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controversy. Proponents argue that it allows First
Nations to adapt the externally defined system to their traditions. Sometimes this means that 'hereditary' leaders become the chief councillor. Opponents argue that custom systems are frequently not traditional and that, traditional or not, they are unfair and undemocratic and have the effect of preserving the power of corrupt cliques. In many cases they exclude women and also exclude hereditary leaders. The term "Chief" refers to a chief councillor: this individual is not necessarily a hereditary chief or leader, though some are.
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1307:. A treaty council, or treaty association, has additional meaning and historically in most provinces represents signatory bands of treaty areas. British Columbia is an exception as treaties in most of the province have not been completed. There the treaty councils have been formed in order to negotiate future treaty claims. Another emerging type of organization in British Columbia is the chiefs' council, such as the
1402:, but as a legal and administrative unit the band need not correspond to a band in this sense. Some bands draw their members from two or more ethnic groups due to the disruption of traditional ways by colonization and/or the administrative convenience of Canada, or by consensual alliances between such groups, some pre-dating the
1612:
is inhabited primarily by Inuit. The status of the MĂ©tis remains unresolved but has been the subject of negotiations in the early 21st century, which has resulted in the MĂ©tis Nation
Framework Agreement between various MĂ©tis organizations and Canada. These have been negotiated as recently as 2019,
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specifies procedures for the election of the chief councillor and council. Some bands make use of a policy provision (called 'custom election', which allows them to exempt themselves from these requirements in order to follow traditional procedures for the choice of leaders. This is a matter of
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are not part of the system of band governments and reserves. This is one of the major differences between their legal and social situation in relation to the federal government and that of First
Nations governed by band councils. The courts have ruled that constitutional reference to "Indians"
1523:
There are also organized groups of Indian descent whose Indian status is not recognized by Canada. These are often the descendants of bands considered by Canada to have become extinct. Such groups have no official existence but may nonetheless have some degree of political organization. The
1460:. Tribal councils have no independent status; they draw their powers entirely from their member bands. What powers are delegated to the tribal council and which services are provided centrally by the tribal council varies according to the wishes of the member bands.
1496:, span different tribal councils and individual bands, covering more than one ethnic group. Another organization called a chiefs council may include bands that belong to one or more tribal councils and also individual bands that belong to none. For instance, the
1417:. The band government is controlled by a chief councillor and council. The number of councillors is determined by the number of band members, with a minimum of two in addition to the chief councillor. The
1468:
In addition to tribal councils, bands may create joint organizations for particular purposes, such as providing social services or health care. For example, in the central interior of
British Columbia,
1540:, BC, are an example. They are a politically active group with no legally recognized band government in Canada. Some of their members have federally recognized Indian tribal status (in the US) and
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From a constitutional point of view, not all indigenous people are First
Nations people. In addition to Indians, the Constitution (section 35.2) recognizes two other indigenous groups: the
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vs the
Ktunaxa Kinbasket Treaty Council. But in that particular case American tribal governments belong to the former tribal council but not to the treaty council. Others, such as the
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1326:. Many First Nations also have large off-reserve populations whom the band government also represents; it may also deal with non-members who live on reserve or work for the band.
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maintained by the government. As of 2013, there were 253 First
Nations which had their own membership criteria, so that not all status Indians are members of a band.
1296:. As of 2013, there were 614 bands in Canada. Membership in a band is controlled in one of two ways: for most bands, membership is obtained by becoming listed on the
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1484:, bands claims are coordinated and negotiated, if negotiated, by treaty councils. The composition of these may correspond to the local tribal council, such as the
1444:, some bands have a traditional system of government that retains considerable influence. In some cases the two systems have come to an accommodation, such as the
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In other provinces, where treaties already exist, a treaty group or treaty association is composed of bands already signatory to existing treaties, such as
1383:, that is, multiple parcels of land. Although bands have considerable control over their reserve land, legally neither the band itself nor its members hold
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1556:, which represents the chiefs of over 600 bands throughout Canada. There are also some regional organizations. The Chief of the AFN is referred to as the
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represents 203 bands in the province that are engaged in treaty negotiations with Canada and
British Columbia. An older organization, the
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Bands also typically belong to one or more kinds of provincial council or similar organization. They also belong to the pan-Canadian
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1318:(formerly called the Native Indian Brotherhood), chaired by a leader elected by the bands, each chief having one vote, rather than
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had 22,294 members in
September 2005, and many have a membership below 100 people. Each First Nation is typically represented by a
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In addition to tribal councils and special-purpose service organizations, bands may form larger organizations. The largest is the
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In Canada, the elected government of a First
Nations band consists of a chief and councillors. Many bands, especially in
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2013), but the relations of these groups with the federal government are not governed by the terms of the
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During treaty negotiations, such as those attempted by the BC provincial government in the form of the
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serve as the provincial-level organization; in Saskatchewan, the provincial-level grouping is the
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but is now a separate organization. Its members include bands that are not members of CSTC.
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1773:"The First Nation Governance System: A Brake on Closing the Community Well-being Gap"
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by individual band members. Bands are, to an extent, the governing body for their
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1276:). Bands are typically small groups of people: the largest in the country, the
1981:
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provides social services for a dozen bands. CSFS was originally a part of the
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1429:(CIRNAC) is to treat band governments as largely autonomous, under the
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1833:"FNS recognizes International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples"
1859:
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band council resolutions have no effect unless endorsed by the
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In addition to the chief and council system mandated by the
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Bands can be united into larger regional groupings called
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Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
1849:
1725:"Frequently Asked Questions About Aboriginal Peoples"
1536:, but have a small group of representatives based at
1504:
and formally does not acknowledge Crown sovereignty.
