have multiple grades of this rank.

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However, many municipalities still rely on volunteer, paid on call, or part-time firefighters. These non full-time firefighters are rarely union, and their interests are represented by the

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training standards. Associate's, bachelor's and master's degree programs in firefighting disciplines are available at colleges and universities. Such advanced training is becoming a

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The first fire companies in Washington D.C. – the Union Fire Company, the Columbia Fire Company and the Anacostia Fire Company – were organized in 1804 to serve the

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American firefighters built, designed or assigned specifications for their equipment. Particularly, they dedicated themselves to the engines and viewed them as integral to the

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Fire companies and units come in several types. Note that the names below are not standard and have numerous local variations. Examples of these units are described below.

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dates back to the earliest European colonies in the Americas. Early firefighters were simply community members who would respond to neighborhood fires with buckets. The

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There is no single standard system of rank insignia in use, but certain ranks are common. Many variations in insignia systems make use of the voice trumpet, a type of

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corps (EMS), which may be structurally separate from or combined with their firefighting operations, including firefighters cross-trained as EMTs and paramedics.

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academy. This often includes certifications in Firefighter 1 and 2, as well as Hazardous Materials Awareness & Operations, in accordance with

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National Fire Protection Association. U.S. fire department profile through 2003. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association; 2005

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were included and emphasized. Other disciplines were taken on as responsibilities in lifesaving. An example of such is the practice of

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more than one unit responding. These vehicles have equipment that assist in providing command and control at fires or other incidents.

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Chief is usually the highest rank of a uniformed member in any given department, traditionally shown with 5 gold bugles or 5 stars.

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fires. They also began to expand their services to include other, non-fire, public safety needs including vehicle rescue and

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In 1853 the first practical, steam powered, fire engine was tested in Cincinnati (OH). It was created by Abel Shawk,

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in 1736. Such companies were soon organized in other colonies. Among those who served as volunteer firefighters were

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grades of lieutenant. An older name for the same rank, still used by some fire departments, is assistant foreman.

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sets and maintains minimum standards and requirements for firefighting duties and equipment. The suppression of

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in 1853. By the 20th century fire departments were forced to adapt to more modern hazards and dangers, such as

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Firefighting in the United States can be traced back to the 17th century when, after a great conflagration in

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in urban newspapers and made the subject of heroizing prints by the popular American printmaking firm

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Tankers and Tender Trucks are units that have a large water tank. It may or may not also have a pump.

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The professionalization of American firefighting was largely a result of three factors: the steam

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as well as many volunteer departments have emergency medical assets at their immediate disposal.

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prerequisite for command in larger departments. The U.S. Fire Administration operates the

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Robert Burns, "When the Watchman Spun his Rattle, Cry Was 'Throw Out Your Buckets!'"

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to the fire through the deep snow. Volunteer firefighters were honored with frequent

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Evaluation of Dermal Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Fire Fighters

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A firefighter's bunk with uniform ready to wear in the San Antonio Fire Museum in

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Several notable events have killed many firefighters. Japanese planes attacked

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or non-union. Union American firefighters are represented and united in the

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AFDE Post 264 Anchorage Fire Department Explorer Handbook, issued 1986.

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Senior captain is rarely used, and may be shown as 2 bugles crossed.

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Before the 1850s, there were only volunteer fire companies. In 1853

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https://www.ruralmetrofire.com/locations/knox-county-tennessee.html

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has four Rescue Squads in service. some departments, including the

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With few exceptions like in Savannah, Georgia, firefighters denied

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departments nationwide and responding to emergencies from 58,150

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Division of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) of California

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A fire fighter's turnout gear staged in front of a fire engine

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single gold bar for lieutenants, depending upon assignment.

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provides national leadership to local fire services. The

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and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as

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As cities grew this method became unreliable, and the

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National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

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California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection

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Michèle Dagenais, Irene Maver, Pierre-Yves Saunier.

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Rank insignia of professional American firefighters.

