1175:
5442:
5391:
4268:
1278:
1096:. According to McBrien, the majority of the bishops were not so much interested in a formal definition of papal infallibility as they were in strengthening papal authority and, because of this, were willing to accept the agenda of the fallibilists. A minority, some 10% of the bishops, McBrien says, opposed the proposed definition of papal infallibility on both ecclesiastical and pragmatic grounds, because, in their opinion, it departed from the ecclesiastical structure of the
31:
658:
191:
1257:, that is, when, in the exercise of his office as shepherd and teacher of all Christians, in virtue of his supreme apostolic authority, he defines a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole Church, he possesses, by the divine assistance promised to him in blessed Peter, that infallibility which the divine Redeemer willed his Church to enjoy in defining doctrine concerning faith or morals.
221:
5487:
2224:
5430:
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4280:
394:
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1185:
There was stronger opposition to the draft constitution on the nature of the church, which at first did not include the question of papal infallibility, but the majority party in the council, whose position on this matter was much stronger, brought it forward. It was decided to postpone discussion of
1100:
church. From a pragmatic perspective, they feared that defining papal infallibility would alienate some
Catholics, create new difficulties for union with non-Catholics, and provoke interference by governments in ecclesiastical affairs. Those who held this view included most of the German and
581:
resident in Rome to tender him their opinions as to the advisability of a council. The majority pronounced in favour of the scheme, dissenting voices being rare. After March 1865, the convocation of the council was no longer in doubt. Special bulls were reportedly issued with invitations to
957:
1197:, Archbishop of Bologna, proposed adding that the pope is assisted by "the counsel of the bishops manifesting the tradition of the churches". Pius IX rejected Guidi's view of the bishops as witnesses to the tradition, maintaining: "I am the tradition."
1841:
1084:, in 1854. However, the proposal to define papal infallibility itself as dogma met with resistance, not because of doubts about the substance of the proposed definition, but because some considered it inopportune to take that step at that time.
1028:
1218:). This made evident what the final outcome would be, and some 60 members of the opposition left Rome so as not to be associated with approval of the document. The final vote, with a choice only between
4056:
1137:
was adopted unanimously. The draft presented to the council on 8 March drew no serious criticism, but a group of 35 English-speaking bishops, who feared that the opening phrase of the first chapter, "
5195:
4661:
3945:
3042:
1261:
None of the bishops who had argued that proclaiming the definition was inopportune refused to accept it. Some
Catholics, mainly of German language and largely inspired by the historian
1021:
1059:
periodical. It claimed, as the view of many
Catholics in France, that the council would be of very brief duration, since the majority of its members were in agreement, and mentioned
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422:
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1014:
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284:
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1399:
5584:
4046:
1466:
1454:
1414:, which had maintained a somewhat precarious existence in separation from Rome since the 18th century but had preserved an episcopal succession recognized by Rome as
1174:
620:
what had been going on, he answered: "Well, we meet, and we look at one another, and then we talk a little, but when we want to know what we have been doing, we read
1156:" ('Holy Catholic Apostolic Roman Church'). The constitution thus set forth the teaching of the "Holy Catholic Apostolic Roman Church" on God, revelation and faith.
5554:
5003:
1247:
The dogmatic constitution states, in chapter 4:9, that the pope has "full and supreme power of jurisdiction over the whole Church" (chapter 3:9); and that, when he:
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1534:
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5369:
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763:
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613:
4341:
4330:
4011:
3310:
1285:
Discussion of the rest of the document on the nature of the church was to continue when the bishops returned after a summer break. In the meanwhile, the
1065:
the proclamation of papal infallibility. Factions around the proposal arose across Europe, and some
Italians even proposed setting up a rival council in
415:
4419:
4773:
2084:
1462:
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Even though the
Council was moved to Ferrara in 1438 and later to Florence, some bishops refused to move and remained in a parallel Council at Basel.
4372:
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1470:
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408:
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1418:. The first consecration of the new order was that of Joseph H. Reinkens, who was made bishop in Germany by a sympathetic Jansenist bishop
4829:
4130:
1230:, was taken on 18 July 1870, with 533 votes in favour and only 2 against defining as a dogma the infallibility of the pope when speaking
5363:
5210:
5029:
4028:
3915:
1423:
1088:
divides the bishops attending
Vatican I into three groups. The first group, which McBrien calls the "active infallibilists", was led by
1634:
5353:
4812:
4168:
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3221:
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220:
1842:"The Infallibility of the Papal Magisterium as Presented in the Pastoral Letters of the Bishops of the United States after Vatican I"
4874:
4310:
3300:
2520:
1200:
On 13 July 1870, a preliminary vote on the section on infallibility was held in a general congregation: 451 voted simply in favour (
2500:
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4621:
4071:
3551:
3441:
2929:
2585:
1178:
634:
523:
269:
5534:
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1815:
1478:
1435:
893:
274:
243:
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5122:
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1458:
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2711:
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2639:
2613:
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1073:
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310:
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1410:
Following the council's decision, a minority of clergy and laity opposed to the newly proclaimed dogma united with the
5223:
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1047:
The object of the council was a mystery for a while. The first revelation was given in
February 1869 by an article in
4414:
3475:
2275:
This contains a detailed account of the course of the
Council, and some commentary on the immediate political impact.
2475:
Verhoeven, Timothy. "Transatlantic
Connections: American Anti-Catholicism and the First Vatican Council (1869–70)."
4967:
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1965:
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4763:
4691:
4651:
4466:
4173:
3875:
3186:
2977:
2961:
2827:
2437:
Portier, William L. "The First
Vatican Council, John Henry Newman, and the Making of a Post-Christendom Church."
2148:
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4858:
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2601:
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1102:
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4501:
601:
on 8 December 1869. Preliminary sessions dealt with general administrative matters and committee assignments.
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The dogma of papal infallibility raised considerable opposition in some liberal theological circles in the
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1482:
1391:
1318:
1309:, adjourning the council indefinitely. While some proposed to continue the council in the Belgian city of
1262:
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everything in the draft except infallibility. The decree did not go forward without controversy; Cardinal
1093:
966:
609:
382:
325:
88:
1937:
1477:, formed by more theologically conservative Old Catholics, was formed in 2008 and currently includes the
1187:
5559:
5218:
5183:
5089:
4950:
4889:
4778:
4734:
4729:
4611:
4431:
4397:
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3689:
3546:
3453:
3253:
3236:
3149:
3093:
2933:
2671:
2165:
1351:
1081:
1077:
320:
4802:
4518:
4041:
3601:
1277:
1069:. However, before the council met all became quiet in view of the studied vagueness of the invitation.
