P. G. T. Beauregard - Knowledge (XXG)

4416: 1301:, which despite days of prior reports of Confederate troop movements, were completely unaware that the entire Army of Mississippi was coming directly at them. Once again a more senior general named Johnston deferred to the junior Beauregard in planning the attack. The massive frontal assault was marred by Beauregard's improper organization of forces—successive attacks by corps in lines 3 miles (4.8 km) long, rather than assigning each corps a discrete portion of the line for a side-by-side assault. This arrangement caused intermingling of units and confusion of command; it failed to concentrate mass at the appropriate place on the line to affect the overall objectives of the attack. In midafternoon, Johnston, who was near the front of the battle action, was mortally wounded. Beauregard, positioned in the rear of the army to send reinforcements forward, assumed command of the army and Johnston's overall Western department (officially designated "Department Number Two"). As darkness fell, he chose to call off the attack against Grant's final defensive line, which had contracted into a tight semicircle backed up to the Tennessee River at Pittsburg Landing. 2046:. These were the aristocratic planters throughout the state; now all men of any class could vote, and the Republicans and Democrats sought supporters. Republicans served mainly Northern interests such as industrialization, while Democrats served mainly Southern interests such as revitalizing the plantation economy. In the South, poor whites began to vote mostly for Democrats, and freed slaves began to vote mostly for Republicans. Voting and racial tensions were being inflamed in the South, causing public demonstrations, fighting, and riots between the groups. New Orleans was split between Democrats and Republicans. Beauregard was insulted, even ridiculed at his home in New Orleans, and had the threat looming of being arrested, exiled, or executed by the 1637:

was advancing without a supply line as quickly as Beauregard was observing him do. Also concerned about what he considered Beauregard's "feeble health," Lee recommended to Davis that he be replaced by Joseph E. Johnston. The change of command came on February 22 and Beauregard, although outwardly cooperative and courteous to Johnston, was bitterly disappointed at his replacement. For the remainder of the war, Beauregard was Johnston's subordinate, assigned to routine matters without combat responsibilities. Johnston and Beauregard met with President Davis on April 13, and their assessment of the Confederate situation helped convince Davis that Johnston should meet with Sherman to negotiate a surrender of his army. The two surrendered to Sherman near

1337: 1324:. He was able to deceive Halleck into thinking the Confederates were about to attack; he ran empty trains back and forth through the town while whistles blew and troops cheered as if massive reinforcements were arriving. Beauregard retreated because of the overwhelming Union force and because of contaminated water supplies in Corinth. In April and May, the Confederates lost almost as many men to death by disease in Corinth as had been killed in battle at Shiloh. Nevertheless, his leaving the critical rail junction at Corinth without a fight was another controversial decision. When Beauregard went on medical leave without requesting permission in advance, President Davis relieved him of command and replaced him with Gen. 44: 1430:—submitted anonymously through his political allies so that it was not tainted by his reputation—to reinforce the Western armies at the expense of Robert E. Lee's army in Virginia, destroy the Federal army in Tennessee, which would induce Ulysses S. Grant to relieve pressure on Vicksburg and maneuver his army into a place where it could be destroyed. The Confederate Army would continue to Ohio, and induce the Western states to ally with the Confederacy. Meanwhile, a fleet of torpedo-rams built in England could be used to recapture New Orleans, ending the war. There is no record that his plan was ever officially presented to the government. 781: 1060: 1076: 1193: 1118: 1629:, which focused Beauregard's attention back to Georgia. He was ineffective in stopping, or even delaying, Sherman's advance. He had inadequate local forces and was reluctant to strip defenses from other locations to concentrate them against Sherman. Furthermore, Sherman did an excellent job of deceiving the Confederates as to the intermediate and final targets of his march. Savannah fell on December 21, and Sherman's army began to march north into South Carolina in January. Also in late December, Beauregard found out that Hood's army had been severely weakened in its defeat at the 1931: 416: 2011: 1961:; rumors circulated that during the battle he was lying in a tent crying because of sadness and depression. Another rumor from the Confederate media said that the Frenchman was insane and stayed in his quarters fondling a pheasant. They spun the tale that a soldier found a pheasant cowering in a bush and brought it back to Beauregard as a present, and that Beauregard ordered the soldier to cage it as a present for one of his friends. The media claimed that on the day of the battle, both the hopes of a Confederate victory and the bird disappeared with the Creole. 956: 2624: 2604: 236: 1668: 1183: 1130: 4425: 4996: 2069: 1246: 1174:

turn. The closest he came to a major tactical decision was his fleeting intention to withdraw from the Henry Hill line when he briefly mistook the advance of Johnston's reinforcements for the arrival of fresh Union troops." Nonetheless, Beauregard received the bulk of the acclaim from the press and general public. On July 23, Johnston recommended to President Davis that Beauregard be promoted to full general. Davis approved, and Beauregard's date of rank was established as the date of his victory, July 21.

1574: 1352: 578: 2542: 2522: 2584: 2562: 222: 5032: 1422:(called "torpedoes" in the Civil War), and with a small vessel called a torpedo-ram. A swift boat fitted with a torpedo on a pole projecting from its bow under water, it could be used to surprise an enemy vessel and impale it underneath the water line. He was also busy devising strategies for other generals in the Confederacy. He proposed that some of the state governors meet with Union governors of the Western states (what are called the 2382: 1979: 1727: 5020: 1258: 1450: 2354:". A Northerner at the meeting welcomed Beauregard, commenting on the fact that 25 years ago, the North "did not feel very kindly toward him; but the past was dead and now they admired him". Beauregard responded by saying: "As to my past life, I have always endeavored to do my duty under all circumstances, from the point I entered West Point, a boy of seventeen, up to the present". He was then loudly applauded. 1012:"Because he was French and seemed different, he was the victim of all kind of rumors, most of them baseless. The charge of immorality was, of course, inevitable. Some soldiers believed that he was accompanied by a train of concubines and wagons loaded with cases of champagne. Even in Louisiana it was said, by non-Creoles, that he was unfaithful to his wife, infidelity being allegedly a Creole characteristic." 1530: 769: 1856: 1147:

considered many of Beauregard's plans to be impractical for an army as inexperienced as the Confederates could field in 1861; throughout the war, Davis and Beauregard would argue about Beauregard's tendencies to devise grand strategies based on formal military principles. Davis believed he lacked a pragmatic grasp of logistics, intelligence, relative military strengths, and politics.

1166:, which was weakly defended. Seeing the strength of the Union attack at that point, Beauregard insisted that Johnston leave the area of immediate action and coordinate the overall battle from a position 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the rear. Beauregard rallied the troops, riding among the men, brandishing regimental colors, and giving inspirational speeches. The Confederate line held. 1015:" military retinue was a wonderful collection in itself to inspire rumor. His staff glittered with former governors and senators serving as voluntary aides." Beauregard also kept the company of Frederick Maginnis, a very important confidant; he rented him from a South Carolinian woman. "Another eminent camp follower was a young Spaniard who served as Beauregard's barber and valet." 1610:, an invasion of Tennessee, which he undertook under Beauregard and Davis' orders. Beauregard always kept in touch with Hood, despite all the obstacles facing the latter general's way. The two later developed a friendship that lasted until Hood's death in 1879, after which Beauregard became chairman of the Hood Relief Committee; he arranged for the publication of Hood's memoirs, 4446: 1975:

whom he talked freely of his war plans, and a young Spaniard who acted as his barber and valet. However, due to the constant need to conform to Anglo-American societal pressures, Beauregard always sought to Americanize himself. One such example was his refusal to use his first name "Pierre", always signing his name "G.T. Beauregard" in order to not seem foreign to his peers.

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a man of the world, a good business character, a smart active Frenchman. But with Lee he dwindles. Lee says shut the door, and Beauregard shuts the door." When asked by the interviewer if the Southern generals would really allow freed slaves to vote, Rosecrans responded: "Lee will not, probably, but Beauregard will. He is in favor of it and so expressed himself to me".

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student at West Point in 1837, would guarantee that South Carolina's actions be exercised with "skill and sound judgment." Beauregard wrote to the Confederate government that Anderson was a "most gallant officer". He sent several cases of fine brandy and whiskey and boxes of cigars to Anderson and his officers at Sumter, but Anderson ordered that the gifts be returned.

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majority of the communications came from New Orleans businessmen who declared that they were willing to work with blacks, and recognize their political and civil equality if they would agree to cooperate to lower the high taxes and end the inflammation of racial tension. The chant of the Unification movement was "Equal Rights! One Flag! One Country! One People!"

