First Battle of Ypres - Knowledge (XXG)

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Wytschaete 21 mi (34 km) to the north. Joffre arranged for a series of attacks on the Western Front, after receiving information that German divisions were moving to the Russian Front. The Eighth Army was ordered to attack in Flanders and French was asked to participate with the BEF on 14 December. Joffre wanted the British to attack along all of the BEF front and especially from Warneton to Messines, as the French attacked from Wytschaete to Hollebeke. French gave orders to attack from the Lys to Warneton and Hollebeke with II and III Corps, as IV and Indian corps conducted local operations, to fix the Germans to their front.

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the 6th Army. German attacks began on 18 October, coincident with the battles around Ypres and gained a foothold over the Yser at Tervaete. The French 42nd Division at Nieuwpoort detached a brigade to reinforce the Belgians and German heavy artillery was countered on the coast, by Allied ships under British command, which bombarded German artillery positions and forced the Germans to attack further inland. On 24 October, the Germans attacked fifteen times and managed to cross the Yser on a 3.1 mi (5 km) front. The French sent the rest of the 42nd Division to the centre but on 26 October, the Belgian Commander

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Bixschoote. Joffre ended attacks in the north, except for operations at Arras and requested support from French who ordered attacks on 18 December along the British front, then restricted the attacks to support of XVI Corps by II Corps and demonstrations by II Corps and the Indian Corps. Fog impeded the Arras attack and a German counter-attack against XVI Corps led II Corps to cancel its supporting attack. Six small attacks were made by the 8th, 7th, 4th and Indian divisions, which captured little ground, all of which was found to be untenable due to mud and water-logging; Franco-British attacks in Flanders ended.

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Flanders fast enough to obtain a decisive victory and both were exhausted, short of ammunition and suffering from collapses in morale, with some infantry units refusing orders. The autumn battles in Flanders had quickly become static, attrition operations, unlike the battles of manoeuvre in the summer. French, British and Belgian troops in improvised field defences repulsed German attacks for four weeks in mutually costly attacks and counter-attacks. From 21 to 23 October, German reservists had made mass attacks at Langemarck, with losses of up to seventy per cent.

446: 390: 322: 310: 298: 286: 274: 196: 2353: 2389:, Hollebeke and Hollebeke Château as German attacks on a line from Messines to Wytschaete and St Yves were repulsed. The British rallied opposite Zandvoorde with French reinforcements and "Bulfin's Force" a command improvised for the motley of troops. The BEF had many casualties and used all its reserves but the French IX Corps sent its last three battalions and retrieved the situation in the I Corps sector. On 31 October, German attacks near Gheluvelt broke through until a counter-attack by the 1884:), was intended to come from the offensive of the 6th Army but on 18 September, French attacks endangered the German northern flank instead and the 6th Army used the first units from Lorraine to repulse the French as a preliminary. The French used undamaged rail and communications networks, to move troops faster than the Germans but neither side could begin a decisive attack, having to send units forward piecemeal, against reciprocal attacks of the opponent, in the Race to the Sea (The name is a 256: 2142:

streams and ditches, divided into small fields with high hedges and ditches, roads were unpaved and the area was dotted with houses and farmsteads. Observation was limited by trees and open spaces could be commanded from covered positions and made untenable by small-arms and artillery fire. As winter approached, the views became more open as woods and copses were cut down by artillery bombardments and the ground became much softer, particularly in the lower-lying areas.

430: 357: 244: 165: 420: 372: 3121:, wrote that the II Corps battle at La Bassée was separate but the battles from Armentières to Messines and Ypres, were better understood as one battle in two parts, an offensive by III Corps and the Cavalry Corps from 12 to 18 October and the offensive by the German 6th and 4th armies from 19 October to 2 November, which after 30 October, took place north of Armentières, when the battles of Armentières and Messines merged with the First Battle of Ypres. 475: 178: 2312:, as the fighting further north on the Yser impeded German attacks around Ypres. German attacks were made on the right flank of the 7th Division at Gheluvelt. The British sent the remains of I Corps to reinforce IV Corps. German attacks from 25 to 26 October were made further south, against the 7th Division on the Menin Road and on 26 October part of the line crumbled until reserves were scraped up to block the gap and avoid a rout. 2199:

issued a directive that the 4th Army was to cross the Yser, advance regardless of losses and isolate Dunkirk and Calais, then turn south towards Saint-Omer. With the 6th Army to the south, which was to deny the Allies an opportunity to establish a secure front and transfer troops to the north, the 4th Army was to inflict an annihilating blow on the French, Belgian and BEF forces in French and Belgian Flanders.

5088: 2183:, just south of Ostend. Foch intended to isolate the German III Reserve Corps, which was advancing from Antwerp, from the main German force in Flanders. French and Belgian forces were to push the Germans back against the sea, as French and British forces turned south-east and closed up to the Lys river from Menin to Ghent, to cross the river and attack the northern flank of the German armies. 2092:

decentralising artillery to infantry brigades and by locating the guns in the front line but this made them more vulnerable and several batteries were overrun in the fighting between Arras and Ypres. Devolving control of the guns made concentrated artillery-fire difficult to arrange, because of a lack of field telephones and the obscuring of signal flags by mists and fog.

2543: 2255:) was due to arrive with orders to attack on 21 October. On 21 October, it had been cloudy and attempts to reconnoitre the German positions during the afternoon had not observed any German troops movements; the arrival of four new German reserve corps was discovered by prisoner statements, wireless interception and the increasing power of German attacks; 482: 1775:. Despite the inconvenience of British troops crossing French lines of communication, when French forces were moving north after the Battle of the Aisne, Joffre agreed subject to a proviso, that French would make individual British units available for operations as soon as they arrived. On the night of 2926:

Winter operations from November 1914 to February 1915 in the Ypres area, took place in the Attack on Wytschaete (14 December). A reorganisation of the defence of Flanders had been carried out by the Franco-British from 15 to 22 November, which left the BEF holding a homogeneous front from Givenchy to

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The weather became much colder, with rain from 12 to 14 November and a little snow on 15 November. Night frosts followed and on 20 November, the ground was covered by snow. Frostbite cases appeared and the physical strain increased, among troops occupying trenches half-full of freezing water, falling

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are canalised and between them, the water level underground is close to the surface, rises further in the autumn and fills any dip, the sides of which then collapse. The ground surface quickly turns to a consistency of cream cheese and on the coast movement is confined to roads, except during frosts.

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Further north, French cavalry was pushed back to the Yser by the XXIII Reserve Corps and by nightfall was dug in from the junction with the British at Steenstraat to the vicinity of Diksmuide, the boundary with the Belgian army. The British closed the gap with a small number of reinforcements and on

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The XXII, XXIII, XXVI and XXVII Reserve corps, of the six new reserve corps formed from volunteers after the outbreak of the war, were ordered from Germany to join the III Reserve Corps on 8 October. The German reserve corps infantry were poorly trained and ill-equipped but on 10 October, Falkenhayn

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guns to France during October. As the contending armies moved north into Flanders, the flat terrain and obstructed view, caused by the number of buildings, industrial concerns, tree foliage and field boundaries, forced changes in British artillery methods. Lack of observation was remedied in part by

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began in Galicia. Czernowitz in Bukovina was re-occupied by the Austro-Hungarian army on 22 August and then lost again to the Russian army on 28 October. On 29 October, the Ottoman Empire commenced hostilities against Russia, when Turkish warships bombarded Odessa, Sevastopol and Theodosia. Next day

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dominated the battlefield and the ability of the armies to supply themselves and replace casualties prolonged battles for weeks. Thirty-four German divisions fought in the Flanders battles, against twelve French, nine British and six Belgian divisions, along with marines and dismounted cavalry. Over

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I Corps was relieved by the French IX and XVI corps and the British line was reorganised. On 16 November, Foch agreed with French to take over the line from Zonnebeke to the Ypres–Comines canal. The new British line ran 21 mi (34 km) from Wytschaete to the La Bassée Canal at Givenchy. The

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gates on the coast at Nieuwpoort were opened, which flooded the area between the Yser and the railway embankment, running north from Diksmuide. On 30 October, German troops crossed the embankment at Ramscapelle (Ramskapelle) but as the waters rose, were forced back the following evening. The floods

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French, British and Belgian troops covered the Belgian and British withdrawal from Antwerp towards Ypres and the Yser from Diksmuide to Nieuwpoort, on a 22 mi (35 km) front. The new German 4th Army was ordered to capture Dunkirk and Calais, by attacking from the coast to the junction with

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Industrial warfare between mass armies had been indecisive; troops could only move forward over heaps of dead. Field fortifications had neutralised many classes of offensive weapon and the defensive firepower of artillery and machine-guns had dominated the battlefield; the ability of the armies to

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strong, despite receiving replacements up to 28 October. Foch planned an offensive towards Messines and Langemarck for 6 November, to expand the salient around Ypres. The attack was forestalled by German attacks on the flanks from 5 to 9 November. On 9 November, the Germans attacked the French and

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British divisions and five allied cavalry divisions. The British attack made early progress but the 4th army began a series of attacks, albeit badly organised and poorly supported. The German 6th and 4th armies attacked from Armentières to Messines and Langemarck. The British IV Corps was attacked

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and British counter-attacks were repulsed. Next day, an unprecedented bombardment fell on British positions in the south of the salient between Polygon Wood and Messines. German troops broke through along the Menin road but could not be supported and the advance was contained by 13 November. Both

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fast enough to obtain a decisive victory and by November both sides were exhausted. The armies were short of ammunition, suffering from low morale and some infantry units refused orders. The autumn battles in Flanders had become static, attrition operations, unlike the battles of manoeuvre in the

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was only to pretend to attack and III Corps was to make demonstrations, as the corps was holding a 10 mi (16 km) front and could do no more. On the left, the French XVI Corps failed to reach its objectives and the 3rd Division got to within 50 yd (46 m) of the German line and

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from Antwerp and retire to the Yser and although not formally in command of British and Belgian forces, Foch obtained co-operation from both contingents. On 10 October, Foch and French agreed to combine French, British and Belgian forces north and east of Lille, from the Lys to the Scheldt. Foch

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guns, firing shrapnel at ranges lower than 1,000 yd (910 m). Artillery in German reserve units was far less efficient, due to lack of training and shells often fell short. In the lower ground between Ypres and the higher ground to the south-east and east, the ground was drained by many

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issued divisional artillery orders, which stressed the concentration of the fire of the artillery, although during the battle the gunners fired on targets of opportunity, since German positions were so well camouflaged. As the fighting moved north into Belgian Flanders, the artillery found that

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After the retreat of the French Fifth Army and the BEF, local operations took place from August–October. General Fournier was ordered on 25 August to defend the fortress at Maubeuge, which was surrounded two days later by the German VII Reserve Corps. Maubeuge was defended by fourteen forts, a

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and further south at the Battles of Ypres. Falkenhayn then tried a limited goal of capturing Ypres and Mont Kemmel, from 19 October to 22 November. By 8 November, Falkenhayn had accepted that the coastal advance had failed and that taking Ypres was impossible. Neither side had moved forces to

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guns supporting an attack to the north-west, between Gheluvelt and Messines. The XV Corps was to attack on the right flank, south of the Menin–Ypres road to the Comines–Ypres canal and the main effort was to come from there to Garde Dieu by the II Bavarian Corps, flanked by the 26th Division.

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German tactics developed during the battles around Ypres, with cavalry still effective during the early manoeuvring, although just as hampered by hedges and fenced fields, railway lines and urban growth as the Allied cavalry, which made the ground far better suited to defensive battle. German

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against German communications. A Franco-British offensive was substituted towards Lille and Antwerp. The allied troops managed to advance towards Lille and the Lys river but were stopped by German attacks in the opposite direction on 20 October. The "race" ended on the Belgian coast around 17

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Desultory attacks were made from 15 to 16 December which, against intact German defences and deep mud, made no impression. On 17 December, XVI and II corps did not attack, the French IX Corps sapped forward a short distance down the Menin road and small gains were made at Klein Zillebeke and

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In the rest of the Flanders Plain were woods and small fields, divided by hedgerows planted with trees and fields cultivated from small villages and farms. The terrain was difficult for infantry operations because of the lack of observation, impossible for mounted action because of the many

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the transfer of the BEF from the Aisne front began in great secrecy. Marches were made at night and billeted troops were forbidden to venture outside in daylight. On 3 October, a German wireless message was intercepted, which showed that the BEF was still believed to be on the Aisne.