1358:(an emphasis on the powers of the pope), that Republican France took steps to curb it by revoking the
5333:
5188:
5176:
4824:
4817:
4606:
4496:
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4213:
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4203:
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4183:
4150:
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3231:
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2577:
2160:
1089:
905:
845:
617:
605:
487:
346:
253:
137:
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5395:
5270:
5132:
4884:
4686:
4656:
4272:
3996:
3986:
3935:
3793:
3779:
3639:
3381:
3144:
2882:
2703:
1427:
1286:
1266:
1042:
983:
978:
701:
673:
476:
351:
141:
30:
5434:
5407:
5034:
4962:
4751:
4696:
4513:
4446:
4284:
4061:
3830:
3754:
3722:
3541:
3510:
3347:
3335:
3196:
3134:
2849:
2819:
2569:
2536:
1869:
1439:
1341:
1332:, some of the European kingdoms and republics took rapid action against the Catholic Church. The
1097:
795:
751:
448:
398:
248:
178:
3850:
1192:
5375:
5323:
4792:
4756:
4567:
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3910:
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3855:
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2174:
2035:
2011:
1861:
1474:
1395:
1359:
1337:
736:
483:
330:
1101:
Austro-Hungarian bishops, nearly half of the Americans, one third of the French, most of the
5252:
4945:
4839:
4601:
4591:
4577:
4554:
4535:
4120:
3925:
3905:
3825:
3810:
3709:
3611:
3485:
3325:
3283:
3278:
3258:
3241:
3154:
2719:
1985:
1853:
1642:
1419:
1297:
1150:, later succeeded in having an additional adjective inserted, so that the final text read: "
1056:
836:
757:
687:
464:
456:
361:
75:
2363:
The Catholic Church in the Modern World: A Survey from the French Revolution to the Present
5307:
5171:
5094:
4714:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4643:
4572:
4178:
4145:
4089:
4083:
3940:
3845:
3749:
3561:
3055:
2196:
2143:
1379:
1333:
1325:
1314:
1300:
1169:
1085:
696:
669:
638:
560:
546:
472:
452:
212:
167:
63:
2344:
2049:
590:
clerics as well as to other non-Catholics, but apparently none accepted the invitations.
657:
471:. It opened on 8 December 1869 and was adjourned on 20 September 1870 after the Italian
190:
5049:
4922:
4869:
4616:
4479:
4441:
4409:
4241:
4066:
3860:
3835:
3799:
3739:
3732:
3727:
3717:
3571:
3556:
3495:
3371:
3361:
3117:
2953:
2909:
2384:
2374:
2358:
2260:
2152:
2123:
1960:
1355:
1303:, Pope Pius IX, who then considered himself a prisoner in the Vatican, issued the bull
1237:
971:
872:
550:
5523:
5240:
5230:
4719:
4631:
4596:
4125:
4051:
4017:
4001:
3961:
3644:
3619:
3395:
3305:
3290:
3212:
2480:
2442:
2350:
2243:
2230:
1873:
1804:
1664:
1383:
1329:
1147:
990:
746:
731:
726:
691:
665:
542:
2169:. Vol. 15. New York: The Encyclopedia Press (published 1913). pp. 303–309.
5235:
5161:
5110:
5039:
4914:
4844:
4426:
4389:
4367:
4326:
4235:
4110:
3966:
3930:
3669:
3591:
3435:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3159:
2917:
1290:
1000:
883:
831:
811:
790:
785:
574:
468:
460:
99:
1324:
In reaction to the political implications of the doctrine of infallibility on the
3020:
2310:
2201:
4997:
4940:
4036:
3865:
3840:
3815:
3788:
3775:
3684:
3586:
3273:
2023:
1387:
1375:
1346:
1144:
888:
878:
866:
608:
complained of rainy weather, inadequate heating facilities, and boredom. Bishop
557:), which it defined in the First Dogmatic Constitution on the Church of Christ (
519:
499:
490:
trends of the 19th century. In the Dogmatic Constitution on the Catholic Faith (
133:
125:
5429:
5402:
4279:
2424:
Noether, Emiliana P. "Vatican Council I: Its Political and Religious Setting."
2142:
2028:
1989:
1546:
1544:
1542:
393:
3820:
3405:
2291:
2235:
1857:
1126:
594:
587:
535:
515:
493:
158:
129:
2252:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 947–951.
1865:
4972:
2969:
1411:
900:
741:
622:
531:
511:
507:
503:
5285:
4351:
3634:
3388:
3376:
43:
4295:
2114:
1390:; the most notable theologian opposing the formulation of the dogma was
3891:
3505:
3127:
2418:
2089:
1310:
1269:
in protest; von Döllinger did not formally join the new group himself.
1113:. Only a few bishops appear to have had doubts about the dogma itself.
51:
5510:
2505:
2429:
2386:
How the Pope Became Infallible: Pius IX and the Politics of Persuasion
2109:
Hennesey, James. "National Traditions and the First Vatican Council."
1313:, it was never reconvened. The council was formally closed in 1960 by
1293:, French troops protecting papal rule in Rome withdrew from the city.
1143:" ('Holy Roman Catholic Church'), might be construed as favouring the
3500:
3410:
3315:
1066:
2262:
The Vatican Council: Eight Months at Rome during the Vatican Council
1289:
broke out. With the swift German advance and the capture of Emperor
2229:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1517:
1276:
1173:
1131:
On 24 April 1870, the dogmatic constitution on the Catholic faith
2998:* Ecumenical status disputed within the Eastern Orthodox Church.
2413:
Kadić, Ante. "Bishop Strossmayer and the First Vatican Council."
2125:
The Church in Crisis: A History of the General Councils, 325–1870
1899:
1550:
4911:
4363:
2282:
Vatican I: the council and the making of the ultramontane church
2018:. Translated by Laughland, John. Leominster, England: Gracewing.
1576:
Vatican I: the council and the making of the ultramontane church
630:
554:
4299:
4057:
Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
3024:
2509:
2034:(4th ed.). New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
1449:
The Union of Utrecht still exists to this day and includes the
5044:
1671:. Vol. II. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. p. 504.
5452:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
2317:(6th ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. 2001.
612:
of Newark, New Jersey, noted the high prices in Rome. When
498:), the council condemned what it considered the errors of
3946:
Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution
2452:
The Church Unfinished: Ecclesiology through the Centuries
1434:
in Switzerland). Old Catholics in Europe united into the
459:
which was adjourned in 1563. The council was convoked by
2706:(Basel/Lausanne: 1431–1449; Ferrara/Florence: 1438–1445)
1212:), and 62 in favour but on condition of some amendment (
1711:
1709:
2468:
Raymond, John. "The First Vatican Council 1869–1870."
