1224:" (1716). His flying machine consisted of a light frame covered with strong canvas and provided with two large oars or wings moving on a horizontal axis, arranged so that the upstroke met with no resistance while the downstroke provided lifting power. Swedenborg knew that the machine would not fly, but suggested it as a start and was confident that the problem would be solved. He wrote: "It seems easier to talk of such a machine than to put it into actuality, for it requires greater force and less weight than exists in a human body. The science of mechanics might perhaps suggest a means, namely, a strong spiral spring. If these advantages and requisites are observed, perhaps in time to come some one might know how better to utilize our sketch and cause some addition to be made so as to accomplish that which we can only suggest". The Editor of the Royal Aeronautical Society journal wrote in 1910 that Swedenborg's design was "...the first rational proposal for a flying machine of the aeroplance type..."
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1882:. Starting in 1891 he became the first person to make controlled untethered glides routinely, and the first to be photographed flying a heavier-than-air machine, stimulating interest around the world. He rigorously documented his work, including photographs, and for this reason is one of the best known of the early pioneers. He also promoted the idea of "jumping before you fly", suggesting that researchers should start with gliders and work their way up, instead of simply designing a powered machine on paper and hoping it would work. Lilienthal made over 2,000 glides until his death in 1896 from injuries sustained in a glider crash. Lilienthal had also been working on small engines suitable for powering his designs at the time of his death.
1947:. In 1894, Hargrave linked four of his kites together, added a sling seat, and flew 16 feet (4.9 m). By demonstrating to a sceptical public that it was possible to build a safe and stable flying machine, Hargrave opened the door to other inventors and pioneers. Hargrave devoted most of his life to constructing a machine that would fly. He believed passionately in open communication within the scientific community and would not patent his inventions. Instead, he scrupulously published the results of his experiments in order that a mutual interchange of ideas may take place with other inventors working in the same field, so as to expedite joint progress. By 1889, he had constructed a rotary engine driven by compressed air.
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1894:, eventually deciding that the best was a biplane design. Like Lilienthal, he documented his work and also photographed it, and was busy corresponding with like-minded researchers around the world. Chanute was particularly interested in solving the problem of aerodynamic instability of the aircraft in flight, which birds compensate for by instant corrections, but which humans would have to address either with stabilizing and control surfaces or by moving the center of gravity of the aircraft, as Lilienthal did. The most disconcerting problem was longitudinal instability (divergence), because as the angle of attack of a wing increases, the
1611:, a Frenchman living from 1850 to 1880, made significant contributions to aeronautics. He advanced the theory of wing contours and aerodynamics and constructed successful models of aeroplanes, helicopters and ornithopters. In 1871, he flew the first aerodynamically stable fixed-wing aeroplane, a model monoplane he called the "Planophore", a distance of 40 metres (130 ft). Pénaud's model incorporated several of Cayley's discoveries, including the use of a tail, wing dihedral for inherent stability, and rubber power. The planophore also had longitudinal stability, being trimmed such that the tailplane was set at a smaller
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1124:, working in England, realised that the two types of craft between them allowed operation over a wide range of weather conditions. He developed Hargrave's basic design, adding additional lifting surfaces to create powerful man-lifting systems using multiple kites on a single line. Cody made many demonstrations of his system and would later sell four of his "war kite" systems to the Royal Navy. His kites also found use in carrying meteorological instruments aloft and he was made a fellow of the Royal Meteorological Society. In 1905,
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508:(published in 1687). From the last years of the 15th century onwards, Leonardo wrote about and sketched many designs for flying machines and mechanisms, including ornithopters, fixed-wing gliders, rotorcraft and parachutes. His early designs were man-powered types including rotorcraft and ornithopters (improving on Bacon's proposal by adding a stabilizing tail). He eventually came to realise the impracticality of these and turned to controlled gliding flight, also sketching some designs powered by a spring.
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1205:, begging for support for his invention of an "airship", in which he expressed the greatest confidence. The public test of the machine, which was set for 24 June 1709, did not take place. According to contemporary reports, however, Gusmão appears to have made several less ambitious experiments with this machine, descending from eminences. It is certain that Gusmão was working on this principle at the public exhibition he gave before the Court on 8 August 1709, in the hall of the
3118:"Yet al-Maqqari cites a contemporary poem by Mu'min b. Said, a minor court poet of Cordoba under Muhammad I (d. 886 A.D.), which appears to refer to this flight and which has the greater evidential value because Mu'min did not like b. Firnas: he criticized one of his metaphors and disapproved his artificial thunder. ... Although the evidence is slender, we must conclude that b. Firnas was the first man to fly successfully, and that he has priority over Eilmer for this honor."
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1507:. He took Cayley's work on cambered wings further, making important findings about both the wing aerofoil section and lift distribution. To test his ideas, from 1858 he constructed several gliders, both manned and unmanned, and with up to five stacked wings. He concluded correctly that long, thin wings would be better than the bat-like ones suggested by many, because they would have more leading edge for their area. Today this relationship is known as the
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2576:, and won the Deutsch-Archdeacon Prize for the first officially observed flight of more than 25 metres (82 ft). It later set the first world record recognized by the Federation Aeronautique Internationale by flying 220 metres (720 ft) in 21.5 seconds. It had no lateral control, so after these flights, in late November, he added auxiliary surfaces between the wings as primitive ailerons, and made a few more flights.
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the principles were not fully understood and progress was erratic. The aileron slowly replaced wing warping for lateral control although designers sometimes, as with the Blériot XI, returned briefly to wing warping. Similarly, all-flying tail surfaces gave way to fixed stabilizers with hinged control surfaces attached. The canard pusher configuration of the early Wright Flyers was supplanted by tractor propeller aircraft designs.
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is not known. It has been suggested variously as Cayley's coachman, footman or butler, John
Appleby who may have been the coachman or another employee, or even Cayley's grandson George John Cayley. What is known is that he was the first to fly in a glider with distinct wings, fuselage and tail, and featuring inherent stability and pilot-operated controls: the first fully modern and functional heavier-than-air craft.
1195:, built a model aircraft with four fixed glider wings in 1647. Described as "four pairs of wings attached to an elaborate 'dragon'", it was said to have successfully lifted a cat in 1648 but not Burattini himself. He promised that "only the most minor injuries" would result from landing the craft. His "Dragon Volant" is considered "the most elaborate and sophisticated aeroplane to be built before the 19th Century".
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track with a second set of restraining rails to prevent it from lifting off, somewhat in the manner of a roller coaster. In 1894, the machine developed enough lift to take off, breaking one of the restraining rails and being damaged in the process. Maxim then abandoned work on it but would return to aeronautics in the 20th century to test a number of smaller designs powered by internal combustion engines.
291:(also Gongshu Ban). These leaf kites were constructed by stretching silk over a split bamboo framework. The earliest known Chinese kites were flat (not bowed) and often rectangular. Later, tailless kites incorporated a stabilizing bowline. Designs often emulated flying insects, birds, and other beasts, both real and mythical. Some were fitted with strings and whistles to make musical sounds while flying.
