844:
likely the explosion of a shell from one of the forts. In either case, the ship suffered no significant injury. Because she had left the channel, however, the line of ships following her were thrown into confusion, and whatever was left of Du Pont's battle plan collapsed. The intense fire the ships received from the forts kept them farther from Fort Sumter than the admiral had envisioned, so their return fire was less accurate than planned. It was not accuracy that determined the result, however, but the sheer disparity in firepower. In the course of the two hours of the engagement, the
Confederate forces got off more than 2,000 shot and shell, of which 520 hit. By contrast, the Union fleet fired only 154 shots. Their armor protected the crews, but several ships suffered damage that impaired their fighting abilities, such as jammed turrets and gunport stoppers. Worst hit was
344:. Other naval operations were sidetracked as their resources were diverted to the attack on Charleston. After a long period of preparation, conditions of tide and visibility allowed the attack to proceed. The slow monitors got into position rather late in the afternoon, and when the tide turned, Du Pont had to suspend the operation. Firing had occupied less than two hours, and the ships had been unable to penetrate even the first line of harbor defense. The fleet retired with one in a sinking condition and most of the others damaged. One sailor in the fleet was killed and twenty-one were wounded, while five Confederate soldiers were killed and eight wounded. After consulting with his captains, Du Pont concluded that his fleet had little chance to succeed. He therefore declined to renew the battle the next morning.
682:
640:, to provide some means of defense. He came up with a raft-like structure made up of heavy timbers that could be attached to a ship's bow. Each raft carried grappling hooks intended to snag the mooring lines of enemy torpedoes. It also carried its own torpedo, so it could blast its way through the obstructions. Two of the rafts were built and sent down to South Carolina in time for the attack. After considering the steering and handling problems the rafts would introduce, Du Pont's captains were unwilling to mount them on their ships. The torpedo was particularly worrisome, as collisions between ships in the narrow channel with unknown currents could be expected. Only one captain,
579:
between Forts Sumter and
Moultrie. Formed of 20-foot (6.1 m) lengths of railroad iron floated by large timbers, bound together by chains, and anchored at intervals, this barrier also broke under the strain imposed by the tides. It was supplemented by a rope obstruction that was meant to foul the propellers of enemy vessels. Despite the effort that went into these barriers, the defenders did not believe them to be serious impediments to an invading fleet. The same was true of most of the torpedoes (present-day mines) that were laid. Du Pont was unaware of their flaws, so the barriers and torpedoes were major concerns in his preparations for the battle.
114:
133:
145:
612:
102:
690:
492:
571:
39:
2011:
2021:
409:. However, it was selected as a target more for its symbolic worth than for its strategic importance. In the words of one of the participants in the naval attack, "Fort Sumter was regarded in the public mind, North and South, as the citadel of the fortress, the incarnation of the rebellion, and as such it was attacked and defended."
835:
to anchor, as she was directly over a 3000-pound (1360 kg) electrically triggered torpedo that would be activated by closing a switch on shore. Their high hopes were dashed, however, when the switch was closed and nothing happened. Two explanations for the failure have been offered. According to
864:
Thus the battle fizzled out. The Union had lost one ironclad, and Fort Sumter had sustained mild damage that could be repaired in short order, though it was somewhat more than Du Pont realized. Personnel casualties were quite low despite the volume of gunfire. Only one man, Quartermaster Edward Cobb
860:
sank during the night (with no loss of life), two or three of the monitors had sustained damage that would keep them out of further action for days if not weeks, and the captains agreed that nothing good could come from prolonging the battle. Even if they could knock out Fort Sumter, the rest of the
913:
continued to figure in the war. She had sunk in shallow water that left her smokestack above the surface, so her position was known. Adolphus W. LaCoste, a
Charleston civilian hired by the Confederate government, was able to salvage the two 11-inch (280 mm) guns from the wreck. He and his crew
1321:
p. 758. Scharf states that the torpedo contained 2,000 pounds (907 kg) of powder. Yet another possible explanation was given by a deserter who claimed that he had helped lay the mine. He asserted that it held 12,000 pounds (5435 kg), and that the failure was due to active sabotage: ORN I, v. 9, p.