1437:, Beauregard received a telegram that his wife had died on March 2, 1864. Living in Union-occupied New Orleans, she had been seriously ill for two years. A Northern-leaning local newspaper printed an opinion that her husband's actions had exacerbated her condition. This so fanned negative popular opinion that 6,000 people attended her funeral. Union Maj. Gen. 1708:. His outrage over the perceived excesses of Reconstruction, such as heavy property taxation, was a principal source for his indecision about remaining in the United States and his flirtation with foreign armies, which lasted until 1875. He was active in the Reform Party, an association of conservative New Orleans businessmen, which spoke in favor of black 718:; he surrendered to Beauregard at the start of the Civil War. Upon enrolling at West Point, Beauregard dropped the hyphen from his surname and treated Toutant as a middle name, to fit in with his classmates. From that point on, he rarely used his first name, preferring "G. T. Beauregard." He graduated second in his class in 1838 and excelled both as an 1293:. The march from Corinth was plagued by bad weather, which delayed the army's arrival by several days, and during that time, several contacts were made with Union scouts. Because of this, Beauregard felt the element of surprise had been lost and recommended calling off the attack, but Johnston decided to proceed with the plan. In the 5008: 1807:; the Attakapas Rangers led by Captain C. T. Cade joined a sheriff's posse facing down a group of sugar strikers. When one of the wage strikers reached into a pocket, posse members opened fire into the crowd, "as many as twenty people" killed or wounded on November 5 in the black village of Pattersonville. 2342:

Beauregard lived a paradoxical life. Unlike many ex-Confederates, he did not look back on "the planting South and the mellow glories of the ancient regime" but looked toward the future of the international house of Louisiana, to the industrial district of New Orleans, and a bustling delta of a better

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must not be the result of their cooperation. I am equally convinced that the evils anticipated by some men from the practical enforcement of equal rights are mostly imaginary, and that the relation of the races in the exercise of these rights will speedily adjust themselves to the satisfaction of all.

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Rosecrans gave an interview upon returning to the north and described Lee's efforts as somewhat weak but that Lee was a sincere man. When asked if Beauregard was weak, Rosecrans responded: "By the side of Lee, certainly. Take him alone, however, and he strikes you as quick, ready and incisive — well,

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Beauregard sought to end the bickering between the Democrats and the Republicans; he felt that by encouraging the cooperation of the races through voting, a better future could be created for the South. His pragmatic change of opinion was exemplified when he argued that emancipated blacks were native

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junctions supporting Richmond and Lee. Despite persistent pleas to reinforce this sector, Beauregard could not convince his colleagues of the danger. On June 15, his weak 5,400-man force—including boys, old men, and patients from military hospitals—resisted an assault by 16,000 Federals, known as the

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Nothing illustrates better the fundamental weakness of the Confederate command system than the weary series of telegrams exchanged in May and early June between Davis, Bragg, Beauregard, and Lee. Beauregard evaded his responsibility for determining what help he could give Lee; Davis and Bragg shirked

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credits Johnston with the majority of the tactical decisions that led to the victory, judging that "Beauregard acted chiefly as a dime novel general, leading the charge of an individual regiment, riding along the line to cheer the troops, accepting the huzzas of the soldiers and complementing them in

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with his own, aiming not only to defend his position, but to initiate an offensive against McDowell and Washington. Despite his seniority in rank, Johnston lacked familiarity with the terrain and ceded tactical planning of the impending battle to Beauregard as a professional courtesy. President Davis

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By early April, political tensions were mounting and Beauregard demanded that Sumter surrender before a planned Union expedition to re-provision the fort could arrive. Early on the morning of April 12, negotiations with Anderson had failed. Beauregard ordered the first shots of the American Civil War

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Republican, and invited fifty leading white and fifty black New Orleanian families to join for a meeting on June 16, 1873. The fifty white sponsors were leaders of the community in business, legal and journalistic affairs, and the presidents of almost every corporation and bank in the city attended.

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After the war, Beauregard was reluctant to seek amnesty as a former Confederate officer by publicly swearing an oath of loyalty, but both Lee and Johnston counseled him to do so, which he did before the mayor of New Orleans on September 16, 1865. He was one of many Confederate officers issued a mass

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In April 1864, Beauregard saw little opportunity for military glory because he foresaw that there would be no more significant assaults against Charleston, and prospects for a major field command were unlikely. He requested a leave to recover from fatigue and a chronic throat ailment, but he instead

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In 1872, Beauregard resumed an interest in politics. He was one of the guiding leaders to form the Reform Party of Louisiana, a Southern party made up of Louisiana businessmen, advocating an economical state government, and recognized black civil and political rights. The Reform Party demanded that

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In 1841, Beauregard married Marie Antoinette Laure Villeré (1823–1850), the daughter of a Louisiana sugarcane planter. The two had three children – Rene (1843–1910), Henri (1845–1915), and Laure (1850–1884). Marie died giving birth to her only daughter. In 1860, Beauregard married Caroline Deslonde

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in 1877. He and former Confederate general Jubal Early presided over lottery drawings and made numerous public appearances, lending the effort some respectability. For 15 years the two generals served in these positions, but the public became opposed to government-sponsored gambling and the lottery

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At Beauregard's request, his allies in the Confederate Congress petitioned Davis to restore his command in the West. Davis remained angry at Beauregard's absence and told him he should have stayed at his post even if he had to be carried around in a litter. He wrote, "If the whole world were to ask

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aristocrats. At the same time, he communicated with Slidell and the newly chosen President Davis, angling for a senior position in the new Confederate States Army. Rumors that Beauregard would be placed in charge of the entire Army infuriated Bragg. Concerned about the political situation regarding

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On first meeting, most people were struck by "foreign" appearance. His skin was smooth and olive-complexioned. His eyes, half-lidded, were dark, with a trace of Gallic melancholy about them. His hair was black (though by 1860 he maintained this hue with dye). He was strikingly handsome and enjoyed

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I am persuaded that the natural relation between the white and colored people is that of friendship, I am persuaded that their interests are identical; that their destinies in this state, where the two races are equally divided are linked together, and that there is no prosperity in Louisiana that

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general and politician. The purpose of the meeting was to combat the Republican charge that the mostly-Democratic Southerners could not be trusted to deal justly with emancipated blacks. The result of the meeting was a document, signed by the parties present, including Beauregard, stating that the

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and his wife died in 1879, leaving ten destitute orphans, Beauregard used his influence to get Hood's memoirs published, with all proceeds going to the children. He was appointed by the governor of Virginia to be the grand marshal of the festivities associated with the laying of the cornerstone of

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Beauregard attempted to concentrate his small forces before Sherman could reach Columbia, South Carolina, the state capital. His urgent dispatches to Richmond were treated with disbelief—Davis and Robert E. Lee (now the general in chief of all the Confederate armies) could not believe that Sherman

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with landings up the James River. Beauregard successfully lobbied with Jefferson Davis's military adviser, Braxton Bragg, to prevent significant units of his small force from being transferred north of Richmond to the aid of Lee. His timely action, coupled with the military incompetence of Butler,

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Beauregard's decision was one of the most controversial of the Civil War. Numerous veterans and historians have wondered about the aftermath if the assault had gone forward into the night. Beauregard believed that the battle was essentially won and his men could finish off Grant in the morning. He

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Beauregard became one of the most frequently described generals in Confederate chronicles, and almost every observer noted his foreign French visage. His comportment was "courteous, grave, sometimes reserved and severe, sometimes abrupt with people who displeased him." Associates saw him go months

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taxation. In 1873, the Reform Party created a detailed and specific plan to induce cooperation between the races in a political union. The plan called for the creation of the Louisiana Unification Movement. Approving letters and interviews about the movement came flooding into the newspapers. The

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Non-Creoles continually judged him as being immoral, as he was a favorite of ladies, constantly receiving letters, flags, scarves, writing desks, and flowers. His entourage during the war included a black man from South Carolina named Frederick Maginnis whom Beauregard made his confidant and with

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Beauregard grew up in a large one-story house, unlike the "later plantation palaces, but a mansion of aristocracy by the standards of its time." He hunted and rode in the woods and fields around his family's plantation and paddled his boat in its waterways. Beauregard attended New Orleans private

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in 1865, but declined the Brazilians' offer. He claimed that the positive attitude of President Johnson toward the South swayed his decision. "I prefer to live here, poor and forgotten, than to be endowed with honor and riches in a foreign country." He also declined offers to take command of the

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After Cold Harbor, Lee and the Confederate high command were unable to anticipate Grant's next move, but Beauregard's strategic sense allowed him to make a prophetic prediction: Grant crossed the James River and attempt to seize Petersburg, which was lightly defended, but contained critical rail

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immediately revoked his orders and he subsequently relinquished his office after only five days. He protested to the U.S. War Department that they had cast "improper reflection upon reputation or position in the Corps of Engineers" by forcing him out as a Southern officer before any hostilities

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In the years following the beginning of Reconstruction, Beauregard's opinions changed. Unlike other ex-Confederates, his economic situation improved, and his native home of Louisiana seemed soon to be redeemed from the Reconstruction Period. Beauregard played a prominent vocal role in Louisiana

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and inspected the defenses of the harbor, which he found to be in disarray. He was said to display "a great deal in the way of zeal and energy ... but little professional knowledge and experience." Major Robert Anderson at Fort Sumter wrote to Washington, D.C., that Beauregard, who had been his

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in regards to the newly freed slaves; his words echoed the ideas of his embittered Democratic Confederate colleagues, that freed slaves were inferior, ignorant, and indolent; freed slaves had not yet voted in the South, and at this time it did not appear to him that they would. In this period,

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on the Mississippi River below New Orleans. He worked on a board of Army and Navy engineers to improve the navigation of the shipping channels at the mouth of the Mississippi. He created and patented an invention he called a "self-acting bar excavator" to be used by ships in crossing bars of

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The result of the meeting was a report that "advocated complete political equality for blacks, an equal division of state offices between the races, and a plan where blacks would become land owners. It denounced discrimination because of color in hiring laborers or in selecting directors of

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under his ostensible command. However, it was a thankless job that was limited to logistical and advisory responsibilities, without true operational control of the armies unless he should join them in person during an emergency. Nevertheless, anxious to return to the field, he accepted the

1542:. He gambled by withdrawing his Bermuda Hundred defenses to reinforce the city, assuming correctly that Butler would not capitalize on the opening. His gamble succeeded, and he held Petersburg long enough for Lee's army to arrive. It was arguably his finest combat performance of the war. 1954:, and he was rejected by many of them; they often ignored his opinions during the Civil War, such as his emphasis on the defense of New Orleans and his native Louisiana. In the Confederacy, because he was a Creole Frenchman and seemed different, he was the victim of all kinds of rumors. 1794:, an organization for labor advocacy and militancy, organized sugar worker wage strikes. Democratic newspapers began circulating false reports of black-on-white violence from the Knights of Labor, and several states called out militias to break the strikes. In 1887, Democratic Governor 1236:

to give commands to a full general. And he enraged President Davis when his report about Bull Run was printed in the newspaper, which suggested that Davis's interference with Beauregard's plans prevented the pursuit and full destruction of McDowell's army and the capture of Washington.