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2689:, which in 1910 achieved the first naval deck landing and takeoff. Meanwhile, the Wrights themselves had also been wrestling with the problem of achieving both stability and control, experimenting further with the foreplane before first adding a second small plane at the tail and then finally removing the foreplane altogether. They announced their two-seat
2445:, improvements made to the Gnome created a robust, relatively reliable and lightweight design which revolutionised aviation and would see continuous development over the next ten years. Fuel was introduced into each cylinder direct from the crankcase meaning that only an exhaust valve was required. The larger and more powerful nine-cylinder, 80 horsepower
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3307:(永 定三年）使元黄头与诸囚自金凤台各乘纸鸱以飞，黄头独能至紫陌乃堕，仍付御史中丞毕义云饿杀之。(Rendering: , Gao Yang conducted an experiment by having Yuan Huangtou and a few prisoners launch themselves from a tower in Ye, capital of the Northern Qi. Yuan Huangtou was the only one who survived from this flight, as he glided over the city wall and fell at Zimo safely, but he was later executed.)
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1740:, and made many experiments. He developed a biplane design which he patented in 1891 and completed as a test rig three years later. It was an enormous machine, with a wingspan of 105 feet (32 m), a length of 145 feet (44 m), fore and aft horizontal surfaces and a crew of three. Twin propellers were powered by two lightweight compound
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separate control handle. The Flyer III became the first practical aircraft (though without wheels and using a launching device), flying consistently under full control and bringing its pilot back to the starting point safely and landing without damage. On 5 October 1905, Wilbur flew 24 miles (39 km) in 39 minutes 23 seconds".
655:. His proposed methods of controlling height are still in use today: carrying ballast which may be dropped overboard to gain height, and venting the lifting containers to lose height. In practice de Terzi's spheres would have collapsed under air pressure, and further developments had to wait for more practicable lifting gases.
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air which they called "electric smoke". Despite not fully understanding the principles at work, they made some successful launches and in
December 1782 flew a 20 m (710 cu ft) balloon to a height of 300 m (980 ft). The French Académie des Sciences soon invited them to Paris to give a demonstration.
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credit for being the first person to improve on "the clumsy structure of the toy" and reports Cooper's model as ascending twenty or thirty feet. Cayley made one and a Mr. Coulson made a copy, described by Cayley as "a very beautiful specimen of the screw propeller in the air" and capable of flying over ninety feet high.
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1161:(1772), Bauer (1764), Meerwein (1781), and Blanchard (1781) who would later have more success with balloons. Rotary-winged helicopters likewise appeared, notably from Lomonosov (1754) and Paucton. A few model gliders flew successfully although some claims are contested, but in any event no full-size craft succeeded.
1909:, who had worked for Maxim and had built and successfully flown several gliders during the mid to late 1890s, constructed a prototype powered aircraft in 1899 which, recent research has shown, would have been capable of flight. However, like Lilienthal he died in a glider accident before he was able to test it.
2849:, the first British military officer to fly and the first British military officer to perform an aerial reconnaissance mission in a fixed-wing aircraft during army manoeuvres in 1910, predicted the military use of aircraft and the ensuing development and escalation of aerial combat in a submission to the UK
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next fitted an aircraft engine to a modified unmanned "power-kite", the precursor to his later aeroplanes, and flew it inside the
Balloon Shed, along a wire suspended from poles, before the Prince and Princess of Wales. The British Army officially adopted his war kites for their Balloon Companies in 1908.
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speed and a 20 horsepower (15 kW) acetylene engine powering the propellers. Whitehead was an experienced machinist, and he is reported to have raised funds for his aircraft by making and selling engines to other aviators. Most early engines were neither powerful nor reliable enough for practical
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To obtain adequate power for their engine-driven Flyer, the
Wrights designed and built a low-powered internal combustion engine. Using their wind tunnel data, they designed and carved wooden propellers that were more efficient than any before, enabling them to gain adequate performance from their low
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each delivering 180 horsepower (130 kW). Overall weight was 7,000 pounds (3,200 kg). Later modifications would add more wing surfaces as shown in the illustration. Its purpose was for research and it was neither aerodynamically stable nor controllable, so it ran on a 1,800 feet (550 m)
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By the end of 1809, he had constructed the world's first full-size glider and flown it as an unmanned tethered kite. In the same year, goaded by the farcical antics of his contemporaries (see above), he began the publication of a landmark three-part treatise titled "On Aerial
Navigation" (1809–1810).
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In 1796, Cayley made a model helicopter of the form commonly known as a
Chinese flying top, unaware of Launoy and Bienvenu's model of similar design. He regarded the helicopter as the best design for simple vertical flight, and later in his life in 1854 he made an improved model. He gave a Mr. Cooper
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built an ornithopter with flap valves, in which the pilot stood on a rigid frame and worked the wings with a movable horizontal bar. His 1809 attempt at flight failed, so he then added a small hydrogen balloon and the combination achieved some short hops. Popular illustrations of the day depicted his
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worked independently on gliding flight. Lillienthal published a book on bird flight and went on, from 1891 to 1896, to construct a series of gliders, of various monoplane, biplane and triplane configurations, to test his theories. He made thousands of flights and at the time of his death was working
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The history of early powered flight is very much the history of early engine construction. The
Wrights designed their own engines. They used a single flight engine, a 12 horsepower (8.9 kW) water-cooled four-cylinder inline type with five main bearings and fuel injection. Whitehead's craft was
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made the first successful sustained flight of an unpiloted, engine-driven heavier-than-air craft of substantial size. It was launched from a spring-actuated catapult mounted on top of a houseboat on the
Potomac River near Quantico, Virginia. Two flights were made that afternoon, one of 1,005 metres
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and
Montgomery's activities were documented by Chanute in his book Progress in Flying Machines. Montgomery discussed his flying during the 1893 Aeronautical Conference in Chicago and Chanute published Montgomery's comments in December 1893 in the American Engineer & Railroad Journal. Short hops
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He went on to publish the design for a full-size manned glider or "governable parachute" to be launched from a balloon in 1852 and then to construct a version capable of launching from the top of a hill, which carried the first adult aviator across
Brompton Dale in 1853. The identity of the aviator
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Attempts to design or construct a true flying machine began, typically comprising a gondola with a supporting canopy and spring- or man-powered flappers for propulsion. Among the first were Hautsch and Burattini (1648). Others included de Gusmão's "Passarola" (1709 on), Swedenborg (1716), Desforges
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Hoffman, Paul (2010). Asas da Loucura: A extraordinária vida de Santos-Dumont (in Brazilian Portuguese). Translated by Marisa Motta. Rio de Janeiro: Ponto de Leitura. ISBN 9788539000098. Hoffman, Paul (2003). Wings of Madness: Alberto Santos-Dumont and the Invention of Flight. Hyperion Books. ISBN
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Hoffman, Paul (2010). Asas da Loucura: A extraordinária vida de Santos-Dumont (in Brazilian Portuguese). Translated by Marisa Motta. Rio de Janeiro: Ponto de Leitura. ISBN 9788539000098. Hoffman, Paul (2003). Wings of Madness: Alberto Santos-Dumont and the Invention of Flight. Hyperion Books. ISBN
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The sky is about to become another battlefield no less important than the battlefields on land and sea....In order to conquer the air, it is necessary to deprive the enemy of all means of flying, by striking at him in the air, at his bases of operation, or at his production centers. We had better
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Early work had focused primarily on making a craft stable enough to fly but failed to offer full controllability, while the Wrights had sacrificed stability in order to make their Flyer fully controllable. A practical aircraft requires both. Although stability had been achieved by several designs,
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He continued his research, and in 1804 constructed a model glider which was the first modern heavier-than-air flying machine, having the layout of a conventional modern aircraft with an inclined wing towards the front and adjustable tail at the back with both tailplane and fin. The wing was just a
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flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control. On a small silver disc dated that year, he engraved on one side the forces acting on an aircraft and on the other a sketch of an aircraft design incorporating such modern features as a cambered wing, separate tail comprising a