877:
Secretary of the Navy Welles was dismayed by the failure. The small casualty list, coupled with Du Pont's evident reluctance beforehand, led him to believe at first that the attack was not pressed with vigor. His criticism softened only when John
Rodgers, who was known to be a thoroughly competent
578:
The defense also included shipping barriers spanning the harbor. First to be put in place was a row of piles that stretched from Fort
Johnson to near Fort Ripley in the Middle Ground. This proved to be ineffective, as storms and strong tides soon ripped out major sections. Later, a "boom" was laid
830:
had severe handling problems in the strong current and shallow water. She was forced to stop and anchor to avoid going aground, just about the time that the lead monitors were coming under fire. She dropped out of the line, and the four ships following her passed around, with some difficulty. The
507:
that opened the war, he was intimately familiar with the fortifications surrounding the city. He had been called away to service elsewhere, but returned in
September 1862. The batteries that had been set up under his supervision to assault the fort were incorporated into the harbor defenses. His
1606:
History of the
Confederate States Navy from its organization to the surrender of its last vessel; its stupendous struggle with the great Navy of the United States, the engagements fought in the rivers and harbors of the South and upon the high seas, blockade-running, first use of iron-clads and
848:, which was hit 90 times, including 19 shots at or below the waterline. Captain Rhind withdrew his ship from the fight, barely able to keep her afloat until she was beyond enemy gunfire. By this time, the tide had turned, so Admiral Du Pont decided to suspend the attack until the following day.
843:
had advanced to a line of buoys that
Captain Rodgers thought might mark torpedoes, so he swerved from the channel and stopped to consider what to do next. At this time, an underwater explosion rocked the vessel; Rodgers thought that it was a torpedo, but some historians believe that it was more
897:
Du Pont's captains fared better than he, and none of them suffered professionally for their participation in the failed campaign. Seven of them (John and C. R. P. Rodgers, Ammen, Fairfax, Turner, Worden, and Rhind) eventually became rear admirals. Drayton was appointed Chief of the Bureau of
673:, to mark the entrance channel with buoys. The weather on the following day was hazy, making navigation difficult, so Du Pont postponed the attack for another day. The harbor was obscured by haze again on the morning of April 7, but it cleared up by noon, and the signal to attack was given.
2052:
598:
The defenses before
Charleston were strong, but Beauregard knew that he had to prepare for the worst. Thus, shortly after he resumed his command, he made the potentially fateful decision to defend the city street by street if necessary. He wrote to Governor
325:, attacked the Confederate defenses near the entrance to Charleston Harbor. Navy Department officials in Washington hoped for a stunning success that would validate a new form of warfare, with armored warships mounting heavy guns reducing traditional forts.
482:
Despite his lack of faith in the monitors, Du Pont did not propose any alternative plans to capture
Charleston. He concentrated instead on how to preserve his ships. His defeatism must be taken into account in any reckoning of results of the battle.
235:
878:
and aggressive officer, sided with Du Pont. As Rodgers saw it, and as Welles had to agree, Charleston could not be taken by a purely naval assault. It would require a combined operation, with full cooperation of both services, to achieve that.
898:
Navigation, which would have made him a rear admiral, but he died of a heart attack while awaiting Senate confirmation. George W. Rodgers was known as one of the best captains in the fleet, but he was killed in a later attack on Charleston.
465:
Du Pont did not share the enthusiasm of the Navy Department for the armored vessels. Although they could withstand whatever punishment the coastal artillery of the day could mete out, their offensive capabilities were severely restricted.
881:
Welles saw that Du Pont was correct in stating that Charleston could not be taken by naval forces alone, but the breach between the two men was irreparable. Welles recalled the admiral on June 3, replacing him at first with Rear Admiral
423:
would not agree to a major part for the Army in the operation. Halleck was willing to commit only 10,000 to 15,000 untrained soldiers, who would exploit any successes made by the naval force but would not otherwise have an active role.
648:, could be persuaded to carry the raft on his ship, and then only without the torpedo. In the event, the motion of the raft pounded his ship so severely that Rodgers decided to cast it loose before it had cleared any enemy torpedoes.
478:
carried two 11-inch (280 mm) guns. Although they were larger than the typical 32-pounder weapons that would be used against them, their rate of fire was much less. Seven minutes was needed to swab, reload, and aim between shots.
