48:
1866:
particularly well disposed toward Philip IV and accepted an alliance for the mutual defense of one another's states, the republic agreeing as well to maintain 14,000 infantry and 1,500 cavalry, the expenses for which they were to be reimbursed through the alienation to the
Genoese of equivalent sums from the royal revenue in Spain. Furthermore, the republic agreed to send 70,000 scudi a month to the governor of Milan against similar assignations to be specified at a later date. In the event of a Savoyard attack on the republic, Philip IV committed himself to attacking Piedmont on its exposed side from Milan. And should Milan be attacked, the Genoese would invade Piedmont from the south.
1870:
1745:
1618:
naval superiority would make an effective seaward blockade of Genoa impossible, and greatly reduce the likelihood of success if the siege proved to be lengthy. Moreover, an attack on a third party, albeit a firm ally of Spain, was hard to reconcile with the rhetoric of liberating the peninsula from the yoke of
Habsburg servitude; other secondary powers such as Mantua, Modena, Parma and especially France's habitual ally, Venice, drew the obvious conclusion and declined to join the Franco-Savoyard initiative.
1854:
260:
249:
194:
226:
169:
1491:
1594:
237:
1606:
271:
1487:
withdrawn from the
Valtelline as agreed, French and Swiss troops invaded the Catholic valleys of the Grey Leagues and seized the forts, to protect them, Richelieu had established the Governors of the Duchy of Milan. Consequently, Spain formed an alliance with the Grand Duke of Tuscany, the Duke of Modena and Parma, and the republics of Genoa and Lucca, deciding to make a several action.
181:
206:
1736:. French-Savoyan policies were lying in ruins. At the end the force led by the Duke of Savoy and the Marquis of Créquy met not easy victory but fierce resistance from the militia of the Genoese Apennines, supported by Spanish forces from Milan. The Invaders were forced to retreat, and returned across the Alps in November.
1617:
Yet while the strategic importance of the city and port of Genoa to the
Spanish military system ensured that an attack would certainly succeed in drawing off Spanish troops, it presented France with military difficulties that were as considerable as those of the Valtelline theatre. Above all, Spanish
1524:
and 3,500 French troops crossed
Protestant Swiss territory to join a similar number of Rhetians levied with French money. More subsidies and troops poured into Savoy, where the French formed a third of the 30,000-strong army that began operations against Genoa in February 1625. The attack caught the
1486:
The French claimed that due to the alliance between them and the Duke of Savoy, they had to help Savoy, which was attacking Genoa, by attacking
Valtelline and diverting the resources of the Spanish, who were supporters of Genoa. In the autumn of 1624, using the pretext that papal forces had not been
1517:
The time seemed opportune, with the apparent convergence of
Protestant hostility to the Habsburgs, and explains French participation in the London talks with Mansfeld. Richelieu hoped Britain and the Dutch would send a fleet to assist his own squadron in cutting the seaway between Spain and Genoa,
1659:
under the Duke of Feria obtained good results and the French army began to retreat, as they were besieged by two fronts and the situation was becoming unsustainable. After a month the Franco-Savoian retreated and the
Spanish was able to capture the city, so very important for their economy. Santa
1896:
MonzĂłn represented a serious reverse for
Richelieu who blamed his envoy for the terms and feigned illness to avoid seeing the furious Savoyard ambassador. Abandoned, Savoy was obliged to make its own peace and now sought a Spanish alliance and intrigued with French malcontents against Richelieu,
1585:
The number of galleys of the
Genoese republic were increased from eight to ten, and the republic was defended by around 11,000 soldiers consisting of German mercenaries and men raised within the walls of the republic. By February the invaders were within sight of the city and began to occupy the
1537:
The Duke of Estrées quickly conquered the Valtellina, because the Papal garrisons offered no resistance except at Riva and Chiavenna. Richelieu's elaborate plan then began to unravel. The Valtellina operation placed France in direct opposition to an essentially Francophile papacy, incensing the
1765:
The reconquest was brought about that summer and the following autumn by a fleet of forty galleys under the joint command of the republic's general, Emmanuele Garbarino, Spanish admiral Santa Cruz, and the Duke of Tursi. By October the republic had recuperated all its lost territory with the
1568:
At present our republic and its liberty are founded on its fortunes and on the protection of Spain, and we must hope to find strength in the arms of this monarch. These vessels, besides the unbearable cost to us, would show complete imprudence, or even make the Spaniards jealous. It has been
1865:
In early 1626, as Savoy rearmed and the Republic of Genoa began to fear that it would again become the object of French and Piedmontese appetites, Santa Cruz proposed some modifications in the alliance between Spain and the republic. Given the events of the previous year, the Genoese were
1556:
in order to reinforce the city of Genoa, which continued to resist the Franco-Savoyard siege. Venice abstained from the fighting, while British and Dutch support failed to materialize, enabling Spain to break through the relatively weak French fleet and relieve Genoa in August.