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The Montgolfier designs had several shortcomings, not least the need for dry weather and a tendency for sparks from the fire to set light to the paper balloon. The manned design had a gallery around the base of the balloon rather than the hanging basket of the first, unmanned design, which brought
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began experimenting with parachutes and balloons in France. Their balloons were made of paper, and early experiments using steam as the lifting gas were short-lived due to its effect on the paper as it condensed. Mistaking smoke for a kind of steam, they began filling their balloons with hot smoky
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Eventually some tried to build flying devices, such as birdlike wings, and to fly by jumping off a tower, hill, or cliff. During this early period physical issues of lift, stability, and control were not understood, and most attempts ended in serious injury or death. In the 1st century AD, Chinese
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number 2390 volume 66-page 702, 12 November 1954. Retrieved: 29 May 2010. "In thinking of how to construct the lightest possible wheel for aerial navigation cars, an entirely new mode of manufacturing this most useful part of locomotive machines occurred to me: vide, to do away with wooden spokes
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English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as
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Seeking answers, the Wrights constructed their own wind tunnel and equipped it with a sophisticated measuring device to calculate lift and drag of 200 different model-size wing designs they created. As a result, the Wrights corrected earlier mistakes in calculations of lift and drag and used this
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in Aldershot. He soon also joined the newly established Army Balloon Factory at Farnborough and continued developing his war kites for the British Army. In his own time, he developed a manned "glider-kite" which was launched on a tether like a kite and then released to glide freely. In 1907, Cody
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are believed to have been used extensively in ancient China, for both civil and military purposes and sometimes enforced as a punishment. Stories of man-carrying kites also occur in Japan, following the introduction of the kite from China around the seventh century AD. It is said that at one time
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semi-radial or fan engine of 1909 (also built in a true, 120° cylinder angle radial form) developed only 25 horsepower (19 kW) but was much lighter than the Antoinette, and was chosen by Louis Blériot for his cross-Channel flight. More radical was the Seguin brothers' series of Gnôme rotary
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control using a steerable rear rudder. Although wing-warping as a means of roll control was used only briefly during the early history of aviation, the innovation of combining roll and yaw control was a fundamental advance in flight control. For pitch control, the Wrights used a forward elevator
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With the basic design apparently successfully tested, he then turned to the problem of a suitable engine. He contracted Stephen Balzer to build one, but was disappointed when it delivered only 8 horsepower (6.0 kW) instead of the 12 horsepower (8.9 kW) he expected. Langley's assistant,
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as fuel. It was 14 feet (4.3 m) long and weighed about 216 pounds (98 kg) of which the engine accounted for 80 pounds (36 kg), and ran on three wheels. It was tested in June 1875 on a circular rolled gravel track of nearly 300 feet (91 m) diameter. It did not reach a speed of
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of 42 ft 8 in (13 m) and a weight of only 176 pounds (80 kg) without the pilot. Several trials were made with the aircraft, and it achieved lift-off under its own power after launching from a ramp, glided for a short time and returned safely to the ground, making it the first
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Attempts at man-powered flight still persisted. Paucton's rotorcraft was man-powered, while another approach, also originally studied by Leonardo, was the use of flap valves. The flap valve is a simple hinged flap over a hole in the wing. In one direction it opens to allow air through and in the
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constructed a model using the established counter-rotating rotors. Initially powered by steam it failed, but a clockwork version did fly. Other designs, covering a wide variety of forms, included Pomés and De la Pauze (1871), Pénaud, Achenbach (1874), Dieuaide (1887), Melikoff (1877), Forlanini
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and rudder and moved them about twice the distance from the wings. They added two fixed vertical vanes (called "blinkers") between the elevators, and gave the wings a very slight dihedral. They disconnected the rudder from the wing-warping control, and as in all future aircraft, placed it on a
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They concentrated on the controllability of unpowered aircraft before attempting to fly a powered design. From 1900 to 1902, they built and flew a series of three gliders. The first two were much less efficient than the Wrights expected, based on experiments and writings of their 19th-century
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pioneering example of the V-8 engine format, first patented in 1902, dominated flight for several years after it was introduced in 1906, powering many notable craft of that era. Incorporating direct fuel injection, evaporative water cooling and other advanced features, it generated around 50
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magazine, the Wright brothers seemed to have the most advanced knowledge of heavier-than-air navigation at the time. However, the same magazine issue also claimed that no public flight had been made in the United States before its April 1907 issue. Hence, they devised the Scientific American
188:(428–347 BC) was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have actually flown some 200 metres around 400 BC. According to Gellius, this machine, which its inventor called
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biplane flew in 1910 and proved fully stable. Dunne deliberately avoided full three-axis control, devising instead a system which was easier to operate and which he regarded as far safer in practice. Dunne's system would not be widely adopted. His tailless design reached its peak with the
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engine power. The Flyer's design was also influenced by the desire of the Wrights to teach themselves to fly safely without unreasonable risk to life and limb, and to make crashes survivable. The limited engine power resulted in low flying speeds and the need to take off into a headwind.
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fabric doped with a flammable stiffener and sealant. The need to save weight meant that most aircraft were structurally fragile, and not infrequently broke up in flight especially when performing violent manoeuvres, such as pulling out of a steep dive, which would be required in combat.
844:. Shortly after the flight began, de Rozier was seen to be venting hydrogen when it was ignited by a spark and the balloon went up in flames, killing those on board. The source of the spark is not known, but suggestions include static electricity or the brazier for the hot air section.
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is considered the first human to make a witnessed descent with a parachute. On 26 December 1783, he jumped from the tower of the Montpellier observatory in France, in front of a crowd that included Joseph Montgolfier, using a 14 feet (4.3 m) parachute with a rigid wooden frame.
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Ballooning quickly became a major "rage" in Europe in the late 18th century, providing the first detailed understanding of the relationship between altitude and the atmosphere. By the early 1900s, ballooning was a popular sport in Britain. These privately owned balloons usually used
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In it he wrote the first scientific statement of the problem, "The whole problem is confined within these limits, viz. to make a surface support a given weight by the application of power to the resistance of air". He identified the four vector forces that influence an aircraft:
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sections, using steam as the working fluid. He proved the principles of aerodynamic lift foreseen by Cayley and Wenham and, from 1884, took out several patents on aerofoils. His findings underpin all modern aerofoil design. Phillips would later develop theories on the design of
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after a flight of 2 hours and 5 minutes, covering 22 miles (35 km). After Robert alighted Charles decided to ascend alone. This time he ascended rapidly to an altitude of about 3,000 metres (9,800 ft), where he saw the sun again but also suffered extreme pain in his
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flew 852 feet (260 m) in 59 seconds. Modern analysis by Professor Fred E. C. Culick and Henry R. Rex (1985) has demonstrated that the 1903 Wright Flyer was so unstable as to be almost unmanageable by anyone but the Wrights, who had trained themselves in the 1902 glider.
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became convinced that multiple wing planes were more effective than a monoplane and introduced the "strut-wire" braced wing structure which, with its combination of rigidity and lightness, would in the form of the biplane come to dominate aircraft design for decades to come.
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above 12 miles per hour (19 km/h), but a speed of around 35 miles per hour (56 km/h) would be necessary to lift off. However it is credited with being the first steam-powered aircraft to have left the ground under its own power by the historian Charles Gibbs-Smith.