2404:
Hoppen, K. Theodore. "First Vatican Council, 1869–70"
1586:
1584:
1296:
On 20 October 1870, one month after the newly founded
5418:
3977:
Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary
2479:
100.4 (2014): 695–720. Anti-Catholics were outraged.
1181:
of several countries gathered in Rome for the council
1438:
in 1889, which entered into full communion with the
5346:
5316:
5298:
5209:
5109:
5077:
5016:
4983:
4931:
4904:
4857:
4747:
Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici
4642:
4553:
4487:
4478:
4465:
4388:
4161:
4027:
3954:
3889:
3773:
3708:
3610:
3532:
3434:
3423:
3346:
3206:
3195:
3062:
2893:
2846:
2791:
2746:
2612:
2543:
1236:. The two votes in opposition were cast by Bishops
147:
121:
113:
105:
95:
82:
69:
59:
37:
23:
2383:
2200:
2027:
1614:
1402:, for refusing to accept the council's decision.
629:Unlike the five earlier general councils held in
4047:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
2408:(Oct 1969), Vol. 19 Issue 10, pp. 713–720 online
1467:Polish-Catholic Church of the Republic of Poland
1455:Catholic Diocese of the Old Catholics in Germany
737:Apiarius of Sicca § Appeal to the bishop of Rome
463:on 29 June 1868, under the rising threat of the
1394:, who was excommunicated in 1871 by Archbishop
1364:completely separating the Church from the state
1249:
597:on 29 June 1868. The first session was held in
475:. Its best-known decision is its definition of
1688:
804:To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation
4311:
3036:
2521:
2203:The HarperCollins Encyclopedia of Catholicism
2072:Hales, E. E. Y. "The First Vatican Council."
1529:E. E. Y. Hales, "The First Vatican Council."
1350:broke out immediately afterwards, and in the
1048:
1022:
807:§ The Third Wall: Authority to Call a Council
416:
225:Renaissance depiction of the Council of Trent
8:
2487:The Papacy and European Diplomacy, 1869–1878
996:Josip Juraj Strossmayer § Catholic diplomacy
984:Old Catholic Church § First Vatican Council,
5550:Religious organizations established in 1869
1805:"French Military Forces in Rome, 1849–1870"
1426:. Such new group referred to itself as the
1304:
1252:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1160:
1153:Sancta catholica apostolica romana Ecclesia
1151:
1138:
1132:
1117:
1060:
707:First Vatican Council § Papal infallibility
558:
491:
486:in response to the rising influence of the
455:, held three centuries after the preceding
165:
156:
5206:
5115:
5022:
4863:
4484:
4475:
4471:
4318:
4304:
4296:
4062:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary
4012:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart
3431:
3420:
3203:
3043:
3029:
3021:
2528:
2514:
2506:
2030:Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes
1029:
1015:
752:Gregory II Youssef § First Vatican Council
652:
593:The council was summoned by the pope by a
541:Its other concern was the doctrine of the
482:The council's main purpose was to clarify
423:
409:
219:
185:
4774:Santi Martino e Sebastiano degli Svizzeri
1739:
1629:
1627:
1463:Old Catholic Church of the Czech Republic
1281:Drawing showing the First Vatican Council
179:Chronological list of ecumenical councils
2902:Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical)
1791:
1471:Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland
960:Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox
706:
16:Synod of the Catholic church (1869–1870)
5585:1869 establishments in the Papal States
5465:
5425:
3001:
2353:. London: Archibald Constable & Co.
1727:
1700:
1510:
896:bishops § Centralization of papal power
664:
437:First Ecumenical Council of the Vatican
369:
338:
292:
261:
230:
206:
5555:Catholic Church councils held in Italy
2259:Nobili-Vitelleschi, Francesco (1876).
2128:. Garden City, New York: Hanover House
1775:
1763:
1618:
1562:
1451:Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands
1354:the synod so accentuated the power of
958:Ecclesiastical differences between the
742:Pentarchy § After the East–West Schism
20:
5540:19th-century Catholic Church councils
1955:
1953:
1924:
1886:
1779:
1751:
1715:
1602:
1590:
967:Ignaz von Döllinger § Papal authority
41:8 December 1869 – 20 September 1870 (
7:
2472:(Nov 1962) 12#11 pp 759–767. online.
2390:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday.
5545:Catholic Church ecumenical councils
3916:Suppression of the Society of Jesus
2365:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday.
2292:"First Vatican Council (1869–1870)"
1938:"Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger"
3471:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
2373:(1954) biography of Pope Pius IX;
2296:Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils
2179:Encyclopedia of Christian Theology
1821:from the original on 16 March 2012
1641:. 8 September 1962. Archived from
791:Conciliarism § Modern conciliarism
14:
5055:Postage stamps and postal history
2415:Slavonic and East European Review
2321:from the original on 18 June 2001
2284:(Harvard University Press, 2018).
2177:(2004). "Vatican I, Council of".
2141:Kirch, J. M. Konrad (1912).
1578:(Harvard University Press, 2018).
5502:
5485:
5468:
5440:
5428:
5401:
5389:
5196:Philatelic and Numismatic Office
4278:
4266:
3597:Fourth Council of Constantinople
3552:Second Council of Constantinople
2930:State church of the Roman Empire
2382:Hasler, August Bernhard (1981).
2222:
1317:, prior to the formation of the
1140:Sancta romana catholica Ecclesia
979:Papal infallibility § Objections
656:
645:in the Vatican, hence its name.
392:
352:Basel–Ferrara–Florence (1431–42)
189:
29:
3567:Third Council of Constantinople
3491:First Council of Constantinople
2761:First seven ecumenical councils
2625:First seven ecumenical councils
2545:First seven ecumenical councils
2290:Tanner, Norman P., ed. (1990).
2058:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2014
1479:Polish National Catholic Church
796:Ecumenical council § Acceptance
732:Episcopal see § Catholic Church
49:8 December 1869 – 5 June 1960 (
4584:Stufetta del cardinal Bibbiena
4380:Vicar General for Vatican City
3806:Dissolution of the monasteries
3072:History of the Catholic Church
2489:(U North Carolina Press, 1948)
2111:Archivum Historiae Pontificiae
1459:Old Catholic Church of Austria
1:
4541:Monument to the Royal Stuarts
4437:Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi
3680:Fourth Council of the Lateran
3655:Second Council of the Lateran
3264:Apostles in the New Testament
1518:"Vatican Council, First" 2001
986:Old Catholic Union of Utrecht
149:Documents and statements
4835:Santo Stefano degli Abissini
3794:Catholic Counter-Reformation
3660:Third Council of the Lateran
3650:First Council of the Lateran
3106:Catholic ecumenical councils
2501:Text of the council's ruling
2343:De Cesare, Raffaele (1909).