396:
Charleston in 1863 was already of only limited military significance, as the active centers of combat were mostly in Virginia and the interior of the country. Its value as a port for blockade runners was not much greater than that of
1090:
Pemberton was in command of the Department of South Carolina and Georgia, which was extended to include Florida after Beauregard returned. Ripley commanded the First Military District, which included Charleston. ORA I, v. 14, pp. 1,
2047:
905:
continued to take part in the blockade of Charleston that remained in force, but the former never again inspired such awe among the Rebels as they had before the attack. All were used in the continuing campaign against the city.
836:
the one, an ordnance wagon had broken the wires by being driven over them. The other holds that the wires were simply too long, so the electric current would not be great enough to create a spark and detonate the charge.
228:
712:
anchor fouled the grappling hooks on the torpedo raft, delaying the start by about an hour. She then could make only three knots (5.5 km/h), and the rest of the column had to follow at her slow pace. Second was
635:
As the date was nearing, a new device was introduced by the Navy Department. Because of Du Pont's often-expressed fears of torpedoes in the harbor, the department had called on the man who designed the monitors,
221:
2067:
1760:
2062:
595:, were ready to fight if the invaders neared the city. They would be used only reluctantly, as they were known to be too slow to pose a significant threat to the Northern monitors.
389:
Administration therefore began to apply great pressure on its field commanders to achieve some success that would lift the national spirit. It was in this atmosphere that the
1996:
1970:
890:, and he died before he could report to his new station. Welles therefore somewhat reluctantly turned responsibility for the naval portion of the campaign to Rear Admiral
693:
Fort Sumter National Monument marker depicting the First Battle of Charleston Harbor The bow of the USS New Ironsides is on the left while Fort Sumter is in the background
2014:
2057:
456:; as they were commissioned, they were sent to South Carolina, so seven of them were able to participate in the attack. In addition, the experimental armored gunboat
2024:
705:
641:
1753:
1709:
1975:
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commanded the Confederate Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. As he had led the rebel forces at Charleston at the time of the bombardment of
373:, following which the Army of the Potomac was in disarray. In the West, the campaign for control of the Mississippi River seemed to be bogged down before
2072:
941:
936:
681:
419:. Fox had an ulterior motive, in that he wanted the Navy to be free from domination by the Army. He was therefore not disturbed when General-in-Chief
385:
was evident throughout the North, and the fall elections, regarded as a referendum on the war, had shown a swing away from the Republican party. The
1769:
1746:
914:
worked by night and were able to escape notice of the blockaders; Du Pont did not suspect their activity until it was announced in the Charleston
616:
535:
and its outlying batteries lay across the harbor on Sullivan's Island. These formed the first or outer defensive ring. A second ring consisted of
519:
The fortifications that had been set up around the harbor were well-suited to repel attacks from the ocean. The most seaward guns were placed in
603:
to state his position: "As I understand it is the wish of all, people and government, that the city shall be defended to the last extremity."
1498:
p. 208. One of the guns still exists, as a sort of war-trophy in Charleston's White Point Gardens (known as "The Battery" to Charlestonians.)
856:
Du Pont in his official report asserted that he fully intended to renew the attack the next day, but his captains were unanimously opposed.
1991:
390:
1648:
1860:
926:
428:
275:
161:
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Almost two hours elapsed between the time the ships got under way until the opening shots were fired. In that time, they found that
810:
780:
869:, was killed in the fleet, and 21 others sustained various degrees of injury. The Rebels had lost five killed and eight wounded.
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carried 16 guns (broadside, so only 8 could be brought to bear at one time), but each of the others carried only two guns. Each
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1850:
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265:
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and in Charleston, was intended to protect against land assault on the city. In all, they mounted some 385 land-based guns.
1937:
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118:
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contingent associated with the attack took no active part in the battle. The ships, under command of Rear Admiral
1922:
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358:
1947:
1932:
1814:
370:
516:, made some additions in the year and a half that he was gone, but the basic features were due to Beauregard.
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322:
137:
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The fleet assembled off the mouth of the harbor on 5 April; on that day, Du Pont sent the buoy schooner
504:
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329:
689:
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The Navy Department supported the operation by assigning almost all of its armored vessels to the
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132:
30:
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Du Pont chose to mount the attack in the early part of April, in order to take advantage of the
213:
357:
The war was not going well for the Union in late 1862 and early 1863. Although the Confederate
1692:
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1570:
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182:
149:
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559:) at the southern end of the city itself. A third ring, formed of several batteries on the
491:
1942:
883:
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552:
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1291:. They remained outside the bar and were not used during the battle. ORN I, v. 14, p. 9.