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design in which the inner parts of the wings are fixed, and some control surfaces are provided towards the tips (as in the gliding flight of birds). His drawings survive and are deemed flight-worthy in principle, but he himself never flew in such a craft. In an essay titled
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with Montgomery's second and third gliders in 1885 and 1886 were also described by Montgomery. Between 1886 and 1896 Montgomery focused on understanding the physics of aerodynamics rather than experiment with flying machines. Another hang-glider had been constructed by
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described the Chinese techniques then current and commented on the hazards and cruelty involved. To foretell whether a ship should sail, a man would be strapped to a kite having a rectangular grid framework and the subsequent flight pattern used to divine the outlook.
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Throughout the 19th century, tower jumping was replaced in popularity by the equally-fatal balloon jumping as a way to demonstrate the continued uselessness of man-power and flapping wings. Meanwhile, the scientific study of heavier-than-air flight began in earnest.
948:. The 170-foot (52 m) long, 66,000-cubic-foot (1,900 m) airship covered 8 km (5 mi) in 23 minutes with the aid of an 8.5 horsepower (6.3 kW) electric motor, returning to its starting point. This was the first flight over a closed circuit.
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Gustave Weißkopf was a German who emigrated to the U.S., where he soon changed his name to Whitehead. From 1897 to 1915 he designed and built flying machines and engines. On 14 August 1901 Whitehead claimed to have carried out a controlled, powered flight in his
2928:(also known as Sikorsky S-22) was the first four-engined aircraft to ever enter production and the largest of its day, the prototype first flying in 1913 just before the outbreak of war. The type would go on to see service in both bomber and transport roles.
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on the Swiss border on 2 July 1900. The flight lasted 18 minutes. The second and third flights, in October 1900 and on 24 October 1900 respectively, beat the 6 m/s (13 mph) speed record of the French airship La France by 3 m/s (7 mph).
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was carried by balloon in a tandem-wing glider designed by John Montgomery to an altitude of 4,000 feet (1,200 m) before being released, gliding down and landing at a predetermined location as part of a large public demonstration of aerial flight at
840:. His idea was to use the hydrogen section for constant lift and to navigate vertically by heating and allowing to cool the hot air section, in order to catch the most favourable wind at whatever altitude it was blowing. The balloon envelope was made of
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the paper closer to the fire. On their free flight, De Rozier and d'Arlandes took buckets of water and sponges to douse these fires as they arose. On the other hand, the manned design of Charles was essentially modern. As a result of these exploits, the
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as the lifting gas. This has about half the lifting power of hydrogen, so the balloons had to be larger; however, coal gas was far more readily available, and the local gas works sometimes provided a special lightweight formula for ballooning events.
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and his school notebooks contained sketches in which he was developing his ideas on the theories of flight. It has been claimed that these sketches show that Cayley modeled the principles of a lift-generating inclined plane as early as 1792 or 1793.
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blades, for use in aircraft research together with the use of aerodynamic models on the arm, rather than attempting to fly a model of a complete design. He initially used a simple flat plane fixed to the arm and inclined at an angle to the airflow.
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demonstrated a small coaxial twin-rotor system, powered by a spring, to the Russian Academy of Sciences. The rotors were arranged one above the other and spun in opposite directions, principles still used in modern twin-rotor designs. In his 1768
2980:'s father conceived of a helicopter powered by two counter-rotating rotors, but was unable to find a powerful enough engine to build it. Hiram himself sketched out plans for a helicopter in 1872 before turning his attention to fixed-wing flight.
2191:, then reworked the design into a five-cylinder water-cooled radial that delivered 52 horsepower (39 kW) at 950 rpm, a feat that took years to duplicate. Now with both power and a design, Langley put the two together with great hopes.
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was an American who moved to England and adopted English nationality. He chose to largely ignore his contemporaries and built his own whirling arm rig and wind tunnel. In 1889, he built a hangar and workshop in the grounds of Baldwyn's Manor at
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machine without the balloon, leading to confusion as to what had actually flown. In 1811, Albrecht Berblinger built an ornithopter based on Degen's design but omitted the balloon, plunging instead into the Danube. The fiasco did have an upside:
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in a Charlière. But a similar attempt the other way ended in tragedy. To try to provide both endurance and controllability, de Rozier developed a balloon with both hot air and hydrogen gas bags, a design which was soon named after him as the
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and distinguished stability and control in his designs. He argued that manpower alone was insufficient, and while no suitable power source was yet available he discussed the possibilities and even described the operating principle of the
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The lightness and strength of the biplane is offset by the inefficiency inherent in placing two wings so close together. Biplane and monoplane designs vied with each other, with both still in production by the outbreak of war in 1914.
1261:, also taken in by the illustrations, was spurred to publish his findings to date "for the sake of giving a little more dignity to a subject bordering upon the ludicrous in public estimation", and the modern era of aviation was born.
1885:
Picking up where Lilienthal left off, Octave Chanute took up aircraft design after an early retirement and funded the development of several gliders. In the summer of 1896, his team flew several of their designs many times at
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lifted off in a "tethered" test flight, becoming the first manned helicopter to rise from the ground. It rose about 60 centimetres (24 in) and hovered for a minute. However, the flight proved to be extremely unsteady.
1360:, and fuselage for the pilot suspended below the center of gravity to provide stability. The design is not yet wholly modern, incorporating as it does two pilot-operated paddles or oars which appear to work as flap valves.
321:. Anthropomorphic kites made from cloth and wood were used in religious ceremonies to send prayers to the gods. By 1634, kites had reached the West, with an illustration of a diamond kite with a tail appearing in Bate's
2974:(1877), Castel (1878), and Dandrieux (1878–79). Of these, Forlanini's steam-powered contra-rotating model flew for 20 seconds, reaching a height of 13 metres (43 ft), and Dandrieux' rubber-powered model also flew.
1022:
on 19 October 1901 with a flight that took off from Saint-Cloud, rounded the Eiffel Tower and returned to its starting point. By this point, the airship had been established as the first practicable form of air travel.
2194:
To his dismay, the resulting aircraft proved to be too fragile. Simply scaling up the original small models resulted in a design that was too weak to hold itself together. Two launches in late 1903 both ended with the
1698:. In 1879, he flew a model which, like Pénaud's project, was a monoplane with twin tractor propellers but also had a separate horizontal tail. It was powered by compressed air, with the air tank forming the fuselage.
298:
was used as a message for a rescue mission. Ancient and medieval Chinese sources list other uses of kites for measuring distances, testing the wind, lifting men, signalling, and communication for military operations.
650:
and in 1670 proposed the first scientifically credible lifting medium in the form of hollow metal spheres from which all the air had been pumped out. These would be lighter than the displaced air and able to lift an
2199:
immediately crashing into the water. The pilot, Manly, was rescued each time. Also, the aircraft's control system was inadequate to allow quick pilot responses, and it had no method of lateral control, and the
2067:
and was repeated in newspapers throughout the world. Whitehead claimed two more flights on 17 January 1902, using his Number 22 monoplane. He described it as having a 40 horsepower (30 kW) motor with twin
1966:. However, after several successful flights, during an ascension in July 1905, a rope from the balloon struck the glider, and the glider suffered structural failure after release, resulting in Maloney's death.
984:
These aircraft were not practical. Besides being generally frail and short-lived, they were non-rigid or at best semi-rigid. Consequently, it was difficult to make them large enough to carry a commercial load.