1551:"First Vatican Council" 2014
1370:Controversies and opposition
972:Ultramontanism § Position of
275:Constantinople III (680–681)
5224:Vatican Information Service
5064:Secretariat for the Economy
4920:Cardinal Secretary of State
4662:Modern and Contemporary Art
2454:. New York: Paulist Press.
2450:Prusak, Bernard P. (2004).
2346:The Last Days of Papal Rome
2207:. New York: HarperCollins.
2093:. Microsoft. Archived from
1635:"The First Vatican Council"
824:Catholic episcopal councils
764:Eastern Orthodox opposition
549:) and infallibility of the
285:Constantinople IV (869–870)
5601:
5354:Amateur Sports Association
4798:San Pellegrino in Vaticano
4725:Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri
3140:History of the Roman Curia
2477:Catholic Historical Review
1840:Hennessy, Paul K. (1996).
1689:Burton & Woodruff 2014
1167:
1124:
1040:
952:Objections and controversy
932:Cum ex apostolatus officio
5384:
5246:Vatican Television Center
5118:
5025:
4866:
4764:Mater Ecclesiae Monastery
4474:
4337:
4261:
3876:European wars of religion
3187:Eastern Catholic Churches
2996:
2978:Conference of Addis Ababa
2426:Journal of Modern History
2421:; he played a major role.
2359:Hales, E. E. Y.
2315:The Columbia Encyclopedia
2163:; Wynne, John J. (eds.).
2074:Studies in Church History
1998:. Encyclopædia Britannica
1858:10.1017/S0360966900029820
1531:Studies in Church History
1432:Christian Catholic Church
1082:Mary, the mother of Jesus
177:
28:
5258:Vatican Publishing House
4563:Redemptoris Mater Chapel
4415:Old St. Peter's Basilica
4007:Mary of the Divine Heart
3630:Clash against the empire
3582:Second Council of Nicaea
3476:Old St. Peter's Basilica
2795:Oriental Orthodox Church
2417:49.116 (1971): 382–409.
2311:"Vatican Council, First"
2083:Hennesey, James (2009).
1653:– via Conciliaria.
1273:Suspension and aftermath
974:other apostolic churches
962:Church § Papal authority
939:Pascendi Dominici gregis
439:, commonly known as the
5396:Vatican City portal
4808:Via della Conciliazione
4404:Prisoner in the Vatican
4273:Vatican City portal
3625:Investiture Controversy
3481:First Council of Nicaea
2970:Synod of Constantinople
2751:Eastern Orthodox Church
2249:Encyclopædia Britannica
2181:. New York: Routledge.
2144:"Vatican Council"
2122:Hughes, Philip (1961).
2085:"First Vatican Council"
2055:Encyclopædia Britannica
2050:"First Vatican Council"
1995:Encyclopædia Britannica
1966:Encyclopædia Britannica
1943:Encyclopædia Britannica
1615:Nobili-Vitelleschi 1876
926:Development of doctrine
894:Appointment of Catholic
573:As early as late 1864,
270:Constantinople II (553)
5535:1870 disestablishments
5408:Catholicism portal
5370:National football team
5364:National football team
5264:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
4956:For Vatican City State
4285:Catholicism portal
4096:Second Vatican Council
3982:Our Lady of La Salette
3789:Protestant Reformation
3776:Protestant Reformation
3695:Second Council of Lyon
3084:Ecclesiastical history
2441:17.1 (2020): 123–144.
2439:Newman Studies Journal
2428:40.2 (1968): 218–233.
2149:Herbermann, Charles G.
1754:, loc. 5428–5439.
1495:Second Vatican Council
1483:Nordic Catholic Church
1319:Second Vatican Council
1305:
1282:
1265:, formed the separate
1259:
1253:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1182:
1179:Catholic ecclesiastics
1161:
1152:
1139:
1133:
1118:
1094:Ignatius von Senestrey
1061:
1049:
643:Saint Peter's Basilica
610:James Roosevelt Bayley
559:
492:
399:Catholicism portal
244:Constantinople I (381)
166:
157:
89:Second Vatican Council
5530:First Vatican Council
5457:at Knowledge (XXG)'s
5455:First Vatican Council
5219:Holy See Press Office
5004:Corps of Firefighters
4779:Paul VI Audience Hall
4730:Domus Sanctae Marthae
4502:St. Peter's Baldachin
4432:Cortile del Belvedere
4398:History of the papacy
3992:First Vatican Council
3690:First Council of Lyon
3454:Constantine the Great
3150:Christian monasticism
2265:. London: John Murray
2166:Catholic Encyclopedia
1961:"Old Catholic church"
1778:, pp. 364, 381;
1352:French Third Republic
1280:
1177:
1078:Immaculate Conception
1072:Pope Pius defined as
577:had commissioned the
441:First Vatican Council
24:First Vatican Council
5580:1870 in Christianity
5575:1869 in Christianity
5280:L'Osservatore Romano
5189:Sistine Chapel Choir
4993:Corps of Gendarmerie
4818:Porta San Pellegrino
4769:Sant'Egidio in Borgo
4497:Chair of Saint Peter
4489:St. Peter's Basilica
4457:Piazza Scossacavalli
4169:Sexual abuse scandal
4078:Mit brennender Sorge
3921:Age of Enlightenment
3700:Bernard of Clairvaux
3577:Byzantine Iconoclasm
3516:Council of Chalcedon
3296:Council of Jerusalem
3165:Role in civilization
3145:Religious institutes
3077:By country or region
2986:Pan-Orthodox Council
2240:Vatican Council, The
1766:, pp. 342, 362.
1669:The Story of My Life
1645:on 15 September 2015
1442:in 1931 through the
1416:valid though illicit
1344:, the anti-Catholic
1090:Henry Edward Manning
1051:La Civiltà Cattolica
906:Papal deposing power
846:The Ratzinger Report
747:Pope John XIX § Life
606:Bernard John McQuaid
599:St. Peter's Basilica
488:modern philosophical
383:Vatican II (1962–65)
138:biblical inspiration
5271:Annuario Pontificio
5123:Academy of Sciences
4682:Gregoriano Egiziano
3997:Papal infallibility
3987:Our Lady of Lourdes
3936:Shimabara Rebellion
3780:Counter-Reformation
2883:Synod of Beth Lapat
2537:Ecumenical councils
2236:Mirbt, Carl Theodor
2197:McBrien, Richard P.
2076:7 (1971): 329–344.
1533:7 (1971): 329–344.