570:
38:
730:
520:
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776:
637:
532:
382:
106:
101:
886:. Foote, however, had never fully recovered from a wound he had received during the
861:
fortifications remained, and the fleet had not penetrated the first defensive ring.
758:
741:
531:. Near them, on a man-made island on the same side of the harbor, was Fort Sumter.
2053:
Battles of the Lower Seaboard Theater and Gulf Approach of the American Civil War
1700:
1681:
1451:
historical volume (1607â1896); see entry for each individual. For Turner (not in
1352:
pp. 179â180. Du Pont asserts that only 139 shots were fired; ORN I, v. 14, p. 27.
1643:
1599:
eds. Johnson, Robert Underwood, and Clarence Clough Buel. Vol. 4, pp. 32â47
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624:
583:
450:
311:
318:
307:
1724:
1711:
1260:
Five unarmored vessels of a reserve squadron were also present: screw sloops
177:
1522:
Success is all that was expected: the South Atlantic blockading squadron
365:, it had escaped intact and had inflicted a major defeat on the Federal
474:
had one 15-inch (380 mm) and one 11-inch (280 mm) gun, while
310:, including seven monitors that were improved versions of the original
1517:
New York: C. Scribner's sons, 1885; reprint: Blue and Grey Press, n.d.
1047:
for some reason was replaced by an 8-inch (200 mm) rifle. Reed,
582:
The South also had a naval contingent present. Two armored gunboats,
1630:
Lifeline of the Confederacy: blockade running during the Civil War.
615:
Map of Charleston Harbor I Battlefield core and study areas by the
2048:
Operations against the Defenses of Charleston (American Civil War)
1457:
The records of living officers of the U. S. Navy and Marine Corps.
839:
Meanwhile, the other ships were being pummeled by artillery fire.
688:
680:
610:
569:
490:
306:. The striking force was a fleet of nine ironclad warships of the
431:, commanded by Rear Admiral Du Pont. These included the massive
1742:
1691:
Savas Publishing Company, Campbell, California, pp. 394,
1610:
New York: Rogers & Sherwood, 1887; reprint: Gramercy, 1996.
217:
1669:
The History Press, Charleston, South Carolina. p. 158.
793:, brother of C. R. P. Rodgers and cousin of John Rodgers;
523:(often referred to in Union accounts as Fort Wagner) and
831:
waiting Rebels could not have chosen a better place for
1134:
pp. 157â158, 269. ORA I, v. 14, pp. 610, 622, 826, 830.
1537:
Coker, PC, "Charleston's Maritime Heritage 1670â1865",
1594:
Rodgers, C. R. P., "Du Pont's attack at Charleston."
1633:
Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988.
555:
in the harbor, and finally the White Point Battery (
2068:
Battles of the American Civil War in South Carolina
1984:
1963:
1915:
1882:
1833:
1802:
1776:
1566:
Divided waters: the naval history of the Civil War.
685:
1863 lithograph of the battle by Currier & Ives
449:were designed as improved versions of the original
43:
Advance of Ironclads to the Attack, April 7th, 1863
412:Among the most vocal proponents of the attack was
377:. The Confederates had actually managed to retake
1068:p. 283, asserts that it was more like 10 minutes.
2063:Confederate victories of the American Civil War
1335:p. 245, accepts Rodgers's appraisal; Browning,
23:
1754:
1618:Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2006.
1615:Blue & gray navies: the Civil War afloat.
245:Operations Against the Defenses of Charleston
229:
8:
1665:Charleston Under Siege: The Impregnable City
1551:Warships and naval battles of the Civil War.
1225:in his official report, ORN I, v. 14, p. 5.
302:that took place April 7, 1863, during the
1761:
1747:
1739:
942:List of monitors of the United States Navy
937:Blockade runners of the American Civil War
574:Confederate artillery at Charleston Harbor
236:
222:
214:
20:
1527:Washington, D.C. : Brassey's, 2002.
719:, commanded by Charleston native Captain
495:Confederate defenses at Charleston Harbor
166:First Military District of South Carolina
1770:South Carolina in the American Civil War
1584:Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1978.