2959:
759:
21 November: The Montgolfiers launched the first free flight balloon with human passengers. King Louis XVI had originally decreed that condemned criminals would be the first pilots, but Rozier, along with the
2806:
In 1909, aeroplanes remained frail and of little practical use. The limited engine power available meant that the effective payload was extremely limited. The basic structural and materials technology of the
2476:
of 1911 had a fully enclosed cockpit and faired undercarriage but its V-8 engine's 50 horsepower (37 kW) output was not enough for it to fly for more than a few feet at most. More successful was the
5231:, 17 December 2003. Retrieved: 5 January 2007. The FAI does not have an official record for the Wright flights, which occurred prior to FAI formation, but informally credits them, such as on its website.
1466:
propellers. Although only a design, (scale models were built in 1843 or 1848 and flew 10 or 130 feet) it was the first in history for a propeller-driven fixed-wing aircraft. Henson and his collaborator
4271:
In 1799, he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern aeroplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).
1768:
of 1890 was a bat-winged tractor monoplane which achieved a brief, uncontrolled hop, thus becoming the first heavier-than-air machine to take off under its own power. However his similar but larger
642:
wrote some fantasy novels in which he described the principle of ascent using a substance (dew) he supposed to be lighter than air, and descending by releasing a controlled amount of the substance.
2135:
detailing his research, and then turned to building his designs. He hoped to achieve automatic aerodynamic stability, so he gave little consideration to in-flight control. On 6 May 1896, Langley's
693:
to propose its use as a lifting gas in about 1780, though practical demonstration awaited a gastight balloon material. On hearing of the Montgolfier Brothers' invitation, the French Academy member
1772:
of 1897, notable only for having twin steam engines, failed to fly at all. Ader would later claim success and was not debunked until 1910 when the French Army published its report on his attempt.
1493:
and his brother Luis built several models using a clockwork mechanism as a power source and later a small steam engine. In 1857 or 1858, a pound-and-a-half model was able to fly briefly and land.
4413:, Page 3, "Probably a much cheaper engine of this sort might be produced by a gas-light apparatus, and by firing the inflammable air generated, with a due portion of common air, under a piston".
2665:
flew an aircraft similar in layout to the Wright flyer in 1908, incorporating a tailplane as well as a large front elevator. In 1910, an improved model fitted with between-wing ailerons won the
927:
flew his aereon design, an unpowered, controllable dirigible in Perth Amboy, New Jersey. He flew a later design in 1866 around New York City and as far as Oyster Bay, New York. His technique of
2373:
Once powered, controlled flight had been achieved, progress was still needed to create a practical flying machine for general use. This period leading up to World War I is sometimes called the
697:
offered a similar demonstration of a hydrogen balloon and this was accepted. Charles and two craftsmen, the Robert brothers, developed a gastight material of rubberised silk and set to work.
1409:
using a gas and air mixture. However he was never able to make a working engine and confined his flying experiments to gliding flight. He also identified and described the importance of the
2410:
of 1908 followed the Wright's pattern of a four-cylinder inline water-cooled design but produced 52 horsepower (39 kW). It powered many successful pioneer aircraft including those of
1705:
constructed a steam-powered monoplane driven by one large tractor and two smaller pusher propellers. In 1884, it was launched from a ramp and remained airborne for 98 feet (30 m).
2790:
A problem with early seaplanes was the tendency for suction between the water and the aircraft as speed increased, holding the aircraft down and hindering takeoff. The British designer
2603:
had failed, Blériot's was the first practical tractor monoplane and marked the start of a trend in French aviation. By 1909, he had developed this configuration to the point where the
423:. A sky lantern consists of a paper balloon under or just inside which a small lamp is placed. Sky lanterns are traditionally launched for pleasure and during festivals. According to
872:, first flew as a balloon passenger in a balloon that had been in service with the Union army. Later that century, the British Army would make use of observation balloons during the
389:(Master Who Embraces Simplicity), written around 317, describes the apocryphal use of a possible rotor in aircraft: "Some have made flying cars with wood from the inner part of the
1078:
Kites are most notable in the recent history of aviation primarily for their man-carrying or man-lifting capabilities, although they have also been important in other areas such as
1120:
Balloons were by then in use for both meteorology and military observation. Balloons can only be used in light winds, while kites can only be used in stronger winds. The American
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predecessors. Their 1900 glider had only about half the lift they anticipated, and the 1901 glider performed even more poorly, until makeshift modifications made it serviceable.
1368:. A movable weight allowed adjustment of the model's center of gravity. It was "very pretty to see" when flying down a hillside, and sensitive to small adjustments of the tail.
1866:
Otto Lilienthal was known as the "Glider King" or "Flying Man" of Germany. He duplicated Wenham's work and greatly expanded on it in 1884, publishing his research in 1889 as
1298:
Conducting scientific aerodynamic experiments demonstrating drag and streamlining, movement of the centre of pressure, and the increase in lift from curving the wing surface.
2721:, however it was rejected as a practical warplane by the British Army, in which Dunne was an officer, because it was too stable and hence not manoeuvrable enough in battle.
583:'s suggestion, published in 1676, that human legs were more comparable to birds' wings in strength than arms, had occasional influence. On 15 May 1793, the Spanish inventor
2175:, the U.S. government granted him $ 50,000 to develop a man-carrying flying machine for aerial reconnaissance. Langley planned on building a scaled-up version known as the
1788:
The glider constructed with the help of Massia and flown briefly by Biot in 1879 was based on the work of Mouillard and was still bird-like in form. It is preserved at the
239:'s court poets. Al-Maqqari stated that Firnas flew some distance, before landing with some injuries, attributed to his lacking a tail (as birds use to land). The historian
1594:. This clearly demonstrated the possibility of building practical heavier-than-air flying machines: what remained were the problems of controlling and powering the craft.
1213:, when he propelled a ball to the roof by combustion. He also demonstrated a small airship model before the Portuguese court, but never succeeded with a full-scale model.
2564:. A canard pusher biplane with pronounced wing dihedral, it had a Hargrave-style box-cell wing with a forward-mounted "boxkite" assembly which was movable to act as both
896:, continued sporadically throughout the 19th century. The first sustained powered, controlled flight in history is believed to have taken place on 24 September 1852 when
2144:
landed in the water as planned, because in order to save weight, it was not equipped with landing gear. On 28 November 1896, another successful flight was made with the
1434:
Minor inventions included the rubber-powered motor, which provided a reliable power source for research models. By 1808, he had even re-invented the wheel, devising the
379:, an ancient Chinese toy. The bamboo-copter is spun by rolling a stick attached to a rotor. The spinning creates lift, and the toy flies when released. The philosopher
2615:. This lacked any provision for lateral control, and could only make shallow turns using only rudder control, but was flown with increasing success during the year by
5279:
2284:
knowledge to construct their 1902 glider, third in the series. It became the first manned, heavier-than-air flying machine that was mechanically controllable in all
1284:
Sir George Cayley was first called the "father of the aeroplane" in 1846. During the last years of the previous century he had begun the first rigorous study of the
1089:
developed a man-lifting kite in 1868. Later, in 1880, Biot demonstrated to the French Society for Aerial Navigation a kite based on an open-ended cone, similar to a
530:, he wrote, "Tomorrow morning, on the second day of January, 1496, I will make the thong and the attempt." Some of Leonardo's other designs, such as the four-person
310:. Traditionally these are small, unstable single line flat kites where line tension alone is used for control, and an abrasive line is used to cut down other kites.
764:, successfully petitioned for the honor. They drifted 8 km (5.0 mi) in a balloon powered by a wood fire. 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) covered in 25 minutes.
2950:
2623:
for being the first aviator to complete an officially observed 1 kilometre closed circuit flight, including taking off and landing under the aircraft's own power.