1428:Old Catholic Church
1406:Old Catholic schism
1400:Munich and Freising
1392:Ignaz von Döllinger
1306:Postquam Dei munere
1287:Franco-Prussian War
1267:Old Catholic Church
1263:Ignaz von Döllinger
1188:Filippo Maria Guidi
1043:Papal infallibility
778:Ecumenical councils
702:Papal infallibility
649:Papal infallibility
633:, which met in the
477:papal infallibility
467:encroaching on the
378:Vatican I (1869–70)
370:19th–20th centuries
357:Lateran V (1512–17)
347:Constance (1414–18)
339:15th–16th centuries
293:12th–14th centuries
208:Ecumenical councils
153:Two constitutions:
142:papal infallibility
5035:Vatican euro coins
4830:Saint John's Tower
4803:St. Peter's Square
4752:Collegio Teutonico
4735:Holy Spirit Chapel
4697:Bramante Staircase
4677:Gregoriano Etrusco
4519:Saint Peter's tomb
4514:Vatican Necropolis
4373:List of sovereigns
4042:Our Lady of Fátima
3831:Ignatius of Loyola
3755:Catherine of Siena
3723:Pope Boniface VIII
3542:Benedict of Nursia
3511:Council of Ephesus
3348:Ante-Nicene period
3301:Split with Judaism
3135:Crusading movement
2962:Synod of Jerusalem
2875:Seleucia-Ctesiphon
2850:Church of the East
2594:Constantinople III
2280:O'Malley, John W.
2175:Lacoste, Jean-Yves
2097:on 31 October 2009
2012:De Mattei, Roberto
1574:John W. O'Malley,
1440:Anglican Communion
1342:Kingdom of Prussia
1283:
1215:placet iuxta modum
1183:
766:to papal supremacy
449:ecumenical council
311:Lateran III (1179)
5416:
5415:
5376:Vatican Athletics
5342:
5341:
5294:
5293:
5150:Apostolic Archive
5105:
5104:
5012:
5011:
4875:Foreign relations
4853:
4852:
4825:Ricciolo d'Italia
4793:Passetto di Borgo
4757:Teutonic Cemetery
4710:
4709:
4568:Borgia Apartments
4549:
4548:
4529:Tomb of the Julii
4293:
4292:
4253:COVID-19 pandemic
4231:Pope Benedict XVI
4136:Pope John Paul II
3911:Pope Benedict XIV
3897:French Revolution
3881:Thirty Years' War
3871:Robert Bellarmine
3856:John of the Cross
3760:Pope Alexander VI
3745:Council of Vienne
3675:Francis of Assisi
3665:Pope Innocent III
3534:Early Middle Ages
3528:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3466:Arian controversy
3419:
3418:
3367:Apostolic Fathers
3018:
3017:
2946:Quinisext Council
2847:Recognized by the
2792:Recognized by the
2769:Constantinople IV
2747:Recognized by the
2632:Constantinople IV
2614:Recognized by the
2586:Constantinople II
2461:978-0-8091-4286-6
2305:– via EWTN.
2214:978-0-06-065338-5
2188:978-1-57958-250-0
2161:Shahan, Thomas J.
2113:(1969): 491–512.
2041:978-0-300-11597-0
1986:Woodruff, Douglas
1984:Burton, Ivor F.;
1475:Union of Scranton
1396:Gregor von Scherr
1360:Concordat of 1801
1338:Concordat of 1855
1301:had occupied Rome
1242:Edward Fitzgerald
1039:
1038:
920:compared to popes
861:compared to popes
826:compared to popes
780:compared to popes
721:compared to popes
637:and are known as
484:Catholic doctrine
433:
432:
316:Lateran IV (1215)
306:Lateran II (1139)
262:6th–9th centuries
231:4th–5th centuries
184:
183:
5592:
5570:1870 conferences
5565:1869 conferences
5515:
5507:
5506:
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5445:
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5424:
5406:
5405:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5253:Vatican News App
5207:
5116:
5023:
4946:Apostolic Camera
4864:
4840:Vatican Pharmacy
4785:The Resurrection
4602:Niccoline Chapel
4592:Cappella Paolina
4578:Papal apartments
4555:Apostolic Palace
4536:Vatican Grottoes
4485:
4476:
4472:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4297:
4283:
4282:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4248:Patriarch Kirill
4121:Pope John Paul I
3926:Anti-clericalism
3906:Pope Innocent XI
3826:Society of Jesus
3811:Council of Trent
3765:Age of Discovery
3710:Late Middle Ages
3612:High Middle Ages
3602:East–West Schism
3486:Pope Sylvester I
3432:
3421:
3331:General epistles
3326:Pauline epistles
3259:John the Baptist
3242:Great Commission
3204:
3155:Catholic culture
3045:
3038:
3031:
3022:
3009:
3006:
2989:
2981:
2973:
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2886:
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2867:Constantinople I
2862:
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2831:
2823:
2815:
2812:Constantinople I
2807:
2784:
2780:Constantinople V
2774:
2763:
2753:
2739:
2731:
2723:
2715:
2707:
2699:
2691:
2683:
2675:
2667:
2659:
2651:
2643:
2635:
2627:
2605:
2597:
2589:
2581:
2573:
2565:
2562:Constantinople I
2557:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2507:
2465:
2401:
2389:
2369:Hales, E. E. Y.
2366:
2354:
2349:. Translated by
2330:
2328:
2326:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2253:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2206:
2192:
2170:
2157:Pallen, Condé B.
2146:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2045:
2033:
2019:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1971:
1970:
1957:
1948:
1947:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1820:
1809:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1773:
1767:
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1755:
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1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
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1631:
1622:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1579:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1537:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1436:Union of Utrecht
1420:Johannes Heykamp
1362:, and therefore
1308:
1298:Kingdom of Italy
1256:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1196:
1164:
1155:
1142:
1136:
1121:
1064:
1054:
1031:
1024:
1017:
901:Concordat § List
859:Political rulers
838:Christus Dominus
758:Ravenna Document
688:Primacy of Peter
660:
653:
639:Lateran councils
635:Lateran Basilica
618:Cardinal Manning
584:Eastern Orthodox
564:
497:
465:Kingdom of Italy
457:Council of Trent
425:
418:
411:
397:
396:
331:Vienne (1311–12)
301:Lateran I (1123)
223:
193:
186:
171:
162:
96:Convoked by
76:Council of Trent
71:Previous council
60:Accepted by
33:
21:
5600:
5599:
5595:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5590:
5589:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5508:
5503:
5501:
5497:from Wikisource
5491:
5486:
5484:
5474:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5460:sister projects
5459:
5451:
5441:
5439:
5427:
5419:
5417:
5412:
5400:
5390:
5388:
5380:
5338:
5312:
5308:Catholic Church
5290:
5205:
5201:Public holidays
5101:
5073:
5008:
4979:
4927:
4900:
4895:Fundamental Law
4849:
4715:Gregorian Tower
4706:
4644:Vatican Museums
4638:
4573:Clementine Hall
4545:
4461:
4384:
4333:
4324:
4294:
4289:
4277:
4267:
4265:
4257:
4179:World Youth Day
4157:
4146:World Youth Day
4090:Pacem in terris
4084:Pope John XXIII
4023:
3950:
3941:Edict of Nantes
3899:
3895:
3885:
3851:Teresa of Ávila
3846:Tridentine Mass
3782:
3778:
3769:
3750:Knights Templar
3704:
3606:
3562:Gregorian chant
3520:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3427:
3415:
3342:
3211:
3199:
3191:
3058:
3056:Catholic Church
3049:
3019:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2992:
2984:
2976:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2944:
2928:
2916:
2900:
2889:
2881:
2873:
2865:
2857:
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2710:
2702:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2623:
2616:Catholic Church
2615:
2608:
2600:
2592:
2584:
2576:
2568:
2560:
2552:
2539:
2534:
2497:
2492:
2485:Wallace, L. P.
