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town without breaking the trust placed in him by
Parliament. Doing so, he explained, would label him "the odious name of villain and faith-breaker". He offered to allow the King entry with a small escort of twelve men but when the King demanded thirty, Hotham demurred, worried that it could rouse Royalist sympathisers in the town. The two sides continued to dispute matters until the early evening, during which time Hotham agreed to provide food for the King, which he had lowered from the town walls. Frustrated, the King declared Hotham a traitor and suggested that he should be thrown from the walls by the townspeople but the declaration had no effect and the Royalists withdrew to Beverley.
1398:, Meldrum attacked the King's forces with 500 men. The Royalist cavalry were not backed up by their infantry, and in the face of the attack retreated towards Beverley. Meldrum's force gave chase, killing two and capturing thirty. At this early stage of the war, siege warfare in Britain was largely ineffective; methods that had been developed and refined in the European wars were applied without the skill and experience required. Charles, having been frustrated in his efforts to capture the town, withdrew from Hull, leaving the Earl of Lindsey in command of his forces. Another sortie by Meldrum on 27 July attacked the Royalist arsenal in
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1374:. In addition to supplementing the garrison, Meldrum had been sent by Parliament to command the garrison, as they doubted Hotham's loyalty. To make the town more defensible, Hotham ordered the sluice gates be opened, and that the banks of the Humber should be breached to allow the high spring tide to flood the land around the town. He also had buildings beyond the town walls destroyed to remove any cover the King's army could use during an attack; this included the
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miles (56 km) north-west of Hull, on 18 March. Around the same time, Sir John Hotham arrived in Hull to assume governorship of the town, and was given orders from
Parliament "not to admit any forces into Hull without orders from both houses of Parliament". The garrison was increased to roughly 1,000 soldiers but despite this, Parliament was wary about the proximity of the King's forces and ordered that the town's magazine should be transported to London.
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allow him access to the magazine. Wary of the reception he might receive, he initially attempted to gain entry under the pseudonym of "Sir John Savage", but was recognised and forced to reveal his true identity. Lacking military might or local influence, Newcastle was unable to gain entry and sent a message to the King saying "the town will not admit me by any means, so I am very flat and out of countenance here". Hotham's son, Captain
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1422:, and by extension Parliament, to be traitors, marking the formal start of the First English Civil War. Securing Hull and its arsenal ensured the Parliamentarian army began the war better equipped than their opponents and is viewed by the historian I. E. Ryder as "one of the pivotal actions" for the first year of the conflict. In September 1642,
1205:, who appointed him governor of Hull in 1628. Hotham opposed both the King and Wentworth during the Bishops' Wars, and was replaced as governor in 1639. The following year he withheld reinforcements from Wentworth, for which he was stripped of more of his positions. Hotham was renowned for being easily offended, and was described by Sir
1231:, arrived outside Hull three days later, backed by around 300 of his father's militia. Captain Hotham was also refused entry to the town, but after threatening to report them to Parliament, he spread rumours that local Catholics and the Spanish were planning to attack the town, and was finally allowed entry under emergency terms.