1849:
All was not to go to the republic's liking, however, in 1625. In October, at the height of success against Genoa's northern neighbor, the Spanish and the French, without consulting their respective allies signed a six-month truce, which was imposed on Genoa and Savoy as well.
1673:
1761:
and things seemed to be taking a turn for the better. Disillusion with Spanish management of the war came quickly, though. The Genoese were eager to recover their lost territories, but Santa Cruz, now with seventy galleys in the port, refused to leave the city.
1840:
The relief on Genoa lasted one month, but Spanish aid had been prompt and effective. The reversal of Genoese sorts when all seemed lost, the continued arrival of silver shipments even in Spanish galleys, and the unwavering behavior of Doria and his fellow
1889:, suspension of fighting between the Duke of Savoy and the Republic of Genoa being an integral part of the agreement. The Treaty on 5 March 1626, restored the pre-1618 situation with important qualifications. Jurisdiction was nominally restored over the
1724:, reclaiming Gavi and Novi, while Lesdiguieres beat a retreat to the Piedmont. The Duke of Savoy, joined by the Marquis de Créquy, who replaced Lesdiguieres (who had returned to the Dauphine) beat a retreat to the Piedmont and entrenched their army at
1756:
After the Spanish had relieved Genoa, the Genoese allowed their troops to be placed under the command of the Count of Roccarainola, as suggested by the Spanish crown. Galeazzo Giustiani with four of the republic's galleys captured the Savoyard
1532:
I shall not emphasize, that Spain, pressed to extremity by us, might enter its forces into France, either from the kingdom itself or from Flanders. It is easy to guard against invasion from Spain with small forces because of the lie of the
1401:, the city underwent a hard siege. It was known in Genoese governmental circles that one of the reasons why the Dutch government had offered their help to the Franco-Savoyan army was so that they could "hit the bank of the King of Spain".
1412:
and forcing the French to raise the siege, they consequently began a combined campaign against the Franco-Savoyan forces that had overrun the Genoese Republic one year before. The joint Franco-Piedmontese army was forced to leave
1893:; this was now recognized as Catholic, which strengthened its autonomy and introduced doubt as to who could decide on transit through the valley. Papal troops replaced the French though the forts were supposed to be destroyed.
1845:
all seemed to substantiate the positions of those who, like Doge Alessandro Giustiani in 1613, saw perfect union and harmony of intents in the alliance with Spain and the bonds between the Genoese nobility and Philip IV.
1897:
including possible involvement in the Chalais plot to murder the cardinal in 1626. The Valtelline valley was returned to the Vatican. Spanish forces scored a series of striking successes. In the spring of 1625 they
342:
1210:
1437:
I have been careful until now to avoid anything that could provoke an open war between the two crowns; if the king of Spain takes up arms against me, I will be the last to lay them down.
1586:
western riviera. In March Genoa was attacked by the combined army and the French fleet threatened to cut communications with Spain, capturing three Genoese ships carrying nearly 650,000
2589:
1647:, while the Marquis of Santa Cruz was ordered to relieve the city. Spanish infantry from Naples embarked, carrying a total of 4,000 soldiers among whom 2,000 were elite infantry
1621:
Despite these dangers the Duke de Lesdigueres and constable of France, moved down through Piedmont to blockade Genoa with an army of 23,000 men, one third of whom were French.
2574:
1716:, an imperial army was preparing to intervene in the Valtelline valley, while the Spanish army under the Duke of Feria prepared to come to Genoa's aid. The Spanish took
1543:
264:
47:
1405:
588:
253:
54:
2614:
1507:
335:
2594:
1203:
1503:
230:
2559:
1728:. The Duke of Feria was stopped on the 5 August 1625, and shortly afterwards he lifted the siege of Verrua and Lesdiguieres took his troops back to the
1547:
328:
1605:
1344:
1196:
1525:
Genoese Republic unprepared. Most of the Republic was overrun, while 4,000 reinforcements from Spain were intercepted by French warships in March.