2462:
2449:
2398:
2381:
2357:
2342:
2338:
2336:Further reading
2333:
2324:
2322:
2309:
2300:
2298:
2289:
2268:
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2258:
2234:
2223:
2221:
2215:
2195:
2189:
2173:
2153:Pace, Edward A.
2140:
2131:
2129:
2121:
2100:
2098:
2082:
2061:
2059:
2048:
2042:
2022:
2010:
2001:
1999:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1898:
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1798:
1790:
1786:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1730:, p. 1666.
1726:
1722:
1714:
1707:
1703:, p. 1297.
1699:
1695:
1687:
1676:
1663:
1662:
1658:
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1528:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1491:
1408:
1372:
1334:Austrian Empire
1315:Pope John XXIII
1275:
1206:), 88 against (
1190:
1172:
1170:Pastor aeternus
1166:
1162:Pastor aeternus
1129:
1123:
1098:early Christian
1086:Richard McBrien
1045:
1035:
1006:
1005:
985:
973:
961:
959:
953:
945:
944:
921:
919:
911:
910:
895:
862:
860:
852:
851:
827:
825:
817:
816:
806:
798:of the councils
797:
781:
779:
771:
770:
765:
722:
720:
712:
711:
697:Papal supremacy
683:
651:
571:
561:Pastor aeternus
473:Capture of Rome
453:Catholic Church
447:, was the 20th
429:
391:
362:Trent (1545–63)
280:Nicaea II (787)
254:Chalcedon (451)
226:
213:Catholic Church
210:
168:Pastor aeternus
150:
85:
72:
64:Catholic Church
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5598:
5596:
5588:
5587:
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5562:
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5499:
5482:
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5398:
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5157:Climate Forest
5154:
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5078:Infrastructure
5075:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5057:
5050:Poste Vaticane
5047:
5040:Communications
5037:
5032:
5026:
5020:
5014:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5000:
4995:
4989:
4987:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4948:
4937:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4923:Pietro Parolin
4917:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4744:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4667:Pio-Clementino
4664:
4659:
4654:
4648:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4617:Sistine Chapel
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4559:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4511:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4482:
4480:Major basilica
4469:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4442:Lateran Treaty
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4412:
4410:Circus of Nero
4407:
4400:
4394:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4349:
4344:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4300:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4275:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4176:
4171:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4086:
4081:
4074:
4069:
4067:Lateran Treaty
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4033:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3902:
3900:
3892:Baroque period
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3861:Peter Canisius
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3836:Francis Xavier
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3800:Exsurge Domine
3796:
3791:
3785:
3783:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3740:Pope Clement V
3737:
3736:
3735:
3733:Avignon Papacy
3728:Western Schism
3725:
3720:
3718:Thomas Aquinas
3714:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3572:Saint Boniface
3569:
3564:
3559:
3557:Pope Gregory I
3554:
3549:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3496:Biblical canon
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3450:
3448:
3429:
3425:Late antiquity
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3372:Pope Clement I
3362:Church Fathers
3359:
3353:
3351:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3218:
3216:
3201:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3123:Biblical canon
3118:Catholic Bible
3115:
3114:
3113:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3068:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3025:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2954:Synod of Jassy
2950:
2942:
2926:
2914:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2863:
2854:
2852:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2808:
2799:
2797:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2764:
2756:
2754:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2732:
2724:
2716:
2708:
2704:Basel-Florence
2700:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2668:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2628:
2620:
2618:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2574:
2566:
2558:
2549:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2496:
2495:External links
2493:
2491:
2490:
2483:
2473:
2466:
2460:
2446:
2445:
2434:
2433:
2422:
2410:
2409:
2402:
2397:978-0385158510
2396:
2378:
2377:
2367:
2355:
2351:Zimmern, Helen
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2307:
2286:
2285:
2277:
2276:
2255:
2254:
2244:Chisholm, Hugh
2219:
2213:
2199:, ed. (1995).
2193:
2187:
2171:
2138:
2118:
2117:
2107:
2080:
2069:
2068:
2046:
2040:
2020:
2008:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1949:
1929:
1927:, p. 951.
1917:
1891:
1889:, p. 307.
1879:
1832:
1796:
1784:
1782:, p. 307.
1768:
1756:
1744:
1742:, p. 137.
1740:De Mattei 2004
1732:
1720:
1718:, p. 305.
1705:
1693:
1674:
1665:Hare, Augustus
1656:
1623:
1607:
1605:, p. 303.
1595:
1593:, p. 947.