2316:
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developed a parachute-glider comprising an umbrella-like parachute with smaller, triangular wings and vertical tail beneath. Letur died after it crashed in 1854.
73:
by 1910. The story of modern flight begins more than a century before the first successful manned aeroplane, and the earliest aircraft thousands of years before.
1839:. One of the first modern gliders was built by John J. Montgomery in 1883; Montgomery later claimed to have made a single successful flight with it in 1884 near
1056:, it comprised a square of material stretched across a square frame and retained by ropes. The parachutist was suspended by ropes from each of the four corners.
6013:
2657:. Angered, Farman built his own aircraft, adapting the Voisin design by adding ailerons. Following further modifications to the tail surfaces and ailerons, the
3958:
2611:, among other refinements using the tail surfaces only as elevators and using wing warping for lateral control. Another design that appeared in 1907 was the
2081:
published an editorial which accepted Whitehead's flight as the first manned, powered, controlled flight of a heavier-than-air craft, the corporate owner of
5061:
2441:
is fixed to the airframe and the whole engine casing and cylinders rotate with the propeller. Although this type had been introduced as long ago as 1887 by
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than the previous gliders. The brothers successfully flew the 1902 glider hundreds of times, and it performed far better than their earlier two versions.
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4447:
5962:
Aerospaceweb – Why do Brazilians consider Alberto Santos-Dumont the first man to fly if he didn't fly until 1906 and the Wright brothers did so in 1903?
4832:
Frank H. Wenham, inventor of the wind tunnel, 1871, was a fan, driven by a steam engine, propelled air down a 12 ft (3.7 m) tube to the model.
2905:
dropped four bombs on two bases held by the Turks. The first photographic reconnaissance flight took place in March 1912, also flown by Captain Piazza.
2587:, a tractor monoplane with full three-axis control using the horizontal tail surfaces as combined elevators and ailerons. Its immediate descendant, the
5493:
s Greatest Military Aircraft, From the Pioneering Days of Air Fighting in World War I Through the Jet Fighters and Stealth Bombers of the Present Day,
3409:
1288:
and would later design the first modern heavier-than-air craft. Among his many achievements, his most important contributions to aeronautics include:
2421:
achieved 45 horsepower (34 kW) but was little used, while the successful two-cylinder Nieuport design achieved 28 hp (21 kW) in 1910.
2085:
subsequently distanced itself from the editorial, stating "the article reflected Mr. Jackson's opinion on the issue and not that of IHS Jane's". The
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4112:
81:
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devised a cellular octahedral wing form which, like the multiplane, proved disappointingly inefficient. Other lacklustre performers included the
2140:(3,297 ft) and a second of 700 metres (2,300 ft), at a speed of approximately 25 miles per hour (40 km/h). On both occasions, the
254:
attached wings to his hands and feet and flew a short distance, but broke both legs while landing, also having neglected to make himself a tail.
1823:
Starting in the 1880s, advances were made in construction that led to the first truly practical gliders. Four people in particular were active:
442:
Eventually some investigators began to discover and define some of the basics of scientific aircraft design. Powered designs were either still
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1874:). He also produced a series of gliders of a type now known as the hang glider, including bat-wing, monoplane and biplane forms, such as the
1557:
4803:
3345:
2226:
and flew this very different aircraft in 1914. Without acknowledging the modifications, the Smithsonian Institution asserted that Langley's
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airscrews, it also featured hinged rear elevator and rudder surfaces, retractable undercarriage and a fully enclosed, instrumented cockpit.
4415:
4382:
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2823:
Even so, these evolving flying machines were recognised to be not just toys, but weapons in the making. In 1909, the Italian staff officer
1895:
5612:
5163:"An Historical and Applied Aerodynamic Study of the Wright Brothers' Wind Tunnel Test Program and Application to Successful Manned Flight"
4092:
3328:(Spring, 1961). "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition",
708:
1783 was a watershed year for ballooning. Between 4 June and 1 December five separate French balloons achieved important aviation firsts:
5880:(Spring 1961). "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition".
2638:
of 1908 was a monoplane of what is now the conventional configuration, with tailplane and fin each bearing movable control surfaces, and
1145:
Da Vinci's realisation that manpower alone was not sufficient for sustained flight was rediscovered independently in the 17th century by
434:
There is evidence the Chinese also "solved the problem of aerial navigation" using balloons, hundreds of years before the 18th century.
6109:
2966:
The early work on powered rotor lift was followed up by later investigators, independently from the development of fixed-wing aircraft.
2386:
powered by two engines of his design: a ground engine of 10 horsepower (7.5 kW) which drove the front wheels in an effort to reach
2210:
Langley's attempts to gain further funding failed, and his efforts ended. Nine days after his second abortive launch on 8 December, the
2050:
The No. 21 monoplane seen from the rear. Whitehead sits beside it with daughter Rose in his lap; others in the photo are not identified.
1244:. In 1784, Launoy and Bienvenu demonstrated a flying model with coaxial, contra-rotating rotors powered by a simple spring similar to a
1201:'s "Passarola" was a hollow, vaguely bird-shaped glider of similar concept but with two wings. In 1709, he presented a petition to King
812:'s proposals for an elongated dirigible balloon, and was notable for having an outer envelope with the gas contained in a second, inner
2343:, in 1904–05. After a crash in 1905, they rebuilt the Flyer III and made important design changes. They almost doubled the size of the
1184:
6162:
6130:
3071:
1795:
In the last decade or so of the 19th century, a number of key figures were refining and defining the modern aeroplane. The Englishman
931:
works by changing the lift to provide propulsive force as the airship alternately rises and sinks, and so does not need a powerplant.
396:
The similar "moulinet à noix" (rotor on a nut), as well as string-pull toys with four blades, appeared in Europe in the 14th century.
2970:
2489:, completing 28 circuits of the 10 km (6.2 mi) course with an average speed of 73.63 kilometres per hour (45.75 mph).
2072:
propellers and controlled by differential propeller speed and rudder. He claimed to have flown a 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) circle.
1994:
538:
around 1490. Leonardo's work remained unknown until 1797, and so had no influence on developments over the next three hundred years.
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5918:
5857:
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5807:
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invented the technique of placing a step in the bottom of the aircraft to break the suction, and this was incorporated in the 1914
761:
666:, he made a small hot-air balloon of paper with a fire burning beneath it, lifting it about 4 metres (13 ft) in front of king
524:), he describes a flying machine called "the bird" which he built from starched linen, leather joints, and raw silk thongs. In the
227:, covering his body with vulture feathers and attaching two wings to his arms. The flight attempt was reported by the 17th-century
116:'s version, Daedalus fastens feathers together with thread and wax to mimic the wings of a bird. Other ancient legends include the
2456:
producing a series of water-cooled six-cylinder models. In 1913, they introduced the highly successful 75 kilowatts (101 hp)
1018:. He built and flew the first fully practical dirigible capable of routine, controlled flight. With his dirigible No.6 he won the
3489:
3055:
2320:
5242:"Telegram from Orville Wright in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, to His Father Announcing Four Successful Flights, 17 December 1903"
6051:
5515:
1760:
One of the last of the steam-powered pioneers, like Maxim ignoring his contemporaries who had moved on (see next section), was
268:
42:
1518:" who represented most research efforts until the 20th century. Among them was the British scientist-philosopher and inventor
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4509:
altogether, and refer the whole firmness of the wheel to the strength of the rim only, by the intervention of tight cording".