2584:
2604:
2599:
2579:
1177:
2495:
2480:
2466:
2452:
2438:
2420:
2405:
2391:
2377:
2363:
2349:
2335:
2307:
2293:
2279:
2265:
1655:. Santa Cruz reached Genoa and was received with great joy by the decayed spirits of the citizens. Soon the tenacity and experience of the
1366:
1446:
1636:
could not avoid reference to the growing concern that Spain might widen the conflict by an attack from Flanders of up from Spain itself.
1829:
1521:
1297:
440:
1040:
1624:
At first, Richelieu sought to present the military situation to the king in the most optimistic light, maintaining in May 1625 that:
1052:
1140:
241:
1510:, joined the Duke of Savoy, invaded the territories of the dominion of Genoa. An attack on Genoa would cut the southern end of the
1766:
exception of the castle of La Penna and had even added Oneglia, Ormea, and a number of localities in Piedmont to its possessions.
1277:
1918:
1398:
824:
602:
1640:
1115:
460:
275:
1240:
1001:
704:
1339:
1292:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1250:
1235:
1016:
2520:
1245:
971:
936:
891:
617:
579:
1869:
1712:, against the advice of the Duke of Savoy. Gavi surrendered on the 22 April, but it was too late to take Genoa. In the
1255:
709:
687:
2564:
1906:
1307:
1125:
1100:
667:
657:
528:
465:
1794:
1799:
1155:
916:
697:
642:
569:
554:
1028:
506:
2609:
1160:
961:
844:
779:
692:
682:
677:
647:
597:
470:
402:
1821:
941:
1644:
804:
740:
397:
2569:
1282:
1120:
1084:
1062:
1057:
1035:
839:
735:
564:
549:
407:
1744:
931:
809:
1874:
1397:
In 1625, when the Republic of Genoa, traditionally an ally of Spain, was occupied by French troops of the
1145:
996:
951:
906:
834:
762:
425:
2320:
2314:
1661:
1023:
1011:
757:
1902:
1150:
1006:
814:
799:
794:
784:
632:
544:
445:
976:
896:
861:
672:
1072:
901:
871:
745:
523:
511:
2328:
Merchants, Interlopers, Seamen and Corsairs: The "Flemish" Community in Livorno and Genoa (1615â1635)
1825:
1442:
1383:
1130:
991:
956:
926:
876:
774:
501:
480:
435:
430:
392:
352:
39:
1853:
769:
750:
2253:
2187:
1886:
1349:
1329:
1135:
1110:
981:
819:
789:
725:
662:
485:
475:
455:
416:
138:
1898:
1778:
1472:
1460:
1422:
966:
886:
866:
637:
1697:
1334:
652:
1077:
516:
2491:
2476:
2462:
2448:
2434:
2416:
2401:
2387:
2373:
2359:
2345:
2331:
2303:
2289:
2275:
2261:
1817:
1749:
1732:. Feria managed to rescue the panicked Genoese governors that were hidden inside the walls of
1721:
1409:
1387:
1319:
856:
622:
607:
574:
450:
382:
270:
225:
211:
174:
148:
134:
91:
59:
1782:
1394:
was being besieged by a joint Franco-Savoyard army composed of 30,000 men and 3,000 cavalry.
1805:
1708:, LesdiguiĂšres decided to slow his pace, capturing Voltaggio and preferring to lay siege to
1652:
1610:
1552:
1324:
1047:
986:
946:
921:
911:
851:
612:
559:
387:
2512:
1923:
1878:
1587:
881:
829:
730:
377:
368:
63:
17:
1302:
2370:
Dynasty and Diplomacy in the Court of Savoy; Political Culture and the Thirty Years' War
2319:(in Spanish), vol. 4, Madrid: Est. tipogrĂĄfico "Sucesores de Rivadeneyra", p.
