911:, facing towards Kineton. Essex, experienced soldier as he was, had distrusted his own raw army too much to force a decision earlier in the month, when the King was weak; he now found Charles in a strong position with an equal force to his own 14,000, and some of his regiments were still some miles distant. But he advanced beyond Kineton, and the enemy promptly left their strong position and came down to the foot of the hill; situated as they were, they had either to fight wherever they could induce the enemy to engage, or to starve in the midst of hostile
930:, the principal military adviser of the King) with a smaller body of cavalry, was on the left. In rear of the centre were the King and a small reserve. Essex's order was similar. Rupert charged as soon as his wing was deployed, and before the infantry of either side were ready. Taking ground to his right front and then wheeling inwards at full speed, he instantly rode down the Parliamentary horse, opposed to him. Some infantry regiments of Essex's left centre shared the same fate as their cavalry.
715:
had attended the occasion went home, and his standard blew down that evening it was not clear whether he could rally sufficient forces to his cause to constitute an army. Peace negotiations went on in the midst of these minor events, until there came from the
Parliament an ultimatum, so aggressive as to fix the war-like purpose of the still vacillating court at Nottingham, and in the country at large, to convert many thousands of waverers to active Royalism.
1451:
841:, took place on 23 September between the advanced cavalry of Essex's army, and a force under Prince Rupert, which was engaged in protecting the retirement of the Oxford detachment. The result of the fight was the immediate overthrow of the Parliamentary cavalry, and this gave the Royalist troopers a confidence in themselves and in their brilliant leader, which was not shaken until they met
953:
One regiment of Essex's right wing had been the target of Wilmot's charge. The other two had been at the moment, invisible, and every
Royalist troop on the ground, including the King's guards, joined in the mad ride to Kineton. This regiment, Essex's life-guard, and some troops that had rallied from
714:
When the King raised his standard at
Nottingham on 22 August 1642, war was already in progress on a small scale in many districts; each side endeavouring to secure, or to deny to the enemy, fortified country-houses, territory, and above all arms and money. On the other hand as the trained bodies who
852:
Rupert soon withdrew to
Shrewsbury, where he found many Royalist officers eager to attack Essex's new position at Worcester. But the road to London now lay open and it was decided to take it. The intention was not to avoid a battle, for the Royalist generals wanted to fight Essex before he grew too
1144:
In the west, Hopton and his friends, having obtained a true bill from the grand jury against the
Parliamentary disturbers of the peace, placed themselves at the head of the county militia. They drove the rebels from Cornwall, after which they raised a small force for general service and invaded
949:
The right and centre of the
Parliamentary foot (the left having been brought to a halt by Rupert's charge) advanced with great resolution. Being at least as ardent as, and much better armed than Lindsey's men, they engaged the latter fiercely and slowly gained ground. Only the best regiments on
1270:
About this time too, following and improving upon the example of
Newcastle in the north, Parliament ordered the formation of the celebrated "associations" or groups of counties, banded together by mutual consent for defence. The most powerful and best organised of these was that of the eastern
957:
The King's line was steadily rolled up from left to right. The
Parliamentary troopers captured his guns, and regiment after regiment broke up. Charles himself stood calmly in the thick of the fight, but he had not the skill to direct it. The Royal Standard was taken and retaken; Sir
1235:
The position of affairs for
Parliament was perhaps at its worst in January. The Royalist successes of November and December, the ever-present dread of foreign intervention, and the burden of new taxation which Parliament now found itself compelled to impose, through the
1118:. The townsmen, however, showed a determined front. Sir Thomas Fairfax with a picked body of cavalry rode through Newcastle's lines into the West Riding to help them, and about the end of January 1643, Newcastle gave up the attempt to reduce the towns.