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During 1642, the
Parliamentarians had the upper hand in the East Riding of Yorkshire, but they suffered territorial losses early the following year, and by June they only held a few towns in the area, including Hull. In August, a Royalist army of 16,000 men commanded by the Earl of Newcastle captured
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had been captured by a
Parliamentarian ship, but pretended to be a Frenchman who did not speak English. He was taken to Hull, where he met with Hotham and admitted his true identity. Digby tried to persuade Hotham to surrender Hull to the King. The two agreed that if the King approached the town with
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Hotham was worried about the prospect of unrest and rebellion within Hull. At the end of April, Parliament announced that should he be killed his son would replace him as governor. To try and prevent desertions, he spread rumours that the King had ordered any soldiers caught outside the city walls to
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announced his arrival and then demanded that he be allowed entry to the town and the magazine, on the basis that it was property of the Crown. Hotham stood on top of the low wall next to the gate and announced that despite his loyalty to the King, he could not allow the King and his army to enter the
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between 2 September and 12 October. Newcastle bombarded Hull from siege forts armed with eighteen cannon. Although the town suffered much damage from the bombardment, it was once again replenished by sea, and in early
October Parliamentarian sallies damaged or captured some of the siege forts. Along
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Parliament responded to the King's charge of treason by stating that Hotham had only been following their orders and that the King had breached
Parliamentary privilege by branding Hotham a traitor. This declaration from Parliament brought Hotham to national attention; as was typical during the civil
1370:, a former governor, that the town was so low-lying that surface water was easily accessible, and Parliament's control of the navy meant that it could be easily replenished by sea. Parliament sent further reinforcements (recorded as between 500 and 1,500) which arrived by sea on 10 July, led by Sir
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The town's position made it naturally very defensible. It had been fortified in the fourteenth century, and these defences had been enhanced since. By the 1630s, Hull was enclosed by walls; on the west bank of the River Hull, on which the town sat, medieval walls fronted by a ditch and interspersed
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as the governor of Hull and commanded him to take and hold the town for the
Royalist cause. Around the same time, Hotham was given the same position and orders by Parliament. Newcastle arrived at Hull on 15 January with letters from the King offering pardons to the townspeople and ordering them to
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were also placed on the two rivers to enable the garrison to flood low-lying land surrounding the town. The historian Andrew Hopper described Hull as being "arguably the strongest fortress town in
England". Unlike most of Yorkshire, which had a mix of MPs favouring Parliament or the King, Hull and
1234:
Despite the manoeuvrings between the King and
Parliament, there remained an illusion that the two sides were still governing the country together. This illusion ended when Charles moved north, fearing that he would be captured if he remained in the south of England. He arrived in York, roughly 35
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On 3 July, Charles marched from York with 3,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry. On arrival, rather than admitting the King as agreed, Hotham held fast against the King's demands to enter. Hull defences had been further improved, and the poorly trained and equipped army the King had brought was
1266:—along with some members of the nobility and fifty men. The group were admitted into the town on 22 April, and hosted by the town's mayor and aldermen. Charles Louis told the mayor that they planned to meet the King on his way to the town the next day. Accordingly, on the next morning, Sir
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and on the southern bank of the Humber, to fire at ships using the river. The siege of Hull is variously described as commencing from either 10 July or 15 July and a sally made by
Meldrum is often attributed as the "first blood" of the First English Civil War. According to
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as the King had returned to York. Meldrum led several sallies from the town and after a particularly effective one on 27 July, which destroyed a Royalist magazine to the west of the town, Lindsey lifted the siege and withdrew the King's forces to York.
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to take control of Hull, which he did on 29 June. Hotham escaped to Beverley, where he was captured and taken to London. Both Hothams were sent to the Tower of London as prisoners, tried and sentenced to death. Despite reprieves and a vote in the
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arrived at the gates and announced that King Charles intended to dine in the town that day. Hotham held a meeting with the town's leaders and they resolved not to allow Charles to enter Hull and secured the town gates and lifted the drawbridges.
1303:
form and for a time those that favoured Parliament were known as 'Hothamites'. In response, a cartoon picture was published suggesting that Hotham felt he was superior to the King: Parliament ordered the picture to be ceremonially burned.
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to command the town's garrison, as they were concerned about Hotham's loyalty. Hotham once again rejected the King's demands to enter the town and a largely ineffective siege was established by the Royalists, commanded by the
1209:
as often letting his emotions overcome his better judgement. He felt slighted by the loss of his commissions, and turned into a political opponent of the King in Parliament, where he became one of the most vocal members.
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to Hull with Captain Hotham. During May, Parliament had also transported the majority of the weapons from Hull on four boats; around three-quarters of what had been housed in the town arrived in London on 30 May.
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signed a non-aggression pact with local Royalists in an attempt to maintain peace in Yorkshire. Hotham disagreed with the move, and after making strong declarations against the pact, he broke it by attacking
1385:, 10 miles (16 km) east of Hull, where they unloaded eight artillery pieces which they then transported across land to establish a battery on the eastern side of the town. Forts were also established in
1439:. Hotham's doubts about defying the King remained; fuelled by his disagreements with Fairfax, Hotham tried to negotiate a defection with the Earl of Newcastle. Captain Hotham was arrested for disloyalty by
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a sufficient force, then Hotham could make a show of resisting, before honourably surrendering the town. Digby travelled to York, still disguised as a Frenchman and informed Charles of the plan.
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1074:(MPs) who were opposing him. Having failed, and realising that Parliament had more support in London than he did, Charles fled the capital, and both sides began preparing for war.