1580:
1567:
1555:
1538:
1522:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1487:
1444:Bonn Agreement
1407:
1404:
1371:
1368:
1356:ultramontanism
1330:secular states
1274:
1271:
1238:Aloisio Riccio
1168:Main article:
1165:
1158:
1125:Main article:
1122:
1115:
1041:Main article:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
981:
976:
969:
964:
954:
951:
950:
947:
946:
943:
942:
935:
928:
922:
918:Existing dogma
917:
916:
913:
912:
909:
908:
903:
898:
891:
886:
881:
876:
873:Patronato real
869:
863:
858:
857:
854:
853:
850:
849:
842:
834:
828:
823:
822:
819:
818:
815:
814:
809:
800:
793:
788:
782:
777:
776:
773:
772:
769:
768:
761:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
723:
718:
717:
714:
713:
710:
709:
704:
699:
694:
684:
681:
680:
677:
676:
662:
661:
650:
647:
570:
567:
551:Bishop of Rome
431:
430:
428:
427:
420:
413:
405:
402:
401:
388:
387:
386:
385:
380:
372:
371:
367:
366:
365:
364:
359:
354:
349:
341:
340:
336:
335:
334:
333:
328:
326:Lyon II (1274)
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
295:
294:
290:
289:
288:
287:
282:
277:
272:
264:
263:
259:
258:
257:
256:
251:
246:
241:
239:Nicaea I (325)
233:
232:
228:
227:
224:
216:
215:
204:
203:
195:
194:
182:
181:
175:
174:
173:
172:
163:
151:
148:
145:
144:
123:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
86:
83:
80:
79:
73:
70:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5597:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5514:from Wikidata
5513:
5512:
5500:
5496:
5495:
5483:
5479:
5478:
5466:
5462:
5456:
5448:
5438:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5422:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5397:
5387:
5386:
5383:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5368:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5345:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5241:Vatican Radio
5239:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5231:Vatican Media
5229:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5182:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5108:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5076:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5005:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4968:Congregations
4966:
4964:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4880:Vicar General
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4720:Casina Pio IV
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4687:Pio Cristiano
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4633:
4632:Room of Tears
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4597:Raphael Rooms
4595:
4593:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4452:Borgo Vecchio
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4381:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4321:
4316:
4314:
4309:
4307:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4274:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4126:Mother Teresa
4124:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4052:Pope Pius XII
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4018:Rerum novarum
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4002:Pope Leo XIII
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3972:United States
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3962:Pope Pius VII
3960:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3645:Scholasticism
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3620:Pope Urban II
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3396:Justin Martyr
3394:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3306:New Testament
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3269:Commissioning
3267:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:Apostolic Age
3209:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3099:Papal primacy
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3034:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3005:
3002:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2845:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2770:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2519:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2470:History Today
2467:
2463:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2406:History Today
2403:
2399:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2341:
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2335:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2231:public domain
2220:
2216:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1918:
1906:. 22 May 2018
1905:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1833:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1792:Hennesey 2009
1788:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1617:, p. 1;
1616:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1336:annulled the
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1279:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1149:
1148:branch theory
1146:
1141:
1135:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1044:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
991:Sedevacantism
989:
987:
982:
980:
977:
975:
970:
968:
965:
963:
956:
955:
949:
948:
941:
940:
936:
934:
933:
929:
927:
924:
923:
915:
914:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
874:
870:
868:
865:
864:
856:
855:
848:
847:
843:
841:
840:§ Controversy
839:
835:
833:
830:
829:
821:
820:
813:
812:Ultrajectines
810:
808:
805:
801:
799:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
783:
775:
774:
767:
762:
760:
759:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
727:Papal primacy
725:
724:
716:
715:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
692:Papal primacy
689:
686:
685:
679:
678:
675:
674:infallibility
671:
667:
666:Papal primacy
663:
659:
655:
654:
648:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
627:
625:
624:
619:
615:
614:Lord Houghton
611:
607:
604:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
580:
576:
568:
566:
563:
562:
556:
552:
548:
544:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
495:
489:
485:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
426:
421:
419:
414:
412:
407:
406:
404:
403:
400:
395:
390:
389:
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
374:
373:
368:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
343:
342:
337:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
321:Lyon I (1245)
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
298:
297:
296:
291:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
267:
266:
265:
260:
255:
252:
250:
249:Ephesus (431)
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
236:
235:
234:
229:
222:
218:
217:
214:
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:
192:
188:
187:
180:
176:
170:
169:
164:
161:
160:
155:
154:
152:
146:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
101:
98:
94:
90:
87:
81:
77:
74:
68:
65:
62:
58:
54:
53:
46:
45:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
5560:Pope Pius IX
5509:
5492:
5480:from Commons
5475:
5454:
5447:Vatican City
5359:Cricket team
5329:Coat of arms
5278:
5269:
5262:
5236:Vatican News
5162:Demographics
5140:Architecture
5128:AT telescope
4845:Vatican Hill
4783:
4692:Ethnographic
4582:
4506:
4427:Leonine City
4327:Vatican City
4240:
4236:Pope Francis
4162:21st century
4111:Pope Paul VI
4088:
4076:
4029:20th century
4016:
3991:
3967:Pope Pius IX
3955:19th century
3931:Pope Pius VI
3798:
3670:Latin Empire
3640:Universities
3592:Pope Leo III
3459:Christianity
3444:state church
3436:Great Church
3237:Resurrection
3200:(30–325/476)
3197:Early Church
3182:Latin Church
3177:Papal States
3172:Vatican City
3004:
2918:Great Church
2783:(1341–1351)*
2778:
2768:
2727:
2486:
2476:
2469:
2451:
2438:
2425:
2414:
2405:
2385:
2370:
2362:
2345:
2323:. Retrieved
2314:
2299:. Retrieved
2295:
2281:
2267:. Retrieved
2261:
2247:
2202:
2178:
2164:
2130:. Retrieved
2124:
2110:
2099:. Retrieved
2095:the original
2088:
2073:
2060:. Retrieved
2053:
2029:
2024:Duffy, Eamon
2015:
2000:. Retrieved
1993:
1977:Bibliography
1964:
1941:
1932:
1920:
1908:. Retrieved
1903:
1894:
1882:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1823:. Retrieved
1811:
1799:
1787:
1771:
1759:
1747:
1735:
1728:Lacoste 2004
1723:
1701:McBrien 1995
1696:
1668:
1659:
1647:. Retrieved
1643:the original
1638:
1610:
1598:
1575:
1570:
1558:
1530:
1525:
1513:
1448:
1409:
1373:
1345:
1323:
1295:
1291:Napoleon III
1284:
1260:
1250:
1246:
1199:
1184:
1130:
1109:, and a few
1071:
1046:
1001:Ultrajectine
937:
930:
884:Febronianism
871:
844:
837:
832:Febronianism
803:
786:Conciliarity
756:
641:, it met in
628:
621:
592:
575:Pope Pius IX
572:
540:
481:
469:Papal States
461:Pope Pius IX
444:
440:
436:
434:
377:
109:Pope Pius IX
100:Pope Pius IX
84:Next council
50:
42:
18:
5435:Catholicism
5133:observatory
4998:Swiss Guard
4973:Dicasteries
4951:Commissions
4941:Roman Curia
4672:Chiaramonti
4612:Scala Regia
4524:Papal tombs
4447:Borgo Nuovo
4420:Papal tombs
4242:Laudato si'
4037:Pope Pius X
3866:Philip Neri
3841:Pope Pius V
3816:Thomas More
3685:Inquisition
3587:Charlemagne
3547:Monasticism
3357:Persecution
3249:Holy Spirit
3232:Crucifixion
3111:First seven
2836:Ephesus III
2738:(1962–1965)
2730:(1869–1870)
2722:(1545–1563)
2714:(1512–1517)
2698:(1414–1418)
2690:(1311–1312)
2656:Lateran III
1910:25 February
1904:Vatican.com
1900:"Vatican I"
1852:(1): 7–28.