1187:The Moon was full on April 2. Browning,
813:. The experimental non-monitor ironclad
2058:Naval battles of the American Civil War
1319:History of the Confederate States navy,
958:
761:. These were followed by the flagship,
617:American Battlefield Protection Program
442:would serve as Du Pont's flagship. The
393:began to urge an attack on Charleston.
1317:p. 176; ORA I, v. 14, p. 950. Scharf,
1688:Secessionville: Assault on Charleston
1601:Century, 1894; reprint: Castle, 1956.
1596:Battles and leaders of the Civil War,
1581:Combined operations in the Civil War.
733:; Worden was famed as the captain of
697:Four monitors led the way; first was
7:
2020:
1644:National Park Service battle summary
328:Du Pont had been given seven of the
1539:Charleston, CokerCraft Press, 1987
1861:Second Battle of Charleston Harbor
1189:Success was all that was expected,
927:Second Battle of Charleston Harbor
429:South Atlantic Blockading Squadron
162:South Atlantic Blockading Squadron
14:
2073:Charleston County, South Carolina
1841:First Battle of Charleston Harbor
1607:torpedoes, and privateer history.
1604:Scharf, J. Thomas (John Thomas),
1496:Success is all that was expected,
1483:Success is all that was expected,
1470:Success is all that was expected,
1455:), see Hamersly, Lewis Randolph,
1407:Success is all that was expected,
1363:Success is all that was expected,
1350:Success is all that was expected,
1337:Success is all that was expected,
1315:Success is all that was expected,
1302:Success is all that was expected,
1236:Success is all that was expected,
1219:Success is all that was expected,
1202:Success is all that was expected,
1145:Success is all that was expected,
1132:Success is all that was expected,
1119:Success is all that was expected,
783:. Then came three more monitors:
781:Christopher Raymond Perry Rodgers
296:First Battle of Charleston Harbor
24:First Battle of Charleston Harbor
2019:
2010:
2009:
1221:pp. 171â172. Du Pont names only
771:; also aboard were Rear Admiral
338:, and the experimental ironclad
143:
131:
112:
100:
37:
16:Battle of the American Civil War
1569:New York: HarperCollins, 1995.
1459:J. B. Lippincott and Co., 1870.
414:Assistant Secretary of the Navy
823:, was at the end of the line.
1:
947:Ironclads: American Civil War
1953:Union forces occupy Columbia
1866:Second Battle of Fort Sumter
1856:Second Battle of Fort Wagner
1851:Battle of Grimball's Landing
1663:Bostick, Douglas W. (2010).
980:Lifeline of the Confederacy,
1846:First Battle of Fort Wagner
1825:Second Battle of Pocotaligo
405:, and all were eclipsed by
2104:
1948:Skirmish at Congaree Creek
1810:First Battle of Pocotaligo
627:brought by the full Moon.
508:successors, Major General
407:Wilmington, North Carolina
300:Charleston, South Carolina
72:Charleston, South Carolina
2005:
1923:Campaign of the Carolinas
1520:Browning, Robert M. Jr.,
819:, commanded by Commander
767:, commanded by Commodore
359:Army of Northern Virginia
251:
193:
170:
155:
124:
93:
47:
36:
28:
1938:Skirmish at James Island
1933:Battle of Broxton Bridge
1928:Action at Rivers' Bridge
1820:Battle of Simmon's Bluff
1815:Battle of Secessionville
1686:Brennan, Patrick (1996)
1422:pp. 294, 295. Musicant,
462:was added to the fleet.
371:Fredericksburg, Virginia
1449:Who was who in America,
1117:pp. 238â239; Browning,
888:Battle of Fort Donelson
749:Battle of Hampton Roads
298:was an engagement near
55:April 7, 1863
2083:1863 in South Carolina
1374:ORN I, v. 14, pp. 5â8.
932:Battle of Fort Pulaski
694:
686:
663:and the survey vessel
620:
575:
512:and Brigadier General
496:
375:Vicksburg, Mississippi
330:Passaic class monitors
323:Samuel Francis Du Pont
138:Samuel Francis Du Pont
125:Commanders and leaders
1794:Port Royal Experiment
1784:Battle of Fort Sumter
1554:Gallery Books, 1989.
1524:during the Civil War.
1437:Blue and gray navies,
1385:Blue and gray navies,
1333:Blue and gray navies,
1206:Blue and gray navies,
1204:pp. 168â169; Tucker,
1178:ORA I, v. 14, p. 617.