1498:
The irony of a Cardinal attacking the troops of a Pope was not lost on Rome, Spain, and
1713:
1709:
1672:
1499:
1490:
1354:
1067:
627:
236:
186:
144:
1828:. The Spanish retained both islands until they were reconquered by the French admiral
1593:
2553:
1725:
1561:
1468:
1774:
1573:
France also sent financial help to the Dutch Republic, and subsidised the siege of
1511:
1418:
1408:, came to the aid of Genoa and relieved the city. Returning its sovereignty to the
1359:
1230:
2085:
Hubert Granville Revell Reade â Sidelights on the Thirty Years War: Vol 2 p.xxxiv
1729:
1705:
1701:
1386:. It was a major naval expedition launched by Spain against the French-occupied
1890:
1813:
1464:
1430:
1312:
126:
2535:
2522:
320:
2272:
Civilization and Capitalism, 15thâ18th Century: The Perspective of the World
1677:
1858:
1660:
Cruz also counter-attacked by sea, destroying three French warships at the
1574:
130:
2342:
Genoa and the Sea: Policy and Power in an Early Modern Maritime Republic
1463:
had followed his father's efforts to defend Catholics in the valleys of
1809:
1786:
1770:
1414:
96:
1494:
François de Bonne, Duke de Lesdiguieres, commander of the French army.
1188:
1790:
1733:
1656:
1476:
2413:
Richelieu's Army: War, Government, and Society in France, 1624â1642
2316:
Armada española desde la Unión de los Reinos de Castilla y de León
1868:
1852:
1743:
1717:
1693:
1685:
1671:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1489:
1480:
1426:
1391:
259:
248:
199:
122:
100:
87:
1689:
1609:
Troops Embarking on a Galley in the Port of Genoa, engraving by
1382:
took place between 28 March 1625 and 24 April 1625, during the
1192:
494:
Transylvanian invasions of Hungary (1619â1621, 1623â1624, 1626)
324:
2433:. Cambridge University Press; 1st edition (October 30, 2008)
1769:
Santa Cruz successfully stormed and captured the forts of
1417:
and Spanish troops invaded Piedmont, thereby securing the
2258:
The Birth of Absolutism: A History of France, 1598â1661
1628:
Now all things conspire to cast off the pride of Spain.
2475:. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press (1999)
1905:
in the Netherlands from the Dutch. In the autumn they
2286:
Who's Who in Naval History: From 1550 to the Present
2447:. London: Hambledon & London Publishing (2003)
1885:In March 1626 the French and Spanish concluded the
1873:The Recovery of BahĂa de Todos los Santos, by Fray
1601:
printed by Francesco Maria Accinelli, 18th century.
1483:. With his ascendancy, the French policy changed.
1433:had resulted in his humiliation by the Spaniards.
2372:. Cambridge University Press; 1st edition (2007)
1404:However, the Spanish fleet commanded by General
2431:French Absolutism: The Crucial Phase, 1620â1629
1639:Genoa entrusted the command of his army to the
1626:
1566:
1530:
1435:
32:
2590:Naval battles involving the Republic of Genoa
2415:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
1952:
1950:
1204:
336:
8:
2344:. The Johns Hopkins University Press (2005)
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1940:
1938:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2198:
2196:
2112:A. Lloyd Moote, Louis XIII, the Just, p.180
1522:François Annibal d'Estrées, Duke of Estrées
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1528:By this time Cardinal Richelieu remarked:
1211:
1197:
1189:
364:
343:
329:
321:
29:
27:1625 naval battle of the Thirty Years' War
2054:
2052:
2050:
1548:Tommaso Caracciolo, Count of Roccarainola
1508:Charles de Blanchefort, Marquis de Créquy
1475:had arranged an anti-Spanish league with
2358:. University of California Press (1991)
2274:. University of California Press (1992)
1688:on 1 February 1625, and at the walls of
147:by the combined forces of Spain and the
1934:
1816:, conquering the biggest islets of the
1569:proposed, but nothing has been decreed.
1544:GĂłmez SuĂĄrez de Figueroa, Duke of Feria
1504:François de Bonne, Duke of LesdiguiÚres
1502:in France. In 1625 the French marshals
1092:
717:
587:
536:
493:
415:
367:
265:GĂłmez SuĂĄrez de Figueroa, Duke of Feria
231:François de Bonne, Duke of LesdiguiÚres
2615:17th-century military history of Italy
2575:Naval battles of the Thirty Years' War
2488:The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy
2445:Spain's Struggle for Europe, 1598â1668
2400:. Wiley-Blackwell; 2nd edition (2001)
1406:Ălvaro de BazĂĄn, Marquis of Santa Cruz
254:Ălvaro de BazĂĄn, Marquis of Santa Cruz
143:Reconquest of some territories in the
2459:French Armies of the Thirty Years War
7:
2595:Wars involving the Republic of Genoa
2175:
2461:. Auzielle: LRT Publishing (2008)
1692:on the 4 March, between Genoa and
129:and withdraws its troops from the
25:
2429:Pearce, Brian; Lublinskaya, A.D.
