140:, and wrote that black women had "no sense of virtue" and were "altogether without character". Outraged, Belgarnie sent the letter to Ruffin who distributed the letter to various women's clubs in her call to organize. Soon after, Ruffin organized a national conference in Boston, and asked clubs to send delegates. The first day was to be devoted to the business of organizing, and the second and third to "vital questions concerning our moral, mental, physical and financial growth and well-being." In the call, Ruffin explained the choice of venue:
207:, gave an influential speech titled "Individual Work for Moral Elevation". African-American women, she said, were divided into two classes: those who "had the opportunity to improve and develop mentally, physically, morally, spiritually and financially" and those who had been deprived of that opportunity by slavery. She urged members of the former class to do all they could to uplift and inspire the latter, reasoning that individual success was not enough; that only by "lifting as we climb" was it possible for the race to make progress.
274:(1) the concentration of the dormant energies of the women of the Afro-American race into one broad band of sisterhood: for the purpose of establishing needed reforms, and the practical encouragement of all efforts being put forth by various agencies, religious, educational, ethical and otherwise, for the upbuilding, ennobling and advancement of the race; (2) to awaken the women of the race to the great need of systematic effort in home-making and the divinely imposed duties of motherhood.
169:
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Our woman's movement is woman's movement in that it is led and directed by women for the good of women and men, for the benefit of all humanity, which is more than any one branch or section of it. We want, we ask the active interest of our men, and, too, we are not drawing the color line; we are
182:
On July 29, 1895, representatives of 42 black women's clubs from 14 states—including the
Colored Women's League of Washington, the Women's Loyal Union of New York, and the Ida B. Wells Club of Chicago—gathered in Berkeley Hall for the First National Conference of the Colored Women of
261:
of Boston gave the opening benediction. Although it was not unheard of for
Christian women to preach in those days, it was unusual for a woman to be given the title of chaplain. Alice T. Miller of Boston read a poem, and singers Moses Hamilton Hodges and Arianna Sparrow gave solo performances.
615:
1949:
776:
131:
polled readers to see if there was a need for a national organization of black clubwomen, the response was overwhelmingly positive. In 1895, an obscure
Missouri journalist named John Jacks sent a letter to the secretary of the British
607:"Three Sessions: Convention of Colored Women Opened; First One Ever Held in America Largely Attended. Mrs Ruffin of Boston in the Chair. Able Defense of the Race by Able Speakers. Education and Organization Are Present Needs"
144:
Boston has been selected as a meeting place because it has seemed to be the general opinion that here, and here only, can be found the atmosphere which would best interpret and represent us, our position, our needs, and our
38:. In August 1895, representatives from 42 African-American women's clubs from 14 states convened at Berkeley Hall for the purpose of creating a national organization. It was the first event of its kind in the United States.
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was designated as the organization's news outlet. The NFAAW held another conference in 1896, when it merged with other groups to form the
226:
gave a speech titled "Social Purity" in which she asserted that being white was not a "criterion for being
American". Civil rights leader
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The
National Federation of Afro-American Women (NFAAW) was organized during the 1895 conference, and its mission defined as:
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America, with
Josephine Ruffin presiding. They convened at the hall for three days, with an extra session on August 1 at the
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Poem read by Miss Alice T. Miller at the First
National Conference of the Colored Women of America, Boston, 1895
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women, American women, as intensely interested in all that pertains to us as such as all other
American women.
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also spoke. Other club women gave speeches on justice, temperance, and the need for industrial training.
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All Bound Up
Together: The Woman Question in African American Public Culture, 1830–1900
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spoke about the need to organize. In "The Value of Race
Literature", author and former slave
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507:"Colored Women in Conference – National Association for Their Betterment Formed in Boston"
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Several notable speakers addressed the group. Margaret Murray Washington, the wife of
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Delegates from the conference were elected officers for the organization, and were
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537:"Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin: A pioneer in the black women's club movement Part 2"
357:"Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin: A pioneer in the black women's club movement Part 1"
222:
stressed the importance of collecting literature by and about African Americans.
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298:(Vice Presidents). Ruffin was nominated for treasurer but refused the position.