1142:, further improvements were made to the defences: the ditch was cleaned out and an additional ditch dug. Between the two ditches batteries were installed near the gates and
2486:
Authority, Authorship and Aristocratic Identity in Seventeenth-Century England: William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle, and his political, social and cultural connections
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population. Within Hull, MPs were typically chosen for their willingness to stand-up for the town, rather than any underlying political or religious beliefs, as the town's
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Eager to capture the magazine before it could be moved to London, Charles rode towards Hull. He sent a small retinue ahead, consisting of his eight-year-old son—the
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connected them to create a new outer perimeter. Drawbridges were installed at Beverley Gate and North Gate, and the town was supplied with additional artillery.
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1402:, to the west of Hull, capturing fifteen cannon and a 36-pound (16 kg) mortar. After this loss, the Royalists lifted the siege and retreated to York.
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rivers also made it the centre of an inland trade route. In his military history of Yorkshire, David Cooke called it "a very important town", while the
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be killed. By the end of May, in response to demands from Hotham that others "share in his dangers and responsibilities", Parliament sent Sir
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Charles marched towards the town with an army of 4,000 men. In the meantime, Hull had been reinforced by sea and Parliament had sent Sir
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and its monarch on religious, fiscal and legislative matters had lasted for over half a century. At the beginning of January that year,
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meant it was the primary export point for manufactured goods produced in Northern England; while its position at the confluence of the
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Due to the large arsenal in Hull, both sides were eager to gain control of the city. On 11 January, Charles appointed the
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had returned exclusively Parliament-favouring members. The area was also religiously opposed to the King, having a strong
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with 25 towers were located on all but the river-side of the town. On the east bank, a three-metre-thick (9.8 ft)
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After rebuffing the King in April, Hotham had to put down several plots from within Hull to betray the town. In his
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described it as "strategically important". Its arms magazine in Lowgate was the second largest in England after the
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in June 1643 but managed to escape. Concerned that both father and son were going to defect, Parliament ordered
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Though Parliament controlled the navy, the Royalists did manage to send one ship up the river Humber as far as
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1086:, or Hull, was the second largest town in Yorkshire; with a population of 7,000, only the northern capital of
1112:; in 1642, it contained 120 artillery pieces, 7,000 barrels of powder, and weapons for 16,000 to 20,000 men.
1299:. A speech made by Hotham on 23 May, in which he justified his actions in defying Charles, was published in
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insufficient to storm the town. Charles had contemplated trying to blockade Hull, but had been told by
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Charles approached Beverley Gate on the morning of 23 April, accompanied by many local nobles, the
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in early October, after which the Royalists retaliated by attacking Fairfax's headquarters in
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2428:"HOTHAM, Sir John, 1st Bt. (1589-1645), of Scorborough, Yorks.; later of Fyling Hall, Yorks"
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Less than four weeks after retreating from Hull, on 22 August 1642, Charles I raised his
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suggested that Hotham was meanwhile planning to hand the town over to the King himself.
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was interested in maintaining its own interests in the town without external influence.
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but in July he received news that Hotham might be willing to hand over the town if the
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Burke, James (1990). "The New Model Army and the Problems of Siege Warfare, 1648–51".
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A History of the County of York East Riding: Volume 1, the City of Kingston Upon Hull
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approached with force large enough for Hotham to surrender with his honour intact.
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2449:"The Papers of the Hothams, Governors of Hull During the Civil War: Introduction"
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922:. He first approached the town in late April 1642 and was rebuffed by the town's
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in the early part of the seventeenth century, before later being returned as a
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Ryder, I. E. (1989). "The Seizure of Hull and its Magazine, January 1642".
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2631:
Historical Collections of Private Passages of State: Volume 4, 1640–42
2169:. London: Victoria County History – via British History Online.
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was sent by Parliament to both assist Hotham, and ensure his loyalty.
1287:
1147:
2230:. Vol. 5: The Age of the Baroque and Enlightenment 1600–1800.
1497:
In his histories, David Cooke lists command passing instead to the
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Battlefield Yorkshire: From the Romans to the English Civil Wars
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1501:, but the majority of sources list it being given to Lindsey.
2627:"Historical Collections: The King denied entrance into Hull"
1469:, this led Newcastle to lift the siege and retreat to York.