34:. For the basic unit of hunter-gatherer society, see
1665:
Classification of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
1398:
is historically related to the anthropological term
1387:. Rather, the land is held in trust for the band by
1292:) chaired by an elected chief, and sometimes also a
1719:
1717:
1446:
Office of the Hereditary Chiefs of the Wet'suwet'en
1357:1939) as well as to MĂ©tis and non-status Indians (
1560:. The AFN also has a Vice-Chief for each region.
1805:"Consolidated Statement of Revenue and Expenses"
30:For indigenous groups in the United States, see
1576:, represents the bands that reject the current
1534:Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation
1413:, the legislation that defines the position of
1409:The functioning of a band is controlled by the
1057:Proposed annexation of Turks and Caicos Islands
1925:
1580:. Some bands belong to both. In Ontario, the
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731:Provincial and territorial executive councils
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1704:Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation
1278:Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation
1932:
1918:
1910:
1855:Association of Iroquois and Allied Indians
1586:Federation of Sovereign Indigenous Nations
1448:. In other cases the two are in conflict.
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2008:Assembly of First Nations Quebec-Labrador
1865:Department of Indian and Northern Affairs
1643:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal
1564:Provincial and territorial organizations
1992:National Aboriginal Health Organization
1900:Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs
1875:First Nations Summit (British Columbia)
1750:"Assembly of First Nations - The Story"
1691:
1574:Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs
1542:ongoing land claims in British Columbia
877:Courts of the Provinces and Territories
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43:
1675:List of First Nations band governments
1456:Two or more bands may unite to form a
1435:Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations
836:Provincial and territorial parliaments
187:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
1604:. The national Inuit organization is
213:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
7:
1977:Native Women's Association of Canada
2052:First Nations governments in Canada
1880:Institute for Indigenous Government
1670:List of Canadian Aboriginal leaders
1425:Although the current policy of the
2021:International rights organizations
1608:. The self-governing territory of
27:First Nations government in Canada
25:
1785:from the original on 14 July 2014
1680:List of Indian reserves in Canada
1500:serves as a common voice for all
904:Peace, order, and good government
18:First Nations government (Canada)
1890:Metis Nation Framework Agreement
1821:from the original on 2009-11-02.
1760:from the original on 2009-08-02.
1710:from the original on 2009-10-15.
1700:"Gateway to Aboriginal Heritage"
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1052:Canada–European Union relations
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780:Government Leader in the Senate
159:British Columbia Treaty Process
1962:Congress of Aboriginal Peoples
1528:, who are now based mostly in
1471:Carrier Sekani Family Services
1047:Canada–Latin America relations
948:Provincial electoral districts
909:Charter of Rights and Freedoms
817:His Majesty's Loyal Opposition
812:Opposition Leader in the house
807:Government Leader in the house
709:President of the Privy Council
1:
1754:The Assembly of First Nations
1475:Carrier Sekani Tribal Council
1997:First Nations Bank of Canada
1490:Maa-nulth Treaty Association
1097:Indigenous Peoples in Canada
1070:Crown and Indigenous peoples
164:Crown and Indigenous peoples
1778:. Institute on Governance.
1771:Graham, John (April 2010).
1351:) does apply to the Inuit (
1260:bande de la Première Nation
931:Federal electoral districts
698:List of Canadian ministries
402:Indigenous English Dialects
2068:
1885:Inuit Tapirisaat of Canada
1082:Aboriginal self-government
714:Clerk of the Privy Council
29:
2016:
2002:Inuit Circumpolar Council
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1952:
1870:First Nations of Treaty 3
1850:Assembly of First Nations
1619:Métis Nation—Saskatchewan
1568:In British Columbia, the
1554:Assembly of First Nations
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1309:St'át'timc Chiefs Council
1155:Provinces and territories
953:Politics of the provinces
941:List of federal elections
638:Monarchy in the provinces
508:Indigenous North Americas
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286:Indigenous personalities
1967:Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami
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1077:Canadian Aboriginal law
868:Chief Justice of Canada
682:List of prime ministers
32:tribe (Native American)
1972:MĂ©tis National Council
1548:National organizations
1348:Constitution Act, 1867
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1259:
1251:
1012:Diplomatic missions of
704:29th Canadian Ministry
1895:Nishnawbe-Aski Nation
1613:for instance, by the
1532:state as part of the
1385:aboriginal land title
993:Global Affairs Canada
775:Speaker of the Senate
1570:First Nations Summit
1354:Reference Re Eskimos
973:Municipal government
802:Speaker of the house
719:Privy Council Office
672:King’s Privy Council
643:Lieutenant governors
412:Aboriginal syllabics
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560:Politics of Canada
45:Indigenous peoples
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1944:organizations in
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1360:Daniels v. Canada
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1150:Political culture
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986:Foreign relations
899:Constitution Acts
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519:Canada portal
465:Index of articles
218:Numbered Treaties
16:(Redirected from
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1920:
1911:
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1835:. 9 August 2006.
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1733:. Retrieved
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1394:The term
1389:the Crown
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1250:(French:
1016:in Canada
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587:structure
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47:in Canada
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1160:Regions
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91:History
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1526:Sinixt
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1776:(PDF)
1602:MĂ©tis
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1338:Inuit
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459:Index
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296:Music
80:MĂ©tis
73:Inuit
1791:2011
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627:list
611:list
407:NAPA
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318:AB
276:Art
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359:SK
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