136:, Florence Belgarnie. In the letter, Jacks criticized the anti-lynching work of
552:
Intimate Practices: Literacy and Cultural Work in U.S. Women's Clubs, 1880-1920
210:
Ella L. Smith, the first African-American woman to receive an M.A. degree from
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Daughters of the Improved Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks of the World
481:"Historical Records of Conventions of 1895-96 of the Colored Women of America"
35:
606:
176:
Historical Records of Conventions of 1895–96 of the Colored Women of America
162:
Historical Records of Conventions of 1895–96 of the Colored Women of America
1950:
African-American history between emancipation and the civil rights movement
639:"Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin: A pioneer in the black women's club movement"
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Gender, Race, and Politics in the Midwest: Black Club Women in Illinois
394:
286:(Cor. Sec.), L. C. Carter (Rec. Sec.), Libby B. Anthony (Treasurer),
107:
23:
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98:, an advocacy group for black women, with the help of her daughter,
73:. The National Federation of Afro-American Women, which became the
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Chicago and Northern District Association of Colored Women's Clubs
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153:
866:
441:
Words of Fire: An Anthology of African-American Feminist Thought
124:, an illustrated monthly publication, was the club's newspaper.
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Federation of Women's Clubs for Oklahoma and Indian Territories
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20:
The First National Conference of the Colored Women of America
747:
Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
214:, spoke about the need for higher education. Noted scholar
191:, it was "the first movement of the kind ever attempted".
1901:
First National Conference of the Colored Women of America
669:"The Value of Race Literature" by Victoria Earle Matthews
77:
the following year, was organized during the conference.
584:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 173–174.
118:
reform. Its slogan was "Help to make the world better".
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General Federation of Women's Clubs of South Carolina
1371:
Mississippi State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
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California State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
554:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 82.
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812:National Society of the Colonial Dames of America
1214:Topeka Council of Colored Women's Clubs Building
742:Associated Daughters of Early American Witches
266:The National Federation of Afro-American Women
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1569:Oklahoma Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
16:1895 conference in Boston, Massachusetts, US
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1298:Colored Female Religious and Moral Society
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194:In her opening address, Ruffin explained:
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106:. It was the first black women's club in
1486:Empire State Federation of Women's Clubs
1334:Ladies' Library Association of Kalamazoo
1193:Iowa Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
732:American Association of University Women
414:. Indiana University Press. p. 18.
1366:Mississippi Federation of Women's Clubs
530:
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535:Neal, Anthony W. (February 18, 2016).
1960:History of women in the United States
1303:New England Woman's Press Association
857:Women's Joint Congressional Committee
817:National Society of New England Women
802:National Association of Colored Women
637:Neal, Anthony W. (18 February 2016).
618:from the original on February 4, 2016
373:Jenkins, Maude T. (1999). "Letters".
355:Neal, Anthony W. (February 3, 2016).
306:National Association of Colored Women
75:National Association of Colored Women
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1235:Kentucky Federation of Women's Clubs
767:Daughters of the American Revolution
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381:(12). Old City Publishing, Inc.: 5.
1272:Maryland Woman Suffrage Association
867:Young Women's Christian Association
837:United Daughters of the Confederacy
782:General Federation of Women's Clubs
762:Daughters of the American Colonists
1694:Texas Association of Women's Clubs
1689:Daughters of the Republic of Texas
1267:Woman's Literary Club of Baltimore
847:Women's Christian Temperance Union
114:, and race-related issues such as
14:
1975:History of women in Massachusetts
1714:Dallas Equal Suffrage Association
1709:Texas Federation of Women's Clubs
852:Women's National Republican Club
238:spoke about political equality.
1704:Texas Equal Suffrage Association
1506:Equal Suffrage League (Brooklyn)
807:National Council of Jewish Women
246:, Anna Sprague (the daughter of
1151:Frederick Douglass Woman's Club
832:United States Daughters of 1812
172:Officers of Convention of 1896.
158:Officers of Convention of 1895.
1699:Texas Equal Rights Association
883:Alabama's Colored Women's Club
257:As the convention's chaplain,
250:), and anti-lynching activist
22:was a three-day conference in
1:
488:University of Chicago Library
325:Smith, Jessie Carney (1996).
127:In the early 1890s, when the
1511:Newswomen's Club of New York
986:Hollywood Women's Press Club
792:Ladies' Memorial Association
614:. July 30, 1895. p. 5.
444:. The New Press. p. 7.
408:Hendricks, Wanda A. (1998).
328:Notable Black American Women
772:Daughters of the Cincinnati
752:Colonial Dames XVII Century
550:Gere, Anne Ruggles (1997).
375:The Women's Review of Books
92:Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
49:), author and former slave
28:Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
1996:
1798:University Club of Seattle
1753:Daughters of Utah Pioneers
1084:Atlanta Neighborhood Union
862:Women's Trade Union League
827:Queen Isabella Association
513:. July 29, 1895. p. 6
280:Margaret Murray Washington
43:Margaret Murray Washington
1920:
1896:
1870:
757:Colonial Dames of America
90:In 1892, Boston activist
53:, anti-lynching activist
1308:New England Women's Club
737:American Woman's League
539:. The Bay State Banner.