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The British, most of whom had experience gained through long years of campaigning against cunning opponents in close country, let the attackers get to close range then, from hedges, houses and trees, opened up with withering rifle and machine-gun fire from point blank

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Belgians between Langemarck and Diksmuide, forcing them back to the Yser, where the Belgians blew the crossings. After a lull, the German attacks resumed in great force from 10 to 11 November, mainly on the 4th Army front from Langemarck to Diksmuide. On 10 November,

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ammunition. During a general attack on 18 October, the German defenders achieved a defensive success, due to the disorganised nature of the British attacks, which only succeeded where close artillery support was available. The unexpected strength of the German

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A German attack on 24 September, forced the French onto the defensive and Joffre reinforced the northern flank of the Second Army. As BEF units arrived, operations began piecemeal on the northern flank; the Belgian army refused a request by Joffre to leave the

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open to the Germans, which was needed to carry supplies southward to the armies on the Aisne and transport troops of the 6th Army northwards from Lorraine to Flanders. On 7 September, the garrison surrendered, after super-heavy artillery from the

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to the south-west against I Corps and the dismounted Cavalry Corps further south, came to within 1.9 mi (3 km) of Ypres along the Menin road and brought the town into range of German artillery. On 30 October, German attacks by the

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and a dictated peace against France and Russia had been shown to be beyond German resources. Falkenhayn intended to detach Russia or France from the Allied coalition, by diplomatic as well as military action. A strategy of attrition

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On 9 October, the First German offensive against Warsaw began with the battles of Warsaw (9–19 October) and Ivangorod (9–20 October). Four days later, Przemyśl was relieved by the advancing Austro-Hungarians and the Battle of Chyrow

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typical of German regimental histories. The British fired short bursts at close range, to conserve ammunition. Sheldon also wrote that German troops knew the firing characteristics of machine-guns and kept still until French

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The Battle of Langemarck took place from 21 to 24 October, after an advance by the German 4th and 6th armies which began on 19 October, as the left flank of the BEF began advancing towards Menin and Roeselare. On 20 October,

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summer. French, British and Belgian troops, in improvised field defences, repulsed German attacks for four weeks. From 21 to 23 October, German reservists had made mass attacks at Langemarck (Langemark), with losses of up to

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signs, which were ignored by British lorry drivers. The difficulty of movement after the end of summer absorbed much of the labour available on road maintenance, leaving field defences to be built by front-line soldiers.

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began a myth. After the war, most regiments which had fought in Flanders, referred to the singing of songs on the battlefield, a practice only plausible when used to identify units at night. In 1986, Unruh, wrote that

4137:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. 1556:, next day the Battle of Cracow (15 November – 2 December) began and the Second Russian Invasion of North Hungary (15 November – 12 December) commenced. The Second German Offensive against Warsaw opened with the 2481:

On 11 November, the Germans attacked from Messines to Herenthage, Veldhoek woods, Nonne Bosschen and Polygon Wood. Massed small-arms fire repulsed German attacks between Polygon Wood and Veldhoek. The German

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Stanislau in Galicia was taken by Russian forces and the Serbian army began a retreat from the line of the Drina. On 4 November, the Russian army crossed the frontier of Turkey-in-Asia and seized Azap.

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planned to continue the withdrawal of the right flank of the German armies in France from the Aisne, to gain time for a strategic regrouping, by moving the 6th Army from Lorraine. A decisive result (

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in the north-west are chalk downlands, covered with soil sufficient for arable farming. East of the line, the land declines in a series of spurs into the Flanders plain, bounded by canals linking

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in Belgium made little progress beyond Ypres. The German 4th and 6th Armies took small amounts of ground, at great cost to both sides, during the Battle of the Yser and further south at Ypres.

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On 28 October, as the 4th Army attacks bogged down, Falkenhayn responded to the costly failures of the 4th and 6th armies by ordering the armies to conduct holding attacks while a new force,

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Co-operation with French forces to share the British heavy artillery was implemented and discussions with French gunners led to a synthesis of the French practice of firing a field artillery

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The British and French artillery fired as rapidly as they knew how and over every bush, hedge and fragment of wall floated a thin film of smoke, betraying a machine-gun rattling out bullets.

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discussed the transfer of the BEF from the Aisne to Flanders, to unify British forces on the Continent, shorten the British lines of communication from England and to defend Antwerp and the

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on 30 September and scouted the country in motor cars; an RNAS Armoured Car Section was created, by fitting vehicles with bullet-proof steel. On 2 October, the Marine Brigade was sent to

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temporarily. The left flank of the 7th Division was taken over by the 2nd Division, which joined in the counter-attack of the French IX Corps on the northern flank towards Roeselare and

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Both sides had tried to advance after the "open" northern flank had disappeared, the Franco-British towards Lille in October, followed by attacks by the BEF, Belgians and a new French

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asleep standing up and being sniped at and bombed from opposing trenches 100 yd (91 m) away. On 12 November, a German attack surprised the French IX Corps and the British

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Falkenhayn sent the 4th Army headquarters to Flanders, to take over the III Reserve Corps and its heavy artillery, twenty batteries of heavy field howitzers, twelve batteries of

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On 29 October, attacks by the XXVII Reserve Corps began against I Corps north of the Menin Road, at dawn, in thick fog. By nightfall, the Gheluvelt crossroads had been lost and

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battle at La Bassée could be taken as separate but that the battles from Armentières to Messines and Ypres, were better understood as one battle in two parts, an offensive by

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The failure of the attack on Wytschaete resulted in the attack further south being cancelled but German artillery retaliation was much heavier than the British bombardment.

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but the rate of shell manufacture had an immediate effect on operations. While the BEF was still on the Aisne front, ammunition production for field guns and howitzers was

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a fourth phase with the last big German offensive, which culminated at the Battle of Nonne Bosschen on 11 November, then local operations which faded out in late November.

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ordered the 4th Army to cease its attacks; the III Reserve Corps and XIII Corps were ordered to move the Eastern Front, which was discovered by the Allies on 20 November.

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and XXVII Reserve Corps attacked from Nonne Bosschen (Nun's Copse) and the edge of Polygon Wood, to Gheluvelt and across the Menin Road to Shrewsbury Forest in the south.

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in the Flanders battles, the French twelve, the British nine and the Belgians six, along with marines and dismounted cavalry. Falkenhayn reconsidered German strategy;

532: 2287: 838: 4100:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II. London: Macmillan. 6764: 6122: 4919: 1153: 1363:, reciprocal attempts by the German and Franco-British armies to advance past the northern flank of their opponents. North of Ypres, the fighting continued in the 2407: 6393: 5615: 2296:

23 October, the French IX Corps took over the north end of the Ypres salient, relieving I Corps with the 17th Division. Kortekeer Cabaret was recaptured by the

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roads ran along the frontier and inside Belgium. In France, the roads were closed by the local authorities during thaws to preserve the surface and marked by

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In, 2003 Clayton gave dates from 17 September to 7 October. In 2005, Doughty used the period from 17 September to 17 October and Foley from 17 September to

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The French XVI Corps reached the area from St Eloi to Wytschaete on 1 November, to reinforce the cavalry Corps and the IX Corps attacked further north near

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Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918: Militärischen Operationen zu Lande, Der Herbst-Feldzug im Osten bis zum Rückzug, Im Westem bis zum Stellungskrieg Fünfter Band

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and its later developments, proved to be indecisive, because field fortifications neutralised many classes of offensive weapon. The defensive firepower of

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The fighting has been divided into five stages, an encounter battle from 19 to 21 October, the Battle of Langemarck from 21 to 24 October, the battles at

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French emphasised that the attack would begin on the left flank, next to the French and that units must not move ahead of each other. The French and the

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the German Official Historian, Hermann Mertz von Quirnheim, described German outflanking attempts, without labelling them. In 2001, Strachan used

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was to be taken by II Corps attacking from the west and III Corps from the south, only the 3rd Division making a maximum effort. On the right the

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opposite, compounded British failings, although the partly trained, poorly led and badly equipped German reserve corps suffered high casualties.

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An Analysis of 1,000 Wounds and Injuries Received in Action, with Special Reference to the Theory of the Prevalence of Self-Infliction (Secret)

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and the imposition of a dictated peace on France and Russia had exceeded German resources. Falkenhayn devised a new strategy to detach either

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Small detachments of the Belgian, French and British armies conducted operations in Belgium and northern France, against German cavalry and

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was a German term for a formation larger than a corps and smaller than an army, usually improvised and not a group of armies, which was a

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The World War 1914–1918 Military land operations, The Autumn Campaign in the East and the West until the Withdrawal to the Positional War

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Belgians held 15 mi (24 km) and the French defended some 430 mi (690 km) of the new Western front. On 17 November,

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casualties, that the French had many losses and that the Belgian army had been reduced to a shadow. Sheldon also noted that Colonel

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of German casualties at Ypres were young and inexperienced student reservists, others being active soldiers, older members of the

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helmets and for officers to carry rifles to be less conspicuous. Artillery remained the main infantry-killer, particularly French

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Sheldon wrote that the translation was inaccurate and ignored many references to the combined fire of rifles and machine-guns,

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in Belgium. The German 4th and 6th armies took small amounts of ground at great cost to both sides, at the Battle of the Yser

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around Langemarck, where the 7th Division was able to repulse German attacks and I Corps was able to make a short advance.

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Military Operations France and Belgium 1914: Mons, the Retreat to the Seine, the Marne and the Aisne August–October 1914

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failed to end the German advance and the Franco-British retreat continued beyond the Marne. From 5 to 12 September, the

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Military Operations France and Belgium, 1914: Antwerp, La Bassée, Armentières, Messines and Ypres October–November 1914

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In 2010, Sheldon placed the "erroneously named" race, from the end of the Battle of the Marne, to the beginning of the

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Britain and France declared war on Turkey on 5 November and next day, Keupri-Keni in Armenia was captured, during the

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Armée Belgique: The war of 1914 Military Operations of Belgium in Defence of the Country and to Uphold Her Neutrality

2856:

were incurred on the front from the Lys to Gheluvelt, from 30 October to 24 November. In 2003, Ian Beckett recorded

658: 7299: 7183: 7140: 6175: 6160: 6062: 5931: 5499: 5411: 5368: 4941: 4775:. Vol. II (facs. repr. Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Clarendon Press. 4197: 2138: 2064: 1409: 1394: 1340: 1230: 963: 953: 931: 865: 781: 771: 744: 572: 7125: 6465: 6072: 5926: 6893: 6477: 6220: 6205: 5817: 5511: 5489: 5238: 5228: 5161: 2986: 1613: 1605: 1425: 1405: 1250: 1011: 983: 938: 921: 877: 791: 712: 668: 663: 501: 6506: 6447: 6387: 7334: 7100: 6587: 6577: 6459: 6195: 6190: 6112: 5521: 5494: 5198: 4362:(in German). Translated by Wynne, G. C. (Eng. trans. Constable, London ed.). Oldenburg: Gerhard Stalling. 3118: 3110: 3008: 2642: 2557:

arrived at the front on 13 November and more attacks were made on the II Corps front from 14 November. Between

2124: 1417: 1401: 1371: 1359:(Nieuport) on the Belgian coast, from 10 October to mid-November. The battles at Ypres began at the end of the 978: 916: 892: 796: 722: 5916: 3084: 2979: 2344:. Strict economies were imposed on the 6th Army formations further south, to provide artillery ammunition for 1787:

and III Corps followed from 6 October, leaving a brigade behind with I Corps, which stayed until the night of

1382: 1245: 7339: 7171: 7163: 7105: 6865: 6560: 6323: 6235: 6150: 6145: 6117: 6077: 5936: 5921: 5896: 5777: 5654: 2390: 1906: 1692: 1579: 1225: 1215: 1096: 943: 904: 882: 732: 673: 599: 326: 7354: 6938: 6662: 6597: 6453: 6180: 6107: 6057: 6042: 6024: 5997: 5911: 5878: 5543: 5504: 5484: 5295: 5188: 4661: 4283:] (in German). Vol. V (online scan ed.). Berlin: Verlag Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn. 3077: 2972: 2291:

German night assault on the English trenches near Langemarck, October 28 1914 (illustration by G. C. Koch)

1378: 1344: 1240: 1235: 958: 926: 887: 855: 786: 754: 737: 727: 700: 609: 6471: 6928: 6582: 6247: 6210: 6140: 6087: 6009: 5977: 5951: 5901: 5734: 5687: 5533: 5471: 5340: 5223: 4218:

German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916

2836:, recorded that the Belgians had suffered a great number of casualties from 15 to 25 October, including 2411: 2386: 2378: 2352: 1869: 1673: 1598: 1479: 1453: 1386: 1101: 1091: 973: 948: 806: 592: 409: 346: 231: 219: 156: 5873: 2223:

reduced the fighting to local operations, which diminished until the end of the battle on 30 November.