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Municipal services and employees in the modern city

946:Many departments also frequently display seniority 650:Medic Units and Ambulances are units that provide 436:in cities. Lyon's masterpiece was the hand-pumper 224:report fires and other incidents according to the 483:. Then in 1859 came the fully paid Fire Force in 451:, and Miles Greenwood. The engine was then named 164:International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF) 302:passed a law banning smoking in public places. 1210:"Firefighting in the United States: History". 1878: 1630: 1448:"National Fire Department Census quick facts" 1311:"NFPA statistics - Key dates in fire history" 1042:"National Fire Department Census quick facts" 1014:Evarts, Ben; Stein, Gary P. (February 2020). 1009: 1007: 1005: 960:Occupational hazards with fire debris cleanup 487:(IFD) by the guidance and authority of Mayor 352:. In 1818 the first known female firefighter 8: 2612:Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel 1598:Worker Safety and Health During Fire Cleanup 1473:"NFPA report - U.S. fire department profile" 798:A small number of U.S. fire departments are 284:(1820), built by Patrick Lyon, Philadelphia. 162:. Union firefighters are represented by the 38:, which are uninformative and vulnerable to 1361:Hajishengallis, Olga (September 29, 2013). 1016:"U.S. Fire Department Profile through 2020" 806:corporations on behalf of public entities. 53:and maintains a consistent citation style. 2846:Disaster preparedness in the United States 2488: 2444:International Association of Fire Fighters 1885: 1871: 1863: 1637: 1623: 1615: 1609:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1337:"Liberty Hose Co. No. 2 - Incident Detail" 259:Volunteer Firemen's Parade, March 4th 1872 203:International Association of Fire Fighters 1092:"NFPA statistics - Fire department calls" 535:(FDNY) firefighters were killed when the 95:Learn how and when to remove this message 1149:"Firefighters Become Medics to the Poor" 919:, as with the FDNY's BC collar insignia. 1300:, from Library Company of Philadelphia. 1240:, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1998, p. 7 976: 696:Helicopter or air ambulance apparatus 612:depending on its response profile. The 529:December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor 226:National Fire Incident Reporting System 182:, and 1,345,500 were for actual fires. 1414:Department of Environmental Protection 717:EMS supervisor or EMS captain Vehicle 125:first dedicated volunteer fire brigade 1566:New York City Firefighting, 1901-2001 616:has five heavy rescue companies. The 326:first American volunteer fire company 170:is the largest in the United States. 7: 2777: 2602:Modular Airborne FireFighting System 1697:Denmark - Copenhagen Fire Department 1286:Annals of Philadelphia (Philadelphia 1020:National Fire Protection Association 230:National Fire Protection Association 1607:Worker Safety During Fire Cleanup, 1022:Fire Analysis and Research Division 727:Specialized firefighting categories 471:, followed four years later by the 45:Please consider converting them to 2250:Self-contained breathing apparatus 1950:Firefighter assist and search team 1559:History of Firefighting in America 834:. Many U.S. fire departments have 553:City of Charleston Fire Department 527:(HFD) personnel responding to the 136:first professional fire department 14: 2841:Firefighting in the United States 1369:. Melbourne, Florida. p. 14A 1213:US National Fire Academy Handbook 1147:Urbina, Ian (September 3, 2009). 731:Consists of, but not limited to: 589:Engine company or pumper company 502:Deputy Chief Joseph Curry at the 269:. Painting by Victor Pierson and 218:United States Fire Administration 121:Firefighting in the United States 2812: 2800: 2788: 2776: 2765: 2764: 1975:Fire department ranks by country 652:Emergency Medical Services (EMS) 598:Truck company or ladder company 23: 2813: 2449:International Firefighters' Day 2409:Candidate Physical Ability Test 1238:Firefighting: Behind the Scenes 1116:Karter, MJ Jr. (January 2013). 884:Commonly used "bugle" insignia. 