718:Swedish-French Period (1635â1648)
2560:Battles of the Thirty Years' War
2513:First Genoese-Savoyard War, 1625
2386:. Routledge; 2nd edition (1997)
2313:Duro, Fernandez CesĂĄreo (1898),
1740:Reconquest of the French Riviera
589:Swedish intervention (1630â1635)
269:
258:
247:
235:
224:
204:
192:
179:
167:
121:France surrenders its claims on
118:Spanish invasion of the Piedmont
46:
1564:Alessandro Giustiniani, wrote:
537:Danish intervention (1625â1629)
417:Palatinate campaign (1620â1623)
242:Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Savoy
2585:Naval battles involving France
1514:and knock out Spain's banker.
1:
2605:Naval battles involving Savoy
2600:1625 in the Republic of Genoa
2580:Naval battles involving Spain
2330:. Verloren Publishing (1997)
1643:and his general field master
1518:while Venice attacked Milan.
2490:. Harvard University Press.
2302:. Praeger Publishing (2007)
292:2,700â4,000 Spanish infantry
2398:Europe in Crisis, 1598â1648
2300:A Military History of Italy
1919:Second GenoeseâSavoyard War
1467:against the Protestants in
369:Bohemian Revolt (1618â1620)
2631:
1641:Carlo Doria, Duke of Tursi
276:Carlo Doria, Duke of Tursi
18:First Genoese-Savoyard War
2486:Wilson, Peter H. (2009).
2326:Engels, Marie-Christine.
1226:
1173:
362:
304:
281:
217:
160:
78:March 28 â April 24, 1625
70:
45:
37:
2411:Parrott, David (2001).
1645:Giovanni Gerolamo Doria
1390:, of which the capital
113:Spanish-Genoese victory
53:Relief of Genoa by the
2340:Kirk, Allison Thomas.
2260:. Palgrave USA (2003)
1882:
1862:
1753:
1681:
1630:
1614:
1602:
1571:
1535:
1495:
1452:
310:5,000 dead or wounded
298:15,000 Spanish-Genoese
218:Commanders and leaders
2473:Great Power Rivalries
2471:Thompson, William R.
2443:Stradling, Robert A.
2384:The Thirty Years' War
1872:
1856:
1843:asentistas de galeras
1822:Ăle Sainte-Marguerite
1747:
1720:then marched against
1684:Richelieu arrived at
1675:
1608:
1596:
1493:
305:Casualties and losses
55:Marquis of Santa Cruz
2536:44.41111°N 8.93278°E
2356:Louis XIII, the Just
1907:repulsed the English
1832:, on 12 March 1637.
560:Lutter am Barenberge
137:, stipulated by the
2532: /
1875:Juan Bautista MaĂno
1668:Piedmontese theatre
1546:sent 6,000 men and
1459:In northern Italy,
1447:Francesco Barberini
1220:Franco-Spanish wars
2396:Parker, Geoffrey.
2382:Parker, Geoffrey.
2270:Braudel, Fernand.
1883:
1863:
1830:Philippe de Poincy
1754:
1682:
1615:
1603:
1496:
1461:Philip IV of Spain
300:(after the relief)
2565:Conflicts in 1625
2541:44.41111; 8.93278
2497:978-0-674-03634-5
2481:978-1-57003-279-0
2467:978-2-917747-01-8
2457:Thion, Stéphane.
2453:978-1-85285-089-0
2439:978-0-521-08843-5
2422:978-0-521-79209-7
2406:978-0-631-22028-2
2392:978-0-415-12883-4
2378:978-0-521-03791-4
2364:978-0-520-07546-7
2350:978-0-8018-8083-4
2336:978-90-6550-570-5
2308:978-0-275-98505-9
2294:978-0-415-30828-1
2284:Callo, Joseph F.
2280:978-0-520-08116-1
2266:978-0-312-15807-1
2254:Bercé, Yves Marie
1826:Ăle Saint-Honorat
1696:. After storming
1410:Republic of Genoa
1388:Republic of Genoa
1384:Thirty Years' War
1375:
1374:
1186:
1185:
1168:
1167:
710:Strasbourg Bridge
354:Thirty Years' War
319:
318:
212:Republic of Genoa
175:Kingdom of France
156:
155:
149:Republic of Genoa
135:Republic of Genoa
92:Republic of Genoa
60:Antonio de Pereda
40:Thirty Years' War
16:(Redirected from
2622:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2501:
2426:
2354:Moote Lloyd, A.
