139:
1078:. He was granted 8,000 troops and 6 to 8 guns in order to neutralize the fort. When they arrived on the outskirts of the town they were attacked by a force under Shir Mohammad Khan, brother of Yar Mohammad Khan and governor of Ghourian. They were repulsed and trapped inside the fort of Ghourian with only 800 troops. On November 5 or November 6, the shah reached the area and gave the order to take the fort. For a week, Ghourian was ravaged by constant artillery fire which completely destroyed three sides of its fort, effectively leaving it in ruins. On November 13 or 15, the fortress was subdued and Shir Mohammad Khan came to the shah's camp and tendered his submission. Amir Asadollah Khan was left in charge of the area.
244:
1271:, based on Pottinger's diary. The diary was destroyed by a fire in Kaye's study, so the account cannot be verified. Pottinger's official report appears to have been more modest. The Qajar campaign against the Aimaq, despite its crucial role in protecting Herat as the Shah was obliged to send some of his best troops in a four-month long campaign that was only won after serious hard fighting, has barely been given a mention in modern historiography and passed over by instead amplifying the role of Pottinger as the supposed saviour of Herat.
1204:
March or April 1838, Saint
Petersburg had become concerned about a possible British reaction and had decided to recall Simonich. Communications were so slow that the message did not reach Herat until June. McNeill reported that the Persian troops were suffering and that the siege would have to be abandoned if the supply situation did not improve. The besieged were also in difficulties. At one point, 600 elderly men, women and children were driven out of the city to save food. Both sides fired on them until the Persians let them pass.
500:
292:
1219:
On June 24, 1838, the
Persians attacked at five points but only managed to breach the wall at the southeast corner. Fighting ebbed back and forth for an hour. Kaye said that Pottinger and Yar Mohammed were at the breach, encouraging the troops. When Yar Mohammed began to lose courage, Pottinger physically drove him forward. Yar Mohammed then rushed like a madman to the hindmost troops, and the whole body poured out of the breach and drove the Persians away from the wall.
302:
368:
1195:, Mohammad Zaman Jamshidi, Sher Mohammad Khan Hazara, and Shah Pasand Khan Firozkohi launched a surprise attack on the Iranian army. In a battle lasting four hours, despite higher casualties the Persians succeeded in defeating the Aimaqs (killing 250 of them) and occupied Pada Kaj. The Asef al-Dowleh then sent his nephew, Iskandar Khan, ahead as a vanguard. However, Iskandar Khan got lost in the narrow ravines and his troops were ambushed by the Aimaq.
418:
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1127:, and Qush Robat. By the middle of November, Iranian forces had seized Qara Tappeh and were marching on Qala-e Naw. Only Mohammad Zaman Khan Jamshidi continued to oppose their advance at Kushk with 6,000 men. Eventually though he was defeated with 200-300 of his men killed, and 3 days later the Asef al-Dowleh was able to enter Qala-e Naw without incident. He was able to seize cash and property valued at least 500,000
1175:
25:
331:
507:
1351:(1844). A Gazetteer of the Countries Adjacent to India on the North-West; Including Sinde, Afghanistan, Beloochistan, the Punjab and the Neighbouring States in Two Volumes Compiled by the Authority of the Hon. Court of Directors of the East-India Company and Chiefly from Documents in Their Possession. Vol. 1 pp. 231–233.
1171:. Mohammad Yusuf states that the army was composed of 15,000 Khivans and Turkmens, 6,000 Uzbeks from the Chahar Wilayat, and 4,000 men from the Aimaq tribes and Badghis. They also decided to split their forces, part being sent against the main army at Herat while the rest would tie down Iranian forces in the mountains.
1218:
By June 7, 1838, Count
Simonich had gained such influence with the shah that McNeill felt forced to return to Teheran. Simonich cast aside his diplomatic role and took over the management of the siege. When Simonich received word of his recall on June 22, he ordered an immediate assault on the city.