702:the Los Angeles Fire Department 624:(New York) Fire Department and 467:, became the first city with a 211:National Volunteer Fire Council 2851:Occupational safety and health 1960:Special operations firefighter 1236:Maria Mudd-Ruth, Scott Sroka. 626:Baltimore City Fire Department 49:to ensure the article remains 1: 2499:Wildfire emergency management 2066:Hazardous materials apparatus 828:emergency medical technicians 614:New York City Fire Department 551:, killed nine members of the 541:attacks of September 11, 2001 533:New York City Fire Department 455:after a city council member. 168:New York City Fire Department 1425:Fire and Aviation Management 1389:"CAL FIRE – Fire Protection" 670:Hazardous Materials Company 2474:World Police and Fire Games 2429:Fire protection engineering 781:not-for-profit corporations 744:Confined space firefighting 127:was established in 1736 in 2867: 2722:Glossary of wildfire terms 2454:List of firefighting films 1902:Personnel and organization 549:Charleston, South Carolina 469:fully paid fire department 444:in a famous 1852 contest. 287: 2760: 2434:Geography of firefighting 1965:Volunteer fire department 1851: 1687:China (People's Republic) 1652: 1646:Geography of firefighting 1572:Firefighting in Charlotte 1273:Fire Engineering Magazine 836:emergency medical service 775:government subsidiaries, 563:and 67% or 745,000 being 473:St. Louis Fire Department 2752:Template:Fire protection 2469:World Firefighters Games 2363:Gaseous fire suppression 1854:List of fire departments 1067:"NFPA - Fire statistics" 777:special-purpose district 646:Medic units/Ambulances 525:Honolulu Fire Department 400:and the neighborhood of 300:Massachusetts Bay Colony 2439:History of firefighting 1275:, vol. 120 (July 1976). 1118:"Fire department calls" 802:, that is, operated by 735:Structural firefighting 708:Chief officer vehicle 679:Tanker or tender truck 618:Chicago Fire Department 504:World Trade Center site 290:History of firefighting 2577:Firefighting apparatus 2265:Thermal imaging camera 2245:Secure information box 2061:Firefighting apparatus 935: 885: 846: 822: 808:Knox County, Tennessee 583: 571:Company and unit types 511: 449:Alexander Bonner Latta 356:rose to prominence in 285: 274: 117: 2622:Wildland water tender 2204:Hydraulic rescue tool 1970:Women in firefighting 1843:Vatican City/Holy See 1284:John Fanning Watson, 1178:. NPR. April 11, 2017 933: 883: 868:National Fire Academy 844: 816: 791:Forest Fire Service, 748:Wildland firefighting 664:quintuple-combination 607:Heavy rescue company 578: 545:Sofa Super Store fire 539:collapsed during the 531:, killing three. 343 498: 280: 265:around the statue of 257: 205:with headquarters in 112: 2663:Wildland fire module 2617:Wildland fire engine 2504:Wildfire suppression 2041:Fire command vehicle 2036:Airport crash tender 1935:Retained firefighter 1298:Diligent Fire Engine 675:threaten the public. 508:September 11 attacks 481:Massachusetts Avenue 386:fire insurance marks 282:Diligent Fire Engine 2522:Aerial firefighting 2378:Stop, drop and roll 2368:Multiple-alarm fire 2235:Portable water tank 2144:Fire proximity suit 1591:": a report by the 793:USDA Forest Service 759:Hazardous materials 561:career firefighters 489:Samuel Dunn Maxwell 477:St. Louis, Missouri 138:was established in 114:Streets of New York 2562:Fire retardant gel 2547:Fire lookout tower 2220:New York roof hook 2071:Light and air unit 2008:Fire lookout tower 1915:Chief fire officer 1452:apps.usfa.fema.gov 1341:www.lykensfire.com 1154:The New York Times 1046:apps.usfa.fema.gov 936: 886: 874:Ranks and insignia 847: 823: 687:Brush patrol unit 584: 537:World Trade Center 512: 380:during the 1850s. 370:Currier & Ives 338:Alexander Hamilton 286: 275: 148:hazardous material 118: 2828: 2827: 2735: 2734: 2727:List of wildfires 2587:Helicopter bucket 2582:Firefighting foam 2184:Hard suction hose 2129:Fire extinguisher 2119:Fire brigade keys 1860: 1859: 1574:(North Carolina). 