2156:

The French, Belgian and British forces in Flanders had no organisation for unified command but General

4274: 2785:

had been enrolled in six reserve corps, four of which had been sent to Flanders, leaving a maximum of

7278: 7193: 5847: 5822: 5797: 5154: 5101: 4135:

Military Operations France and Belgium, 1915: Winter 1915: Battle of Neuve Chapelle: Battles of Ypres

4113: 4093: 3114: 3034: 2833: 2590: 1875: 1864: 1824: 1459: 1447: 1440: 1397: 1106: 860: 508: 302: 278: 2770:(massacre of the innocents), in a communiqué of 11 November 1914, was misleading. Claims that up to 2034:(Menen), along the Lys river, with isolated sugar beet and alcohol refineries and a steelworks near 7260: 7213: 6399: 6263: 6215: 6092: 6052: 6047: 5992: 5675: 5669: 5570: 3103: 3001: 2102: 1954: 1685: 1590: 1586: 1420:

and 4th Army from 19 October to 2 November, which from 30 October, took place mainly north of the

1356: 870: 826: 821: 636: 614: 248: 2943:

found uncut wire. One battalion took 200 yd (180 m) of the German front trench and took

7220: 7135: 6494: 6358: 6340: 6305: 6269: 6102: 6067: 6019: 6004: 5891: 5842: 5681: 5640: 5320: 4177:

Mémoire pour servir à l'histoire de la guerre 1914–1918: avec 18 gravures hors-texte et 12 cartes

3064: 3038: 2884: 2602:

supply themselves and replace casualties kept battles going for weeks. The German armies engaged

2269:

infantry corps were now known to be north of the Lys, along with the four cavalry corps, against

2208: 2119: 1941:

The far north of France and the north-west Belgium are known as Flanders. West of a line between

1914: 1545: 1364: 1255: 1113: 843: 683: 604: 4544:

Seek Glory Now Keep Glory: The Story of the 1st Battalion Royal Warwickshire Regiment, 1914–1918

2215: 2187: 1501:

or France from the Allied coalition through diplomacy as well as military action. A strategy of

1081: 582: 5138: 7253: 7247: 7208: 7110: 6943: 6526: 6381: 6364: 6165: 5987: 5967: 5802: 5787: 5717: 5705: 5565: 5406: 5383: 5330: 5036: 4989: 4968: 4949: 4904: 4885: 4866: 4847: 4823: 4802: 4776: 4772:

The War in the Air, Being the Story of the Part played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force

4750: 4729: 4707: 4688: 4669: 4647: 4628: 4607: 4588: 4566: 4547: 4523: 4489: 4466: 4437: 4412: 4387: 4363: 4329: 4325:

The War in the Air, Being the Story of the Part played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force

4308: 4284: 4259: 4256:

A Record of the Battles and Engagements of the British Armies in France and Flanders 1914–1918

4240: 4221: 4189: 4157: 4138: 4121: 4101: 4079: 4071: 4050: 4029: 4010: 2385:, on the left flank of the BEF at Gheluvelt, were repulsed but the British were pushed out of 2131:

accounts stress the accuracy of Allied sniper fire, which led troops to remove the spike from

2060: 1910: 1630: 1502: 909: 850: 653: 6311: 6281: 6275: 6185: 6014: 5982: 5972: 5711: 5635: 5630: 5558: 5378: 5278: 5028: 4580: 3020:

German armies are rendered in numbers: "7th Army" and Allied armies in words: "Second Army".

1220: 1086: 811: 587: 5063: 3076:

The British Battles Nomenclature Committee (1920), recorded four simultaneous battles, the

1839:

and Armentières. I Corps arrived at Hazebrouck on 19 October and moved eastwards to Ypres.

7120: 6960: 6299: 5852: 5827: 5526: 5434: 5273: 5118: 5113: 2775: 2674: 2670: 2035: 1848: 1836: 1360: 1320: 1304: 1296: 1201: 1148: 1076: 1006: 678: 54: 31: 17: 2774:

of the manpower of the reserve corps were student volunteers, who attacked while singing

2584:

After the First Battle of Ypres, trenches stretched from Switzerland to the Belgian coast

2423:(Beselare), which relieved the German pressure on both flanks of I Corps. By 3 November, 4817: 2515:

sides were exhausted by these efforts; German casualties around Ypres had reached about

7349: 6953: 6933: 6604: 6317: 6155: 5946: 5837: 5693: 5597: 5580: 5093: 4433:

Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War, 1914–1920

4171: 2327: 2115: 2019: 1796: 1594: 1498: 1416:

from 12 to 18 October against which the Germans retired and an offensive by the German

749: 619: 505: 419: 371: 314: 236: 2218:, ordered the Belgian army to retreat, until over-ruled by the Belgian king. Next day 2002:

Canal around Lens and Béthune was a coal-mining district full of slagheaps, pitheads (

7293: 7064: 6352: 6346: 5782: 5699: 5610: 4988:. Vol. I (Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Thomas Nelson and Sons. 4983: 4770: 4744: 4517: 4445: 4402: 4298:– via Oberösterreichische Landesbibliothek (Upper Austrian Provincial Library). 2023: 1966: 1772: 1764: 1751:. Naval forces collected at Dover were formed into a separate unit, which became the 1708: 1609: 1578:, from 24 August to 28 September 1914, after the success of the German armies in the 1569: 1332: 631: 512: 445: 389: 321: 309: 297: 285: 273: 224: 201: 5123: 4604:

General Sir John Cowans, G.C.B., G.C.M.G: The Quartermaster-General of the Great War

4323: 4044: 1905:

to the North Sea, was occupied by Belgian troops withdrawing from Antwerp after the

1027: 6514: 5941: 4901:

Command on the Western Front: The Military Career of Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1914–1918

2340:(Wervik), the boundary between the 6th and 4th armies, to attack towards Ypres and 2305: 2252: 1752: 1724: 1664: 2764:

Sheldon wrote that a German description of the fate of the new reserve corps as a

1999: 464:

134,315 German casualties in Belgium and northern France, 15 October – 24 November

4237:

The Marne, 1914: The Opening of World War I and the Battle that Changed the World

6725: 6630: 6328: 5756: 5177: 2133: 1982: 1575: 1574:

The Great Retreat was a long withdrawal by the French and British armies to the

1487: 1463: 4946:

Command and Control on the Western Front: The British Army's Experience 1914–18

4704:

Battle Tactics of the Western Front: The British Army's Art of Attack 1916–1918

4356:

Ypres, 1914, an Official Account Published by Order of the German General Staff

4349: 2807:

of the reserve, which was composed of former soldiers from 23 to 28 years old,

1466:(Kemmelberg), from 19 October to 22 November. Neither side had moved forces to 5083: 5032: 2628: 2491: 2248: 2191: 2106: 2072: 1978: 1970: 1832: 1828: 1808: 5040: 4993: 4827: 4754: 4611: 4441: 4333: 4288: 4105: 2818:(former soldiers from 28 to 39 years old, released from the reserve) and one 1998:

obstructions and awkward for artillery because of the limited view. South of

110: 97: 6520: 6287: 4416: 4193: 4125: 2420: 2341: 2304:

was relieved. Next day, I Corps had been relieved and the 7th Division lost

2172: 2015: 1974: 1902: 1804: 1800: 1792: 1748: 1483: 4563:

A Nation in Arms: A Social Study of the British Army in the First World War

4527: 4367: 2852:

casualties in Belgium and northern France, from 15 October to 24 November,

2370:

and 31st Division recaptured Bixschoote and Kortekeer Cabaret. Advances by

1835:

on 11 October, then moved behind the left flank of II Corps, to advance on

2526:

Ypres). The Belgian army had been reduced by half and the French had lost

1858:

German and Allied operations, Artois and Flanders, September–November 1914

6780: 2795: 2176: 1962: 1885: 1660: 1656: 1467: 1335:, Belgium. The battle was part of the First Battle of Flanders, in which 5133: 5128: 2542: 2018:

and Roubaix formed a manufacturing complex, with outlying industries at

1953:, Béthune, Saint-Omer and Calais. To the south-east, canals run between 4188:(in French). trans. T. Bentley Mott (Heinemann ed.). Paris: Plon. 2971:(BEF) occurred simultaneously during the First Battle of Flanders: the 2789:

of the reserve corps operating in Flanders made up of volunteers. Only

2309: 2027: 1990: 1958: 1728: 1712: 1668: 1648: 429: 356: 243: 164: 2171:

planned a joint advance from Ypres to Nieuwpoort, towards a line from

3011:(11 November) from the Ypres–Comines Canal north to Houthulst Forest. 2978:

from the Beuvry–Béthune road to a line from Estaires to Fournes, the

2366:

prisoners taken. French attacks further north, by the 17th Division,

2337: 2219: 2180: 1946: 1897: 1816: 1700: 1696: 1608:

ended the retreat and forced the German armies to retire towards the

1549: 5016: 2887:

had recorded that up to 3 November, casualties in the 4th Army were

4924:. London: War Office. IOR/L/MIL/17/5/2402 (no ISBN). Archived from 4585:

Fire-Power: The British Army Weapons and Theories of War, 1904–1945

2992:

from the Douve to the Ypres–Comines Canal and the Battles of Ypres

6948: 4685:

Trial by Fire: Command and the British Expeditionary Force in 1914

2911: 2578: 2541: 2400: 2351: 2286: 2235: 2031: 1950: 1942: 1852: 1720: 1704: 1652: 1553: 1352: 1328: 1169: 88: 4154:

History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery, Western Front 1914–18

3627: 3625: 1831:

on 13 October. III Corps began to assemble around Saint-Omer and

4408: 4258:(London Stamp Exchange ed.). Aldershot: Gale & Polden. 4076:

Pyrrhic victory, French Strategy and Operations in the Great War

3984: 3982: 3969: 3967: 2157: 1986: 1863:

After a tour of the front on 15 September, the new chief of the

1421: 524: 5150: 2645:, the first editions of which were published in 1922 and 1925, 1173: 1031: 528: 5146: 3195: 3193: 1795:

from 8 to 9 October and concentrated to the north-east around

1755:, to operate in the Channel and off the French-Belgian coast. 1647:

British and Belgian stragglers. The fortress blocked the main

1478:

Warfare between mass armies, equipped with the weapons of the

4965:

The Myriad Faces of War: Britain and the Great War, 1914–1918

3714: 3712: 1491:

the winter, Falkenhayn reconsidered Germany strategy because

4819:

A Short History of the 6th Division August 1914 – March 1919

3402: 3400: 2437:

battalions in the BEF which had come to France with about

67:

Positions of the Allied and German armies, 19 October 1914

2166:

on 4 October by Joffre. The Belgian army managed to save

2811:

who were inexperienced and probably 18 to 20 years old,

1917:

through Artois and Flanders, at the Battle of La Bassée

4863:

In Flanders Flooded Fields, before Ypres there was Yser

4328:. Vol. I (Hamish Hamilton ed.). Oxford: OUP. 3588: 3586: 3417: 3415: 2840:

British casualties from 14 October to 30 November were

2799:

and army reservists. Reserve Infantry Regiment 211 had

2105:. During the advance of the III Corps and an attack on 1735:

on 6 October, having landed at Dunkirk on the night of

1462:), then tried a limited offensive to capture Ypres and 2410:, Nonne Bosschen, defeating the Prussian Guard, 1914 ( 4903:(Pen & Sword ed.). Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 4351:

Die Schlacht an der Yser und bei Ypern im Herbst 1914

2638:

Die Schlacht an der Yser und bei Ypern im Herbst 1914

7315:

Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom

7233: 7154: 7093: 7055: 6999: 6988: 6892: 6864: 6812: 6734: 6708: 6660: 6613: 6553: 6546: 6374: 6256: 6131: 6033: 5960: 5861: 5765: 5727: 5662: 5653: 5596: 5470: 5459: 5425: 5397: 5359: 5311: 5264: 5257: 5107:

Tommy's Gazetteer of French and Belgian Place Names

3355: 2916:

German soldiers in a trench at Ypres, December 1914

4488:] (in German). Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe. 4386:(1st ed.). Barnsley: Pen and Sword Military. 5064:"Siege of Maubeuge, 25 August – 7 September 1914" 4749:(online scan ed.). London: Nisbet & Co. 4668:(Wordsworth Editions ed.). London: Barker. 4644:Passchendaele and the Battles of Ypres 1914–1918 3029:Writers and historians have criticised the term 2934:were to capture Wytschaete and Petit Bois, then 2241:Battle of Langemarck, from 21 to 24 October 1914 6123:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 5021:Journal of the Royal United Service Institution 2661: 2647: 1400:, the British official historian, wrote in the 43: 7325:Battles of World War I involving British India 4627:]. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 2408:Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry 2118:had little effect on buildings and called for 5162: 4985:The History of the Second Division, 1914–1918 4799:First Ypres 1914: The Birth of Trench Warfare 4621:Kurt Riezler: Tagebücher, Aufsätze, Dokumente 3172: 3160: 1651:–Paris rail line, leaving only the line from 1389:attacks at Ypres and the Battle of Gheluvelt 1275: 1185: 1133: 1043: 540: 8: 4522:. London: W. H. & L Collingridge. 1915. 3988: 3973: 3958: 3136: 3130: 3050: 2899: 2819: 2765: 2685: 2636: 2614: 2607: 2473: 2472:German divisions of the 4th and 6th Armies, 2424: 2371: 2331: 2321: 2161: 2096: 2045: 2039: 2009: 2003: 1879: 1506: 1492: 1451: 4822:(online scan ed.). London: Hugh Rees. 4401:Skinner, H. T.; Stacke, H. Fitz M. (1922). 2872:casualties. In 2010, Jack Sheldon recorded 2534:having been killed by the end of the year. 2519:and BEF losses, August – 30 November, were 2510:The British were forced back by the German 7330:Battles of the Western Front (World War I) 6996: 6705: 6610: 6550: 5659: 5467: 5261: 5169: 5155: 5147: 4625:Kurt Riezler: Diaries, Articles, Documents 4273:Mertz von Quirnheim, Hermann, ed. (1929). 3862: 2071:army. The order was soon increased by the 2014:). North of the canal, the city of Lille, 1719:and on 28 September, a battalion occupied 1192: 1178: 1170: 1050: 1036: 1028: 547: 533: 525: 40: 2832:In 1925, the British official historian, 2490:broke through to St Eloi and advanced to 1265: 1123: 7320:Battles of World War I involving Belgium 7310:Battles of World War I involving Germany 6412:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 5124:Battles: The First Battle of Ypres, 1914 4726:The Oxford Companion to Military History 3802: 3742: 3730: 3643: 3616: 3553: 3529: 3517: 3367: 3199: 2692: 2406:Fanciful painting of the 2nd Battalion, 1270: 1128: 30:For a list of the Battles of Ypres, see 7305:Battles of World War I involving France 6789:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 4602:Chapman-Huston, D.; Rutter, O. (1924). 4305:Attrition: Fighting the First World War 4156:. London: Royal Artillery Institution. 4026:Paths of Glory: The French Army 1914–18 3934: 3922: 3910: 3898: 3874: 3850: 3838: 3826: 3778: 3766: 3754: 3718: 3703: 3691: 3679: 3667: 3655: 3631: 3604: 3577: 3541: 3505: 3493: 3481: 3457: 3445: 3433: 3421: 3391: 3379: 3343: 3331: 3307: 3295: 3283: 3271: 3259: 3247: 3235: 3223: 3153: 3033:and used several date ranges. In 1925, 2960: 2163:commandant le groupe des Armées du Nord 1807:and Raye, preparatory to an advance on 1676:demolished the forts. The Germans took 1374:, the Belgian army and French marines. 4133:Edmonds, J. E.; Wynne, G. C. (1995) . 3211: 2985:from Estaires to the Douve river, the 2677:machine-guns, which had ammunition in 2083:per month were being manufactured for 1901:October, when the last open area from 1424:, when the battles of Armentières and 6742:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 6078:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 5017:"Land Transportation in the Late War" 3946: 3886: 3814: 3790: 3592: 3469: 3448:, pp. 125–172, 205–223, 225–234. 3406: 3319: 3184: 2357:Battle of Gheluvelt (1 November 1914) 2152:First Battle of Ypres order of battle 1699:, for reconnaissance sorties between 1616:was fought from 13 to 28 September. 7: 7146:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 4743:Hussey, A. H.; Inman, D. S. (1921). 4482:Langemarck: Legende und Wirklichkeit 3565: 3098:comprising the Battle of Langemarck 2996:comprising the Battle of Langemarck 2627:In 2010, Jack Sheldon wrote that a " 1385:to 2 November, coincident with more 7075:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 5869:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 4746:The Fifth Division in the Great War 4606:. Vol. I. London: Hutchinson. 4009:(pbk. ed.). London: Longmans. 2891:and that the 6th Army had suffered 1723:. The rest of the brigade occupied 5808:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 2087:guns; the War Office sent another 1428:merged with the Battles of Ypres. 27:1914 battle of the First World War 25: 4561:Beckett, I.; Simpson, K. (1985). 2635:, picked out of a translation of 1909:(28 September – 10 October). The 1783:II Corps moved from the night of 1061:German invasion of Belgium (1914) 6171:Second Battle of the Piave River 5793:Russian invasion of East Prussia 5086: 5062:Rickard, J. (1 September 2007). 4880:Pawly, R.; Lierneux, P. (2009). 4078:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. 2538:Local operations, 12–22 November 1691:On 27 August, a squadron of the 480: 473: 444: 428: 418: 408: 388: 370: 355: 345: 320: 308: 296: 284: 272: 254: 242: 230: 218: 194: 176: 163: 149: 61: 7242:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 6442:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 5003:– via Archive Foundation. 4899:Prior, R.; Wilson, T. (2004) . 4882:The Belgian Army in World War I 4837:– via Archive Foundation. 4792:– via Archive Foundation. 4764:– via Archive Foundation. 4565:. Manchester University Press. 3694:, pp. xvii–xviii, 275–276. 2904:from 30 October to 3 November. 2336:was rushed up to Deûlémont and 1593:(21 August) and the BEF in the 1585:After the defeat of the French 1159:German occupation of Luxembourg 7065:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 6924:Deportations from East Prussia 6721:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 5134:Situation map 19 November 1914 5102:Spencer Jones Battles of Ypres 4486:Langemarck: Legend and Reality 2824:(enrolled but inexperienced). 1925:and the Battle of Armentières 1823:arrived a day later. GHQ left 1731:, followed by the rest of the 1439:) the Belgians and the French 1301:Première Bataille des Flandres 1: 6976:Ukrainian Canadian internment 5129:Situation map 19 October 1914 4844:Boesinghe: Battleground Ypres 4384:The German Army at Ypres 1914 4007:Ypres: The First Battle, 1914 2877: 2194:, after the Siege of Antwerp 1641: 1560:(16 November – 15 December). 481: 361: 79:19 October – 22 November 1914 7131:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 6430:Estonian War of Independence 6098:Southern Palestine offensive 5142:situation map, November 1914 4865:. Pen & Sword Military. 4619:Erdmann, K. D., ed. (1972). 4465:. Vol. I. Oxford: OUP. 4463:The First World War: To Arms 2196:(28 September – 10 October). 1154:German occupation of Belgium 7085:USA against Austria-Hungary 6484:Turkish War of Independence 6436:Latvian War of Independence 6161:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 5752:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 4967:. Cambridge: Polity Press. 4728:. Oxford University Press. 4587:. London: Pen & Sword. 4182:The Memoirs of Marshal Foch 3096:(19 October – 22 November), 2994:(19 October – 22 November), 2969:British Expeditionary Force 2967:Four battles involving the 2922:Winter operations 1914–1915 1894:National redoubt of Belgium 1763:In late September, Marshal 1733:63rd (Royal Naval) Division 1349:British Expeditionary Force 1017:Western Front tactics, 1917 7381: 7345:1914 in the United Kingdom 7168:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 6716:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 6176:Second Battle of the Marne 6063:Second battle of the Aisne 5932:Second Battle of Champagne 5773:German invasion of Belgium 4404:Principal Events 1914–1918 4239:. New York: Random House. 3706:, pp. xviii, 278–301. 3088:(13 October – 2 November), 3081:(10 October – 2 November), 3057:15 September – 17 October. 3047:17 September – 19 October, 2919: 2206: 2149: 2065:Secretary of State for War 1927:(13 October – 2 November). 1919:(10 October – 2 November), 1846: 1628: 1583:(7 August – 13 September). 1567: 1528: 29: 18:First Battle of Langemarck 7274: 6949:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 6478:Irish War of Independence 6221:Armistice of Villa Giusti 6206:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 5818:First Battle of the Marne 5184: 5033:10.1080/03071842109434650 4307:. London: Little, Brown. 3173:Skinner & Stacke 1922 3161:Skinner & Stacke 1922 3094:and the Battles of Ypres 3092:(12 October – 2 November) 3043:15 September – 15 October 2990:(12 October – 2 November) 2983:(13 October – 2 November) 2976:(10 October – 2 November) 2898:of which had occurred in 1923:(12 October – 2 November) 1739:From 6 to 7 October, the 1614:First Battle of the Aisne 1606:First Battle of the Marne 1211: 1069: 564: 468: 463: 398: 335: 208: 138: 71: 60: 48: 7101:Constantinople Agreement 6394:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 6257:Co-belligerent conflicts 6226:Second Romanian campaign 6196:Third Transjordan attack 5907:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 5813:Battle of Grand Couronné 4322:Raleigh, W. A. (1969) . 4043:Corbett, J. S. (2009) . 3989:Edmonds & Wynne 1995 3974:Edmonds & Wynne 1995 3959:Edmonds & Wynne 1995 3769:, pp. xxi, 447–460. 3356:Mertz von Quirnheim 1929 3113:(11 November). In 1925, 3111:Battle of Nonne Bosschen 3009:Battle of Nonne Bosschen 2681:strips, were reloading. 2643:History of the Great War 2397:Battle of Nonne Bosschen 2393:restored the situation. 1791:II Corps arrived around 1538:13 October – 2 November) 1402:History of the Great War 7164:Modus vivendi of Acroma 7116:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 6424:Greater Poland Uprising 6324:National Protection War 6201:Meuse–Argonne offensive 6151:German spring offensive 6146:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 5922:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 5897:Second Battle of Artois 5778:Battle of the Frontiers 5119:General Joffre's report 5112:20 October 2017 at the 3634:, pp. xv, 166–167. 3090:the Battle of Messines 2858:50,000 to 85,000 French 2547:Langemark, October 1914 1921:the Battle of Messines 1913:resulted in indecisive 1693:Royal Naval Air Service 1580:Battle of the Frontiers 905:German spring offensive 327:Alexander von Linsingen 291:Albrecht of Württemberg 7189:Paris Peace Conference 7177:Ukraine–Central Powers 6971:Massacres of Albanians 6939:Late Ottoman genocides 6746:Bulgarian occupations 6454:Third Anglo-Afghan War 6418:Hungarian–Romanian War 6236:Naval Victory Bulletin 6231:Armistice with Germany 6181:Hundred Days Offensive 6108:Battle of La Malmaison 6058:Second battle of Arras 6025:Battle of Transylvania 5879:Second Battle of Ypres 5747:Sarajevo assassination 5636:South African Republic 5015:Taylor, M. G. (1921). 4948:. London: Spellmount. 4816:Marden, T. O. (1920). 4769:Jones, H. A. (2002) . 4436:. London: HMSO. 1922. 4254:James, E. A. (1990) . 4216:Foley, R. T. (2007) . 