1089:
man named Kamran, though his vizier Yar
Mohammed exercised the real political power. Soon there were rumors that a large Persian force, led by the shah with Russian advisors, was advancing on Herat. Kamran hurried back to his capital and began strengthening its defenses. Pottinger presented himself
1203:
In April 1838, John McNeill and Count
Simonich arrived at the shah's camp and worked at cross purposes. At one point, McNeill threatened the shah with war if Herat were taken. He persuaded the shah to cancel a planned assault, doing this deliberately to reduce the morale of the Persian troops. By
1098:
The siege began on
November 23 or November 24, 1837 when the new shah, Mohammad Mirza, arrived before Herat. Iranians dug trenches around the city, slowly moving towards the walls in order to stay out of sight of the Herati sharpshooters. The shah tried to convince the Heratis to surrender rather
1182:
Even though he captured Qala-e Naw, the Sunni confederation remained out of reach for the
Persians. By this time winter had arrived, the severe cold and frost taking their toll on the Asef al-Dowleh's men. This made it impossible for him to winter in Qala-e Naw, especially with a powerful enemy
1060:
In July 1837, the
Iranian army began the march towards Herat. Mohammad Shah planned to use the conquest of Herat in order to extend his influence up to the Amu Darya river and strike back against the rulers of Khiva, Badghis, and Bukhara, who had allied with Herat and their raids into Khorasan
1134:
Following the defeat of the
Jamshidis, Sher Mohammad Khan Hazara decided it would be best to retreat into the Dasht-i Tahaboy, a limestone tableland in the Nakhjaristan plateau and far from the Asef al-Dowleh's forces. Lee reports that by this time, the Sunni confederates at
1234:
to the
Persian camp with a threatening message (August 11, 1838). The shah backed down and on September 9 the siege was lifted. Under British pressure, the Russians recalled Count Simonich and Jan Prosper Witkiewicz, claiming they had exceeded their instructions.
1190:
The path the army took was extremely narrow and slippery, making it hard for the army to press through and perfectly suited for guerilla warfare. Indeed, the Sunni confederation took advantage of this to set an ambush. A few miles south of
1090:
to Kamran's Vizier, Yar Mohammed, and was accepted as an adviser. Pottinger stiffened the defences of Herat and despite the presence of the Russian advisers the siege lasted eight months. The Afghans had around 22,000 infantry and cavalry.
550:
138:
1023:
tribes and played a crucial role in defending Herat when the city was besieged. The siege ended when neither side gained a clear advantage, the British threatened to take military action and the Russians withdrew their support.
543:
1115:, with 12,000 of his best soldiers and 9 guns to eliminate the Sunni threat to the Iranian flanks. Mohammad Yusuf gives 14,000 soldiers and 4 guns. Asef al-Dowleh's troops left Torbat-e Jam and marched to
1065:
on October 28 or October 30, 1837. They planned a four-pronged attack, with some marching on Herat in 3 different columns, while some troops would march into Maimana and neutralize the tribes in the area.
1107:
Sher Mohammad Khan Hazara, fearing Iranian expansion and playing on religious antagonism towards Shi'a, organized a local Sunni confederacy to aid the Heratis. The combined Sunni force coalesced at
536:
1222:
Meanwhile, the British government took action. Realizing the impracticality of sending a force across Afghanistan, they sent a naval expedition to the Persian Gulf and, on June 19, 1838, occupied
1752:
1048:(grand council). After a few decades of chaos, Iran was reunited by the Qajars, who made an effort to reconquer Afghanistan. Starting in 1816, Qajar dynasty managed to
1255:. In 1863, Herat was captured again, and this time ceded to Afghanistan. In 1885, the British prevented a Russian maneuver south into Herat, which was known as the
663:
1694:
1275:
seems to have been the only historian to cover this event in any significant detail, recognizing its importance towards the defeat of the Iranian army in Herat.