1249:Ruth, Sroka, p. 8 409:African Americans 374:Nathaniel Currier 334:George Washington 322:Benjamin Franklin 105: 104: 97: 55:Several templates 2858: 2816: 2815: 2804: 2803: 2792: 2791: 2780: 2779: 2768: 2767: 2489: 2424:Fire photography 2206:("Jaws of life") 2164:Fireman's switch 1887: 1880: 1873: 1864: 1639: 1632: 1625: 1616: 1538: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1519: 1513: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1494: 1488: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1469: 1463: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1444: 1438: 1433: 1427: 1422: 1416: 1411: 1405: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1395:on July 24, 2008 1391:. Archived from 1385: 1379: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1358: 1352: 1351: 1349: 1347: 1332: 1326: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1307: 1301: 1295: 1289: 1282: 1276: 1269: 1263: 1256: 1250: 1247: 1241: 1234: 1228: 1227: 1207: 1201: 1194: 1188: 1187: 1185: 1183: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1144: 1138: 1137: 1135: 1133: 1128:on June 15, 2013 1113: 1107: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1088: 1082: 1081: 1079: 1077: 1063: 1057: 1056: 1054: 1052: 1038: 1032: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1011: 1000: 999: 997: 995: 981: 465:Cincinnati, Ohio 459:Fire departments 222:fire departments 207:Washington, D.C. 100: 93: 89: 86: 80: 78: 67: 27: 26: 19: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2856: 2855: 2831: 2830: 2829: 2824: 2801: 2789: 2756: 2731: 2710: 2667: 2626: 2527:Controlled burn 2514: 2508: 2478: 2419:Fire engine red 2397: 2388:Two-in, two-out 2343:Fireman's carry 2269: 2169:Flame retardant 2090: 2051:Fire motorcycle 2022: 1996:Fire department 1979: 1930:Station officer 1910:Battalion chief 1896: 1891: 1861: 1856: 1847: 1648: 1643: 1584: 1554: 1552:Further reading 1549: 1542: 1541: 1531: 1529: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1506: 1504: 1496: 1495: 1491: 1481: 1479: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1456: 1454: 1446: 1445: 1441: 1434: 1430: 1423: 1419: 1412: 1408: 1398: 1396: 1387: 1386: 1382: 1372: 1370: 1360: 1359: 1355: 1345: 1343: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1319: 1317: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1296: 1292: 1283: 1279: 1270: 1266: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1244: 1235: 1231: 1224: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1195: 1191: 1181: 1179: 1174: 1173: 1169: 1159: 1157: 1146: 1145: 1141: 1131: 1129: 1115: 1114: 1110: 1100: 1098: 1090: 1089: 1085: 1075: 1073: 1065: 1064: 1060: 1050: 1048: 1040: 1039: 1035: 1025: 1023: 1013: 1012: 1003: 993: 991: 983: 982: 978: 973: 956: 948:Service stripes 876: 768: 729: 579:Fire trucks in 573: 543:. In 2007, the 461: 434:bucket brigades 418: 319: 292: 252: 176: 101: 90: 84: 81: 69: 58: 44: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2864: 2862: 2854: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2833: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2822: 2810: 2798: 2786: 2774: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2755: 2754: 2749: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2729: 2724: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2711: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2686: 2681: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2666: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2557:Fire retardant 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2518: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2507: 2506: 2501: 2495: 2493: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2477: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2383:Structure fire 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2308:Door breaching 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2279: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2260:Smoke detector 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2159:Fireman's pole 2156: 2151: 2149:Fire retardant 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2100: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2089: 2088: 2083: 2081:Rescue vehicle 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2032: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2021: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2004: 2003: 1993: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1980: 1978: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1906: 1904: 1898: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1889: 1882: 1875: 1867: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1846: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1833:United Kingdom 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1641: 1634: 1627: 1619: 1613: 1612: 1605: 1595: 1583: 1582:External links 1580: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1570:Shawn Royall. 