1169:ORA I, v. 14, p. 623.
1158:Blue and gray navies,
1115:Blue and gray navies,
1062:Blue and gray navies,
1034:pp. 26â27; 32â33; 40.
708:. Getting under way,
692:
684:
614:
573:
494:
361:had been repulsed at
276:2nd Charleston Harbor
256:1st Charleston Harbor
194:Casualties and losses
1902:Battle of Honey Hill
1789:Battle of Port Royal
1420:Combined operations,
1249:Battles and leaders,
1102:Combined operations,
1079:Combined operations,
1066:Combined operations,
1049:Combined operations,
1019:Combined operations,
1006:Combined operations,
967:Combined operations,
1907:Battle of Tulifinny
1725:32.7526°N 79.8745°W
1721: /
1649:CWSAC Report Update
1514:The Atlantic Coast.
1396:ORN I, v. 14, p. 4.
1043:The smaller gun on
729:, led by Commander
501:P. G. T. Beauregard
367:Army of the Potomac
189:385 land-based guns
1628:Wise, Stephen R.,
821:Alexander C. Rhind
809:, under Commander
799:, under Commander
789:, under Commander
757:, under Commander
695:
687:
652:Final preparations
621:
601:Francis W. Pickens
576:
497:
304:American Civil War
266:Grimball's Landing
119:Confederate States
31:American Civil War
2088:April 1863 events
2078:Conflicts in 1863
2035:
2034:
1730:32.7526; -79.8745
1613:Tucker, Spencer,
1339:p. 174, does not.
901:The monitors and
801:Donald M. Fairfax
791:George W. Rodgers
740:when she engaged
669:, accompanied by
514:Roswell S. Ripley
510:John C. Pemberton
417:Gustavus Vasa Fox
403:Savannah, Georgia
289:
288:
212:
211:
150:P.G.T. Beauregard
89:
88:
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1028:
1022:
1015:
1009:
1002:
996:
989:
983:
976:
970:
963:
909:Even the sunken
892:John A. Dahlgren
721:Percival Drayton
704:, under Captain
421:Henry W. Halleck
379:Galveston, Texas
246:
238:
231:
224:
215:
148:
147:
136:
135:
117:
116:
105:
104:
62:
60:
49:
48:
41:
21:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2001:
1980:
1959:
1943:Action at Aiken
1911:
1890:Sinking of USS
1878:
1829:
1798:
1772:
1767:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1690:
1677:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1656:Further reading
1653:
1632:
1617:
1609:
1600:
1598:
1583:
1568:
1553:
1549:Gibbons, Tony,
1538:
1526:
1523:
1516:
1512:Ammen, Daniel,
1508:
1503:
1502:
1493:
1489:
1480:
1476:
1467:
1463:
1447:
1443:
1434:
1430:
1424:Divided waters,
1417:
1413:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1360:
1356:
1347:
1343:
1330:
1326:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1295:
1273:, and gunboats
1259:
1255:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1229:
1216:
1212:
1199:
1195:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1155:
1151:
1142:
1138:
1129:
1125:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1085:
1076:
1072:
1059:
1055:
1042:
1038:
1029:
1025:
1016:
1012:
1003:
999:
993:Atlantic coast,
990:
986:
977:
973:
964:
960:
955:
923:
884:Andrew H. Foote
875:
854:
679:
660:Admiral Du Pont
654:
633:
609:
553:Castle Pinckney
489:
399:Mobile, Alabama
391:Navy Department
355:
350:
332:, the powerful
292:
291:
290:
285:
281:2nd Fort Sumter
271:2nd Fort Wagner
261:1st Fort Wagner
247:
244:
242:
207:
202:
200:
188:
180:
142:
130:
111:
99:
74:
58:
56:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2101:
2099:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2017:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1871:Attack on USS
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1800:
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1778:
1774:
1773:
1768:
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1765:
1758:
1751:
1743:
1704:
1703:
1684:
1675:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1626:
1611:
1602:
1592:
1579:Reed, Rowena,
1577:
1562:
1547:
1535:
1518:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1487:
1474:
1461:
1441:
1428:
1411:
1398:
1389:
1376:
1367:
1354:
1341:
1324:
1306:
1293:
1253:
1240:
1227:
1210:
1193:
1180:
1171:
1162:
1149:
1136:
1123:
1106:
1093:
1083:
1070:
1064:p. 242. Reed,
1053:
1036:
1023:
1010:
997:
984:
971:
957:
956:
954:
951:
950:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