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nearby that could use the terrain to their advantage. Therefore, after 10 days of resting in the town, the Asef al-Dowleh made the decision to push on and seize
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1085:(an Anglo-Indian explorer, diplomat and officer of the Bengal Artillery) entered Herat in disguise. At this time, Herat was officially held by a
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The day after the shah left Herat, orders were given to the Indian Army to assemble for an invasion which would later provoke the
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Kohandil Khan of Qandahar seized the opportunity to come to terms with the Iranians and take the towns of
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The Afghan-Iranian Conflict Over Herat Province and European Intervention, 1796-1863: A Reinterpretation
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1007:. Sher Mohammad Khan Hazara, an ally of Kamran and chieftain of the Qala-e Naw Hazaras, helped form a
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A heroic version of Pottinger's activities comes from "History of the War in Afghanistan" by Sir
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1251:. In 1856, the British used the same method to reverse a Persian capture of Herat during the
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and began to harass the Iranian army. In response, the shah sent the governor of Khorasan,
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1247:. The Russians responded to their loss of face with an attempted invasion of Khiva under
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1653:
The History of Afghanistan (6 vol. set): Fayż Muḥammad Kātib Hazārah's Sirāj al-tawārīkh
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The Sariq Turkmens of Merv and the Khanate of Khiva in the Early Nineteenth Century
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The 'Ancient Supremacy': Bukhara, Afghanistan & the Battle for Balkh, 1731–1901
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The "Ancient Supremacy": Bukhara, Afghanistan, and the Battle for Balkh, 1731-1901
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The "Ancient Supremacy": Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731–1901
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The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th-19th Centuries)
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John Carl Nelson "The Siege of Herat", St. Cloud State University, May 1976.
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depopulated much of the province. The Persian Army coalesced at the city of
1427:" The Siege of Herat: 1837–1838. Culminating Projects in History. pp. 45.
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than endure an actual siege, as a result the city was not besieged.
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Mohammad Shah tasked Mohammad Khan, Amir-e Tuman, with conquering
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147:
lacquer book cover depicting preparations for the Siege of Herat.
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18:
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but retreated afterwards as there was no military advantage.
1650:
McChesney, Robert; Khorrami, Mohammad Mehdi (2012-12-19).
1040:
area of the greater Persian Empire. In 1747, the Afghan
1621:
Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics
16:
Siege between Qajar Iran and the Principality of Herat
966:
1399:
A History of Afghanistan, from 1793 A.D. to 1865 A.D
1366:" Britain & The Persian Gulf 1795–1880. pp. 295.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1618:
1731:Peter Hopkirk, "The Great Game", 1990, chapter 14
1753:Sieges involving the British East India Company
1401:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
123:
995:. Four Europeans were involved: the British,
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161:(9 months, 2 weeks and 3 days)
8:
1139:had comprised 15,000 men from the people of
1003:as well as the Russians, Count Simonich and
1693:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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1187:before his supplies were completely cut.
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1498:. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
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971:, 1837–1838) was an attack on the
474:Reinforcements (Jan. 1838): 10,000
14:
1680:History of the War in Afghanistan
1594:Champagne, David Charles (1981).
1492:Noelle-Karimi, Christine (2014).
471:Persian Army (Oct. 1837): 30,000+
159:13 November 1837–9 September 1838
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1566:Culminating Projects in History
1562:"The Siege of Herat: 1837-1838"
1460:Lee, Jonathan L. (1996-01-01).
1226:. McNeill, who had returned to
1036:, Herat was part of the larger
34:needs additional citations for
1:
1526:Wood, William Arthur (1998).
1748:Sieges involving Afghanistan
1677:Kaye, John William (1851).
1560:Nelson, John (1976-05-01).
1249:Vasily Alekseevich Perovsky
1044:broke from Persia during a
967:
519:Location within Afghanistan
1809:
1103:Campaign against the Aimaq
1056:Beginnings of the campaign
989:Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai
360:Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai
1625:. HarperCollins. p.