2323:
2298:Ciro, Paoletti.
2241:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2212:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2149:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2000:
1997:
1984:
1981:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1945:
1942:
1887:Treaty of MonzĂłn
1803:
1653:Army of Flanders
1611:Cornelis de Wael
1553:maestre de campo
1450:
1221:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1190:
1146:2nd Saint Martin
1141:Cape St. Vincent
1116:1st Saint Martin
1081:
1044:
1032:
1020:
848:
766:
754:
701:
580:'s-Hertogenbosch
520:
365:
357:
355:
345:
338:
331:
322:
274:
273:
263:
262:
252:
251:
240:
239:
229:
228:
210:
208:
207:
198:
196:
195:
185:
183:
182:
173:
171:
170:
139:Treaty of MonzĂłn
72:
71:
50:
30:
21:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2610:Events in Genoa
2550:
2549:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2485:
2423:
2410:
2368:Osborne, Toby.
2312:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:Thompson, p. 36
2129:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2003:
1998:
1987:
1982:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1932:
1924:Annus mirabilis
1915:
1879:Museo del Prado
1838:
1797:
1742:
1670:
1588:pieces of eight
1583:
1500:ultra-Catholics
1457:
1451:
1441:
1380:Relief of Genoa
1376:
1371:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1169:
1156:Colberger Heide
1075:
1038:
1026:
1014:
937:2nd Breitenfeld
842:
815:2nd Rheinfelden
760:
748:
695:
688:1st Rheinfelden
618:1st Breitenfeld
598:Swedish landing
529:Vlach uprisings
514:
358:
353:
351:
349:
311:
299:
297:
295:
293:
288:
287:30,000 infantry
268:
267:
257:
256:
246:
234:
233:
223:
205:
203:
202:
193:
191:
180:
178:
177:
168:
166:
114:
104:
94:
64:Museo del Prado
51:
33:Relief of Genoa
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2628:
2626:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2570:1625 in Europe
2567:
2562:
2552:
2551:
2516:
2515:
2508:
2507:External links
2505:
2503:
2502:
2496:
2483:
2469:
2455:
2441:
2427:
2421:
2408:
2394:
2380:
2366:
2352:
2338:
2324:
2310:
2296:
2288:. Routledge.
2282:
2268:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2233:
2213:
2204:
2192:
2180:
2168:
2150:
2141:
2132:
2123:
2114:
2105:
2103:Stradling p.99
2096:
2087:
2078:
2069:
2060:
2046:
2037:
2001:
1985:
1967:
1958:
1946:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1901:in Brazil and
1899:regained Bahia
1837:
1834:
1818:LĂ©rins Islands
1750:LĂ©rins Islands
1741:
1738:
1669:
1666:
1662:Hyeres islands
1649:tercios viejos
1632:Yet even this
1582:
1579:
1456:
1453:
1439:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1345:Coalition Wars
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1295:
1290:
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1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1033:
1021:
1009:
1004:
1002:2nd Nördlingen
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
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909:
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869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
755:
743:
738:
736:Schenkenschans
733:
728:
720:
719:
715:
714:
713:
712:
707:
705:1st Nördlingen
702:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
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572:
567:
562:
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521:
509:
504:
496:
495:
491:
490:
489:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
461:Bergen op Zoom
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
420:
419:
413:
412:
411:
410:
405:
403:White Mountain
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
372:
371:
363:
360:
359:
350:
348:
347:
340:
333:
325:
317:
316:
313:
312:2,000 captured
307:
306:
302:
301:
290:
284:
283:
279:
278:
244:
220:
219:
215:
214:
189:
187:Duchy of Savoy
163:
162:
158:
157:
154:
153:
152:
151:
145:French Riviera
141:
119:
110:
106:
105:
86:
84:
80:
79:
76:
68:
67:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2627:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
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2593:
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2557:
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2545:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2499:
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2489:
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2470:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
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2446:
2442:
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2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2399:
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2371:
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2365:
2361:
2357:
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2347:
2343:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2237:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2181:
2178:, p. 67
2177:
2172:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2076:Braudel p.233
2073:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1956:Paoletti p.26
1953:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1752:, circa 1630.