1460:, the son of Lord Fairfax, to retreat to Hull. The town was
1259:(later King James II of England)—and his nephew—the deposed
1586:
1584:
2177:
The Civil Wars Experienced: Britain and Ireland, 1638–1661
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and a large army from the local trained bands. The King's
2659:
Scott, David (2008) . "Hotham, Sir John, first baronet".
2432:
The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1604–1629
2646:. Leeds: The Yorkshire Archaeological Society: 139–148.
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war, Parliament celebrated its victory over the King by
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A Military History of the English Civil War: 1642–1649
2633:. London: D Browne – via British History Online.
2032:
2030:
1933:
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1836:
1834:
1832:
1533:
1531:
1529:
2588:
The Illustrated Encyclopaedia of English Battlefields
1562:
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The Civil War in Yorkshire: Fairfax Versus Newcastle
2261:(105). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 1–29.
1727:
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1378:to the north and the village of Myton to the west.
2382:"The Fortifications of Hull between 1321 and 1864"
2221:
898:marked a major escalation in the conflict between
1452:, they were executed at the end of January 1645.
2747:Military history of the East Riding of Yorkshire
2220:Bleiberg, Edward; Soergel, Philip, eds. (2005).
16:First major action of the English Civil War 1642
2290:Carlton, Charles (2008) . "Meldrum, Sir John".
1520:
55:
2484:. In Edwards, Peter; Graham, Elspeth (eds.).
249:
8:
2665:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2454:Royal Historical Society Camden Fifth Series
2430:. In Thrush, Andrew; Ferris, John P (eds.).
2296:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1802:
2482:"William Cavendish as a Military Commander"
1970:
1859:
1201:in the East Riding. He was a favourite of
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242:
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52:
2550:. Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press.
2470:
2409:The English Civil War: A Military History
2397:
2060:
1772:
2707:Wanklyn, Malcolm; Jones, Frank (2014) .
1070:unsuccessfully attempted to arrest five
2662:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2411:. London & New York: I. B. Tauris.
2293:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2108:
2048:
2036:
1982:
1910:
1590:
1513:
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2757:Military history of Kingston upon Hull
2344:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military.
2323:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military.
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1937:
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2689:Digby: The Gunpowder Plotter's Legacy
2607:Charles the First and Hull, 1639–1645
2163:"Hull in the 16th and 17th centuries"
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1124:had been erected during the reign of
910:. Charles sought to secure the large
7:
2640:The Yorkshire Archaeological Journal
2365:. London & New York: Routledge.
2228:Arts and Humanities Through the Eras
2205:. London & New York: Routledge.
1479:Fortifications of Kingston upon Hull
1057:Northern England; key locations 1642
1247:A 19th-century painting, depicting
1062:In 1642, disagreements between the
1039:
14:
2526:The English Revolution: 1642–1649
1025:
969:
2742:Sieges of the English Civil Wars
2544:Manganiello, Stephen C. (2004).
2529:. Basingstoke: MacMillan Press.
1424:Ferdinando Fairfax, Lord Fairfax
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1024:
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176:
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2362:Charles I: The Personal Monarch
1130:
2605:Reckitt, Basil Norman (1952).
2568:Atlas of the English Civil War
2488:. Leiden & Boston: Brill.
2359:Durston, Christopher (1995) .
1465:with a Royalist defeat at the
1:
2510:. Hull's History Centre. 2017
2399:10.1080/00665983.2017.1368156
76:
2679:UK public library membership
2434:. Cambridge University Press
2310:UK public library membership
2161:Allison, K. J., ed. (1969).
1376:Carthusian hospital building
1011:
983:
2202:European Warfare, 1494–1660
1521:Bleiberg & Soergel 2005
1251:demanding entrance to Hull.
906:during the build-up to the
2778:
2686:Thomas, Roy Digby (2001).
2386:The Archaeological Journal
1284:Prince Rupert of the Rhine
1239:King Charles demands entry
1090:was bigger. Access to the
2762:17th century in Yorkshire
2504:"Hull's Maritime History"
2472:10.1017/S0960116311000029
2267:10.1017/S0021121400010282
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125:
85:
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60:
2586:Rayner, Michael (2004).
2463:Royal Historical Society
2255:Irish Historical Studies
2223:"The English Civil Wars"
2174:Bennett, Martyn (2005).
1803:Wanklyn & Jones 2014
1578:Hull's Maritime History.
1339:account of the Civil War
1153:East Riding of Yorkshire
920:East Riding of Yorkshire
2711:. Abingdon: Routledge.