1310:L.Lee, Johnathan (1996).
991:. The Shah of Persia was
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451:Sunni Confederacy: 15,000
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196:34.3738500°N 62.1791806°E
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1199:Renewed Persian assaults
341:Principality of Qandahar
1397:Yusuf, Mohamed (1988).
1285:Khivan campaign of 1839
1032:Before the fall of the
719:2nd Kandahar, 8th Herat
1617:Ewans, Martin (2002).
1245:First Anglo-Afghan War
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1005:Jan Prosper Witkiewicz
689:1st Britain, 2nd Shuja
438:~ 45,000 total troops
347:Commanders and leaders
201:34.3738500; 62.1791806
1758:Sieges involving Iran
1177:
973:Principality of Herat
481:Casualties and losses
1070:Conquest of Ghourian
983:. Herat was held by
968:Jang-e Avval-e Herāt
729:2nd Afghan Turkestan
684:1st Afghan Turkestan
516:class=notpageimage|
467:40,000 total troops
373:Lt. Eldred Pottinger
43:improve this article
1793:19th-century sieges
1361:Kelly, John Barrett
993:Mohammed Shah Qajar
448:Afghan Army: 22,000
192: /
1720:Lee, Johnathan L:
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789:2nd Chahar Wilayat
709:1st Chahar Wilayat
283:Sheberghan Khanate
250:East India Company
215:Persian withdrawal
1783:Conflicts in 1838
1778:Conflicts in 1837
1663:978-90-04-23498-7
1505:978-3-7001-7202-4
1473:978-90-04-10399-3
1422:Nelson, John Carl
1327:978-90-04-10399-3
1269:John William Kaye
1253:Anglo-Persian War
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58:"First Herat War"
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1724:. January 1996.
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1083:Eldred Pottinger
1081:In August 1837,
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1696:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1636:0-06-050508-7
1632:
1628:
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1597:
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1537:
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1512:
1507:
1501:
1497:
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1469:
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1456:
1454:
1452:
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1448:
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1436:
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1430:
1426:
1423:
1418:
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1410:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1349:Allen, H. Wm.
1345:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1303:
1296:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1273:Fayz Mohammad
1270:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1198:
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1194:
1188:
1186:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
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1142:
1138:
1132:
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1126:
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1093:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1050:capture Herat
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
969:
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954:
950:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
886:4th Civil War
884:
882:
881:2nd Urtatagai
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
861:1st Urtatagai
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
835:
832:
831:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
819:2nd Turkestan
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
804:3rd Civil War
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
774:2nd Civil War
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
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730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
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697:
695:
692:
690:
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680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
629:3rd Civil War
627:
625:
624:2nd Civil War
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:1st Civil War
569:
568:
565:
554:
549:
547:
542:
540:
535:
534:
531:
517:
501:
492:
488:
485:
484:
479:
473:
470:
469:
468:
465:
461:
460:HMS Semiramis
458:
457:
456:
450:
447:
444:
441:
440:
439:
436:
435:
430:
424:
414:
412:
410:
404:
394:
392:
391:Mohammad Shah
382:
381:
379:
374:
369:
364:
363:
361:
351:
350:
345:
342:
338:
326:
325:Supported by:
322:
321:
310:
308:
307:Khiva Khanate
297:
293:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
256:
255:Supported by:
252:
251:
239:
228:
227:
222:
214:
211:
210:
205:
187:62°10′45.05″E
184:34°22′25.86″N
176:
172:
168:
165:
164:
158:
155:
154:
150:
146:
140:
135:
132:
127:
122:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1773:1838 in Asia
1768:1837 in Asia
1703:
1679:
1672:
1652:
1645:
1620:
1612:
1595:
1565:
1527:
1494:
1462:
1417:
1398:
1356:
1344:
1312:
1305:
1266:
1242:
1224:Kharg Island
1221:
1217:
1206:
1202:
1189:
1185:Bala Murghab
1181:
1133:
1106:
1097:
1080:
1073:
1063:Torbat-e Jam
1059:
1031:
957:جنگ اول هرات
948:
946:
906:2nd Kuhistan
901:1st Kuhistan
744:3rd Kandahar
699:1st Kandahar
678:
614:Kafir Qal'eh
466:
454:
437:
408:
324:
311:
254:
229:
224:Belligerents
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1117:Qara Tappeh
985:Kamran Shah
979:during the
916:2nd Ghilzai
866:3rd Britain
841:2nd Maimana
814:1st Ghilzai
809:1st Maimana
794:2nd Britain
574:1st Ghilzai
443:Bombay Army
199: /
175:Afghanistan
1763:Great Game
1742:Categories
1598:(Thesis).