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enforced black suffrage but, when many Southerners became angry and resistant, Beauregard wrote a widely published letter advising Southerners to accept the new situation. He said that the South could either submit or resist, and common sense made it clear that resistance was futile.

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Beauregard was in a very dark place of his life in 1865. As Reconstruction began, Southern Democrats began to blame the newly emancipated black population of their states for the widespread postwar poverty, destruction, and starvation. Beauregard wrote a letter to his brother-in-law

1220:; thus, the first flags contained more feminine pink than martial red. However, the official battle flag had a red background with white stars. Throughout his career, Beauregard worked to have the flag adopted, and he helped to make it the most popular symbol of the Confederacy. 1137:

Summoned to the new Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, Beauregard received a hero's welcome at the railroad stations along the route. He was given command of the "Alexandria Line" of defenses against an impending Federal offensive that was being organized by Brig. Gen.

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As he rode away after a shout such as Napoleon might have heard from the lips of the "Guard," went up, "Hurrah for Beauregard our Chief." It is strange Pa how we love that little black Frenchman, but there is not a man in the army who wouldn't willingly die in following his

825:, where he was wounded in the shoulder and thigh. He was noted for his eloquent performance in a meeting with Scott in which he convinced the assembled general officers to change their plan for attacking the fortress of Chapultepec. He was one of the first officers to enter 841:

Beauregard returned from Mexico in 1848. For the next 12 years, he was in charge of what the Engineer Department called "the Mississippi and Lake defenses in Louisiana." Much of his engineering work was done elsewhere, repairing old forts and building new ones on the

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for having joined the Confederacy. Indeed, Federal troops surrounded Beauregard's home one night as they were hunting for Confederate fugitives. The Federal soldiers imprisoned Beauregard and all of his family in a cotton press overnight as they ransacked his home.

2002:, he was stopped by an Anglo-American man with anti-Creole sentiments. The man screamed at him "I always did believe you were a nigger. Tell me if you are a nigger or not," and continued his stream of abuse, the result of which caused Beauregard to flee the area. 875:

in New Orleans, a huge granite building that had been built in 1848. As it was sinking unevenly in the moist soil of Louisiana, Beauregard had to develop a renovation program. He served in this position from 1853 to 1860 and stabilized the structure successfully.

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Beauregard was unhappy with his new assignment, believing that he deserved command of one of the great Confederate field armies. He performed successfully, however, preventing the capture of Charleston by Union naval and land attacks in 1863. On April 7, 1863,

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to threaten the flank and rear of Washington. With his plan rebuffed as impractical, he requested reassignment to New Orleans, which he assumed would be under Union attack in the near future, but his request was denied. He quarreled with Commissary General

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As a child, he befriended and played with slave boys his own age, including his favorite friend, the tall and strong storyteller Baptiste; Beauregard was often seen following and frolicking by Baptiste's side. Beauregard was nursed by a slave woman from

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the Federal presence at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, Davis selected Beauregard to take command of Charleston's defenses. Beauregard seemed the perfect combination of military engineer and charismatic Southern leader needed at that time and place.

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Similien and Beauregard had a very close relationship, often seen giving each other hugs and kisses. Similien was held in the Beauregards' highest esteem, and after Pierre's grandfather died, the Beauregard family gave Similien a Creole Cottage in the

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To the memory of a great & good man: at his untimely taking off, his life was invaluable;... His life was of extraordinary importance to the country he served so well, with a clear intellect- and loved so profoundly, with a big & guileless

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cousins and uncles; the Creole of color side of Beauregard's family came from a marriage between Marguerite Pantalon (daughter of a prominent New Orleans Creole of color family) and one of Beauregard's uncles, Martin Barthelemy Toutant Beauregard.

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that were honoring Abraham Lincoln. Beauregard wanted to go, but he was unfortunately unable to make the trip. He replied regretfully that he would be present in spirit to pay homage. Beauregard wrote the following in regards to Abraham Lincoln:

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Ultimately, the militia protected some 800 strikebreakers in Terrebone Parish, and captured and arrested 50 wage strikers, mostly for union activities. The Knights of Labor strike collapsed there, and sugar workers returned to the plantations.

992:, which included further strengthening Forts St. Philip and Jackson, which guarded the Mississippi approaches to New Orleans. He hoped to be named commander of the Louisiana state army, but was disappointed that the state legislature appointed 1305:

knew the terrain to be crossed (a steep ravine containing a creek named Dill Branch) was extremely difficult and Grant's defensive line was heavy with massed artillery and supported by gunboats in the river. Unbeknownst to Beauregard, Buell's

1553:(August 18–21), he was criticized for not attacking more forcefully and he became dissatisfied with the command arrangements under Lee. He hoped for an independent command, but his desires were thwarted in two instances: Lee chose Lt. Gen. 1510:

bottled up the Union army, nullifying its threat to Petersburg and Lee's supply line. Now that this sector was stable, pressure began to rise to transfer troops from Beauregard's front to Lee's. Beauregard did send a division (Maj. Gen.

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corporations, and called for the abandonment of segregation in public conveyances, public places, railroads, steams, and public schools." Beauregard argued that blacks "already had equality and the whites had to accept that hard fact".

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called for the assistance of ten infantry companies and an artillery company of the state militia. They were to protect black strikebreakers and suppress the wage strikers. A part of the militia arrived to suppress wage strikers in

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After the loss of these two railway executive positions, Beauregard spent time briefly at a variety of companies and civil engineering pursuits, but his personal wealth became assured when he was recruited as a supervisor of the

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on July 4, 1868. His final privilege as an American citizen, the right to run for public office, was restored when he petitioned the Congress for relief and the bill on his behalf was signed by President Grant on July 24, 1876.

1723:(1866–1876), where he invented a system of cable-powered street railway cars. Once again, Beauregard made a financial success of the company, but was fired by stockholders who wished to take direct management of the company. 1154:(First Manassas) began early on July 21, 1861, with an element of surprise for both armies—both McDowell and Beauregard planned to envelop their opponent with an attack from their right flank. McDowell struck first, crossing 4521: 1593:

to find out if Beauregard would be interested. Beauregard was indeed interested, but it is unclear whether Davis seriously considered the appointment, and in the end decided to retain Hood. Davis met with Beauregard in

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The soldiers who served under Beauregard respected him greatly; here is a quote where a Confederate soldier relates to his father the cheer Beauregard's men gave him after the defeat at the Battle of Shiloh:

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me to restore General Beauregard to the command which I have already given to General Bragg, I would refuse it." Beauregard was ordered to Charleston and took command of coastal defenses in South Carolina,

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Eicher, 124. He commanded the Department of South Carolina and Georgia from August 29 to October 7, 1862, and the Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida from October 7, 1862, to April 18, 1864.

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on May 2. Beauregard traveled to Mobile and then took a U.S. naval transport to his hometown of New Orleans. In August that year, Beauregard's house was surrounded by troops who suspected he was harboring

1470:. When he took command on April 18, he renamed it, on his own initiative, the Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia. The Confederates were preparing for the spring offensive of Union Lt. Gen. 1142:(one of Beauregard's West Point classmates) against the Confederate railroad junction at Manassas. Beauregard devised strategies to concentrate the forces of (full) General Joseph E. Johnston from the 5167: 4514: 1426:

states today) for a peace conference. The Davis administration rejected the idea, but it caused considerable political maneuvering by Davis's enemies in the Congress. Beauregard also proposed a

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As Johnston's final troops arrived from the Shenandoah Valley, the Confederates launched a counterattack that routed the Union Army, sending it streaming in disorder back toward Washington.

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and had adopted many Anglo-American racial policies and attitudes. Beauregard had not been home for years, and just one week after his return to New Orleans, as he was going down a road in

829:. Beauregard considered his contributions in dangerous reconnaissance missions and devising strategy for his superiors to be more significant than those of his engineer colleague, Captain 4352:

The Military Operations of General Beauregard in the War between the States, 1861 to 1865: Including a Brief Personal Sketch and a Narrative of his Services in the War with Mexico, 1846–8

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in November 1884. During these years, Beauregard and Davis published a series of bitter accusations and counter-accusations retrospectively blaming each other for the Confederate defeat.