3818:
Common Stocks and Common Sense: The Strategies, Analyses, Decisions, and Emotions of a Particularly Successful Value Investor
2592:
1221:
976:
2908:
Some types developed during this period would see military service into, or even throughout, World War I. These include the
2103:
2661:
became the most popular aeroplane sold between 1909 and 1911, and was widely imitated. In Britain, the American expatriate
6150:
5276:
5187:
2850:
2425:
1252:
other it closes to allow an increased pressure difference. An early example was designed by Bauer in 1764. Later in 1808,
157:
was a legendary eagle-propelled craft built by the mythical Shah of Persia, Kay Kāvus, used for flying him all the way to
5046:"Executive Overview: Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production – 'Justice delayed is justice denied'"
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In 19th century France an association was set up to collaborate on helicopter designs, of which there were many. In 1863
6181:
6087:
5999:
5162:
2674:
1059:
1420:, diagonal bracing and drag reduction, and contributed to the understanding and design of ornithopters and parachutes.
1327:
Cayley's next innovations were twofold: the adoption of the whirling arm test rig, invented in the previous century by
204:
recruited a specialist scout to be bound with bird feathers; he is claimed to have glided about 100 meters. In 559 AD,
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6135:
6066:
6041:
5693:
5671:
4842:
4751:
3749:
3240:
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1780:
1458:'s 1842 design for an aerial steam carriage broke new ground. Henson proposed a 150 feet (46 m) span high-winged
1019:
466:
3200:
1101:, who strung a chain of hexagonal kites on a single line. A significant development came in 1893 when the Australian
3455:
2331:, of 120 feet (37 m) in 12 seconds, was recorded in a famous photograph. In the fourth flight of the same day,
1109:
and some man-carrying experiments were carried out both in Australia and in the United States. On 27 December 1905,
415:
From ancient times the Chinese have understood that hot air rises and have applied the principle to a type of small
4911:
3968:
2324:
1519:
1500:
1446:
1406:
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924:
753:
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500:. He understood that "An object offers as much resistance to the air as the air does to the object", anticipating
5045:
4283:
2631:
232:
196:"Peristera"), was suspended on a wire or pivot for its "flight" and was powered by a "concealed aura or spirit".
3127:
The glider was still attached to a balloon and was accidentally dragged over trees, Letur died a few days later.
2172:
2171:, Langley started looking for funding to build a full-scale man-carrying version of his designs. Spurred by the
1998:
1564:, London, where Stringfellow was awarded a £100 prize for the steam engine with the best power-to-weight ratio.
828:
570:
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2501:
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moves forward and makes the angle increase yet more. Without immediate correction, the craft will pitch up and
1879:
1817:
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Pénaud's later project for an amphibian aeroplane, although never built, incorporated other modern features. A
1146:
861:
742:
19 October: The Montgolfiers launched the first manned flight, a tethered balloon with humans on board, at the
240:
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on the wings. The ailerons were not sufficiently effective and on later models were replaced by wing warping.
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use, and the development of improved engines went hand-in-hand with improvements in the airframes themselves.
236:
816:. On 19 September 1784, it completed the first flight of over 100 kilometres (62 mi), between Paris and
427:, such lanterns were known in China from the 3rd century BC. Their military use is attributed to the general
6104:
6082:
6046:
5262:"Airplane Stability and Control, Second Edition: A History of the Technologies That Made Aviation Possible."
4589:
3964:
3417:
3066:
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2654:
2312:
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2253:
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The Wrights solved both the control and power problems that confronted aeronautical pioneers. They invented
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2098:
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1963:
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pulled by a horse on a beach. He reportedly achieved a height of 100 meters, over a distance of 200 meters.
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969:
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Triplanes too were experimented with, notably a series built between 1909 and 1910 by the British pioneer
2060:
1618:
By the 1870s, lightweight steam engines had been developed enough for their experimental use in aircraft.
1542:
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989:
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809:
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The first documented balloon flight in Europe was of a model made by the Brazilian-born Portuguese priest
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Many other more radical layouts were tried, with only a few showing any promise. In the United Kingdom,
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2557:
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Whitehead claims are ignored or dismissed by mainstream aviation historians, and although in March 2013
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1676:
1583:
1472:
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1410:
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1308:
1114:
1113:
was carried aloft in Baddeck, Nova Scotia, Canada by a large box kite named the Frost King, designed by
1011:
824:
621:
247:
86:
5985:
2681:, a copy of the Farman III, was manufactured in quantity. In the USA Glenn Curtiss had flown first the
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but attached to a flat surface. The man-carrying kite was developed a stage further in 1894 by Captain
934:
A further advance was made on 9 August 1884, when the first fully controllable free flight was made by
104:
Some ancient mythologies feature legends of men using flying devices. One of the earliest known is the
832:
5546:
4876:
4504:
3564:
The shorter Science and civilisation in China : an abridgement of Joseph Needham's original text
3189:
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2746:
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was the first machine "capable of flight". The Smithsonian eventually retracted this claim in 1928.
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Many of these early experimental forms were in principle quite practical and have since reappeared.
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3771:
Heroes of History: A Brief History of Civilization from Ancient Times to the Dawn of the Modern Age
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developed a series of tailless pusher designs having swept wings with a conical upper surface. His
2627:
2612:
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2344:
2319:(FAI), the Wrights made the first sustained, controlled, powered heavier-than-air manned flight at
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greatly modified. So little remained of the original aircraft that it was given a new designation.
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2183:, which flew twice on 18 June 1901, and then again with a newer and more powerful engine in 1903.
1902:. Much more difficult to understand was the relationship between lateral and directional control.
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predicted future designs for a balloon filled with an unspecified aether as well as a man-powered
262:
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2901:. The first aerial bombardment followed shortly afterwards on 1 November, when Second Lieutenant
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1301:
Defining the modern aeroplane configuration comprising a fixed-wing, fuselage and tail assembly.
496:
studied bird flight for many years, analyzing it rationally and anticipating many principles of
4501:
Summary of First Cayley Memorial Lecture at the Brough Branch of the Royal Aeronautical Society
4397:
3282:
A System of Aeronautics, Comprehending its Earliest Investigations, and Modern Practice and Art
965:
595:, reaching a height of about 5 or 6 m, and gliding for about 360 metres. As late as 1811,
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The Complete Guide to Fighters & Bombers of the World: An Illustrated History of the World
5422:
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A notable development, although a failure, was the first cantilever monoplane ever built. The
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Aeronautic Trophy in order to encourage the development of a heavier-than-air flying machine.
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1958:
1940:
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Moreton of the British Army's balloon section was lifted 2,600 feet (790 m) by a kite at
1102:
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393:, using ox-leather (straps) fastened to returning blades so as to set the machine in motion."
224:
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in which all compression loads are carried by the rim, allowing a lightweight undercarriage.
1132:
under Cody's supervision. In 1906, Cody was appointed Chief Instructor in Kiting at the Army
775:
in Paris. They ascended to a height of about 1,800 feet (550 m) and landed at sunset in
5889:
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2572:. His flight was the first made by a powered heavier-than-air machine to be verified by the
2505:
2504:, having large numbers of very thin wings, was also experimented with, most successfully by
2482:
2188:
2056:
1875:
1796:
1792:, France, and is claimed to be the earliest man-carrying flying machine still in existence.
1637:
Félix du Temple eventually achieved a short hop with a full-size manned craft in 1874. His "
1514:
The latter part of the 19th century became a period of intense study, characterized by the "
1394:
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1328:
1206:
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of 1910 instead having a tail plane in the manner which was by then becoming conventional.