1530:(Thesis).
1424:(1976). "
1408:1466222417
1363:(1968). "
1297:References
1167:, and the
1109:Qala-e Naw
1046:loya jirga
1028:Background
981:Great Game
977:Qajar Iran
931:7th Hazara
926:6th Hazara
851:Kafiristan
846:5th Hazara
829:4th Hazara
824:3rd Hazara
799:14th Herat
784:13th Herat
779:12th Herat
769:11th Herat
749:10th Herat
739:Sheberghan
694:2nd Hazara
649:1st Hazara
69:newspapers
1689:cite book
1683:. London.
1656:. BRILL.
1544:304448359
1466:. BRILL.
1336:0929-2403
1239:Aftermath
1094:The siege
962:romanized
876:3rd Khost
856:2nd Khost
759:1st Khost
734:9th Herat
679:7th Herat
664:Jalalabad
659:1st Shuja
654:6th Herat
644:5th Herat
609:4th Herat
599:3rd Herat
584:1st Herat
579:Chindawol
1604:16882470
1540:ProQuest
1536:41449146
1279:See also
1209:Sabzawar
1193:Pada Kaj
1137:Maruchaq
1076:Ghourian
1038:Khorasan
896:Shinwari
669:Peshawar
639:Nowshera
432:Strength
166:Location
129:Part of
1715:Sources
1230:, sent
1228:Teheran
1157:Bukhara
1153:Panjdeh
1149:Murghab
1141:Badghis
1087:Sadozai
1017:Turkmen
964::
953:Persian
834:Uruzgan
634:Shopian
489:Unknown
486:Unknown
455:Ships:
409:†
83:scholar
1660:
1633:
1602:
1542:
1534:
1502:
1470:
1405:
1334:
1324:
1165:Urganj
1125:Kohsan
1019:, and
871:Alizai
764:Kunduz
674:Jamrud
619:Multan
604:Attock
589:Shahda
405:
334:
320:Persia
264:
247:
212:Result
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1726:BRILL
1213:Farah
1161:Khiva
1129:toman
1121:Kariz
1021:Uzbek
1013:Aimaq
1009:Sunni
724:Aqcha
714:Balkh
704:Tagab
594:Nimla
445:: 500
171:Herat
145:Qajar
90:JSTOR
76:books
1695:link
1658:ISBN
1631:ISBN
1600:OCLC
1532:OCLC
1500:ISBN
1468:ISBN
1403:ISBN
1332:ISSN
1322:ISBN
1211:and
1145:Ghor
1119:via
999:and
947:The
156:Date
62:news
975:by
45:by
1744::
1691:}}
1687:{{
1629:.
1627:51
1574:^
1564:.
1552:^
1538:.
1514:^
1482:^
1432:^
1371:^
1330:.
1316:.
1259:.
1215:.
1163:,
1159:,
1155:,
1151:,
1147:,
1143:,
1131:.
1123:,
1015:,
959:,
955::
173:,
143:A
1728:.
1697:)
1666:.
1639:.
1606:.
1568:.
1546:.
1508:.
1476:.
1411:.
1338:.
951:(
552:e
545:t
538:v
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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