2523:Kennedy, D. E. (2000).
2480:Hopper, Andrew (2016).
2447:Hopper, Andrew (2011).
1138:In preparation for the
1105:Victoria County History
930:. Charles retreated to
908:First English Civil War
267:First English Civil War
117:Parliamentarian victory
63:First English Civil War
2671:10.1093/ref:odnb/13852
2565:Newman, P.R. (1998) .
2302:10.1093/ref:odnb/18525
2199:Black, Jeremy (2002).
1456:Beverley, forcing Sir
1362:
1252:
1178:
155:Commanders and leaders
2571:. London: Routledge.
2508:Hull's History Centre
2426:Healy, Simon (2010).
2407:Gaunt, Peter (2014).
2380:Evans, D. H. (2017).
2338:Cooke, David (2006).
2317:Cooke, David (2004).
1356:
1297:publishing propaganda
1246:
1174:
1082:In the 17th century,
1072:Members of Parliament
658:Gunnislake New Bridge
2609:. London: A. Brown.
1195:Member of Parliament
1054:class=notpageimage|
2147:, pp. 129–130.
2123:, pp. 147–148.
2063:, pp. 580–612.
1997:, pp. 128–129.
1775:, pp. 564–580.
1653:, pp. 126–127.
1523:, pp. 344–348.
1324:, Henry Darley and
1187:Palatinate campaign
75:A map of Hull from
33: /
2590:. Stroud: Tempus.
1593:, pp. 90–171.
1418:. He declared the
1363:
1314:William Strickland
1253:
1179:
1084:Kingston upon Hull
1064:English Parliament
916:Kingston upon Hull
732:Scarborough Castle
534:2nd Wardour Castle
434:1st Wardour Castle
2752:Conflicts in 1642
2718:978-0-582-77281-6
2692:. London: Janus.
2677:(Subscription or
2597:978-0-75242-978-6
2536:978-0-333-63181-2
2495:978-90-04-32621-7
2418:978-1-84885-881-7
2308:(Subscription or
2245:978-0-787-65697-3
2135:, pp. 14–15.
1886:, pp. 12–14.
1677:, pp. 10–11.
1552:, pp. 15–16.
1467:Battle of Winceby
1343:Earl of Clarendon
1220:Earl of Newcastle
1191:Thirty Years' War
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888:
812:Sherburn in Elmet
683:Montgomery Castle
593:Stourbridge Heath
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2540:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2499:
2476:
2474:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2422:
2403:
2401:
2376:
2355:
2334:
2313:
2305:
2286:
2249:
2225:
2216:
2195:
2170:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1971:Manganiello 2004
1968:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1860:Manganiello 2004
1857:
1844:
1838:
1827:
1821:
1806:
1800:
1791:
1785:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1735:
1729:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1524:
1518:
1502:
1495:
1450:House of Commons
1326:Peregrine Pelham
1276:Earl of Montrose
1261:Elector Palatine
1203:Thomas Wentworth
1151:the surrounding
1134:
1133: 1509–1547
1132:
1120:featuring three
1042:
1041:
1028:
1027:
1014:
1013:
1000:
999:
986:
985:
972:
971:
965:
861:Stow-on-the-Wold
817:3rd Basing House
772:2nd Lathom House
722:High Ercall Hall
633:2nd Basing House
578:1st Lathom House
524:1st Basing House
270:
268:
258:
251:
244:
235:
209:Sir John Meldrum
207:
197:
181:
180:
179:
169:
168:
167:
149:Parliamentarians
147:
137:
136:
135:
87:
86:
81:
78:
73:
53:
48:
47:
45:
44:
43:
38:
37:53.744°N 0.332°W
34:
31:
30:
29:
26:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2737:1642 in England
2727:
2726:
2725:
2719:
2706:
2700:
2685:
2676:
2658:
2637:
2623:Rushworth, John
2621:
2604:
2598:
2585:
2579:
2564:
2558:
2543:
2537:
2522:
2513:
2511:
2502:
2496:
2479:
2446:
2437:
2435:
2425:
2419:
2406:
2379:
2373:
2358:
2352:
2337:
2331:
2316:
2307:
2289:
2252:
2246:
2219:
2213:
2198:
2192:
2173:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2075:, pp. 2–3.