857:
words: "it was considered more counsellable to march towards London, it being morally sure that Essex would put himself in their way". Accordingly, the army left
Shrewsbury on 12 October, gaining two days' start on the enemy, and moved south-east via
723:
Ere long, Charles who hitherto had fewer than 1,500 men, was at the head of an army which, though very deficient in arms and equipment, was not greatly inferior in numbers or enthusiasm to that of Parliament. The latter (20,000 strong, exclusive of
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On the other wing, Forth and Wilmot likewise swept away all that they could see of the enemy's cavalry. The undisciplined Royalists of both wings pursued the fugitives in wild disorder up to Kineton, where they were severely handled by
1262:
Finally, some of Charles's own intrigues opportunely came to light. The waverers, seeing the impossibility of plain dealing with the court, rallied again to the party of resistance. The series of negotiations called by the name of the
1149:
was withdrawn from South Wales to engage Hopton, who had to retire into Cornwall. There, however, the Royalist general was free to employ the militia again, and thus reinforced, he won a victory over a part of Stamford's forces at the
873:
and seeking foreign aid. The militia of the home counties was called out. A second army under Warwick was formed round the nucleus of the London trained bands, and Essex, straining every nerve to regain touch with the enemy, reached
1240:, disheartened its supporters. Disorders broke out in London, and, while the more determined of the rebels began thus early to think of calling in the military assistance of the Scots, the majority were for peace on any conditions.
1275:), where the danger of attack from the north was near enough to induce great energy in the preparations for meeting it, and at the same time, too distant effectively to interfere with these preparations. Above all, the
793:
The Yorkshire gentry made an attempt to neutralise the county, but a local struggle soon began, and Newcastle thereupon prepared to invade Yorkshire. The whole of the south and east, as well as parts of the
904:. Both sides had marched, widely dispersed to live, and the rapidity with which, having the clearer purpose, the Royalists drew together, helped considerably to neutralise Essex's superior numbers.
869:
Parliament, alarmed for its own safety, sent repeated orders to Essex to find the King and bring him to battle. Alarm gave place to determination, when it was discovered that Charles was enlisting
61:
954:
the effect of Rupert's charge (amongst them, Captain Oliver Cromwell's), were the only cavalry still present. They now joined with decisive effect in the attack on the left of the royal infantry.
966:. By the time that Rupert returned, both sides were incapable of further effort and disillusioned as to the prospect of ending the war at a blow, so far from settling the issue the
1161:
About the same time, Hertford, no longer opposed by Stamford, brought over the South Wales Royalists to Oxford. The fortified area around that place was widened by the capture of
1008:; experienced professional soldiers, however, urged him not to trust the London men to hold their ground, while the rest manoeuvred. Hampden's advice was undoubtedly premature. A
54:
1247:
in the west and Brereton and Gell in the Midlands, though hard pressed, were at any rate in arms and undefeated, Newcastle had failed to conquer West Riding, and Sir
1286:(the name given for new ring of fortifications around the City of London and the outer boroughs) that were commissioned by Parliament in 1642 and completed in 1643.
1087:
1189:, Staffordshire, and Leicestershire soon extended their influence through Ashby-de-la-Zouch into Nottinghamshire and joined hands with their friends at Newark.
1204:, the leading supporter of Parliament in Derbyshire, were required to hold their own, even before Newcastle's army was added to the list of their enemies. The
1137:, were strong enough to neutralise the local forces of Parliament), and to prepare the way for the further advance of the army of the north, when the Queen's
47:
1082:, the Parliamentary commander in the North Riding. He then joined hands with the hard-pressed Royalists at York, establishing himself between that city and
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1091:
786:, the military governor, and the garrison supported Parliament. During the summer Charles had tried to seize ammunitions stored in the city but had been
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started in 1642. By the end of the year neither side had succeeded in gaining an advantage, although the King's advance on London was the closest
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either side, however, maintained their order, and the decision of the infantry battle was achieved mainly by a few Parliamentary squadrons.
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Rupert promptly reported the enemy's presence, and his confidence dominated the irresolution of the King, and the caution of the
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it was a victory without having to come to battle, and the tide of invasion having reached this far, ebbed and never returned.
463:
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Hampden, with something of the fire and energy of his cousin, Cromwell, urged Essex to turn both flanks of the Royal army via
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The field fortifications that were hastily thrown up during the summer of 1642 to defend London, were supplemented with the
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en route, and recaptured Lichfield Cathedral. He was, however, soon recalled to Oxford to take part in the main campaign.