3137: 3131: 3051: 2917: 2900: 2820: 2777:Deutschland über alles 2766: 2686: 2666: 2657: 2637: 2615: 2608: 2586: 2549: 2474: 2425: 2416: 2372: 2359: 2332: 2322: 2292: 2243: 2162: 2097: 2046: 2040: 2010: 2008:) and miners' houses ( 2004: 1880: 1860: 1815:arrived at St Pol and 1520:Strategic developments 1507: 1493: 1452: 1309:Erste Flandernschlacht 1308: 1300: 209:Commanders and leaders 7199:Treaty of St. Germain 7172:Russia–Central Powers 7126:Sykes–Picot Agreement 6954:Pontic Greek genocide 6929:Destruction of Kalisz 6905:Eastern Mediterranean 6466:Polish–Lithuanian War 6248:Armistice of Belgrade 6211:Armistice of Salonica 6141:Operation Faustschlag 6088:Third Battle of Oituz 6010:Baranovichi offensive 5978:Lake Naroch offensive 5952:Battle of Robat Karim 5927:Vistula–Bug offensive 5902:Battles of the Isonzo 5833:First Battle of Ypres 4944:; Todman, G. (2004). 4702:Griffith, P. (1996). 4642:Evans, M. M. (1997). 4583:; Graham, D. (1982). 4461:Strachan, H. (2001). 4348:Schwink, O. (1919) . 4303:Philpott, W. (2014). 4152:Farndale, M. (1986). 4005:Beckett, I. (2006) . 3085:Battle of Armentières 2980:Battle of Armentières 2915: 2908:Subsequent operations 2609:Vernichtungsstrategie 2582: 2545: 2404: 2379:54th Reserve Division 2355: 2290: 2239: 2190:and six batteries of 1870:Oberste Heeresleitung 1856: 1819:on 9 October and the 1645: 10,000 French, 1620:Tactical developments 1599:First Battle of Guise 1494:Vernichtungsstrategie 1480:Industrial Revolution 1454:Oberste Heeresleitung 1293:First Battle of Ypres 399:Casualties and losses 44:First Battle of Ypres 7365:November 1914 events 7194:Treaty of Versailles 6910:Mount Lebanon famine 6825:in the United States 6793:Russian occupations 6507:Turkish–Armenian War 6448:Polish–Ukrainian War 6388:Ukrainian–Soviet War 6335:Central Asian Revolt 6118:Armistice of Focșani 5848:Battle of Sarikamish 5798:Battle of Tannenberg 5194:Military engagements 4982:Wyrall, E. (2002) . 4861:Van Pul, P. (2006). 4842:McGreal, S. (2010). 4683:Gardner, N. (2006). 4382:Sheldon, J. (2010). 4024:Clayton, A. (2003). 3877:, pp. xii–xiii. 3298:, pp. 405, 407. 3202:, pp. 241, 266. 3049:in 1926. In 1929 in 2881: 80,000 German 2697:August–December 1914 2433:in five days and of 2232:Battle of Langemarck 1911:outflanking attempts 1881:Schlachtentscheidung 1876:Erich von Falkenhayn 1865:German General Staff 1821:1st Cavalry Division 1813:2nd Cavalry Division 1745:3rd Cavalry Division 1460:German General Staff 1448:Erich von Falkenhayn 1431:Attacks by the BEF ( 1319:was a battle of the 1012:French Army mutinies 1007:1914 Christmas truce 777:Hohenzollern Redoubt 496:class=notpageimage| 303:Rupprecht of Bavaria 279:Erich von Falkenhayn 7360:October 1914 events 7261:They shall not pass 7184:Treaty of Bucharest 7141:Treaty of Bucharest 7080:USA against Germany 7057:Declarations of war 6761:German occupations 6674:British casualties 6533:Soviet–Georgian War 6460:Egyptian Revolution 6400:Armeno-Georgian War 6264:Somaliland campaign 6216:Armistice of Mudros 6093:Battle of Caporetto 6083:Battle of Mărășești 6053:Zimmermann telegram 6048:February Revolution 5993:Battle of the Somme 5917:Bug-Narew Offensive 5892:Battle of Gallipoli 5884:Sinking of the RMS 5676:Scramble for Africa 5670:Franco-Prussian War 5326:Sinai and Palestine 4963:Wilson, T. (1986). 4846:. Pen & Sword. 4801:. Greenwood Press. 4687:. London: Pearson. 4235:Herwig, H. (2009). 4028:. London: Cassell. 3901:, pp. 466–468. 3817:, pp. 105–107. 3793:, pp. 102–104. 3781:, pp. 219–224. 3733:, pp. 277–278. 3721:, pp. 213–214. 3682:, pp. 223–224. 3658:, pp. 166–167. 3619:, pp. 275–276. 3484:, pp. 125–126. 3460:, pp. 102–103. 3409:, pp. 101–102. 3370:, pp. 266–273. 3346:, pp. 400–408. 3286:, pp. 170–202. 3262:, pp. 168–170. 3250:, pp. 375–390. 3238:, pp. 371–374. 3104:Battle of Gheluvelt 3078:Battle of La Bassée 3002:Battle of Gheluvelt 2973:Battle of La Bassée 2803:in active service, 2699: 2616:Ermattungsstrategie 2316:Battle of Gheluvelt 2160:had been appointed 1591:Battle of Charleroi 1508:Ermattungsstrategie 1370:between the German 1143:Associated articles 1001:Associated articles 718:Hartmannswillerkopf 578:Invasion of Belgium 107: / 7221:Treaty of Lausanne 7136:Paris Economy Pact 7070:UK against Germany 7000:Entry into the war 6966:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 6685:Ottoman casualties 6495:Franco-Turkish War 6375:Post-War conflicts 6359:Russian Revolution 6341:Invasion of Darfur 6306:Kelantan rebellion 6294:Kurdish rebellions 6270:Mexican Revolution 6103:October Revolution 6068:Kerensky offensive 6043:Capture of Baghdad 6020:Monastir offensive 6005:Brusilov offensive 5843:Battle of Kolubara 5682:Russo-Japanese War 4928:on 25 October 2023 4918:Seton, B. (1915). 4797:Lomas, D. (2004). 4662:Farrar-Hockley, A. 4542:Ashby, J. (2000). 4480:Unruh, K. (1986). 4220:. Cambridge: CUP. 3853:, pp. xi–xii. 3805:, pp. 62, 65. 3520:, pp. 67, 69. 3436:, pp. 98–102. 3334:, pp. 27–100. 3119:Official Historian 3065:Battle of the Yser 3039:official historian 2987:Battle of Messines 2918: 2901:Armeegruppe Fabeck 2893:27,000 casualties, 2885:Fritz von Lossberg 2693: 2587: 2550: 2475:Armeegruppe Fabeck 2426:Armeegruppe Fabeck 2417: 2391:2nd Worcestershire 2373:Armeegruppe Fabeck 2360: 2323:Armeegruppe Fabeck 2293: 2244: 2209:Battle of the Yser 2203:Battle of the Yser 1861: 1767:and Field Marshal 1546:Bergmann Offensive 1475:to little effect. 1365:Battle of the Yser 1351:(BEF) fought from 111:50.8641°N 2.8956°E 7300:Conflicts in 1914 7287: 7286: 7270: 7269: 7254:The Golden Virgin 7248:Mutilated victory 7229: 7228: 7209:Treaty of Trianon 7204:Treaty of Neuilly 7111:Damascus Protocol 6984: 6983: 6944:Armenian genocide 6901:Allied blockades 6873:Belgian refugees 6656: 6655: 6566:Strategic bombing 6542: 6541: 6527:Franco-Syrian War 6501:Greco-Turkish War 6489:Anglo-Turkish War 6472:Polish–Soviet War 6406:German Revolution 6382:Russian Civil War 6365:Finnish Civil War 6191:Battle of Megiddo 6166:Battle of Goychay 6113:Battle of Cambrai 6073:Battle of Mărăști 5988:Battle of Jutland 5968:Erzurum offensive 5823:Siege of Przemyśl 5803:Siege of Tsingtao 5788:Battle of Galicia 5718:Second Balkan War 5706:Italo-Turkish War 5663:Pre-War conflicts 5649: 5648: 5539:Portuguese Empire 5455: 5454: 5417:German New Guinea 5399:Asian and Pacific 4974:978-0-7456-0645-3 4955:978-1-86227-420-4 4910:978-1-84415-103-5 4891:978-1-84603-448-0 4872:978-1-84415-492-0 4853:978-1-84884-046-1 4808:978-0-275-98291-1 4782:978-1-84342-413-0 4735:978-0-19-860696-3 4713:978-0-300-06663-0 4694:978-0-582-50612-1 4675:978-1-85326-698-0 4653:978-1-85532-734-4 4634:978-3-525-35817-7 4594:978-1-84415-216-2 4572:978-0-7190-1737-7 4553:978-1-874622-45-1 4495:978-3-7637-5469-4 4472:978-0-19-926191-8 4393:978-1-84884-113-0 4314:978-1-4087-0355-7 4265:978-0-948130-18-2 4246:978-1-4000-6671-1 4227:978-0-521-04436-3 4163:978-1-870114-00-4 4144:978-0-89839-218-0 4085:978-0-674-01880-8 4056:978-1-84342-489-5 4035:978-0-304-35949-3 4016:978-1-4058-3620-3 3991:, pp. 18–20. 3976:, pp. 16–17. 3532:, pp. 69–71. 3508:, pp. 74–76. 3496:, pp. 73–74. 3226:, pp. 39–65. 3175:, pp. 14–16. 3163:, pp. 13–14. 2762: 2761: 2698: 2079:a month and only 2061:Herbert Kitchener 2047:Barrières fermėes 1915:encounter battles 1825:Fère-en-Tardenois 1640:territorials and 1631:Siege of Maubeuge 1612:river, where the 1395:Brigadier-General 1317:22 November 1914) 1286: 1285: 1167: 1166: 1025: 1024: 851:Nivelle offensive 625:Trouée de Charmes 523: 522: 500:Ypres, a Belgian 134: 133: 16:(Redirected from 7372: 7214:Treaty of Sèvres 7106:Treaty of London 6997: 6775:Northeast France 6706: 6678:Parliamentarians 6611: 6573:Chemical weapons 6551: 6312:Senussi campaign 6282:Muscat rebellion 6276:Maritz rebellion 6244: 6186:Vardar offensive 6015:Battle of Romani 5983:Battle of Asiago 5973:Battle of Verdun 5937:Kosovo offensive 5712:First Balkan War 5660: 5559:Russian Republic 5468: 5262: 5204:Economic history 5171: 5164: 5157: 5148: 5096: 5091: 5090: 5089: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5027:(464): 699–722. 5004: 5002: 5000: 4978: 4959: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4914: 4895: 4876: 4857: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4812: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4739: 4717: 4706:. London: Yale. 4698: 4679: 4666:Death of an Army 4657: 4638: 4615: 4598: 4576: 4557: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4499: 4476: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4448:on 2 August 2016 4444:. Archived from 4427: 4425: 4423: 4397: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4361: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4318: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4269: 4250: 4231: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4202: 4196:. Archived from 4187: 4167: 4148: 4129: 4109: 4089: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4046:Naval Operations 4039: 4020: 3992: 3986: 3977: 3971: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3410: 3404: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3142: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3108: 3101: 3100:(21–24 October), 3097: 3093: 3089: 3082: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3048: 3044: 3041:, used dates of 3027: 3021: 3018: 3012: 3006: 2999: 2998:(21–24 October), 2995: 2991: 2984: 2977: 2965: 2946: 2903: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2844:casualties were 2843: 2839: 2823: 2817: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2773: 2769: 2700: 2696: 2689: 2680: 2679:24- and 30-round 2655: 2640: 2618: 2611: 2605: 2596: 2560: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2522: 2518: 2509: 2506:battalions with 2505: 2501: 2497: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2463: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2375: 2365: 2347: 2335: 2325: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2263: 2260: 2197: 2188:210 mm howitzers 2169: 2165: 2100: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2070: 2049: 2043: 2013: 2007: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1907:Siege of Antwerp 1883: 1790: 1786: 1778: 1738: 1718: 1715:on the night of 1683: 1679: 1678:32,692 prisoners 1646: 1643: 1639: 1603: 1584: 1539: 1510: 1496: 1474: 1457: 1392: 1391:(29–31 October), 1369: 1368:(16–31 October), 1323:, fought on the 1318: 1314: 1206: 1204: 1194: 1187: 1180: 1171: 1064: 1062: 1052: 1045: 1038: 1029: 964:St Quentin Canal 559: 549: 542: 535: 526: 484: 483: 477: 449: 448: 433: 432: 423: 422: 413: 412: 393: 392: 380:Total: 4,400,000 375: 374: 366: 363: 360: 359: 350: 349: 325: 324: 313: 312: 301: 300: 289: 288: 277: 276: 259: 258: 247: 246: 235: 234: 223: 222: 204: 200: 198: 197: 186: 182: 180: 179: 168: 167: 159: 155: 153: 152: 122: 121: 119: 118: 117: 112: 108: 105: 104: 103: 100: 73: 72: 65: 41: 21: 7380: 7379: 7375: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7370: 7369: 7335:1914 in Belgium 7290: 7289: 7288: 7283: 7266: 7225: 7157: 7150: 7121:Treaty of Darin 7089: 7051: 7007:Austria-Hungary 6993: 6980: 6961:Rape of Belgium 6888: 6860: 6808: 6802:Western Armenia 6797:Eastern Galicia 6730: 6704: 6668: 6667:Civilian impact 6666: 6652: 6609: 6538: 6370: 6300:Ovambo Uprising 6252: 6238: 6127: 6029: 5956: 5874:Battle of Łomża 5857: 5853:Christmas truce 5828:Race to the Sea 5761: 5723: 5645: 5616:Austria-Hungary 5592: 5527:Empire of Japan 5464: 5462: 5451: 5435:U-boat campaign 5421: 5393: 5355: 5307: 5253: 5234:Popular culture 5180: 5175: 5114:Wayback Machine 5092: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5077: 5068: 5066: 5061: 5058: 5045: 5043: 5014: 5011: 4998: 4996: 4981: 4975: 4962: 4956: 4940: 4931: 4929: 4917: 4911: 4898: 4892: 4884:. Men at Arms. 4879: 4873: 4860: 4854: 4841: 4832: 4830: 4815: 4809: 4796: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4768: 4759: 4757: 4742: 4736: 4720: 4714: 4701: 4695: 4682: 4676: 4660: 4654: 4641: 4635: 4618: 4601: 4595: 4579: 4573: 4560: 4554: 4541: 4532: 4530: 4516: 4513: 4507: 4505:Further reading 4502: 4496: 4479: 4473: 4460: 4451: 4449: 4430: 4421: 4419: 4400: 4394: 4381: 4372: 4370: 4359: 4347: 4338: 4336: 4321: 4315: 4302: 4293: 4291: 4272: 4266: 4253: 4247: 4234: 4228: 4215: 4206: 4204: 4203:on 3 March 2016 4200: 4185: 4170: 4164: 4151: 4145: 4132: 4112: 4092: 4086: 4070: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4042: 4036: 4023: 4017: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3987: 3980: 3972: 3965: 3957: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3933: 3929: 3921: 3917: 3909: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3885: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3863:War Office 1922 3861: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3765: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3717: 3710: 3702: 3698: 3690: 3686: 3678: 3674: 3666: 3662: 3654: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3630: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3591: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3544:, p. viii. 3540: 3536: 3528: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3504: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3472:, pp. 4–5. 