2071:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1847:
1839:
1830:
1822:
1809:
1801:
1794:
1786:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1738:
1730:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1499:Earl of Newport
1496:
1492:
1487:
1475:
1445:Matthew Boynton
1441:Oliver Cromwell
1408:
1335:
1280:Earl of Lindsey
1241:
1216:
1176:Sir John Hotham
1169:
1167:Sir John Hotham
1129:
1110:Tower of London
1080:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1001:
993:
992:
991:
987:
979:
978:
977:
973:
957:
948:Earl of Lindsey
924:Parliamentarian
892:
891:
890:
885:
648:Cropredy Bridge
504:Aldbourne Chase
454:Chalgrove Field
271:
266:
264:
262:
224:
213:
199:Sir John Hotham
187:
183:Earl of Lindsey
177:
175:
165:
163:
133:
131:
109:
93:10–27 July 1642
79:
74:
41:
39:
35:
32:
27:
24:
22:
20:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2775:
2773:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2717:
2704:
2698:
2683:
2656:
2635:
2619:
2602:
2596:
2583:
2577:
2562:
2556:
2541:
2535:
2520:
2500:
2494:
2477:
2444:
2423:
2417:
2404:
2377:
2371:
2356:
2350:
2335:
2329:
2314:
2287:
2250:
2244:
2217:
2211:
2196:
2190:
2171:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2137:
2125:
2113:
2111:, p. xii.
2101:
2099:, p. 132.
2089:
2077:
2065:
2061:Rushworth 1721
2053:
2041:
2026:
2024:, p. 186.
2014:
2012:, p. 129.
1999:
1987:
1975:
1973:, p. 268.
1954:
1952:, p. 128.
1942:
1927:
1925:, p. 187.
1915:
1913:, p. 241.
1903:
1888:
1876:
1864:
1862:, p. 267.
1845:
1828:
1807:
1792:
1777:
1773:Rushworth 1721
1765:
1763:, p. 154.
1753:
1751:, p. 225.
1736:
1715:
1713:, p. 130.
1703:
1691:
1679:
1667:
1665:, p. 130.
1655:
1643:
1641:, p. 116.
1631:
1619:
1617:, p. 139.
1607:
1595:
1580:
1571:
1554:
1542:
1540:, p. 131.
1525:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1471:
1462:besieged again
1458:Thomas Fairfax
1412:royal standard
1407:
1404:
1396:John Rushworth
1368:Thomas Glemham
1334:
1331:
1322:Michael Warton
1310:William Airmyn
1249:King Charles I
1240:
1237:
1215:
1212:
1207:Hugh Cholmeley
1185:fought in the
1168:
1165:
1079:
1076:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1002:
995:
994:
989:
988:
981:
980:
975:
974:
967:
966:
960:
959:
958:
956:
953:
926:governor, Sir
900:King Charles I
887:
886:
884:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
840:
839:
834:
832:Shelford House
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
706:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
557:
556:
554:2nd Middlewich
551:
546:
544:Bramber Bridge
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
394:1st Middlewich
391:
386:
373:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
340:Farnham Castle
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
290:Marshall's Elm
287:
276:
273:
272:
263:
261:
260:
253:
246:
238:
230:
229:
228:1,500 soldiers
226:
223:3,000 infantry
220:
219:
215:
214:
212:
211:
201:
190:
188:
186:
185:
173:
160:
157:
156:
152:
151:
141:
128:
127:
123:
122:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
101:
99:
95:
94:
91:
83:
82:
66:
65:
58:
57:
51:
50:
42:53.744; -0.332
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2774:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2720:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2699:1-85756-520-7
2695:
2691:
2690:
2684:
2680:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2578:0-415-19609-4
2574:
2570:
2569:
2563:
2559:
2557:0-8108-5100-8
2553:
2549:
2548:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2521:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2392:(1): 87–156.
2391:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2372:0-415-12141-8
2368:
2364:
2363:
2357:
2353:
2351:1-84415-424-6
2347:
2343:
2342:
2336:
2332:
2330:1-84415-076-3
2326:
2322:
2321:
2315:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2214:
2212:0-415-27532-6
2208:
2204:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2191:0-203-98180-4
2187:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2090:
2087:, p. 18.
2086:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2051:, p. 20.
2050:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1985:, p. 59.
1984:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1901:, p. 14.
1900:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1874:, p. 16.