922:
919:
874:
871:
853:
850:
731:John L. Worden
678:
677:Line of battle
675:
653:
650:
632:
629:
608:
605:
592:Palmetto State
557:Battery Ramsay
541:Battery Glover
521:Battery Wagner
488:
485:
447:class gunboats
354:
351:
349:
346:
287:
286:
284:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
252:
249:
248:
243:
241:
240:
233:
226:
218:
210:
209:
204:
196:
195:
191:
190:
185:
173:
172:
168:
167:
164:
158:
157:
156:Units involved
153:
152:
140:
127:
126:
122:
121:
109:
96:
95:
91:
90:
87:
86:
80:
76:
75:
70:
68:
64:
63:
53:
45:
44:
34:
33:
26:
25:
19:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2100:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2028:
2027:
2018:
2016:
2008:
2007:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1873:New Ironsides
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1702:
1698:
1697:1-882810-08-2
1694:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1678:
1676:9781596297579
1672:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1639:0-87249-554-X
1636:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1624:1-59114-882-0
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1593:
1591:
1590:0-87021-122-6
1587:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1575:0-06-016482-4
1572:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1560:0-8317-9301-5
1557:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1545:0-914432-03-6
1542:
1536:
1534:
1533:1-57488-514-6
1530:
1525:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1104:pp. 291, 296.
1103:
1097:
1094:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1001:
998:
994:
988:
985:
981:
975:
972:
968:
962:
959:
952:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
924:
920:
918:
917:
912:
907:
904:
903:New Ironsides
899:
895:
893:
889:
885:
879:
872:
870:
868:
862:
859:
851:
849:
847:
842:
837:
834:
833:New Ironsides
829:
828:New Ironsides
824:
822:
818:
817:
812:
808:
807:
802:
798:
797:
792:
788:
787:
782:
778:
777:fleet captain
774:
770:
769:Thomas Turner
766:
765:
764:New Ironsides
760:
756:
755:
750:
746:
745:
739:
738:
732:
728:
727:
722:
718:
717:
711:
707:
703:
702:
691:
683:
676:
674:
672:
668:
667:
662:
661:
651:
649:
647:
643:
639:
638:John Ericsson
630:
628:
626:
618:
613:
606:
604:
602:
596:
594:
593:
588:
587:
580:
572:
568:
566:
565:Ashley Rivers
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
533:Fort Moultrie
530:
529:Morris Island
526:
525:Battery Gregg
522:
517:
515:
511:
506:
502:
493:
486:
484:
480:
477:
473:
469:
468:New Ironsides
463:
461:
460:
455:
454:
448:
446:
441:
440:New Ironsides
437:
436:
435:New Ironsides
430:
425:
422:
418:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
394:
392:
388:
384:
383:war-weariness
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
352:
347:
345:
343:
342:
337:
336:
335:New Ironsides
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
315:
309:
305:
301:
297:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
253:
250:
239:
234:
232:
227:
225:
220:
219:
216:
205:
198:
197:
192:
186:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
163:
160:
159:
154:
151:
146:
141:
139:
134:
129:
128:
123:
120:
115:
110:
108:
107:United States
103:
98:
97:
92:
84:
81:
78:
77:
73:
69:
66:
65:
54:
51:
50:
46:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
2025:
1895:
1891:
1872:
1840:
1706:
1687:
1664:
1629:
1614:
1605:
1595:
1580:
1565:
1550:
1521:
1513:
1506:Bibliography
1495:
1490:
1482:
1477:
1469:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1431:
1426:pp. 393â394.
1423:
1419:
1414:
1406:
1401:
1392:
1387:pp. 247â248.
1384:
1379:
1370:
1362:
1357:
1349:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1304:pp. 175â176.
1301:
1296:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1256:
1251:v. 4, p. 33.
1248:
1243:
1238:pp. 171â173.
1235:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1188:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1157:
1152:
1147:pp. 168â169.
1144:
1139:
1131:
1126:
1121:pp. 155â156.
1118:
1114:
1109:
1101:
1096:
1086:
1081:pp. 284â289.