551:, convinced Davis and the remaining cabinet members that the war needed to end. Johnston surrendered most of the remaining armies of the Confederacy, including Beauregard and his men, to 3541: 2129:

South would accept the results of the war and emancipation, and that they felt kindly towards emancipated blacks, although there was opposition to their exercising of political power.

4507: 3076:. Beauregard persisted in calling his part of the army the Army of the Potomac, although he was in essence a corps commander in that army, reporting to Johnston until March 14, 1862. 896:; he had offered Beauregard the rank of second-in-command of his army. Senior officers, including general-in-chief Winfield Scott, convinced Beauregard to stay in the United States. 5157: 1216:

to create the Confederate Battle Flag. Women visiting Beauregard's army contributed silk material from their dresses to create the first three flags, for Beauregard, Johnston, and

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their responsibility to decide, when he refused. The strangest feature of the whole affair was that, in the face of Lee's repeated requests, nobody in the high command thought to

1466:, near the Virginia border, to play a key role in the defense of Virginia. His new assignment, the Department of North Carolina and Cape Fear, also included Virginia south of the 884:

During his service in New Orleans, Beauregard became dissatisfied as a peacetime officer. He informed the U.S. Army Engineer Department late in 1856 that he was going to join the

529:, both in 1862. He returned to Charleston and defended it in 1863 from repeated naval and land attacks by Union forces. He is most known for his defense of the industrial city of 3060:

Eicher, pp. 124, 323; Williams, p. 103. The official names of Beauregard's command were the Department of the Potomac (May 31 – June 2), the Alexandria Line (June 2–20), and the

2290:. Beauregard "called for peace, reconciliation, a forgetting of old issues, and a union of conservative-minded people to remove corruption and extravagance from the government". 923: 5072: 4530: 1827:

died in 1889, Beauregard refused the honor of heading the funeral procession, saying "We have always been enemies. I cannot pretend I am sorry he is gone. I am no hypocrite."

1719:

Railroad. In 1866 he was promoted to president, a position he retained until 1870, when he was ousted in a hostile takeover. This job overlapped with that of president of the

3998: 1391:

attack against Fort Sumter that was repulsed by highly accurate artillery fire from Beauregard's forces. In July through September 1863, union land forces under Brig. Gen.

682:

in 1882, while sharing stories of Pierre's youth and growing up, Mamie pointed to a personal portrait that Pierre gave her during a visit in 1867, saying "that's my son".

5152: 4465: 2419: 1316:, to assume field command of the combined armies. Halleck cautiously and slowly approached Beauregard's fortifications at Corinth; his action became derisively called the 871:, and a former general in the Mexican War who had been impressed by Beauregard's performance at Mexico City. Pierce appointed Beauregard as superintending engineer of the 2656: 1441:

provided a steamer to carry her body upriver for burial in her native parish. Beauregard wrote that he would like to rescue "her hallowed grave" at the head of an army.

428: 239: 5177: 5132: 2707: 1946:). For the bloody years of the Civil War he fought almost exclusively with Anglo-American Confederates; the prevailing attitudes of his Anglo-American peers were 1838:, the last surviving full general of the Confederacy, served as the "chief mourner" as Beauregard was interred in the vault of the Army of Tennessee in historic 1187: 4783: 2040:

In Louisiana, for example, laws had been put in place ever since Louisiana's admission into the Union that restricted the vote to only the elite class, the

5102: 4078: 1027: 679: 1712:

and voting, and attempted to form alliances between black and white Louisianians to vote out the Radical Republicans in control of the state legislature.

1158:

and threatening Beauregard's left flank. For a while, Beauregard persisted in moving his troops for an attack on his right flank (McDowell's left, toward

5147: 5097: 1232:(a personal friend of Davis) about the inadequate supplies available to his army. He issued public statements challenging the ability of the Confederate 1205: 988:

Beauregard traveled by steamship from New York to New Orleans and immediately began giving military advice to the local authorities in his home state of

2093: 1336: 1223:

As the Army went into winter quarters, Beauregard caused considerable friction with the Confederate high command. He strongly advocated an invasion of

1009:

without smiling. "Many who saw him thought he looked like a French marshal or like Napoleon in a gray uniform—which was what he wanted them to think."

5107: 510: 2274:

maintained the heavy taxation of the South; he sought ways to change the economical situation of his state. In a public letter, he endorsed the 1872

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described the extravagant praise from throughout the Confederacy that "The Hero of Fort Sumter" received for his victory: "He was the South's first

997: 872: 868: 3884: 2047: 1716: 1705: 938: 1309:

began arriving that afternoon, and he and Grant launched a massive counterattack on April 7. Overwhelmed, the Confederates retreated to Corinth.

2661: 851: 613: 43: 3139: 5127: 5122: 4359: 4329: 4243: 4157: 4110: 3922: 3617: 3347: 746: 4023:

Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, N.Y., from Its Establishment in 1802 to 1890

5172: 5162: 5082: 3001: 2442: 2385: 2113: 1877: 1599: 1101:

lasted for 34 hours. After a heavy bombardment from batteries ringing the harbor, Anderson surrendered Fort Sumter on April 14. Biographer

4456: 2324:, who were well-off and had been free before the war. Beauregard was the chairman of the resolutions committee. He spoke at the meeting: 1720: 1233: 541: 475: 1474:

and were concerned that attacks south of Richmond could interrupt the critical supply lines to Richmond and the army of Robert E. Lee.

5112: 5092: 3463: 3438: 3069: 780: 344: 3203:

Williams, pp. 113–132; Hattaway & Taylor, pp. 23–24; Woodworth, pp. 99–102; Cunningham, pp. 99, 138–140, 277–280; Eicher, p. 124.

5182: 4376: 4344: 4307: 4290: 4275: 4258: 4228: 4213: 4198: 4176: 4142: 4127: 4095: 2772: 2738: 2081:

during Reconstruction, and he began writing many letters, gave interviews, and made speeches about almost every issue of that time.

1903: 589: 329: 4398: 2025:

Reconstruction was a period of great unrest, and resulted in the rise of racial tension and political bipartisanship. Two parties,

1830:

Beauregard died in his sleep in New Orleans. The cause of death was recorded as "heart disease, aortic insufficiency, and probably

1030:

in the Confederate Army, one of only seven appointed to that rank; his date of rank made him the fifth most senior general, behind

966:

the attentions of women, but probably not excessively or illicitly. He sported a dark mustache and goatee, and he rather resembled

561:

After his military career, Beauregard returned to Louisiana, where he advocated black civil rights including suffrage, served as a

996:. Aware that Beauregard might resent him, Bragg offered him the rank of colonel. Instead Beauregard enrolled as a private in the " 5137: 3990: 2295: 2030: 2026: 2015: 908: 4462: 1523: 1277:, effective March 14, 1862. The two generals planned the concentration of Confederate forces to oppose the advance of Maj. Gen. 3061: 1756: 566: 256: 1117: 5117: 1881: 703: 459: 381: 3542:"The Thibodaux Massacre Left 60 African-Americans Dead and Spelled the End of Unionized Farm Labor in the South for Decades" 1411:. Because the latter operation failed, the successful seizure of Morris Island was not effective in threatening Charleston. 1075: 2010: 1622: 1341: 1198: 741:

of New Orleans, living in a prominent Creole of color neighborhood on St.Louis Street. Beauregard maintained an office on

593: 552: 164: 116: 4986: 5142: 5052: 4559: 4544: 4451: 4190: 4116: 2513: 2435: 1930: 1715:

Beauregard's first employment following the war was in October 1865 as chief engineer and general superintendent of the

1526:

manner, "I am willing to do anything for our success, but cannot leave my Department without orders of War Department."

1502: 1408: 1396: 1377: 1170: 349: 339: 2703: 955: 3938: 2567: 1607: 1539: 1059: 889: 359: 334: 3039: 1866: 2623: 2603: 2414:

in western Louisiana is named for him. As was Camp Beauregard, a former U.S. Army base and National Guard camp near

1667: 235: 4474: 2125: 2104:

to the South, and that all they needed was education and property to take an active interest in Southern politics.

1995: 1800: 1709: 1642: 1585:

After the fall of Atlanta in September 1864, President Davis considered replacing John Bell Hood in command of the

934: 904: 491: 415: 4072: 1885: 1870: 5000: 4839: 4643: 4027: 3073: 2472: 1795: 1519: 1155: 1089: 1414:

During this period, Beauregard promoted innovative naval defense strategies, such as early experimentation with

795: 471: 277: 4909: 4657: 2423: 1618: 1506: 1423: 1151: 1122: 555: 499: 354: 314: 2146: 4587: 3380: 3151: 2635: 2615: 2431: 2405: 2316: 2073: 1983: 1943: 1557:

to lead an expedition north through the Shenandoah Valley and threaten Washington, and Davis chose Lt. Gen.