3468: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3444: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3420: 3413: 3405: 3398: 3390: 3386: 3378: 3374: 3366: 3362: 3354: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3318: 3314: 3306: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3258: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3234: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3198: 3191: 3187:, pp. 1–3. 3183: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3145: 3129: 3125: 3107:(29–31 October) 3106: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3060: 3056: 3046: 3042: 3031:Race to the Sea 3028: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3005:(29–31 October) 3004: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2982: 2975: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2944: 2924: 2910: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2880: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2838:10,145 wounded. 2837: 2830: 2821:Ersatzreservist 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2790: 2786: 2783:40,761 students 2782: 2771: 2695: 2691: 2678: 2675:Hotchkiss M1914 2671:Hotchkiss M1909 2656: 2653: 2625: 2603: 2595:(16–31 October) 2594: 2585: 2577: 2572: 2559:15–22 November, 2558: 2548: 2540: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2520: 2516: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2468: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2415: 2399: 2363: 2358: 2345: 2318: 2279: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2242: 2234: 2229: 2216:Félix Wielemans 2211: 2205: 2195: 2167: 2154: 2148: 2116:Shrapnel shells 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2068: 2057: 2036:Aire-sur-la-Lys 1939: 1934: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1859: 1851: 1849:Race to the Sea 1845: 1843:Race to the Sea 1827:and arrived at 1788: 1784: 1776: 1761: 1736: 1717:19/20 September 1716: 1695:(RNAS) flew to 1681: 1677: 1644: 1637: 1633: 1627: 1622: 1602:(29–30 August), 1601: 1582: 1572: 1566: 1537: 1533: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1472: 1390: 1367: 1361:Race to the Sea 1347:armies and the 1321:First World War 1316: 1312: 1289: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1207: 1203:Race to the Sea 1202: 1200: 1198: 1168: 1163: 1149:Rape of Belgium 1140: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1056: 1026: 1021: 998: 802:Vimy Ridge 1916 679:Race to the Sea 647:1st St. Quentin 569: 560: 555: 553: 519: 518: 517: 516: 515: 504:located in the 498: 492: 491: 490: 489: 485: 459: 443: 437: 427: 417: 407: 387: 384: 369: 364: 354: 344: 331: 319: 307: 295: 283: 271: 265: 253: 241: 229: 217: 195: 193: 192: 189: 177: 175: 174: 162: 150: 148: 147: 116:50.8641; 2.8956 115: 113: 109: 106: 101: 98: 96: 94: 93: 92: 66: 55:First World War 35: 32:Battle of Ypres 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7378: 7376: 7368: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7340:1914 in France 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7292: 7291: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7281: 7275: 7272: 7271: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7264: 7257: 7250: 7245: 7237: 7235: 7231: 7230: 7227: 7226: 7224: 7223: 7218: 7217: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7186: 7181: 7180: 7179: 7174: 7166: 7160: 7158: 7156:Peace treaties 7155: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7097: 7095: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7061: 7059: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7049: 7044: 7042:United Kingdom 7039: 7034: 7032:Ottoman Empire 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7003: 7001: 6994: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6957: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6936: 6934:Sack of Dinant 6931: 6926: 6921: 6920: 6919: 6914: 6913: 6912: 6898: 6896: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6885: 6884: 6882:United Kingdom 6879: 6870: 6868: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6858: 6857: 6856: 6851: 6842: 6836:POW locations 6834: 6829: 6828: 6827: 6818: 6816: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6806: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6791: 6786: 6785: 6784: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6759: 6758: 6757: 6752: 6744: 6738: 6736: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6712: 6710: 6703: 6702: 6701: 6700: 6695: 6687: 6682: 6681: 6680: 6671: 6669: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6650: 6645: 6644: 6643: 6636:United Kingdom 6633: 6631:Ottoman Empire 6628: 6623: 6617: 6615: 6608: 6607: 6605:Trench warfare 6602: 6601: 6600: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6557: 6555: 6548: 6544: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6536: 6530: 6524: 6518: 6512: 6511: 6510: 6504: 6498: 6492: 6481: 6475: 6469: 6463: 6457: 6451: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6427: 6421: 6415: 6409: 6403: 6397: 6391: 6385: 6378: 6376: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6350: 6344: 6338: 6332: 6326: 6321: 6318:Volta-Bani War 6315: 6309: 6303: 6297: 6291: 6285: 6279: 6273: 6267: 6260: 6258: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6250: 6245: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6156:Zeebrugge Raid 6153: 6148: 6143: 6137: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6039: 6037: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5964: 5962: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5954: 5949: 5947:Battle of Loos 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5865: 5863: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5838:Black Sea raid 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5740:Historiography 5731: 5729: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5694:Bosnian Crisis 5691: 5688:Tangier Crisis 5685: 5679: 5673: 5666: 5664: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5621:Ottoman Empire 5618: 5613: 5608: 5602: 5600: 5598:Central Powers 5594: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5581:British Empire 5576:United Kingdom 5573: 5568: 5563: 5562: 5561: 5556: 5554:Russian Empire 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5508: 5507: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5476: 5474: 5472:Entente Powers 5465: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5449: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5440:North Atlantic 5431: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5403: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5365: 5363: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5351:Central Arabia 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5317: 5315: 5313:Middle Eastern 5309: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5288: 5283: 5282: 5281: 5270: 5268: 5259: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5214:Historiography 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5174: 5173: 5166: 5159: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5094:Belgium portal 5081: 5080:External links 5078: 5076: 5075: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5005: 4979: 4973: 4960: 4954: 4938: 4915: 4909: 4896: 4890: 4877: 4871: 4858: 4852: 4839: 4813: 4807: 4794: 4781: 4766: 4740: 4734: 4718: 4712: 4699: 4693: 4680: 4674: 4658: 4652: 4639: 4633: 4616: 4599: 4593: 4577: 4571: 4558: 4552: 4539: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4500: 4494: 4477: 4471: 4458: 4428: 4398: 4392: 4379: 4345: 4319: 4313: 4300: 4270: 4264: 4251: 4245: 4232: 4226: 4213: 4168: 4162: 4149: 4143: 4130: 4114:Edmonds, J. E. 4110: 4094:Edmonds, J. E. 4090: 4084: 4072:Doughty, R. A. 4068: 4055: 4040: 4034: 4021: 4015: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3993: 3978: 3963: 3951: 3939: 3937:, p. 264. 3927: 3925:, p. xiv. 3915: 3913:, p. 176. 3903: 3891: 3879: 3867: 3865:, p. 253. 3855: 3843: 3831: 3819: 3807: 3795: 3783: 3771: 3759: 3757:, p. 448. 3747: 3745:, p. 278. 3735: 3723: 3708: 3696: 3684: 3672: 3670:, p. 202. 3660: 3648: 3646:, p. 276. 3636: 3621: 3609: 3597: 3595:, p. 102. 3582: 3580:, p. 127. 3570: 3568:, p. 143. 3558: 3546: 3534: 3522: 3510: 3498: 3486: 3474: 3462: 3450: 3438: 3426: 3411: 3396: 3384: 3372: 3360: 3348: 3336: 3324: 3322:, p. 101. 3312: 3310:, p. 408. 3300: 3288: 3276: 3274:, p. 405. 3264: 3252: 3240: 3228: 3216: 3214:, p. 255. 3204: 3189: 3177: 3165: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3123: 3117:, the British 3069: 3061:10–21 October. 3022: 3013: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2936:Spanbroekmolen 2920:Main article: 2909: 2906: 2874:54,000 British 2870:134,315 German 2866:55,395 British 2862:21,562 Belgian 2850:134,315 German 2842:58,155, French 2829: 2826: 2809:970 volunteers 2760: 2759: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2723: 2720: 2716: 2715: 2712: 2708: 2707: 2704: 2694:BEF casualties 2690: 2683: 2651: 2624: 2621: 2583: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2546: 2539: 2536: 2530:by September, 2500:2,000 reserves 2441:and men each, 2439:1,000 officers 2412:William Wollen 2405: 2398: 2395: 2356: 2328:Max von Fabeck 2317: 2314: 2240: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2207:Main article: 2204: 2201: 2150:Main article: 2147: 2144: 2120:high explosive 2063:, the British 2056: 2053: 1973:(Wijtschate), 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1857: 1847:Main article: 1844: 1841: 1797:Gennes-Ivergny 1789:13/14 October. 