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1074:, and cold winter at Windsor", said one of Essex's critics. At the beginning of December 1642, Newcastle crossed the
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on 2 March, and, though the cathedral soon capitulated, Gell and Brereton were severely handled in the indecisive
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On 13 September, the main campaign opened. The King, to find recruits amongst his sympathisers and arms in the
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constituted a complete defensive ring which was developed by the creation of smaller posts from time to time.
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1016:'s words: "one only manoeuvres around a fixed point", and the city levies at that time were certainly not,
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In the North and West, winter campaigns were actively carried on: "It is summer in Yorkshire, summer in
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942:(which was escorting the artillery and baggage of Essex's army). Rupert brought back only a few rallied
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valley on London. Negotiations were reopened, and a peace party rapidly formed itself in London and
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Rupert was on the right of the King's army with the greater part of the horse; Lord Lindsey and Sir
1276:
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and Staffordshire and was looked on by many as Essex's eventual successor, was killed in besieging
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on 13 November, Essex's two-to-one numerical superiority of itself compelled the King to retire to
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1267:" closed in April, with no more result than those which had preceded Edgehill and Turnham Green.
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and Oxford were reoccupied by the Royalists, and by 28 October, Charles was marching down the
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of "malignants", entered Gloucestershire early in March, destroyed a small Royalist force at
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Newcastle continued his march southward, however, and gained ground for the King as far as
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During the morning of 23 October 1642, the Royalists formed in battle order on the brow of
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1102:, and Newcastle was now free to turn his attention to the Puritan "clothing towns" of the
1032:
1031:. Turnham Green has justly been called the "Valmy of the English Civil War"; for like the
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strong, and the temper of both sides made it impossible to postpone the decision. In the
728:) was organized during July, August, and September about London, and moved from there to
1248:
1130:
1094:, who commanded for the Parliament in Yorkshire, had to retire to the district between
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On 24 October Essex retired, leaving Charles to claim victory and to reap its results.
806:, were on the side of the Parliament. A small Royalist force was compelled to evacuate
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to the battlefield, and in the meantime, affairs there had gone badly for the King.
878:, where he was only seven miles (eleven kilometres) from the King's headquarters at
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1476:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 403–421.
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in the west. In the Midlands, in spite of a Parliamentary victory won by Sir
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Campaigns of the Eastern Association The Rise of Oliver Cromwell, 1642-1645
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Devonshire in November 1642. Subsequently, a Parliamentary army under the
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or Worcester was not within the power of the Parliamentarians of 1642. In
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985:. Yet, field fortifications sprang up around London, and when Rupert
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1456:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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on 24 March, and secured Bristol and Gloucester for Parliament.
771:, that of the Parliamentary party, in the clothing towns of the
764:
1192:
Around Chester, a new Royalist army was being formed under the
962:, the standard-bearer, was killed as was Lindsey in a separate
833:. Essex followed suit by marching his army from Northampton to
43:
759:, arranging for the importation of war material and money. In
1279:
was from the first, guided and inspired by Colonel Cromwell.
735:
At this moment, the military situation was as follows: the
1224:
on 19 March, and Prince Rupert, after an abortive raid on
763:, opinion was divided, the royal cause being strongest in
1023:
As a matter of fact, after a slight cannonade at the
743:, Hopton in Cornwall, and the young Earl of Derby in
970:
was to be the first of a series of pitched battles.
1043:In the winter, while Essex's army lay inactive at
1228:(7 March), marched rapidly northward, storming
1158:on 19 January 1643 and resumed the offensive.
782:, had a royalist civilian population, but Sir
1243:But soon the position improved somewhat; the
1173:were now the only important garrisons of the
1125:, so as to be in touch with the Royalists of
55:
8:
993:moved out at once and took up a position at
62:
48:
40:
837:. Near here, a sharp cavalry engagement,
798:and the west, and the important towns of
1480:
1415:
1403:
1372:
1341:
1294:
1418:, Civil War fortifications of London.
706:forces came to threatening the city.