1182: 1129: 1031: 1023: 711: 640: 601: 487: 187: 2068: 1994:

As the Civil War ended, Beauregard went back to his native Louisiana, which in the meantime had been under

1245: 4867: 4818: 4811: 4797: 4769: 4741: 4021: 2397: 1638: 1573: 1550: 1467: 1463: 1380: 1369: 1351: 1270: 1035: 628: 292: 1518:, but Lee urgently wanted more and took the step of offering Beauregard command of the right wing of the 4944: 4937: 4790: 4664: 4499: 2997: 2589: 2457: 2401: 2150: 1690: 1515: 1454: 1434: 1392: 1312:

Grant was temporarily disgraced by the surprise attack and near defeat, causing his superior, Maj. Gen.

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The Strange History of the American Quadroon Free Women of Color in the Revolutionary Atlantic World

1026:

in the Provisional Army of the Confederate States on March 1, 1861. (On July 21, he was promoted to

4930: 4916: 4888: 4846: 4804: 4776: 4706: 4650: 4296: 3135: 2541: 2521: 2427: 2347: 2346:

Beauregard was admired by many because of his work after the war, and when he went to a meeting in

2299: 2283: 2271: 2085: 1742: 1735: 1701: 1630: 1578: 1546: 1321: 1274: 810: 282: 261: 4489: 474:. Following a brief appointment as superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy in 1861, and after 5024: 4965: 4895: 4734: 4685: 3582: 3574: 3065: 2358: 2179: 1835: 1804: 1694: 1647: 1438: 1229: 1043: 971: 548: 540:

His influence over Confederate strategy was lessened by his poor professional relationships with

534: 503: 479: 432: 304: 182: 1650:. All the inhabitants were locked in a cotton press overnight. Beauregard complained to General 533:, from Union troops in June 1864, which delayed the eventual fall of the Confederate capital of 2583: 2561: 221: 4972: 4902: 4874: 4825: 4762: 4636: 4622: 4594: 4411: 4372: 4355: 4340: 4325: 4303: 4286: 4271: 4263: 4254: 4239: 4224: 4209: 4194: 4182: 4172: 4153: 4138: 4123: 4106: 4091: 4056: 4031: 3918: 3912: 3613: 3459: 3434: 3343: 2768: 2734: 2527: 2453: 2411: 2351: 2121: 2092: 1839: 1626: 1586: 1498: 1365: 1143: 1102: 1001: 806: 803: 723: 624: 547:

and other senior generals and officials. In April 1865, Beauregard and his commander, General

483: 455: 225: 146: 5012: 4958: 4951: 4923: 4881: 4551: 4429: 4420: 3566: 2547: 2408:, who wrote a fictional biography of Beauregard in which the house is an important setting. 2362: 2321: 2287: 1958: 1791: 1787: 1595: 1562: 1471: 1404: 1388: 1317: 1313: 1306: 1294: 1282: 1278: 1250: 1163: 651: 522: 514: 467: 324: 319: 3221:

Williams, pp. 150–159; Woodworth, pp. 103–106; Cunningham, pp. 387–396; Kennedy, pp. 52–55.

2381: 1978: 1726: 1368:. The latter was promoted to lieutenant general and transferred to command the defenses of 4671: 4615: 4601: 4580: 4573: 4469: 4402: 4365: 4324:, vol. 1, edited by Glenn R. Conrad. New Orleans: Louisiana Historical Association, 1988. 4164: 3155: 3143: 2446: 2389: 2142: 1939: 1824: 1651: 1286: 1257: 1204:

After Bull Run, Beauregard advocated the use of a standardized battle flag other than the

1019: 864: 847: 691: 690:. During his four years in New York, beginning at age 12, he learned to speak English, as 544: 4071: 1297:, which began April 6, 1862, the Confederates launched a surprise attack against Grant's 4395: 3965:"Confederate Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard statue is 3rd New Orleans monument to be taken down" 2365:

and poet who wrote poems for many famous contemporary civil rights activists, including

970:, then ruler of France—although he often saw himself in the mold of the more celebrated 833:, so he was disappointed when Lee and other officers received more brevets than he did. 4692: 4678: 4208:, edited by Charles F. Ritter and Jon L. Wakelyn. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998. 4204:

Hattaway, Herman M., and Michael J. C. Taylor. "Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard." In

2369:, was moved by Beauregard's passing to create a poem titled "Dernier Tribut" (English: 2312: 2279: 2096: 1819: 1685: 1677: 1558: 1427: 1384: 1139: 799: 742: 738: 660: 644: 609: 582: 427:(May 28, 1818 – February 20, 1893) was an American military officer known as being the 5019: 1449: 1261:

Map of the Battle of Shiloh, afternoon of April 6, 1862, after Beauregard took command

5046: 4727: 4608: 4067: 3586: 2117: 2034: 1957:

An example of these Confederate rumors is his treatment after he was defeated in the

1947: 1590: 1400: 1325: 1217: 1039: 993: 830: 687: 632: 605: 3885:"New name redesignation held for Louisiana National Guard Training Center Pineville" 1633:; there were very few men in fighting condition who could oppose Sherman's advance. 1545:

Beauregard continued commanding the defenses of Petersburg in the early days of the

1529: 4832: 2366: 2056: 2018: 1815: 967: 919: 912: 768: 636: 620: 49: 4206:

Leaders of the American Civil War: A Biographical and Historiographical Dictionary

3629:

Williams, p. 328; Hattaway & Taylor, p. 29; Eicher, p. 124; Gallagher, p. 90.

1790:

for the Louisiana state militia, 1879–88. During the late nineteenth century the

1433:

While visiting his forces in Florida, which had just repelled a Union advance at

17: 4300:

Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West

3257:

Reed, pp. 263–320; Williams, pp. 177–196; Wise, pp. 1–204; Kennedy, pp. 191–194.

2396:

Beauregard's residence at 1113 Chartres Street in New Orleans is now called the

2042: 2037:, and they also had to contend with the lower classes having the right to vote. 1987: 1855: 1831: 1731: 1554: 1511: 826: 715: 678:

Pierre often visited with Mamie, and during an interview with a reporter of the

597: 526: 133: 4407: 3072:

with Beauregard's and commanded the overall force, which was later renamed the

1265:

Having become a political liability in Virginia, Beauregard was transferred to

4699: 2464: 1951: 1419: 376: 4035: 3578: 3560: 726:. His Army friends gave him many nicknames: "Little Creole", "Bory", "Little 443:, but he rarely used his first name as an adult. He signed correspondence as 4485:

Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University

2733:. United States of America: University of North Carolina Press. p. 94. 1747: 1415: 1344: 1266: 1209: 989: 930: 927: 893: 737:

In February 1845, Beauregard returned to Louisiana, where he moved into the

727: 719: 604:

family. Beauregard was the third child of Hélène Judith de Reggio, of mixed

518: 3942: 3329:

Williams, pp. 239–242; Woodworth, p. 293; Hattaway & Taylor, pp. 25–26.

1777:

The Military Operations of General Beauregard in the War Between the States

4120:

Battle at Bull Run: A History of the First Major Campaign of the Civil War

3570: 3031: 2120:

invited him to a resort, along with other famous Confederates, as well as

4440: 4105:. Edited by Gary Joiner and Timothy Smith. New York: Savas Beatie, 2007. 3431:

St. Charles Streetcar, The: Or, the New Orleans & Carrollton Railroad

3340:

John Bell Hood: The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of a Confederate General

3194:

Williams, pp. 96–112; Woodworth, pp. 76–77; Hattaway & Taylor, p. 23.

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the South acknowledge black political power. It attempted to replace the

1224: 784: 731: 672: 617: 562: 4480: 3747: 3524:

Uncivil War: Five New Orleans Street Battles and the Rise and Fall of ..

3505:

Eicher, p. 124; Hattaway & Taylor, pp. 28–29; Williams, pp. 304–318.

2896:

Williams, pp. 45–47; Hattaway & Taylor, p. 21; Woodworth, pp. 74–75.

1938:

Beauregard in his young adult years had lived and served primarily with

1617:

While Hood traveled through Alabama and into Tennessee, Union Maj. Gen.

1162:), but Johnston urged him to travel with him to the threatened flank at 863:. While serving in the Army, he actively campaigned for the election of 4135:

Allegiance: Fort Sumter, Charleston, and the Beginning of the Civil War

4060: 3889: 3212:

Williams, pp. 148–149; Woodworth, pp. 102–103; Cunningham, pp. 323–327.

2449:

in New Orleans depicted him. The monument was removed on May 17, 2017.

2350:

in 1889, he was given the title by a local reporter of "Sir Galahad of

1106: 843: 749:. In the meantime, he worked on an improved furnace for boiling sugar. 4251:

Company "A" Corps of Engineers, U.S.A., 1846–1848, in the Mexican War.

4193:

and Julie Hoffman. Harrisburg, PA: National Historical Society, 1991.

3266:

Williams, pp. 167–168, 181–183, 203–204; Hattaway & Taylor, p. 25.

1088:

Arriving in Charleston on March 3, 1861, Beauregard met with Governor

639:

ancestry. He had three brothers and three sisters. As was typical for

4459:– held in the Walter Havighurst Special Collections, Miami University 1775:(1891). He was the uncredited co-author of his friend Alfred Roman's 1403:

and other fortifications at the mouth of the harbor, while Rear Adm.

4236:

Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War

2918:

Williams, pp. 47–50; Hattaway & Taylor, p. 21; Woodworth, p. 75.