1751:
1746:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
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1674:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1612:
1607:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1581:French threat
1580:
1578:
1576:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1529:
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1523:
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1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1492:
1488:
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1470:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1399:Duke of Savoy
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
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1234:
1233:
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1200:
1195:
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1191:
1180:
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1159:
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1154:
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1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1093:Naval battles
1091:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1063:Wevelinghoven
1061:
1059:
1058:Zusmarshausen
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1036:HohentĂŒbingen
1034:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
846:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
780:2nd Magdeburg
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
764:
759:
756:
752:
747:
744:
742:
741:Ray-sur-SaĂŽne
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
723:
722:
721:
716:
711:
708:
706:
703:
699:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
595:
594:
593:
590:
586:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
550:Dessau Bridge
548:
546:
543:
542:
541:
540:
535:
530:
527:
525:
522:
518:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
498:
497:
492:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
426:Bad Kreuznach
424:
423:
422:
421:
418:
414:
409:
408:Neu Titschein
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
374:
373:
370:
366:
361:
356:
346:
341:
339:
334:
332:
327:
326:
323:
314:
309:
308:
303:
291:
289:3,000 cavalry
286:
285:
280:
277:
272:
266:
261:
255:
250:
245:
243:
238:
232:
227:
222:
221:
216:
213:
201:
190:
188:
176:
165:
164:
159:
150:
146:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
117:
116:
115:
111:
108:
107:
102:
98:
95:(present-day
93:
89:
85:
82:
81:
77:
74:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
56:
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2517:
2487:
2472:
2458:
2444:
2430:
2412:
2397:
2383:
2369:
2355:
2341:
2327:
2315:
2299:
2285:
2271:
2257:
2236:
2207:
2183:
2171:
2148:Pearce p.216
2144:
2135:
2126:
2117:
2108:
2099:
2094:Engels p.118
2090:
2081:
2072:
2063:
2044:Osborne p.94
2040:
2035:Wilson p.383
1965:Parker p.146
1961:
1944:Wilson p.384
1895:
1884:
1864:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1795:Castelfranco
1785:, Casanova,
1775:Port Maurice
1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1683:
1648:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1584:
1572:
1567:
1559:
1551:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1516:
1512:Spanish Road
1497:
1485:
1458:
1449:, early 1635
1436:
1425:Invasion of
1419:Spanish Road
1403:
1396:
1379:
1377:
1287:
1231:Italian Wars
1176:
1121:Lizard Point
1105:
972:Philippsburg
942:2nd Freiberg
917:WolfenbĂŒttel
862:1st Freiberg
857:2nd Breisach
835:Wittenweiher
825:FuenterrabĂa
683:1st Breisach
668:Pfaffenhofen
161:Belligerents
112:
52:
38:Part of the
2539: /
2240:Parker p.45
2211:Callo p.330
2166:Parrot p.87
2139:Kirk, p. 99
2121:Parker p.49
2067:Osborne p.6
1798: [
1779:Ventimiglia
1748:Map of the
1706:Rossiglione
1613:circa 1630.
1423:Richelieu's
1076: [
1039: [
1027: [
1015: [
997:Mergentheim
932:Schweidnitz
843: [
761: [
749: [
696: [
515: [
481:Frankenthal
446:Mingolsheim
296:23 galleys
2554:Categories
2527:08°55âČ58âłE
2524:44°24âČ40âłN
2231:Kirk p.102
2202:Kirk p.101
1999:Kirk p.100
1983:Thion p.18
1930:References
1909:at Cadiz.
1891:Valtellina
1857:Castle at
1814:Camporosso
1471:. In 1622
1469:GraubĂŒnden
1465:Valtellina
1455:Background
1443:Louis XIII
1431:Valtelline
1151:Lister Dyb
1012:Korneuburg
957:Tuttlingen
927:Honnecourt
877:Thionville
820:Saint Omer
775:Tornavento
648:Alte Veste
633:Maastricht
507:ĂrsekĂșjvĂĄr
466:Heidelberg
393:Wisternitz
315:1,300 dead
127:Valtellina
2176:Duro 1898
2058:Duro p.67
1836:Aftermath
1781:, Lovan,
1680:Diamante.