7:
1462:Atkinson, Charles Francis (1911). "
922:in the centre with the foot, while
1434:Civil War fortifications of London
1431:Flintham, David (18 August 2008),
1238:Committee for the Advance of Money
1208:, who commanded for Parliament in
1133:(who, especially about Newark and
989:and sacked it on 12 November, the
14:
1051:for the whole area, and Reading,
1020:Rupert's cavalry, a fixed point.
732:under the command of Lord Essex.
1449:
1251:, who had cleared Hampshire and
1185:on 28 January, the Royalists of
924:Henry Wilmot, Earl of Rochester
866:. This had the desired effect.
997:, barring the King's advance.
1:
1141:should arrive from overseas.
36:First English Civil War, 1646
32:First English Civil War, 1645
28:First English Civil War, 1644
24:First English Civil War, 1643
1306:. Warwick: Helion & Co.
1406:, 5. The Winter of 1642–43.
1271:counties (headquartered in
1536:
1202:Sir John Gell, 1st Baronet
889:
17:
1302:Spring, Laurence (2022).
1196:, and all the efforts of
778:The important seaport of
81:
1375:, 4. Battle of Edgehill.
1510:First English Civil War
1488:First English Civil War
1473:Encyclopædia Britannica
1088:Lord Fairfax of Cameron
1025:Battle of Turnham Green
700:First English Civil War
73:First English Civil War
20:First English Civil War
1344:, 3. Campaign of 1642.
1284:Lines of Communication
1218:Battle of Hopton Heath
1152:Battle of Bradock Down
1039:The winter of 1642–43
753:Queen Henrietta Maria
464:Gunnislake New Bridge
926:(with whom rode the
829:, moved westward to
737:Marquess of Hertford
1277:Eastern Association
1214:Lichfield Cathedral
855:Earl of Clarendon's
788:forcefully rebuffed
1437:, Fortified Places
1183:Battle of Nantwich
968:Battle of Edgehill
902:Commander-in-Chief
892:Battle of Edgehill
886:Battle of Edgehill
862:, Birmingham, and
538:Scarborough Castle
340:2nd Wardour Castle
240:1st Wardour Castle
1520:Conflicts in 1642
1498:
1497:
1313:978-1-915113-98-6
1198:Sir John Brereton
1135:Ashby-de-la-Zouch
1129:, Derbyshire and
987:stormed Brentford
882:, on 22 October.
810:on 10 September.
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694:
618:Sherburn in Elmet
489:Montgomery Castle
399:Stourbridge Heath
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1299:
1265:Treaty of Oxford
1245:Earl of Stamford
1179:William Brereton
1147:Earl of Stamford
1090:and his son Sir
719:Campaign of 1642
667:Stow-on-the-Wold
623:3rd Basing House
578:2nd Lathom House
528:High Ercall Hall
439:2nd Basing House
384:1st Lathom House
330:1st Basing House
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1165:on 2 February.
1127:Nottinghamshire
1123:Newark-on-Trent
1078:, defeated Sir
1041:
1033:Battle of Valmy
898:Earl of Lindsey
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843:Oliver Cromwell
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260:Chalgrove Field
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1092:Thomas Fairfax
1063:, Banbury and
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890:Main article:
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824:
823:Staffordshire
820:
816:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
791:
789:
785:
781:
776:
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770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
733:
731:
727:
718:
716:
709:
707:
705:
701:
688:
687:2nd Worcester
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
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651:
644:
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639:
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634:
633:Denbigh Green
631:
629:
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624:
621:
619:
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541:
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531:
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510:
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460:
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412:
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407:
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382:
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375:
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361:
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348:
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328:
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323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
285:Roundway Down
283:
281:
278:
276:
275:Burton Bridge
273:
271:
268:
266:
265:Adwalton Moor
263:
261:
258:
256:
255:1st Worcester
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
210:Seacroft Moor
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
190:Braddock Down
188:
187:
186:
185:
184:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
141:Turnham Green
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
116:Powick Bridge
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
88:
87:
86:
80:
75:
65:
60:
58:
53:
51:
46:
45:
42:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
16:
1471:
1433:
1411:
1303:
1297:
1281:
1269:
1261:
1242:
1234:
1210:Warwickshire
1191:
1160:
1143:
1120:
1069:
1042:
1022:
1017:
999:
972:
956:
952:
948:
938:'s infantry
936:John Hampden
932:
920:Jacob Astley
917:
906:
895:
868:
851:
812:
792:
777:
769:North Riding
755:was busy in
734:
722:
713:
697:
677:2nd Aberdeen
649:
647:
613:Rowton Heath
515:
513:
484:1st Aberdeen
459:Marston Moor
444:Tipton Green
366:
364:
325:Olney Bridge
295:Gainsborough
270:2nd Bradford
235:Sourton Down
225:Ripple Field
205:Hopton Heath
182:
180:
171:1st Bradford
166:Muster Green
151:Piercebridge
121:Kings Norton
111:Babylon Hill
84:
83:
15:
1443:Attribution
1206:Lord Brooke
1163:Cirencester
1104:West Riding
1080:John Hotham
1065:Marlborough
1053:Wallingford
983:Westminster
784:John Hotham
773:West Riding
741:South Wales
730:Northampton
726:detachments
657:Bovey Heath
608:2nd Chester
603:Philiphaugh
598:2nd Bristol
553:3rd Taunton
543:2nd Taunton
509:2nd Newbury
499:1st Taunton
494:1st Chester
474:Lostwithiel
394:Boldon Hill
335:Heptonstall
315:1st Newbury
290:1st Bristol
1504:Categories
1425:References
1230:Birmingham
1194:Lord Byron
1187:Shropshire
1175:Roundheads
1167:Gloucester
1084:Pontefract
1076:River Tees
864:Kenilworth
860:Bridgnorth
831:Shrewsbury
819:Derbyshire
804:Gloucester
745:Lancashire
682:Lagganmore
672:3rd Oxford
662:Torrington
628:Annan Moor
558:2nd Oxford
523:Inverlochy
479:Tippermuir
429:1st Oxford
414:Lyme Regis
300:Gloucester
176:Chichester
161:1st Exeter
101:Portsmouth
18:See also:
1273:Cambridge
1253:Wiltshire
1018:vis-à-vis
944:squadrons
913:garrisons
909:Edge Hill
847:Ironsides
835:Worcester
815:armouries
761:Yorkshire
563:Leicester
379:Newcastle
280:Lansdowne
250:Wakefield
220:Lichfield
215:Camp Hill
156:Tadcaster
136:Brentford
131:Aylesbury
1222:Stafford
1156:Liskeard
1116:Bradford
1057:Abingdon
1014:Napoleon
1006:Kingston
880:Edgecote
796:Midlands
767:and the
704:Royalist
588:Hereford
583:Langport
548:Auldearn
533:Weymouth
504:Carlisle
469:Ormskirk
449:Oswestry
404:Cheriton
374:Nantwich
305:2nd Hull
245:Stratton
126:Edgehill
106:Plymouth
91:1st Hull
1470:(ed.).
1460::
1257:Highnam
1226:Bristol
1200:and of
1181:at the
1171:Bristol
1112:Halifax
1049:redoubt
1045:Windsor
1029:Reading
975:Banbury
940:brigade
876:Kineton
871:papists
827:Chester
817:of the
800:Bristol
757:Holland
593:Kilsyth
424:Lincoln
355:Arundel
320:Winceby
230:Reading
1493:1643 →
1466:". In
1454:
1310:
1139:convoy
979:Thames
808:Oxford
643:Newark
573:Alford
568:Naseby
434:Bolton
389:Newark
34:; and
1290:Notes
1220:near
1154:near
1108:Leeds
1100:Selby
1072:Devon
1061:Brill
1010:Sedan
1002:Acton
964:melée
409:Selby
345:Alton
195:Leeds
1484:1642
1308:ISBN
1169:and
1114:and
1098:and
1096:Hull
1004:and
821:and
802:and
780:Hull
765:York
749:Tees
698:The
650:1646
516:1645
419:York
367:1644
183:1643
85:1642
845:'s
739:in
1506::
1380:^
1349:^
1322:^
1110:,
1106:,
1086:.
1059:,
1055:,
915:.
849:.
790:.
775:.
30:;
26:;
22:;
1316:.
1263:"
63:e
56:t
49:v
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