1700:

Beauregard worked to end the harsh penalties levied on Louisiana by

4463:

The Citadel Archives, Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant, 1818–1893

4436: 4337:

Backdoor to Richmond: The Bermuda Hundred Campaign, April–June 1864

4496:

at The University of Southern Mississippi (Historical Manuscripts)

4484: 4457:

Correspondences of P.G.T. Beauregard during the American Civil War

2505: 2380: 2091: 2067: 2009: 1977: 1929: 1725: 1666: 1572: 1533:

Beauregard's defense of Petersburg, Federal assaults of June 15–18

1528: 1448: 1350: 1335: 1256: 1244: 1181: 1128: 1116: 954: 779: 767: 664: 576: 3147: 2475:. It was renamed as College of Sciences and Technology in 2020. 1654:

who expressed his annoyance at his erstwhile enemy's treatment.

926:

of the U.S. Military Academy on January 23, 1861. However, when

860: 856: 4503: 1917:(1831–1864), who died in New Orleans following a long illness. 1779:(1884). He contributed the article "The Battle of Bull Run" to 3311:

Williams, pp. 225–235; Gallagher, p. 90; Kennedy, pp. 352–353.

2767:. United States of America: Savas Beatie. pp. 2–3, 9–10. 2765:

Dreams of Victory General P. G. T. Beauregard in the Civil War

1849: 899:

Beauregard briefly entered politics as a reform candidate for

4253:

Edited by Leonne M. Hudson, The Kent State University Press

2145:. In 1889, he was personally invited by the president of the 1208:

Confederate national flag to avoid visual confusion with the

4493: 4088:

The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem

3779:

Monumental Heist: A Story of Race; A Race to the White House

3854: 385: 4082:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2167: 4320:

Conrad, Glenn R. "Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard." In

4238:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019. 3064:(June 20 – July 21). After the First Battle of Bull Run, 918:

Employing the political influence of his brother-in-law,

3799: 3797: 3706: 3704: 3496:

Hattaway & Taylor, pp. 27–28; Williams, pp. 291–303.

1281:

before he could combine his army with that of Maj. Gen.

498:

on April 12, 1861. Three months later he helped win the

439:

on April 12, 1861. Today, he is commonly referred to as

396:

Marie Antoinette Laure Villeré (m. 1841–1850; her death)

5088:

American military personnel of the Mexican–American War

4371:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1963. 4339:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987. 4270:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1955. 4122:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1977. 3991:"Nicholls to change names of Beauregard and Polk halls" 3342:. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2013. pp. 91–111. 1926:

Treatment by Anglo-Americans due to his Creole heritage

4285:. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1994. 3612:(Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1999), p. 19; 2418:

in central Louisiana, until 2023, when it was renamed

2238:

To the blows of hard destiny, striking without regard!

5168:

Superintendents of the United States Military Academy

4984: 4532:

Superintendents of the United States Military Academy

3535: 3533: 2213:

Qui partant d'un ciel pur brille et ne meurt jamais!

4475:

Hermann Screiner's Beauregard's Charleston Quickstep

3419:

Hattaway & Taylor, p. 27; Williams, pp. 273–286.

3410:

Hattaway & Taylor, p. 26; Williams, pp. 266–272.

3167:

Williams, pp. 109–110; Hattaway & Taylor, p. 23.

2250:

His name, saintly balm to the hearts of Louisianans,

2234:

At all times we found him a truly beautiful judgment

581:

Pierre G. T. Beauregard as a young man, painting by

3694: 3692: 3565:. Temple University Press. 1978. pp. 135–240. 3454:Louis C. Hennick; Elbridge Harper Charlton (1965). 2254:

That leaving from a pure sky shines and never dies.

1773:

A Commentary on the Campaign and Battle of Manassas

1614:, in order to care for the orphaned Hood children. 1561:to replace the faltering Joseph E. Johnston in the 915:party candidate. Beauregard was narrowly defeated. 694:had been his first and only language in Louisiana. 565:executive, and became wealthy as a promoter of the 410: 402: 392: 375: 270: 249: 213: 196: 173: 154: 140: 123: 103: 71: 63: 34: 4283:Gate of Hell: Campaign for Charleston Harbor, 1863 3833:Our People and Our History: Fifty Creole Portraits 3655: 3653: 2965: 2963: 2926: 2924: 2887:Williams, pp. 42–44; Hattaway & Taylor, p. 21. 2883: 2881: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2420:Louisiana National Guard Training Center Pineville 2197:Aux coups du dur destin, frappant sans nul égard! 2193:Qu'en tout temps l'on trouvait un ment beau regard 2191:Oh! chez lui l'on peut dire avec toute franchise, 1549:, but with the loss of the Weldon Railroad in the 631:, and her husband, Jacques Toutant-Beauregard, of 588:Beauregard was born at the "Contreras" sugar-cane 4171:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. 3599:Eicher, p. 124; Hattaway & Taylor, pp. 28–29. 2657:List of American Civil War generals (Confederate) 2471:Beauregard Hall was an Instructional Building at 2260:I come here to deposit for all a pledge of esteem 1606:The major field operation of the fall was Hood's 798:, Beauregard served as an engineer under General 4392:, womenhistoryblog.com. Accessed March 26, 2024. 4362:. First published 1884 by Harper & Brothers. 2248:Tender husband, good soldier, and Creole knight, 2217:Près de ses compagnons morts en braves soldats, 2205:Lui donnant l'une et l'autre un prestige divin! 1320:. Beauregard withdrew from Corinth on May 29 to 3835:. Louisiana State University Press. p. 59. 2434:. Four camps are named after Beauregard in the 2326: 2256:In the grave where rests a magnanimous warrior, 2236:For the humble veteran, for the widow subjected 2156: 1967: 1477: 963: 4302:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990. 4223:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1978. 3433:. Pelican Publishing Company. pp. 48–49. 2320:The black sponsors were the wealthy, cultured 2215:Sur la tombe où repose un guerrier magnanime, 2209:Son nom, dictame saint aux cœurs louisianais, 2207:Tendre époux, bon soldat et chevalier créole, 2006:Political views after the end of the Civil War 686:schools and then went to a "French school" in 5158:People of Louisiana in the American Civil War 4515: 3847:"BK Historic House and Gardens – New Orleans" 3772: 3770: 3768: 2404:. It was previously owned by American author 2112:In 1868, while Beauregard was vacationing at 2064:Political views during the Reconstruction Era 1823:Robert E. Lee's statue in Richmond. But when 1522:for his cooperation. Beauregard replied in a 8: 4417:Works by or about Gustave Toutant Beauregard 2270:Beauregard continued voting Republican, but 2258:Near his dead companions the brave soldiers, 2240:Noble, great, generous: during his long life 2203:Ne put même effleurer sa gloire, son génie, 2199:Noble, grand, généreux; durant sa longue vie 2195:Pour l'humble vétéran, pour la veuve soumise 2033:, now controlled the political power in the 880:Peacetime Officer, West Point Superintendent 509:Beauregard held several key commands in the 5073:Activists for African-American civil rights 4055:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1933. 3914:The Concise Dictionary of World Place Names 2386:General P.G.T. Beauregard Equestrian Statue 2242:Never the fatal venom of any dark suspicion 1884:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1814:In 1888, he was elected as commissioner of 1273:(no relation to Joseph E. Johnston) in his 903:in 1858, where he was promoted by both the 867:, the Democratic presidential candidate in 466:, Beauregard served with distinction as an 398:Caroline Deslonde (m. 1860–1864; her death) 27:Confederate States Army general (1818–1893) 4522: 4508: 4500: 4396:P. G. T. Beauregard biography and timeline 4073:"Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant" 3748:"Victor Ernest Rillieux: "Dernier Tribut"" 2616:Provisional Army of the Confederate States 2311:Beauregard approached Lieutenant Governor 2219:Je viens y déposer pour tout gage d'estime 2201:Jamais le noir soupçon par son fatal venin 1097:to be fired from nearby Fort Johnson. The 42: 31: 5153:People from St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana 3610:Medical Histories of Confederate Generals 3480:"St. Charles Avenue Streetcar Line, 1835" 3358:Williams, pp. 243–250; Woodworth, p. 296. 2844: 2842: 2232:Oh! Of him we can say with all frankness, 2211:Resplendira toujours, ainsi que l'auréole 2099:, Creole Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana 1904:Learn how and when to remove this message 1721:New Orleans and Carrollton Street Railway 1641:, on April 26, 1865, and were paroled in 4490:Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard Papers 4185:"Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard." In 4150:Donnybrook: The Battle of Bull Run, 1861 3320:Williams, pp. 236–238; Gallagher, p. 90. 2482: 2244:Could even caress his glory, his genius, 1497:As Grant moved south against Lee in the 1018:Beauregard became the first Confederate 922:, Beauregard obtained an appointment as 643:, his family spoke French and practiced 4991: 4103:Shiloh and the Western Campaign of 1862 3911:John Everett-Heath (December 7, 2017). 3375: 3373: 3302:Williams, pp. 208–225; Kennedy, p. 278. 2978:Gallagher, p. 85; Eicher, pp. 123, 807. 2672: 2262:A modest laurel to your noble passing! 2221:Une modeste palme à leur noble trépas! 1765:Principles and Maxims of the Art of War 1763:Beauregard's military writings include 1717:New Orleans, Jackson and Great Northern 1269:to become second-in-command to General 4452:Several Letters of P. G. T. Beauregard 4026:. Vol. I (3rd ed.). Boston: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3367:Williams, pp. 251–256; Eicher, p. 124. 3284:Williams, pp. 207–208; Eicher, p. 124. 3136:The Reason Behind the 'Stars and Bars' 2866:Williams, pp. 13–33; Woodworth, p. 73. 2662:Bibliography of the American Civil War 2357:Following Beauregard's death in 1893, 2252:Will always shine, like the sun's halo 745:, where he continued his work for the 596:, about 20 miles (32 km) outside 5178:United States Military Academy alumni 5133:Confederate States Army full generals 4426:Works by or about P. G. T. Beauregard 1684:Beauregard pursued a position in the 1133:Start of the First Battle of Manassas 747:United States Army Corps of Engineers 513:, including control of armies at the 7: 4221:Combined Operations in the Civil War 3559:"Suppression of the Black Knights". 3029:, pp. 272–301; Williams, pp. 57–61; 3002:United States Department of Interior 2710:from the original on August 18, 2017 2141:Beauregard became a deep admirer of 2114:White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia 1882:adding citations to reliable sources 1781:Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine 1760:was closed down by the legislature. 1355:Pierre Gustave Toutant de Beauregard 1186:Beauregard's original design of the 4322:A Dictionary of Louisiana Biography 4268:P.G.T. Beauregard: Napoleon in Gray 3032:"Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard" 1769:Report on the Defense of Charleston 1364:, and Florida, replacing Maj. Gen. 1050:Start of the Civil War, Fort Sumter 850:. He also improved the defenses of 667:) named Mamie Françoise Similien. 623:whose family had migrated first to 494:, at the start of the Civil War at 5103:American people of Italian descent 3883:Vedros, Colin (October 18, 2023). 3458:. Pelican Publishing. p. 16. 1385:South Atlantic Blockading Squadron 345:Second Battle of Charleston Harbor 25: 5148:Members of the Aztec Club of 1847 5098:American people of French descent 4354:. New York, Da Capo Press, 1994. 4249:Smith, Gustavus, Woodson. (2001) 4001:from the original on June 8, 2020 3831:Rodolphe Lucien Desdunes (1973). 3777:Charles E. Marsala (2018). "24". 3042:from the original on May 14, 2011 2836:Williams, p. 6; Woodworth, p. 72. 2060:Beauregard was still a Democrat. 1934:Beauregard, civil rights advocate 425:Pierre Gustave Toutant-Beauregard 330:First Battle of Charleston Harbor 67:Pierre Gustave Toutant-Beauregard 5108:American people of Welsh descent 5030: 5018: 5006: 4994: 4444: 3868:Frances Parkinson Keyes (1962). 3379:"America: Arrival of the Cuba", 2622: 2602: 2582: 2560: 2540: 2520: 2392:was in New Orleans in 1915–2017. 2246:That gave him a divine prestige. 2149:to participate in ceremonies at 1854: 1395:launched a series of attacks on 1191: 1074: 1058: 414: 234: 220: 5078:American civil rights activists 5068:19th-century American inventors 4090:. Boston: Belknap Press, 2005. 3062:Confederate Army of the Potomac 1757:Louisiana State Lottery Company 1462:received an order to report to 1113:First Bull Run (First Manassas) 951:Creole State, First CSA General 490:. He commanded the defenses of 145:Tomb of the Army of Tennessee, 3939:"Sons of Confederate Veterans" 3872:. Farrar, Straus & Cudahy. 2307:Louisiana Unification Movement 2021:barricading a New Orleans road 1212:. He worked with Johnston and 1178:Confederate battle flag design 704:United States Military Academy 478:seceded, he resigned from the 460:United States Military Academy 382:United States Military Academy 149:, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. 1: 3456:The Streetcars of New Orleans 2987:Hattaway & Taylor, p. 21. 2704:"Catholics and the Civil War" 2430:is also named for him, as is 1942:in the US army (a rarity for 710:. One of his instructors was 594:St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana 441:P. G. T. Beauregard 117:St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana 53: 5128:Burials at Metairie Cemetery 5123:Beauregard Parish, Louisiana 4437:Works by P. G. T. Beauregard 4408:Works by P. G. T. Beauregard 4152:. New York: Harcourt, 2004. 4137:. New York: Harcourt, 2001. 4053:Beauregard: The Great Creole 3158:), accessed October 8, 2011. 2452:Beauregard was portrayed by 2436:Sons of Confederate Veterans 892:, who had seized control of 852:Forts St. Philip and Jackson 350:Second Battle of Fort Sumter 340:Second Battle of Fort Wagner 5173:United States Army officers 5163:Southern Historical Society 5083:American military engineers 4443:(public domain audiobooks) 3917:. OUP Oxford. p. 380. 3522:Hogue, James Keith (2006). 2763:Sean Michael Chick (2022). 2594:September 13, 1847 (brevet) 1741:In 1869, he demonstrated a 1608:Franklin-Nashville Campaign 1540:Second Battle of Petersburg 959:General P. G. T. Beauregard 612:ancestry and descendant of 360:Second Battle of Petersburg 335:First Battle of Fort Wagner 5199: 4477:. Accessed March 26, 2024. 4468:February 21, 2014, at the 4401:February 24, 2006, at the 4369:The Civil War in Louisiana 4335:Robertson, William Glenn. 4020:Cullum, George W. (1891). 3989:Copp, Dan (June 3, 2020). 3647:Williams, pp. 43, 64, 234. 3562:The Black Worker, Volume 3 1730:Beauregard revolutionized 1099:bombardment of Fort Sumter 761: 492:Charleston, South Carolina 5113:Army of Northern Virginia 5093:American military writers 4539: 3074:Army of Northern Virginia 2641: 2574:March 3, 1853 (permanent) 2473:Nicholls State University 2370: 2175: 1671:Beauregard, later in life 1520:Army of Northern Virginia 1090:Francis Wilkinson Pickens 911:parties to challenge the 714:, the later commander of 614:Francesco Maria de Reggio 41: 5183:Writers from New Orleans 3752:French Centenary College 3429:Guilbeau, James (2011). 