1678:Star Fort
1651:from the
1473:Richelieu
1355:1808â1814
1350:1793â1795
1340:1718â1720
1335:1688â1697
1330:1683â1684
1325:1673â1678
1320:1667â1668
1313:1648â1653
1308:1641â1659
1303:1640â1659
1298:1635â1659
1293:1628â1631
1283:1595â1598
1278:1580â1583
1271:1551â1559
1266:1542â1544
1261:1536â1538
1256:1526â1529
1251:1521â1526
1246:1512â1516
1241:1502â1504
1236:1495â1498
1136:The Downs
1111:The Slaak
1101:Gibraltar
1024:Totenhöhe
1007:3rd Hulst
907:La Marfée
795:2nd Breda
790:Wittstock
758:HaselĂŒnne
726:Les Avins
663:Oldendorf
638:Nuremberg
608:Magdeburg
603:Frankfurt
570:Stralsund
555:Oldenzaal
486:Stadtlohn
436:Bacharach
431:Oppenheim
1913:See also
1810:San Remo
1759:capitana
1730:Dauphiné
1698:Capriata
1676:Genoese
1575:Mansfeld
1560:Genoese
1440:â
1429:and the
1178:Treaties
992:2nd Brno
977:JĂŒterbog
967:Freiburg
952:1st Brno
897:PreĂnitz
892:MontjuĂŻc
887:Cambrils
867:Chemnitz
693:Liegnitz
678:Konstanz
643:Wiesloch
476:Mannheim
282:Strength
133:and the
131:Piedmont
83:Location
2247:Sources
1787:Oneglia
1783:Gandore
1771:Albenga
1657:Tercios
1634:mémoire
1597:Map of
1415:Liguria
1161:Fehmarn
1131:Channel
1126:Dunkirk
962:Kolding
912:Dorsten
805:Leipzig
673:Steinau
623:Bamberg
575:Wolgast
565:Groenlo
524:HodonĂn
502:Humenné
471:Fleurus
451:Wimpfen
398:Bautzen
383:Lomnice
294:(Genoa)
97:Liguria
2494:
2479:
2465:
2451:
2437:
2419:
2404:
2390:
2376:
2362:
2348:
2334:
2306:
2292:
2278:
2264:
1859:MonzĂłn
1806:Bigran
1791:Triola
1734:Savona
1726:Verrua
1722:Casale
1542:. Don
1540:dévots
1477:Venice
1085:Prague
1073:Dachau
1053:Naples
1048:Triebl
987:Jankau
982:Bysjön
947:Rocroi
922:Kempen
902:Plauen
882:Salses
872:Melnik
852:Vlotho
746:Dömitz
731:Leuven
658:LĂŒtzen
613:Werben
512:Tyrnau
456:Höchst
441:JĂŒlich
388:Sablat
378:Pilsen
209:
197:
184:
172:
109:Result
2190:p.119
2188:Bercé
1903:Breda
1802:]
1718:Acqui
1714:Tyrol
1694:Milan
1686:Turin
1599:Genoa
1533:land.
1481:Savoy
1427:Genoa
1392:Genoa
1106:Genoa
1080:]
1043:]
1031:]
1019:]
847:]
840:Thann
830:Kallo
810:Hanau
800:Venlo
785:Somme
765:]
753:]
700:]
653:FĂŒrth
545:Breda
519:]
200:Spain
123:Savoy
101:Italy
88:Genoa
2492:ISBN
2477:ISBN
2463:ISBN
2449:ISBN
2435:ISBN
2417:ISBN
2402:ISBN
2388:ISBN
2374:ISBN
2360:ISBN
2346:ISBN
2332:ISBN
2304:ISBN
2290:ISBN
2276:ISBN
2262:ISBN
1824:and
1710:Gavi
1704:and
1702:Novi
1690:Asti
1562:doge
1506:and
1479:and
1378:The
1367:1823
1360:1815
1288:1625
1068:Lens
770:Raon
628:Rain
125:and
75:Date
1550:as
1445:to
58:by
2556::
2321:67
2256:.
2216:^
2195:^
2153:^
2049:^
2004:^
1988:^
1970:^
1949:^
1937:^
1877:,
1820:,
1812:,
1808:,
1804:,
1800:it
1793:,
1789:,
1777:,
1773:,
1700:,
1664:.
1590:.
1577:.
1421:.
1078:de
1041:de
1029:de
1017:de
845:de
763:de
751:de
698:de
517:de
99:,
90:,
62:.
2500:.
2425:.
1881:.
1861:.
1212:e
1205:t
1198:v
344:e
337:t
330:v
103:)
66:.
20:)
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