1568: 1564:Steven Scher. 1562: 1557:Dennis Smith. 1553: 1550: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1514: 1489: 1464: 1439: 1428: 1417: 1406: 1380: 1353: 1327: 1302: 1290: 1277: 1264: 1251: 1242: 1229: 1222: 1202: 1189: 1167: 1139: 1108: 1083: 1058: 1033: 1001: 975: 974: 972: 969: 968: 967: 962: 955: 952: 928: 927: 924: 920: 912: 909: 905: 901: 898: 875: 872: 767: 764: 763: 762: 756: 750: 745: 742: 736: 728: 725: 724: 723: 715: 714: 706: 705: 694: 693: 685: 684: 677: 676: 668: 667: 658:Quint company 656: 655: 644: 643: 633:Squad company 631: 630: 605: 604: 596: 595: 572: 569: 460: 457: 453:Uncle Joe Ross 417: 416:Fire apparatus 414: 354:Molly Williams 318: 317:Fire companies 315: 313:in the 1730s. 271:Paul E. Poincy 251: 248: 175: 172: 103: 102: 47:full citations 31: 29: 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2863: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2821: 2820: 2811: 2809: 2808: 2799: 2797: 2796: 2787: 2785: 2784: 2775: 2773: 2772: 2763: 2762: 2759: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2747:Template:Fire 2745: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2690: 2689:United States 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2464:Saint Florian 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2402:Miscellaneous 2400: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2338:Fire triangle 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2298:Dead man zone 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2194:Heat detector 2192: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 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1586: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1556: 1555: 1551: 1545: 1544: 1528: 1524: 1518: 1515: 1503: 1499: 1493: 1490: 1478: 1474: 1468: 1465: 1453: 1449: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1410: 1407: 1394: 1390: 1384: 1381: 1373:September 29, 1368: 1367:Florida Today 1364: 1357: 1354: 1342: 1338: 1331: 1328: 1316: 1312: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1258:Mark Tebeau. 1255: 1252: 1246: 1243: 1239: 1233: 1230: 1225: 1223:9781433056963 1219: 1215: 1214: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1193: 1190: 1177: 1171: 1168: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1143: 1140: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1112: 1109: 1097: 1093: 1087: 1084: 1072: 1068: 1062: 1059: 1047: 1043: 1037: 1034: 1021: 1017: 1010: 1008: 1006: 1002: 990: 986: 980: 977: 970: 966: 963: 961: 958: 957: 953: 951: 949: 944: 940: 932: 925: 921: 918: 913: 910: 906: 902: 899: 895: 894: 893: 891: 882: 878: 873: 871: 869: 865: 861: 855: 851: 843: 839: 837: 833: 829: 820: 815: 811: 809: 805: 801: 796: 794: 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96: 88: 76: 75:documentation 72: 65: 64:documentation 61: 56: 52: 48: 43: 41: 37: 32:This article 30: 21: 20: 2818: 2806: 2794: 2782: 2770: 2679:Ancient Rome 2653:Hotshot crew 2638:Fire lookout 2537:Fire flapper 2328:Fire control 2293:Chimney fire 2179:Halligan bar 2154:Fire shelter 2139:Fire hydrant 2114:Fire blanket 2109:Escape chair 2086:Water tender 2013:Fire station 1940:Fire marshal 1920:Fire captain 1894:Firefighting 1837: 1571: 1565: 1558: 1532:February 17, 1530:. Retrieved 1527:www.nfpa.org 1526: 1517: 1507:February 17, 1505:. Retrieved 1502:www.nfpa.org 1501: 1492: 1480:. Retrieved 1477:www.nfpa.org 1476: 1467: 1455:. Retrieved 1451: 1442: 1431: 1420: 1409: 1397:. Retrieved 1393:the original 1383: 1371:. Retrieved 1366: 1356: 1344:. Retrieved 1340: 1330: 1318:. Retrieved 1315:www.nfpa.org 1314: 1305: 1293: 1285: 1280: 1272: 1267: 1260:Eating