1078:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1031:
1026:
1018:
1013:
1005:
1000:
992:
987:
982:pp. 233â275.
979:
974:
969:pp. 289â281.
966:
961:
915:
910:
908:
902:
900:
896:
880:
876:
866:
863:
857:
855:
845:
840:
838:
832:
827:
825:
815:
805:
795:
785:
763:
759:Daniel Ammen
753:
751:. Next came
743:
736:
725:
723:. Third was
715:
709:
706:John Rodgers
700:
696:
670:
665:
659:
655:
645:
642:John Rodgers
634:
631:Minesweepers
625:spring tides
622:
597:
591:
585:
581:
577:
545:James Island
537:Fort Johnson
518:
498:
481:
475:
471:
467:
464:
458:
452:
444:
439:
434:
426:
411:
395:
381:. A mood of
356:
340:
334:
327:
313:
295:
293:
255:
94:Belligerents
29:Part of the
1971:Confederate
1728: /
1453:Who was who
1276:Wissahickon
852:Termination
811:John Downes
710:Weehawken's
549:Fort Ripley
505:Fort Sumter
487:Confederacy
203:1 ship sunk
187:2 ironclads
83:Confederate
2042:Categories
1992:Charleston
1892:Housatonic
1716:79°52â˛28âłW
1713:32°45â˛09âłN
1494:Browning,
1485:pp. 222ff.
1481:Browning,
1468:Browning,
1405:Browning,
1361:Browning,
1348:Browning,
1313:Browning,
1300:Browning,
1270:Housatonic
1264:Canadaigua
1234:Browning,
1217:Browning,
1200:Browning,
1143:Browning,
1130:Browning,
953:References
527:, both on
348:Background
319:Union Army
308:Union Navy
201:21 wounded
59:1863-04-07
1262:USS
1247:Rodgers,
1032:Warships,
1030:Gibbons,
873:Aftermath
841:Weehawken
796:Nantucket
735:USS
701:Weehawken
699:USS
658:USS
646:Weehawken
584:CSS
451:USS
433:USS
312:USS
208:8 wounded
178:ironclads
2015:Category
1997:Columbia
1435:Tucker,
1383:Tucker,
1331:Tucker,
1282:Unadilla
1156:Tucker,
1113:Tucker,
1060:Tucker,
1045:Patapsco
921:See also
916:Mercury.
786:Catskill
775:and his
754:Patapsco
744:Virginia
499:General
363:Antietam
206:5 killed
199:1 killed
183:monitors
171:Strength
67:Location
2026:Commons
1472:p. 236.
1439:p. 249.
1409:p. 180.
1365:p. 179.
1208:p. 245.
1191:p. 169.
1160:p. 238.
1051:p. 283.
1021:p. 269.
1008:p. 264.
991:Ammen,
773:Du Pont
747:at the
737:Monitor
726:Montauk
716:Passaic
586:Chicora
472:Passaic
453:Monitor
445:Passaic
387:Lincoln
314:Monitor
85:victory
57: (
1985:Places
1896:Hunley
1695:
1673:
1637:
1622:
1588:
1573:
1558:
1543:
1531:
1418:Reed,
1285:, and
1223:Keokuk
1100:Reed,
1077:Reed,
1017:Reed.
1004:Reed,
978:Wise,
965:Reed,
911:Keokuk
867:Nahant
858:Keokuk
846:Keokuk
816:Keokuk
806:Nahant
803:; and
671:Keokuk
607:Battle
561:Cooper
547:, and
476:Keokuk
459:Keokuk
341:Keokuk
79:Result
1976:Union
1964:Units
1288:Huron
995:p. 5.
353:Union
1916:1865
1883:1864
1834:1863
1803:1862
1777:1861
1693:ISBN
1671:ISBN
1635:ISBN
1620:ISBN
1586:ISBN
1571:ISBN
1556:ISBN
1541:ISBN
1529:ISBN
1322:770.
1267:and
1091:744.
742:CSS
666:Bibb
589:and
563:and
551:and
539:and
317:. A
294:The
52:Date
1894:by
1701:Url
1682:Url
865:of
644:of
543:on
401:or
369:at
2044::
1699:,
1667:.
1279:,
894:.
779:,
438:;
181:7
176:2
1762:e
1755:t
1748:v
1679:.
619:.
237:e
230:t
223:v
61:)
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