359:. The Bay State Banner.
331:. VNR AG. p. 240.
220:Victoria Earle Matthews
65:, and social reformers
51:Victoria Earle Matthews
1293:College Club of Boston
1219:Woman's Club of Topeka
1146:Fortnightly of Chicago
797:League of Women Voters
276:
236:William Lloyd Garrison
201:
179:
165:
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71:William Lloyd Garrison
61:, civil rights leader
1925:List of women's clubs
1914:List of women's clubs
1595:Colored Women's Clubs
1491:Brooklyn Woman's Club
1318:Saturday Morning Club
842:United Order of Tents
822:Phillis Wheatley Club
436:Guy-Sheftall, Beverly
284:Florida Ruffin Ridley
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230:and social reformers
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185:Charles Street Church
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100:Florida Ruffin Ridley
1668:Country Woman's Club
1141:Chicago Woman's Club
1089:Atlanta Woman's Club
961:College Women's Club
712:in the United States
644:The Bay State Banner
205:Booker T. Washington
134:Anti-Slavery Society
104:Maria Louise Baldwin
47:Booker T. Washington
1970:Women's conferences
1120:Daughters of Hawaii
187:. According to the
951:Berkeley City Club
511:The New York Times
248:Frederick Douglass
244:Alexander Crummell
232:Henry B. Blackwell
180:
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67:Henry B. Blackwell
41:Speakers included
1955:History of Boston
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1851:Women's City Club
1663:19th Century Club
1621:Cosmopolitan Club
1521:Women's City Club
1501:Cosmopolitan Club
1403:20th Century Club
1006:Metropolitan Club
259:Eliza Ann Gardner
228:T. Thomas Fortune
224:Agnes Jones Adams
212:Wellesley College
63:T. Thomas Fortune
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438:(Dec 13, 2013).
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26:organized by
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1864:Publications
1767:Mount Vernon
1626:Plastic Club
1614:Pennsylvania
1387:East Glacier
648:. Retrieved
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1890:Conventions
1739:San Antonio
1734:Lyceum Club
1496:Colony Club
1470:Silver City
1419:Kalmia Club
1359:Mississippi
976:Ebell of LA
915:Casa Grande
650:31 December
517:October 19,
129:Woman's Era
34:leader and
1944:Categories
1776:Washington
1724:Fort Worth
1465:Las Cruces
1455:Alamogordo
1448:New Mexico
1434:Rutherford
1424:Morristown
1412:New Jersey
1350:Saint Paul
1198:Des Moines
1037:Wilmington
939:California
725:Nationwide
312:References
292:Helen Crum
150:Conference
86:Background
57:, scholar
36:suffragist
1814:Wauwatosa
1807:Wisconsin
1656:Tennessee
1605:Town Club
1537:Charlotte
1460:Carrizozo
1343:Minnesota
1244:Louisiana
1177:Vincennes
1053:Bradenton
1011:San Pedro
899:Anchorage
1788:Longview
1783:Kirkland
1760:Virginia
1562:Oklahoma
1479:New York
1429:Red Bank
1327:Michigan
1260:Maryland
1251:Era Club
1228:Kentucky
1129:Illinois
1104:Tennille
1099:Demorest
1025:Delaware
991:La Jolla
920:Glendale
616:Archived
578:(2009).
1823:Wyoming
1793:Olympia
1719:El Paso
1590:Ashland
1516:Sorosis
1380:Montana
1288:Chilton
1165:Indiana
1077:Georgia
1046:Florida
1032:Milford
996:Lincoln
930:Willcox
908:Arizona
876:Alabama
622:July 6,
490:. 1902.
395:4023208
81:History
1830:Casper
1600:Dundee
1583:Oregon
1553:Dayton
1396:Nevada
1207:Kansas
1113:Hawaii
1094:Dawson
966:Corona
892:Alaska
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294:, and
108:Boston
24:Boston
1682:Texas
1068:Miami
1058:Davie
718:Clubs
484:(PDF)
391:JSTOR
145:aims.
1748:Utah
1546:Ohio
1186:Iowa
925:Mesa
652:2023
624:2017
586:ISBN
556:ISBN
519:2017
446:ISBN
416:ISBN
333:ISBN
234:and
69:and
30:, a
383:doi
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