2823:Williams, p. 5; Detzer, 2572:August 20, 1847 (brevet) 2424:unincorporated community 1619:William Tecumseh Sherman 1507:Bermuda Hundred Campaign 1484:Beauregard to join Lee. 1457:, May 31 – June 12, 1864 1152:First Battle of Bull Run 1123:Battle of First Manassas 730:", "Felix", and "Little 702:Beauregard attended the 573:Early life and education 556:William Tecumseh Sherman 500:First Battle of Bull Run 355:Bermuda Hundred Campaign 315:First Battle of Bull Run 5138:Louisiana Creole people 4187:The Confederate General 4169:Civil War High Commands 4101:Cunningham, O. Edward. 4079:Encyclopædia Britannica 3540:Magazine, Smithsonian. 3381:The Manchester Guardian 3154:April 25, 2012, at the 3142:March 30, 2012, at the 2636:Confederate States Army 2432:Beauregard, Mississippi 2406:Frances Parkinson Keyes 2400:, and is operated as a 2147:Lincoln Memorial League 2108:1868 post-war interview 2074:Battle of Liberty Place 1188:Confederate battle flag 650:Beauregard had several 488:Confederate States Army 4481:G.T. Beauregard Papers 3870:Madame Castel's Lodger 3821:Williams, pp. 338–340. 3803:Williams, pp. 282–284. 3791:Williams, pp. 281–283. 3728:Williams, pp. 280–281. 3719:Williams, pp. 279–280. 3710:Williams, pp. 277–279. 3401:Williams, pp. 262–265. 3392:Williams, pp. 257–261. 3275:Williams, pp. 204–205. 3070:Army of the Shenandoah 2996:Fort Sumter brochure, 2398:Beauregard-Keyes House 2393: 2331: 2161: 2100: 2077: 2022: 1991: 1972: 1935: 1738: 1672: 1639:Durham, North Carolina 1582: 1581:, December 15–16, 1864 1551:Battle of Globe Tavern 1534: 1505:launched the surprise 1486: 1464:Weldon, North Carolina 1458: 1381:Samuel Francis Du Pont 1370:Vicksburg, Mississippi 1356: 1348: 1271:Albert Sidney Johnston 1262: 1254: 1201: 1134: 1126: 1036:Albert Sidney Johnston 976: 960: 791: 777: 585: 293:Battle for Mexico City 134:New Orleans, Louisiana 78:Little Black Frenchman 5118:American slave owners 4163:Eicher, John H., and 3571:10.2307/j.ctvn5tw84.9 3486:on December 20, 2016. 2998:National Park Service 2402:historic house museum 2384: 2151:Springfield, Illinois 2095: 2071: 2013: 1981: 1933: 1921:Civil rights advocacy 1818:in New Orleans. When 1786:Beauregard served as 1729: 1670: 1576: 1532: 1516:Battle of Cold Harbor 1455:Battle of Cold Harbor 1452: 1407:attempted to destroy 1354: 1339: 1299:Army of the Tennessee 1260: 1248: 1214:William Porcher Miles 1185: 1132: 1120: 1067:Battle of Fort Sumter 958: 837:Return to New Orleans 783: 774:Battle of Chapultepec 771: 753:Early military career 580: 482:and became the first 445:G. T. Beauregard 437:battle of Fort Sumter 365:Battle of Bentonville 310:Battle of Fort Sumter 298:Battle of Chapultepec 197:Years of service 4297:Woodworth, Steven E. 4189:, vol. 1, edited by 4030:. pp. 697–698. 3945:on February 11, 2015 3546:Smithsonian Magazine 3125:Williams, pp. 91–92. 3107:Williams, pp. 81–85. 3085:Williams, pp. 66–80. 2875:Williams, pp. 34–41. 2848:Eicher, pp. 123–124. 2729:Emily Clark (2013). 2122:William S. Rosecrans 2076:, September 14, 1874 1878:improve this section 1676:pardon by President 1332:Return to Charleston 1291:Corinth, Mississippi 901:mayor of New Orleans 796:Mexican–American War 776:, September 13, 1847 764:Mexican-American War 758:Mexican-American War 708:West Point, New York 531:Petersburg, Virginia 472:Mexican–American War 288:Battle of Churubusco 278:Mexican–American War 5143:Louisiana Democrats 5053:P. G. T. Beauregard 4494:Special Collections 4390:Caroline Beauregard 3383:, September 4, 1865 3148:Teachinghistory.org 2939:Williams, pp. 56–57 2814:Williams, pp. 12–13 2805:Williams, pp. 12–13 2484: 2443:equestrian monument 2428:Beauregard, Alabama 2348:Waukesha, Wisconsin 2338:Civil rights legacy 2272:Radical Republicans 2086:Radical Republicans 1803:, resulting in the 1702:Radical Republicans 1631:Battle of Nashville 1612:Advance and Retreat 1579:Battle of Nashville 1514:'s) to Lee for the 1489:T. Harry Williams, 1383:, commander of the 1322:Tupelo, Mississippi 1285:in a thrust up the 1275:Army of Mississippi 1069:, April 12–13, 1861 809:for the battles of 802:. He was appointed 429:Confederate General 283:Battle of Contreras 262:Army of Mississippi 257:Army of the Potomac 96:Hero of Fort Sumter 36:P. G. T. Beauregard 5001:American Civil War 4264:Williams, T. Harry 4183:Gallagher, Gary W. 3066:Joseph E. Johnston 3038:. Civil War Home. 2857:Smith (2001) p. 43 2693:Williams, pp. 2–3. 2483: 2394: 2359:Victor E. Rillieux 2300:Radical Republican 2298:and sought to end 2284:Radical Republican 2276:Liberal Republican 2180:Victor E. Rillieux 2164:Political activism 2101: 2078: 2048:Federal Government 2023: 1996:Federal occupation 1992: 1936: 1836:Edmund Kirby Smith 1805:Thibodaux Massacre 1748:U.S. patent 97,343 1739: 1673: 1658:Post-bellum career 1648:Edmund Kirby Smith 1583: 1569:Return to the West 1535: 1524:passive–aggressive 1501:, Union Maj. Gen. 1459: 1439:Nathaniel P. Banks 1393:Quincy A. Gillmore 1357: 1349: 1263: 1255: 1241:Shiloh and Corinth 1230:Lucius B. Northrop 1202: 1135: 1127: 1044:Joseph E. Johnston 1000:", a battalion of 972:Napoleon Bonaparte 961: 946:American Civil War 939:Federal Government 792: 778: 675:of New Orleans. 586: 549:Joseph E. Johnston 535:Richmond, Virginia 504:Manassas, Virginia 480:United States Army 433:American Civil War 305:American Civil War 183:United States Army 165:Confederate States 4982: 4981: 4412:Project Gutenberg 4360:978-0-306-80546-2 4330:978-0-940984-37-0 4281:Wise, Stephen R. 4244:978-1-4696-4972-6 4234:Silkenat, David. 4158:978-0-15-603143-1 4117:Davis, William C. 4111:978-1-932714-27-2 4051:Basso, Hamilton. 3924:978-0-19-255646-2 3857:on July 18, 2016. 3812:Williams, p. 348. 3737:Williams, p. 272. 3698:Williams, p. 266. 3686:Williams, p. 262. 3677:Williams, p. 257. 3618:978-0-87338-853-5 3348:978-1-61121-140-5 3338:Hood, Stephen M. 3293:Williams, p. 225. 3248:Williams, p. 166. 3230:Williams, p. 165. 3134:Gevinson, Alan. " 2684:Williams, p. 148. 2648: 2647: 2609:Brigadier General 2528:Second Lieutenant 2454:Donald Sutherland 2412:Beauregard Parish 2352:Southern Chivalry 2268: 2267: 1944:Louisiana Creoles 1914: 1913: 1906: 1840:Metairie Cemetery 1587:Army of Tennessee 1499:Overland campaign 1366:John C. Pemberton 1253:, April 6–7, 1862 1144:Shenandoah Valley 1103:T. Harry Williams 1024:brigadier general 873:U.S. Custom House 790:P.G.T. Beauregard 724:military engineer 680:New Orleans Times 645:Roman Catholicism 641:Louisiana Creoles 567:Louisiana Lottery 484:brigadier general 456:civil engineering 422: 421: 147:Metairie Cemetery 127:February 20, 1893 18:P.G.T. 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(1911). 4068:Chisholm, Hugh 4064: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4041: 4012: 3981: 3956: 3930: 3923: 3903: 3875: 3860: 3838: 3823: 3814: 3805: 3793: 3784: 3781:. eBookIt.com. 3764: 3739: 3730: 3721: 3712: 3700: 3688: 3679: 3670: 3661: 3649: 3640: 3631: 3622: 3601: 3592: 3551: 3529: 3507: 3498: 3489: 3471: 3465:978-1455612598 3464: 3446: 3440:978-1879714021 3439: 3421: 3412: 3403: 3394: 3385: 3369: 3360: 3351: 3331: 3322: 3313: 3304: 3295: 3286: 3277: 3268: 3259: 3250: 3241: 3232: 3223: 3214: 3205: 3196: 3187: 3178: 3169: 3160: 3127: 3118: 3116:Davis, p. 248. 3109: 3100: 3098:, pp. 172–173. 3087: 3078: 3053: 3018: 3005: 2989: 2980: 2971: 2959: 2950: 2941: 2932: 2920: 2911: 2898: 2889: 2877: 2868: 2859: 2850: 2838: 2829: 2816: 2807: 2798: 2789: 2780: 2773: 2746: 2739: 2721: 2695: 2686: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2664: 2659: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2619: 2618: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2599: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2587: 2579: 2578: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2557: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2545: 2537: 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Lee 2115: 2107: 2105: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2087: 2082: 2075: 2070: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2044: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2020: 2017: 2012: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1948:anti-Catholic 1945: 1941: 1932: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1908: 1905: 1897: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1863:This section 1861: 1857: 1852: 1851: 1846:Personal life 1845: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1758: 1752: 1749: 1744: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1679: 1669: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1591:Robert E. Lee 1589:and he asked 1588: 1580: 1575: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1531: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1494: 1492: 1485: 1483: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1456: 1451: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1401:Morris Island 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1379: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1353: 1347:, Dec 6, 1863 1346: 1343: 1338: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1326:Braxton Bragg 1323: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1259: 1252: 1247: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1219: 1218:Earl Van Dorn 1215: 1211: 1207: 1200: 1189: 1184: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1131: 1124: 1119: 1112: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1094: 1091: 1077: 1068: 1061: 1049: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1040:Robert E. Lee 1037: 1033: 1032:Samuel Cooper 1029: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1003: 1002:French Creole 999: 995: 994:Braxton Bragg 991: 985: 982: 975: 973: 969: 957: 950: 945: 943: 940: 936: 932: 929: 925: 921: 916: 914: 910: 906: 902: 897: 895: 891: 887: 879: 877: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 853: 849: 846:coast and in 845: 836: 834: 832: 831:Robert E. Lee 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 805: 801: 797: 789: 786: 782: 775: 770: 765: 757: 752: 750: 748: 744: 740: 735: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 697: 695: 693: 689: 688:New York City 683: 681: 676: 674: 668: 666: 662: 656: 653: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 584: 579: 572: 570: 568: 564: 559: 557: 554: 553:Major General 550: 546: 543: 538: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 507: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 448: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 395: 391: 387: 383: 380: 378: 374: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 307: 306: 303: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 280: 279: 276: 275: 273: 269: 263: 260: 258: 255: 254: 252: 248: 241: 237: 233: 230: 227: 223: 219: 218: 216: 212: 205: 202: 201: 199: 195: 189: 186: 184: 181: 180: 178: 172: 166: 163: 161:United States 160: 159: 157: 153: 148: 143: 139: 135: 126: 122: 118: 106: 102: 95: 92: 89: 87:Little Creole 86: 83: 80: 77: 76: 74: 70: 66: 62: 51: 45: 40: 33: 30: 19: 4861:Westmoreland 4812:Eichelberger 4629: 4368: 4351: 4336: 4321: 4299: 4282: 4267: 4250: 4235: 4220: 4205: 4186: 4168: 4149: 4134: 4119: 4102: 4087: 4077: 4052: 4022: 4015: 4003:. 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