smoke 1259: 1254: 1245: 1237: 1232: 1212: 1205: 1197: 1192: 1180:. Retrieved 1170: 1158:. Retrieved 1152: 1142: 1130:. Retrieved 1126:the original 1122:NFPA Website 1121: 1111: 1099:. Retrieved 1096:www.nfpa.org 1095: 1086: 1074:. Retrieved 1071:www.nfpa.org 1070: 1061: 1049:. Retrieved 1045: 1036: 1024:. Retrieved 992:. Retrieved 988: 979: 945: 941: 937: 887: 877: 863: 856: 852: 848: 824: 797: 787:(CAL FIRE), 779:entities or 769: 766:Organization 761:firefighting 755:firefighting 741:firefighting 730: 716: 707: 695: 686: 678: 669: 657: 645: 639: 632: 606: 597: 588: 585: 557: 522: 517:Paramedicine 513: 485:Indianapolis 462: 452: 446: 441: 437: 429:Patrick Lyon 426: 422:fire company 419: 406: 391: 382: 346:Samuel Adams 342:John Hancock 330:Philadelphia 324:founded the 320: 304: 293: 281: 258: 239: 215: 195:fire engines 192: 184: 180:false alarms 177: 156: 133: 129:Philadelphia 120: 119: 113: 106: 91: 82: 71:Citation bot 33: 16:Firefighting 2672:By location 2658:Smokejumper 2515:and tactics 2393:Ventilation 2333:Fire safety 2318:False alarm 2275:Terminology 2225:PASS device 2199:Hose bridge 2189:Hazmat suit 2124:Fire bucket 2104:Bunker gear 2046:Fire engine 1991:Drill tower 1945:Fire police 1818:South Korea 1793:Philippines 1783:New Zealand 1778:Netherlands 1604:(Cal/OSHA). 1482:November 2, 1457:November 4, 1399:January 30, 1346:November 4, 1335:Reiner, A. 1320:November 4, 1101:November 4, 1076:November 4, 1051:November 4, 989:FireRescue1 965:Smokejumper 830:(EMTs) and 819:San Antonio 427:Blacksmith 394:White House 350:Paul Revere 263:New Orleans 152:EMS service 85:August 2022 2835:Categories 2704:Washington 2699:California 2567:Fire trail 2513:Equipment 2353:Flash fire 2323:Fire class 2303:Deluge gun 2240:Rotary saw 2210:Kelly tool 2174:Fog nozzle 2018:Hose tower 1984:Facilities 1925:Fire chief 1766:Malaysia ( 1757:Luxembourg 971:References 923:chief,etc. 832:paramedics 804:for-profit 800:privatized 789:New Jersey 662:Short for 640:Emergency! 565:volunteers 424:identity. 288:See also: 267:Henry Clay 188:ambulances 140:Cincinnati 51:verifiable 2684:Australia 2631:Personnel 2592:Hose pack 2572:Firebreak 2552:Fire rake 2542:Fire hose 2532:Driptorch 2484:Wildfires 2414:Fire camp 2358:Flashover 2288:Barn fire 2283:Backdraft 2134:Fire hose 2096:Equipment 2028:Apparatus 1813:Sri Lanka 1808:Singapore 1762:Macau SAR 1737:Indonesia 1672:Australia 1160:April 26, 1132:April 26, 897:insignia. 890:megaphone 402:Anacostia 243:tragedies 234:wildfires 144:high rise 36:bare URLs 2795:Glossary 2771:Category 2740:See also 2648:Helitack 2643:Handcrew 2373:Rollover 2348:Firewall 2056:Fireboat 1955:Handcrew 1798:Romanian 954:See also 864:de facto 739:Highrise 506:of 2001 438:Diligent 358:New York 311:New York 174:Overview 40:link rot 2819:Outline 2783:Commons 2694:History 2607:Pulaski 2492:General 2230:The pig 1752:Jamaica 1717:Germany 1707:Finland 1702:Estonia 1677:Belgium 1667:Andorra 1662:Algeria 1657:Albania 1262:, p. 36 1200:, p. 49 821:, Texas 753:Airport 581:Seattle 398:Capitol 366:stanzas 250:History 2597:McLeod 2459:Muster 1828:Turkey 1823:Taiwan 1803:Russia 1788:Poland 1742:Israel 1727:Greece 1712:France 1692:Cyprus 1682:Brunei 1561:, 1978 1220: 1182:May 7, 1026:May 6, 994:May 6, 773:county 692:alone. 622:Albany 396:, the 362:pumper 296:Boston 166:. The 116:(1869) 60:reFill 2807:Index 2715:Lists 2313:Draft 2255:Siren 2215:Nomex 2076:Quint 1747:Italy 1722:Ghana 917:Major 199:union 34:uses 2001:list 1772:MCDF 1768:JBPM 1534:2020 1509:2020 1484:2016 1459:2016 1401:2012 1375:2013 1348:2016 1322:2016 1218:ISBN 1184:2019 1162:2013 1134:2013 1103:2016 1078:2016 1053:2016 1028:2020 996:2020 860:NFPA 500:FDNY 348:and 216:The 146:and 68:and 547:in 475:in 328:in 261:in 2837:: 1600:, 1525:. 1500:. 1475:. 1450:. 1365:. 1339:. 1313:. 1151:. 1120:. 1094:. 1069:. 1044:. 1018:. 1004:^ 987:. 567:. 555:. 372:. 344:, 340:, 336:, 213:. 1886:e 1879:t 1872:v 1774:) 1770:• 1638:e 1631:t 1624:v 1611:. 1587:" 1536:. 1511:. 1486:. 1461:. 1403:. 1377:. 1350:. 1324:. 1226:. 1186:. 1164:. 1136:. 1105:. 1080:. 1055:. 1030:. 998:. 510:. 273:. 98:) 92:( 87:) 83:( 79:. 77:) 73:( 66:) 62:( 42:.

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