1760: 1757: 1674:Siege of Namur 1629:Main article: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1595:Battle of Mons 1568:Main article: 1565: 1562: 1558:Battle of Łódź 1529:Main article: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1450:, head of the 1284: 1283: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1276:Nonne Bosschen 1273: 1268: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1241:La Bassée 1238: 1233: 1231:Bois-le-Prêtre 1228: 1223: 1218: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1199: 1197: 1196: 1189: 1182: 1174: 1165: 1164: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1134:Nonne Bosschen 1131: 1126: 1116: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1057: 1055: 1054: 1047: 1040: 1032: 1023: 1022: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1009: 997: 996: 994:Lys and Escaut 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 935: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 896: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 874: 873: 868: 863: 858: 848: 841: 830: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 763: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 741: 740: 730: 725: 723:Neuve Chapelle 720: 715: 704: 703: 698: 696:Winter actions 693: 692: 691: 686: 676: 671: 666: 661: 659:Grand Couronné 656: 651: 650: 649: 644: 639: 629: 628: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 597: 596: 595: 590: 585: 575: 565: 562: 561: 554: 552: 551: 544: 537: 529: 521: 520: 499: 494: 493: 487: 486: 479: 478: 472: 471: 470: 469: 466: 465: 461: 460: 458: 457: 455: 453: 451: 440: 438: 436: 435: 425: 415: 404: 401: 400: 396: 395: 385: 383: 382: 377: 367: 365: 247,000 352: 341: 338: 337: 333: 332: 330: 329: 317: 315:Max von Fabeck 305: 293: 281: 268: 266: 264: 263: 251: 239: 237:Ferdinand Foch 227: 214: 211: 210: 206: 205: 190: 188: 187: 184:United Kingdom 172: 160: 144: 141: 140: 136: 135: 132: 131: 128: 124: 123: 87: 85: 81: 80: 77: 69: 68: 58: 57: 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7377: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7355:Ypres Salient 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7273: 7263: 7262: 7258: 7256: 7255: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7243: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7232: 7222: 7219: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7153: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7092: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7058: 7054: 7048: 7047:United States 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7004: 7002: 6998: 6995: 6992: 6987: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6918: 6915: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6891: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6867: 6863: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6815: 6811: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6783: 6782: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6733: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6707: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6664: 6659: 6649: 6648:United States 6646: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6612: 6606: 6603: 6599: 6598:Convoy system 6596: 6595: 6594: 6593:Naval warfare 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6552: 6549: 6545: 6534: 6531: 6528: 6525: 6522: 6519: 6516: 6513: 6508: 6505: 6502: 6499: 6496: 6493: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6485: 6482: 6479: 6476: 6473: 6470: 6467: 6464: 6461: 6458: 6455: 6452: 6449: 6446: 6443: 6440: 6437: 6434: 6431: 6428: 6425: 6422: 6419: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6407: 6404: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6392: 6389: 6386: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6373: 6366: 6363: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6353:Kaocen revolt 6351: 6348: 6347:Easter Rising 6345: 6342: 6339: 6336: 6333: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6316: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6304: 6301: 6298: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6286: 6283: 6280: 6277: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6249: 6246: 6242: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6130: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6032: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5959: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5912:Great Retreat 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5887: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5860: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5783:Battle of Cer 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5764: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5726: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5701: 5700:Agadir Crisis 5698: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5677: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5589: 5588:United States 5586: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5506: 5505:French Empire 5503: 5502: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5469: 5466: 5458: 5448: 5447:Mediterranean 5445: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5427:Naval warfare 5424: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5303:Italian Front 5301: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5291:Eastern Front 5289: 5287: 5286:Western Front 5284: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5244:Puppet states 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5172: 5167: 5165: 5160: 5158: 5153: 5152: 5149: 5143: 5141: 5140:Der Weltkrieg 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5095: 5084: 5079: 5065: 5060: 5059: 5055: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5013: 5012: 5008: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4986: 4980: 4976: 4970: 4966: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4942:Sheffield, G. 4939: 4927: 4923: 4922: 4916: 4912: 4906: 4902: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4883: 4878: 4874: 4868: 4864: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4845: 4840: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4820: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4784: 4778: 4774: 4773: 4767: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4690: 4686: 4681: 4677: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4645: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4600: 4596: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4564: 4559: 4555: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4504: 4497: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4434: 4429: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4405: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4369: 4365: 4360:(online scan) 4357: 4353: 4352: 4346: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4326: 4320: 4316: 4310: 4306: 4301: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4277: 4271: 4267: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4248: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4219: 4214: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4183: 4179: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4058: 4052: 4048: 4047: 4041: 4037: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4012: 4008: 4003: 4002: 3997: 3990: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3892: 3889:, p. 65. 3888: 3883: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3844: 3841:, p. xi. 3840: 3835: 3832: 3829:, p. 94. 3828: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3808: 3804: 3803:Philpott 2014 3799: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3748: 3744: 3743:Strachan 2001 3739: 3736: 3732: 3731:Strachan 2001 3727: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3649: 3645: 3644:Strachan 2001 3640: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3617:Strachan 2001 3613: 3610: 3607:, p. 79. 3606: 3601: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3559: 3556:, p. 71. 3555: 3554:Farndale 1986 3550: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3535: 3531: 3530:Farndale 1986 3526: 3523: 3519: 3518:Farndale 1986 3514: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3394:, p. 98. 3393: 3388: 3385: 3382:, p. 59. 3381: 3376: 3373: 3369: 3368:Strachan 2001 3364: 3361: 3358:, p. 14. 3357: 3352: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3205: 3201: 3200:Strachan 2001 3196: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3154: 3148: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3115:James Edmonds 3112: 3105: 3086: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3066: 3053: 3052:Der Weltkrieg 3040: 3036: 3035:James Edmonds 3032: 3026: 3023: 3017: 3014: 3010: 3003: 2988: 2981: 2974: 2970: 2964: 2961: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2945:42 prisoners. 2941: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2914: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2896:17,250 losses 2886: 2835: 2834:James Edmonds 2827: 2825: 2822: 2816: 2798: 2797: 2779: 2778: 2768: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2734: 2733: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2688: 2684: 2682: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2660: 2650: 2646: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2610: 2599: 2592: 2581: 2574: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2556: 2544: 2537: 2535: 2513: 2493: 2489: 2488:26th Division 2485: 2479: 2476: 2451:18 battalions 2427: 2422: 2413: 2409: 2403: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2383:30th Division 2380: 2374: 2369: 2368:18th Division 2354: 2350: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2289: 2285: 2254: 2250: 2238: 2231: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2210: 2202: 2200: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2164: 2159: 2153: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2135: 2128: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2093: 2077:10,000 shells 2074: 2066: 2062: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2006: 2001: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1979:Passchendaele 1976: 1972: 1968: 1967:Mont des Cats 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1889: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1873: 1871: 1866: 1855: 1850: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1781: 1774: 1773:Channel Ports 1770: 1766: 1765:Joseph Joffre 1758: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1714: 1710: 1709:Royal Marines 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1687: 1680:and captured 1675: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1638:30,000 French 1632: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1581: 1577: 1571: 1570:Great Retreat 1564:Great Retreat 1563: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1532: 1531:Eastern Front 1525:Eastern Front 1524: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1455: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1433:Field Marshal 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1414:Cavalry Corps 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1398:James Edmonds 1396: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1355:in France to 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1333:West Flanders 1330: 1326: 1325:Western Front 1322: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1205: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1003: 1002: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 969:Meuse-Argonne 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 912: 908: 907: 906: 903: 902: 901: 900: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 883:Passchendaele 881: 879: 876: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 853: 852: 849: 847: 846: 842: 840: 837: 836: 835: 834: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 769: 768: 767: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 745:2nd Champagne 743: 739: 736: 735: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 713:1st Champagne 711: 710: 709: 708: 702: 699: 697: 694: 690: 687: 685: 682: 681: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 634: 633: 632:Great Retreat 630: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 602: 601: 598: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 580: 579: 576: 574: 571: 570: 568: 563: 558: 557:Western Front 550: 545: 543: 538: 536: 531: 530: 527: 514: 513:West Flanders 510: 507: 503: 497: 476: 467: 462: 456: 454: 452: 447: 442: 441: 439: 431: 426: 421: 416: 414:50,000–85,000 411: 406: 405: 403: 402: 397: 391: 386: 381: 378: 373: 368: 358: 353: 348: 343: 342: 340: 339: 334: 328: 323: 318: 316: 311: 306: 304: 299: 294: 292: 287: 282: 280: 275: 270: 269: 267: 262: 257: 252: 250: 245: 240: 238: 233: 228: 226: 225:Joseph Joffre 221: 216: 215: 213: 212: 207: 203: 191: 185: 173: 171: 166: 161: 158: 146: 145: 143: 142: 137: 129: 126: 125: 120: 90: 86: 83: 82: 78: 75: 74: 70: 64: 59: 56: 52: 51:Western Front 47: 42: 37: 33: 19: 7259: 7252: 7240: 6847: / 6779: 6614:Conscription 6578:Cryptography 6515:Iraqi Revolt 5942:Siege of Kut 5885: 5832: 5463:participants 5412:German Samoa 5346:South Arabia 5139: 5067:. Retrieved 5046:11 September 5044:. Retrieved 5024: 5020: 4997:. Retrieved 4984: 4964: 4945: 4930:. Retrieved 4926:the original 4920: 4900: 4881: 4862: 4843: 4831:. Retrieved 4818: 4798: 4786:. Retrieved 4771: 4758:. Retrieved 4745: 4725: 4703: 4684: 4665: 4643: 4624: 4620: 4603: 4584: 4562: 4543: 4531:. Retrieved 4518: 4485: 4481: 4462: 4450:. Retrieved 4446:the original 4432: 4420:. Retrieved 4403: 4383: 4371:. Retrieved 4355: 4350: 4337:. Retrieved 4324: 4304: 4292:. Retrieved 4280: 4275: 4255: 4236: 4217: 4205:. Retrieved 4198:the original 4181: 4176: 4153: 4134: 4117: 4097: 4075: 4060:. Retrieved 4045: 4025: 4006: 3961:, p. 4. 