1776:Hughes 1961
1764:Hughes 1961
1619:Tanner 1990
1563:Tanner 1990
1388:Switzerland
1376:Netherlands
1347:Kulturkampf
1326:sovereignty
1254:ex cathedra
1233:ex cathedra
1191: [
889:Cisalpinism
879:Josephinism
867:Gallicanism
520:materialism
500:rationalism
134:materialism
126:Rationalism
91:(1962–1965)
78:(1545–1563)
5524:Categories
5002:See also:
4933:Government
4905:Governance
4652:Historical
4622:altarpiece
4607:Sala Regia
4357:Properties
4115:coronation
3821:Pope Leo X
3406:Tertullian
3336:Revelation
3311:Background
2828:Ephesus II
2736:Vatican II
2664:Lateran IV
2648:Lateran II
1925:Mirbt 1911
1887:Kirch 1912
1780:Kirch 1912
1752:Duffy 2014
1716:Kirch 1912
1603:Kirch 1912
1591:Mirbt 1911
1501:References
1412:Jansenists
1227:non placet
1209:non placet
1134:Dei Filius
1127:Dei Filius
1119:Dei Filius
1103:Chaldaeans
1062:inter alia
719:Patriarchs
588:Protestant
569:Background
536:secularism
528:naturalism
516:liberalism
494:Dei Filius
159:Dei Filius
130:liberalism
114:Attendance
5167:Languages
5085:Transport
4870:Elections
4813:Fountains
4657:Paintings
4467:Geography
4131:Communism
4101:Ecumenism
3447:(380–451)
3439:(180–451)
3428:(313–476)
3350:(100–325)
2771:(879–880)
2728:Vatican I
2712:Lateran V
2696:Constance
2640:Lateran I
2634:(869–870)
2602:Nicaea II
2596:(680–681)
2578:Chalcedon
2238:(1911). "
1990:"Pius IX"
1874:170213488
1866:0360-9669
1340:. In the
1111:Armenians
670:supremacy
623:The Times
579:cardinals
547:supremacy
532:pantheism
524:modernism
512:socialism
508:communism
504:anarchism
445:Vatican I
106:President
5300:Religion
5286:Pope2you
5145:Archives
5090:Heliport
4985:Military
4963:Councils
4859:Politics
4352:Holy See
4331:articles
4141:HIV/AIDS
3635:Crusades
3389:Irenaeus
3382:Ignatius
3377:Polycarp
3227:Ministry
3215:(30–100)
3089:Timeline
2894:See also
2859:Nicaea I
2804:Nicaea I
2554:Nicaea I
2371:Pio Nono
2361:(1958).
2319:Archived
2026:(2014).
2014:(2004).
1988:(2014).
1846:Horizons
1825:7 August
1816:Archived
1667:(1896).
1489:See also
1481:and the
1469:and the
1430:(or the
1145:Anglican
1107:Melkites
682:Overview
200:a series
198:Part of
44:de facto
5421:Portals
5372:(Women)
5317:Symbols
5172:Library
5111:Culture
5069:Tourism
5030:Banking
5018:Economy
4915:Francis
4742:Gardens
4627:ceiling
4390:History
4368:Francis
4347:Outline
4106:Judaism
3506:Vulgate
3316:Gospels
3291:Stephen
3208:Origins
3128:Vulgate
3064:General
3054:of the
3052:History
2820:Ephesus
2680:Lyon II
2570:Ephesus
2481:excerpt
2443:excerpt
2325:3 March
2301:2 March
2269:3 March
2246:(ed.).
2233::
2132:3 March
2101:2 March
2090:Encarta
2062:2 March
2016:Pius IX
2002:2 March
1812:Frajola
1649:2 March
1639:America
1424:Utrecht
1384:Germany
1380:Austria
1311:Mechlin
1251:speaks
543:primacy
451:of the
211:of the
52:de jure
5347:Sports
5324:Anthem
4329:
4072:Nazism
3894:to the
3501:Jerome
3411:Origen
3094:Papacy
2988:(2016)
2980:(1965)
2972:(1872)
2964:(1672)
2956:(1642)
2688:Vienne
2682:(1274)
2674:(1245)
2672:Lyon I
2666:(1215)
2658:(1179)
2650:(1139)
2642:(1123)
2458:
2430:online
2419:online
2394:
2375:online
2242:". In
2227:
2211:
2185:
2115:online
2078:online
2038:
1872:
1864:
1535:online
1473:. The
1465:, the
1461:, the
1457:, the
1453:, the
1221:placet
1203:placet
1067:Naples
1057:Jesuit
690:&
616:asked
603:Bishop
534:, and
202:on the
122:Topics
5494:Texts
5477:Media
5366:(Men)
5211:Media
5184:Music
4890:Crime
4508:Pietà
4342:Index
4174:Islam
3442:Roman
3401:Canon
3274:Peter
3222:Jesus
2948:(692)
2920:(180–
2908:/155–
2885:(484)
2877:(410)
2869:(381)
2861:(325)
2838:(475)
2830:(449)
2822:(431)
2814:(381)
2806:(325)
2720:Trent
2604:(787)
2588:(553)
2580:(451)
2572:(431)
2564:(381)
2556:(325)
2147:. In
1870:S2CID
1819:(PDF)
1808:(PDF)
1506:Notes
1195:]
1074:dogma
553:(the
5511:Data
5334:Flag
5177:film
5095:Rail
5045:.va
4912:Pope
4702:Maps
4364:Pope
4224:2023
4219:2019
4214:2016
4209:2013
4204:2011
4199:2008
4194:2005
4189:2002
4184:2000
4151:1995
3321:Acts
3284:Paul
3279:John
3254:Mary
2456:ISBN
2392:ISBN
2327:2018
2303:2018
2271:2018
2209:ISBN
2183:ISBN
2134:2018
2103:2018
2064:2018
2036:ISBN
2004:2018
1912:2019
1862:ISSN
1827:2022
1651:2018
1386:and
1240:and
1224:and
1105:and
1092:and
1076:the
1055:, a
672:and
631:Rome
595:bull
586:and
555:Pope
435:The
38:Date
4885:Law
3210:and
3160:Art
2938:451
2934:380
2922:451
2910:314
1854:doi
1422:of
1398:of
1328:of
1080:of
626:."
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