1873:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1843:, p. 62.
1842:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1826:, p. 12.
1825:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1805:, p. 39.
1804:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1790:, p. 11.
1789:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1629:, p. 89.
1628:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1608:
1605:, p. 10.
1604:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1433:Cawood Castle
1430:
1425:
1421:
1420:Earl of Essex
1417:
1413:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1264:Charles Louis
1262:
1258:
1250:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:Bishops' Wars
1136:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1055:
964:
954:
952:
949:
944:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
896:siege of Hull
882:
881:2nd Worcester
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
848:
847:
846:
845:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
827:Denbigh Green
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
714:
713:
712:
711:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
565:
564:
563:
562:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
479:Roundway Down
477:
475:
472:
470:
469:Burton Bridge
467:
465:
462:
460:
459:Adwalton Moor
457:
455:
452:
450:
449:1st Worcester
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
404:Seacroft Moor
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
384:Braddock Down
382:
381:
380:
379:
378:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
335:Turnham Green
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
310:Powick Bridge
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
281:
280:
274:
269:
259:
254:
252:
247:
245:
240:
239:
236:
227:
225:1,000 cavalry
222:
221:
216:
210:
206:
202:
200:
196:
192:
191:
189:
184:
174:
172:
162:
161:
159:
158:
153:
150:
146:
142:
140:
130:
129:
124:
116:
113:
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:
96:
92:
89:
88:
84:
72:
67:
64:
59:
56:Siege of Hull
54:
49:
46:
2708:
2688:
2660:
2643:
2639:
2630:
2606:
2587:
2567:
2546:
2525:
2512:. Retrieved
2507:
2485:
2458:
2452:
2436:. Retrieved
2431:
2408:
2389:
2385:
2361:
2340:
2319:
2291:
2258:
2254:
2227:
2201:
2176:
2166:
2140:
2128:
2116:
2109:Bennett 2005
2104:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2056:
2049:Kennedy 2000
2044:
2037:Carlton 2008
2017:
1990:
1983:Reckitt 1952
1978:
1945:
1940:, p. 5.
1918:
1911:Durston 1995
1906:
1879:
1867:
1768:
1756:
1706:
1701:, p. 7.
1694:
1682:
1670:
1658:
1646:
1634:
1622:
1610:
1598:
1591:Allison 1969
1574:
1569:, p. 9.
1545:
1516:
1493:
1454:
1409:
1380:
1372:John Meldrum
1364:
1359:John Meldrum
1336:
1306:
1293:
1273:
1257:Duke of York
1254:
1233:
1227:, an MP for
1217:
1180:
1148:Sluice gates
1137:
1118:curtain wall
1114:
1103:
1081:
1068:King Charles
1061:
943:John Meldrum
940:
895:
893:
871:2nd Aberdeen
843:
841:
807:Rowton Heath
709:
707:
678:1st Aberdeen
653:Marston Moor
638:Tipton Green
560:
558:
519:Olney Bridge
489:Gainsborough
464:2nd Bradford
429:Sourton Down
419:Ripple Field
399:Hopton Heath
376:
374:
365:1st Bradford
360:Muster Green
345:Piercebridge
315:Kings Norton
305:Babylon Hill
284:
278:
126:Belligerents
61:Part of the
18:
2133:Hopper 2011
2022:Rayner 2004
1938:Newman 1998
1923:Thomas 2001
1899:Hopper 2011
1884:Hopper 2011
1824:Hopper 2011
1788:Hopper 2011
1749:Hopper 2016
1699:Hopper 2011
1675:Hopper 2011
1603:Hopper 2011
1567:Hopper 2011
1318:John Alured
1229:Scarborough
1225:John Hotham
1183:John Hotham
1161:corporation
1144:breastworks
1122:blockhouses
928:John Hotham
851:Bovey Heath
802:2nd Chester
797:Philiphaugh
792:2nd Bristol
747:3rd Taunton
737:2nd Taunton
703:2nd Newbury
693:1st Taunton
688:1st Chester
668:Lostwithiel
588:Boldon Hill
529:Heptonstall
509:1st Newbury
484:1st Bristol
80: 1640
40: /
2731:Categories
2681:required.)
2461:. London:
2312:required.)