3954: 3949:, p. 6. 3942: 3935:Sheldon 2010 3930: 3923:Sheldon 2010 3918: 3911:Beckett 2006 3906: 3899:Edmonds 1925 3894: 3882: 3875:Sheldon 2010 3870: 3858: 3851:Sheldon 2010 3846: 3839:Sheldon 2010 3834: 3827:Schwink 1919 3822: 3810: 3798: 3786: 3779:Beckett 2006 3774: 3767:Edmonds 1925 3762: 3755:Edmonds 1925 3750: 3738: 3726: 3719:Beckett 2006 3704:Edmonds 1925 3699: 3692:Edmonds 1925 3687: 3680:Sheldon 2010 3675: 3668:Edmonds 1925 3663: 3656:Edmonds 1925 3651: 3639: 3632:Edmonds 1925 3612: 3605:Sheldon 2010 3600: 3578:Edmonds 1925 3573: 3561: 3549: 3542:Sheldon 2010 3537: 3525: 3513: 3506:Edmonds 1925 3501: 3494:Edmonds 1925 3489: 3482:Edmonds 1925 3477: 3465: 3458:Doughty 2005 3453: 3446:Edmonds 1925 3441: 3434:Doughty 2005 3429: 3424:, p. x. 3422:Sheldon 2010 3392:Doughty 2005 3387: 3380:Clayton 2003 3375: 3363: 3351: 3344:Edmonds 1926 3339: 3332:Edmonds 1925 3327: 3315: 3308:Edmonds 1926 3303: 3296:Edmonds 1926 3291: 3284:Corbett 2009 3279: 3272:Edmonds 1925 3267: 3260:Corbett 2009 3255: 3248:Raleigh 1969 3243: 3236:Raleigh 1969 3231: 3224:Edmonds 1925 3219: 3207: 3180: 3168: 3156: 3138:Heeresgruppe 3126: 3072: 3037:the British 3030: 3025: 3016: 2963: 2949: 2940:5th Division 2932:3rd Division 2929: 2925: 2876:casualties, 2864:casualties, 2860:casualties, 2831: 2814: 2794: 2776: 2763: 2756: 2751: 2667: 2662: 2658: 2648: 2633:false notion 2632: 2626: 2604:34 divisions 2600: 2588: 2555:8th Division 2551: 2512:4th Division 2484:3rd Division 2480: 2418: 2361: 2319: 2306:Polygon Wood 2302:2nd Division 2298:1st Division 2294: 2253:Douglas Haig 2245: 2212: 2185: 2155: 2132: 2129: 2111:4th Division 2094: 2059:In October, 2058: 1996: 1940: 1890: 1868: 1862: 1782: 1777:1/2 October, 1762: 1753:Dover Patrol 1741:7th Division 1737:4/5 October. 1690: 1665:Valenciennes 1636:garrison of 1634: 1573: 1543: 1534: 1488:machine guns 1477: 1473:70 per cent, 1430: 1376: 1292: 1290: 1260: 1142: 1141: 1118: 1071: 1000: 999: 959:Saint-Mihiel 927:Belleau Wood 910: 898: 897: 888:La Malmaison 844: 832: 831: 797:Kink Salient 765: 764: 760:Gas: Wieltje 706: 705: 688: 566: 502:municipality 379: 139:Belligerents 49:Part of the 36: 6877:Netherlands 6854:Switzerland 6735:Occupations 6726:Spanish flu 6503:(1919–1922) 6497:(1918–1921) 6491:(1918–1923) 6480:(1919–1921) 6474:(1919–1921) 6468:(1919–1920) 6444:(1918–1920) 6438:(1918–1920) 6432:(1918–1920) 6414:(1918–1920) 6396:(1918–1920) 6390:(1917–1921) 6384:(1917–1921) 6331:(1916-1918) 6329:Arab Revolt 6320:(1915–1917) 6314:(1915–1917) 6302:(1914-1917) 6296:(1914–1917) 6290:(1914–1921) 6284:(1913–1920) 6272:(1910–1920) 6266:(1900–1920) 6239: [ 5757:July Crisis 5678:(1880–1914) 5341:Mesopotamia 5219:Home fronts 5178:World War I 4581:Bidwell, S. 3212:Herwig 2009 3132:Armeegruppe 2868:losses and 2805:299 members 2791:30 per cent 2787:30 per cent 2772:75 per cent 2591:Eighth Army 2532:265,000 men 2528:385,000 men 2508:17,500 men. 2453:were under 2445:fewer than 2435:84 infantry 2364:600 British 2333:Armeegruppe 2192:100 mm guns 2175:(Roulers), 2139:75 mm field 2134:Pickelhaube 2069:24-division 2020:Armentières 1874:), General 1785:3/4 October 1769:John French 1707:and Ypres. 1552:proclaimed 1464:Mont Kemmel 1441:Eighth Army 1437:John French 1404:, that the 1383:Armentières 1246:Armentières 1216:1st Picardy 979:2nd Cambrai 817:Boar's Head 807:Mont Sorrel 261:John French 114: / 7294:Categories 7094:Agreements 6894:War crimes 6770:Luxembourg 6663:Casualties 5534:Montenegro 5369:South West 5249:Technology 5239:Propaganda 5229:Opposition 4722:Holmes, R. 4646:. Osprey. 4546:. Helion. 3998:References 3947:James 1990 3887:Unruh 1986 3815:Foley 2007 3791:Foley 2007 3593:Foley 2007 3470:James 1990 3407:Foley 2007 3320:Foley 2007 3185:James 1990 2889:62,000 men 2846:86,237 men 2828:Casualties 2767:Kindermord 2687:Kindermord 2629:mad minute 2623:Mad minute 2524:(54,105 at 2517:80,000 men 2492:Zwarteleen 2431:17,250 men 2387:Zandvoorde 2249:Langemarck 2168:80,000 men 2085:60-pounder 2081:100 shells 2073:War Office 1989:and upper 1971:Wytschaete 1833:Hazebrouck 1829:Saint-Omer 1747:landed at 1711:landed at 1587:Fifth Army 1515:Background 1458:(OHL, the 1357:Nieuwpoort 1313:19 October 1266:Langemarck 1124:Langemarck 1107:Buggenhout 792:Wulverghem 755:3rd Artois 733:2nd Artois 701:1st Artois 130:Indecisive 99:50°51′51″N 6991:Diplomacy 6698:Olympians 6621:Australia 6588:Logistics 6521:Vlora War 6450:(1918–19) 6426:(1918–19) 6420:(1918–19) 6408:(1918–19) 6355:(1916–17) 6337:(1916–17) 6288:Zaian War 6278:(1914–15) 5998:first day 5886:Lusitania 5714:(1912–13) 5708:(1911–12) 5696:(1908–09) 5690:(1905–06) 5672:(1870–71) 5461:Principal 5321:Gallipoli 5224:Memorials 5209:Geography 5199:Aftermath 5041:0035-9289 4994:800898772 4828:752897173 4755:865491406 4664:(1998) . 4612:792870994 4442:610661991 4334:785856329 4289:838299944 4106:220044986 3566:Foch 1931 3149:Footnotes 2719:September 2570:Aftermath 2504:25 German 2496:7,800 men 2449:of which 2429:had lost 2421:Becelaere 2346:250 heavy 2342:Poperinge 2326:(General 2173:Roeselare 2089:101 heavy 2016:Tourcoing 2000:La Bassée 1975:Gheluvelt 1957:, Lille, 1903:Diksmuide 1805:Le Boisle 1801:Gueschart 1793:Abbeville 1749:Zeebrugge 1682:450 guns. 1503:attrition 1484:artillery 1410:III Corps 1379:La Bassée 1271:Gheluvelt 1261:1st Ypres 1129:Gheluvelt 1119:1st Ypres 974:5th Ypres 954:2nd Somme 932:2nd Marne 922:3rd Aisne 871:The Hills 866:2nd Aisne 827:Fromelles 822:1st Somme 772:The Bluff 738:Hébuterne 728:2nd Ypres 689:1st Ypres 669:1st Aisne 664:1st Marne 637:Le Cateau 615:Charleroi 600:Frontiers 394:5,400,000 351:3,989,103 102:2°53′44″E 91:, Belgium 7279:Category 6866:Refugees 6832:Italians 6821:Germans 6781:Ober Ost 6561:Aviation 5655:Timeline 5626:Bulgaria 5407:Tsingtao 5384:Togoland 5331:Caucasus 5266:European 5258:Theatres 5110:Archived 5056:Websites 5009:Journals 4724:(2001). 4417:17673086 4194:86058356 4174:(1931). 4172:Foch, F. 4126:58962523 4116:(1926). 4096:(1925). 4074:(2005). 3109:and the 3007:and the 2815:Landwehr 2796:Landwehr 2743:December 2735:November 2652:— 2575:Analysis 2564:Albrecht 2502:against 2447:300 men, 2381:and the 2300:and the 2177:Thourout 2125:4th Army 2103:barrages 1963:Courtrai 1886:misnomer 1837:Bailleul 1743:and the 1661:Brussels 1625:Flanders 1468:Flanders 1426:Messines 1418:6th Army 1412:and the 1406:II Corps 1372:4th Army 1251:Messines 984:Courtrai 939:Soissons 878:Messines 845:Alberich 654:Maubeuge 610:Ardennes 605:Lorraine 573:Moresnet 509:province 336:Strength 249:Albert I 84:Location 7017:Germany 6917:Germany 6845:Germany 6765:Belgium 6750:Albania 6709:Disease 6689:Sports 6641:Ireland 6554:Warfare 6547:Aspects 5735:Origins 5728:Prelude 5631:Senussi 5611:Germany 5606:Leaders 5544:Romania 5485:Belgium 5480:Leaders 5379:Kamerun 5361:African 5296:Romania 5274:Balkans 5189:Outline 5069:5 March 4999:5 March 4932:5 March 4833:5 March 4788:5 March 4760:5 March 4533:5 March 4528:8651831 4452:5 March 4422:5 March 4373:29 June 4368:3288637 4339:5 March 4294:5 March 4207:5 March 4062:5 March 2848:and of 2801:166 men 2746:11,079 2738:24,785 2730:30,192 2727:October 2722:15,189 2714:14,409 2654:Sheldon 2521:89,964; 2467:⁄ 2455:100 men 2310:Torhout 2278:⁄ 2264:⁄ 2107:Méteren 2055:Tactics 2028:Halluin 2024:Comines 1991:Scheldt 1959:Roubaix 1937:Terrain 1932:Prelude 1809:Béthune 1729:Antwerp 1713:Dunkirk 1669:Cambrai 1649:Cologne 1589:at the 1445:General 1345:Belgian 1327:around 1097:Antwerp 1072:Battles 949:Ailette 917:The Lys 911:Michael 893:Cambrai 787:Hulluch 782:St Eloi 674:Antwerp 506:Flemish 376:163,897 202:Germany 170:Belgium 53:of the 7037:Russia 7012:France 6840:Canada 6755:Serbia 6626:Canada 6583:Horses 6535:(1921) 6529:(1920) 6523:(1920) 6517:(1920) 6509:(1920) 6462:(1919) 6456:(1919) 6402:(1918) 6367:(1918) 6361:(1917) 6349:(1916) 6343:(1916) 6308:(1915) 5720:(1913) 5702:(1911) 5684:(1905) 5641:Darfur 5566:Serbia 5549:Russia 5512:Greece 5500:France 5490:Brazil 5336:Persia 5279:Serbia 5039: 4992: 4971: 4952: 4907: 4888: 4869: 4850: 4826: 4805: 4779: 4753: 4732: 4710: 4691: 4672: 4650: 4631: 4610: 4591: 4569: 4550: 4526: 4492: 4469: 4440: 4415: 4390: 4366: 4358:] 4332: 4311: 4287: 4262: 4243: 4224: 4192: 4184:] 4160: 4141: 4124: 4104: 4082: 4053: 4032: 4013: 2854:46,765 2813:1,499 2757:95,654 2711:August 2703:Month 2664:range. 2443:75 had 2338:Werviq 2227:Battle 2220:sluice 2181:Gistel 2109:, the 2098:rafale 2011:corons 2005:fosses 1947:Calais 1898:sortie 1817:Hesdin 1811:. The 1725:Cassel 1701:Bruges 1697:Ostend 1550:Sultan 1499:Russia 1387:Allied 1341:French 1337:German 1305:German 1297:French 1226:Albert 1221:Flirey 1087:Dinant 1077:Haelen 989:Sambre 944:Amiens 812:Verdun 642:Étreux 588:Dinant 450:80,000 434:21,562 424:58,155 199: 181: 157:France 154: 127:Result 7350:Ypres 7234:Other 7027:Japan 7022:Italy 6849:camps 6693:Rugby 6243:] 5522:Japan 5517:Italy 5495:China 5389:North 4623:[ 4511:Books 4484:[ 4354:[ 4279:[ 4201:(PDF) 4186:(PDF) 4180:[ 2955:Notes 2752:Total 2146:Plans 2032:Menin 1951:Douai 1943:Arras 1872:, OHL 1721:Lille 1705:Ghent 1686:Jäger 1657:Liège 1653:Trier 1610:Aisne 1576:Marne 1554:Jihad 1353:Arras 1331:, in 1329:Ypres 1236:Arras 1092:Namur 1082:Liège 856:Arras 839:Ancre 593:Namur 583:Liège 488:Ypres 89:Ypres 6814:POWs 6133:1918 6035:1917 5961:1916 5862:1915 5766:1914 5571:Siam 5374:East 5071:2015 5048:2019 5037:ISSN 5001:2015 4990:OCLC 4969:ISBN 4950:ISBN 4934:2015 4905:ISBN 4886:ISBN 4867:ISBN 4848:ISBN 4835:2015 4824:OCLC 4803:ISBN 4790:2015 4777:ISBN 4762:2015 4751:OCLC 4730:ISBN 4708:ISBN 4689:ISBN 4670:ISBN 4648:ISBN 4629:ISBN 4608:OCLC 4589:ISBN 4567:ISBN 4548:ISBN 4535:2015 4524:OCLC 4490:ISBN 4467:ISBN 4454:2015 4438:OCLC 4424:2015 4413:OCLC 4409:HMSO 4388:ISBN 4375:2015 4364:OCLC 4341:2015 4330:OCLC 4309:ISBN 4296:2015 4285:OCLC 4260:ISBN 4241:ISBN 4222:ISBN 4209:2015 4190:OCLC 4158:ISBN 4139:ISBN 4122:OCLC 4102:OCLC 4080:ISBN 4064:2015 4051:ISBN 4030:ISBN 4011:ISBN 3102:the 3083:the 3045:and 3000:the 2706:No. 2673:and 2498:and 2486:and 2179:and 2158:Foch 2041:pavé 2030:and 1987:Yser 1977:and 1961:and 1955:Lens 1945:and 1896:and 1667:and 1486:and 1435:Sir 1381:and 1291:The 1256:Yser 1114:Yser 1102:Nete 899:1918 861:Vimy 833:1917 766:1916 750:Loos 707:1915 684:Yser 620:Mons 567:1914 76:Date 5029:doi 1983:Lys 1759:BEF 1655:to 1422:Lys 511:of 7296:: 6241:It 5035:. 5025:66 5023:. 5019:. 4411:. 3981:^ 3966:^ 3711:^ 3624:^ 3585:^ 3414:^ 3399:^ 3192:^ 2878:c. 2460:12 2026:, 2022:, 1985:, 1803:, 1799:, 1703:, 1688:. 1663:, 1659:, 1642:c. 1343:, 1339:, 1315:– 1311:, 1307:: 1303:, 1299:: 362:c. 6665:/ 5170:e 5163:t 5156:v 5073:. 5050:. 5031:: 4977:. 4958:. 4936:. 4913:. 4894:. 4875:. 4856:. 4811:. 4738:. 4716:. 4697:. 4678:. 4656:. 4637:. 4614:. 4597:. 4575:. 4556:. 4537:. 4498:. 4475:. 4456:. 4426:. 4396:. 4377:. 4343:. 4317:. 4268:. 4249:. 4230:. 4211:. 4166:. 4147:. 4128:. 4108:. 4088:. 4066:. 4038:. 4019:. 3141:. 3067:. 2613:( 2469:2 2465:1 2462:+ 2414:) 2280:3 2276:1 2273:+ 2271:7 2266:2 2262:1 2259:+ 2257:5 1867:( 1505:( 1295:( 1193:e 1186:t 1179:v 1051:e 1044:t 1037:v 548:e 541:t 534:v 34:. 20:)

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