2180:. London:
2154:References
2145:Evans 2017
2121:Ryder 1989
2097:Cooke 2006
2085:Cooke 2004
2073:Burke 1990
2010:Evans 2017
1995:Evans 2017
1950:Evans 2017
1872:Cooke 2004
1841:Gaunt 2014
1761:Black 2002
1732:Scott 2008
1711:Cooke 2006
1687:Healy 2010
1663:Evans 2017
1651:Evans 2017
1639:Evans 2017
1627:Evans 2017
1615:Ryder 1989
1550:Cooke 2004
1538:Cooke 2006
1416:Nottingham
1347:Lord Digby
1268:Lewis Dyve
1126:Henry VIII
1046:Nottingham
955:Background
904:Parliament
894:The first
876:Lagganmore
866:3rd Oxford
856:Torrington
822:Annan Moor
752:2nd Oxford
717:Inverlochy
673:Tippermuir
623:1st Oxford
608:Lyme Regis
494:Gloucester
370:Chichester
355:1st Exeter
295:Portsmouth
25:53°44′38″N
2652:0084-4276
2615:906438368
2438:6 January
2283:164014084
2182:Routledge
1509:Citations
1406:Aftermath
1383:Keyingham
1092:North Sea
1032:Keyingham
976:Newcastle
936:Royalists
757:Leicester
573:Newcastle
474:Lansdowne
444:Wakefield
414:Lichfield
409:Camp Hill
350:Tadcaster
330:Brentford
325:Aylesbury
171:Charles I
139:Royalists
28:0°19′55″W
2625:(1721).
2275:30008799
1473:See also
1437:Bradford
1301:pamphlet
1199:Beverley
1004:Bradford
914:held in
782:Hereford
777:Langport
742:Auldearn
727:Weymouth
698:Carlisle
663:Ormskirk
643:Oswestry
598:Cheriton
568:Nantwich
499:2nd Hull
439:Stratton
320:Edgehill
300:Plymouth
285:1st Hull
218:Strength
98:Location
2514:8 March
2232:Detroit
1288:heralds
1214:Prelude
1189:of the
1157:Puritan
912:arsenal
787:Kilsyth
618:Lincoln
549:Arundel
514:Winceby
424:Reading
107:England
2715:
2696:
2675:
2650:
2613:
2594:
2575:
2554:
2533:
2492:
2415:
2369:
2348:
2327:
2306:
2281:
2273:
2242:
2209:
2188:
1400:Anlaby
1391:Hessle
1341:, the
1312:, Sir
1278:, the
1100:Humber
837:Newark
767:Alford
762:Naseby
628:Bolton
583:Newark
114:Result
2279:S2CID
2271:JSTOR
1485:Notes
1429:Selby
1387:Paull
1333:Siege
603:Selby
539:Alton
389:Leeds
2713:ISBN
2694:ISBN
2648:ISSN
2611:OCLC
2592:ISBN
2573:ISBN
2552:ISBN
2531:ISBN
2516:2020
2490:ISBN
2440:2020
2413:ISBN
2367:ISBN
2346:ISBN
2325:ISBN
2240:ISBN
2236:Gale
2207:ISBN
2186:ISBN
1431:and
1357:Sir
1197:for
1181:Sir
1098:and
1096:Hull
1088:York
1078:Hull
1018:York
990:Hull
932:York
902:and
844:1646
710:1645
613:York
561:1644
377:1643
279:1642
103:Hull
90:Date
2667:doi
2467:doi
2394:doi
2390:175
2298:doi
2263:doi
1414:at
1135:).
2733::
2644:61
2642:.
2629:.
2506:.
2465:.
2459:39
2457:.
2451:.
2388:.
2384:.
2277:.
2269:.
2259:27
2257:.
2238:.
2234::
2226:.
2184:.
2165:.
2029:^
2002:^
1957:^
1930:^
1891:^
1848:^
1831:^
1810:^
1795:^
1780:^
1739:^
1718:^
1583:^
1557:^
1528:^
1389:,
1320:,
1316:,
1282:,
1131:r.
918:,
105:,
77:c.
2721:.
2702:.
2673:.
2669::
2654:.
2617:.
2600:.
2581:.
2560:.
2539:.
2518:.
2498:.
2475:.
2469::
2442:.
2421:.
2402:.
2396::
2375:.
2354:.
2333:.
2304:.
2300::
2285:.
2265::
2248:.
2215:.
2194:.
2039:.
1734:.
1689:.
1128:(
257:e
250:t
243:v
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