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and flight tests of full-size gliders. They not only built a working powered aircraft, the
2244:
1586:
wings generated considerably more lift than expected by Cayley's Newtonian reasoning, with
5824:
5760:
Jarrett, Philip (2002). "3: The Passive and Active Approaches". In Jarrett, Philip (ed.).
5519:
5283:
5225:
4816:
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3602:. Cambridge aerospace. Vol. 18. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 7–9.
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2795:
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Other radical approaches to wing design were also being tried. The Scottish-born inventor
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The Wrights continued developing their flying machines and flying at Huffman Prairie near
2239:
2211:
1859:
1828:
1800:
1597:
1427:
large and safe enough to carry a child. A local boy was chosen but his name is not known.
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suggested the use of one airscrew for lift and a second for propulsion, nowadays called a
1041:
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128:
117:
105:
4622:"John Stringfellow (1799–1883) and William Samuel Henson (1812–1888) – Aviation Pioneers"
3613:
2764:. It was a monoplane with a biplane foreplane and three short floats in tricycle layout.
2588:
1761:
37:"Early flight" and "Flying machine" redirect here. For the Jefferson Airplane album, see
2591:, was the very first airframe to bring together the recognizable elements of the modern
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534:, similar to a helicopter, have severe flaws. He drew and wrote about a design for an
184:, the Ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, statesman, and strategist
6175:
6145:
4584:
3755:– describes the building and successful flight of a glider based on Leonardo's design
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than the wings, an original and important contribution to the theory of aeronautics.
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205:
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of 1911–1912. The first operational use took place on 23 October 1911, when Captain
2749:, a floatplane featuring twin pontoons made of aluminium and three wings in tandem.
2519:, the Lee-Richards annular wing and varying numbers of wings one after the other in
2005:
992:
realised that a rigid outer frame would allow a much bigger airship. He founded the
17:
4685:
4259:
2909:
2863:
2812:
2686:
2682:
2666:
2650:
2619:, and on 13 January 1908 he won the 50,000 francs Deutsch de la Meurthe-Archdeacon
2616:
2508:. His final prototype confirmed the inefficiency and poor performance of the idea.
2457:
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2009:
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First public hot air balloon demonstration by the Montgolfier brothers, 4 June 1783
690:
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38:
5218:
5137:
Taking Flight:Inventing the Aerial Age, from Antiquity through the First World War
4757:
Aviation: An Historical Survey From Its Origins to the End of the Second World War
2148:. This flight, of 1,460 metres (4,790 ft), was witnessed and photographed by
1765:
154:
4755:
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4556:
3280:
1216:
Both understanding and a power source were still lacking. This was recognised by
739:. The hydrogen gas was generated by chemical reaction during the filling process.
558:
in Scotland, breaking his thigh; he later blamed it on not using eagle feathers.
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2913:
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Horizontally opposed designs were also produced. The four-cylinder water-cooled
2046:
1728:
1656:
1579:
1533:
In 1864, Le Comte Ferdinand Charles Honore Phillipe d'Esterno published a study
1435:
1316:
1153:. Hooke realised that some form of engine would be necessary and in 1655 made a
1079:
1040:
remained unpublished for centuries. The first published design was the Croatian
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455:
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318:
169:
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5981:
4954:"Death of Sir Hiram Maxim. A Famous Inventor, Automatic Guns And Aeronautics".
3149:"Metamorphoses (Kline) 8, the Ovid Collection, Univ. of Virginia E-Text Center"
2288:: pitch, roll and yaw. Its pioneering design also included wings with a higher
1855:
1748:
1482:
made the first flight higher than his point of departure, by having his glider
1292:
Clarifying our ideas and laying down the principles of heavier-than-air flight.
1164:
634:
The modern era of lighter-than-air flight began early in the 17th century with
3041:
3009:
2995:
2940:
2924:
and a variety of obsolescent types that would be used for pilot training. The
2879:
2860:
2780:
2673:'s second Farman-style aircraft had ailerons on the upper wing and became the
2658:
2438:
1652:
1560:
and two years later the world's first aeronautical exhibition was held at the
1499:
presented the first paper to the newly formed Aeronautical Society (later the
951:
562:
341:
212:
30:
This article is about early flying machines. For the history of aviation, see
4574:; 23 September 1848; Volume 4, Issue 1, page 4. "A series of experiments ...'
3789:
3002:, lifting to 30 centimetres (12 in) and remaining aloft for 20 seconds.
1526:, which also described lateral flight control. He was the first to patent an
1423:
In 1848, he had progressed far enough to construct a glider in the form of a
554:
strapped on wings covered with chicken feathers and jumped from the walls of
2710:
2705:
2407:
2120:
1840:
1459:
1353:
1129:
1037:
1015:
647:
547:
375:
for vertical flight has existed since the 4th century AD in the form of the
314:
201:
138:
70:
4705:
3582:
3201:
ARCHYTAS OF TARENTUM, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece.
2299:
2276:, but also significantly advanced the science of aeronautical engineering.
50:
4602:
3769:
1932:(1895–1897) helped bring current research and events to a wider audience.
1621:
1489:
The British advances had galvanised French researchers. Starting in 1857,
5798:
Stokes, P. R. (2002). "9: Propulsion Systems". In Jarrett, Philip (ed.).
5201:
2894:
2808:
2757:
2714:
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1936:
1812:
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185:
109:
66:
3562:
2351:
Eventually the Wrights would abandon the foreplane altogether, with the
884:
626:
6140:
5901:
5362:
3298:, Biography of Wang Mang, 或言能飞，一日千里，可窥匈奴。莽辄试之，取大鸟翮为两翼，头与身皆著毛，通引环纽，飞数百步堕
2867:
2639:
2449:
rotary was introduced in 1913 and was widely adopted for military use.
2387:
2269:
2127:
started a serious investigation into aerodynamics at what is today the
1944:
1891:
1567:
1527:
1245:
905:
893:
892:
Work on developing a dirigible (steerable) balloon, nowadays called an
721:
652:
385:
380:
243:
concluded that ibn Firnas made the first successful flight in history.
228:
5991:
5982:
Plane truth: list of greatest technical breakthroughs in manned flight
2123:
and shortly before becoming Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution,
1784:
The Biot-Massia glider, restored and on display in the Musee de l'Air.
359:
5944:
Early Aviation at Farnborough, Volume I: Balloons, Kites and Airships
3106:
2569:
2561:
2549:
1849:
1733:
1400:
1382:
1295:
Reaching a scientific understanding of the principles of bird flight.
1210:
1192:
1125:
817:
663:
600:
574:
288:
283:
was invented in China, possibly as far back as the 5th century BC by
120:
93:
5893:
5241:
2811:
mostly consisted of hardwood materials or steel tubing, braced with
2248:
Wright glider, coordinated turn using wing-warping and rudder, 1902.
720:
lifted a sheep, a duck and a chicken in a basket hanging beneath at
638:'s experiments in which he showed that air has weight. Around 1650,
5363:"Santos Dumont in France 1906–1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds."
4215:
The Man who Discovered Flight: George Cayley and the First Airplane
1716:), although the flying machine he later constructed failed to fly.
1694:
Equally authoritative as a theorist was Pénaud's fellow countryman
2998:
made the first free flight in a manned rotary-winged craft in his
2960:
Museo nazionale della scienza e della tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci
2949:
2935:
2816:
2540:
2298:
2243:
2102:
2089:
is among those who do not accept that Whitehead flew as reported.
2045:
1854:
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135:
49:
5966:
5779:—— (2002). "5: Man Flies". In Jarrett, Philip (ed.).
5007:
Montgomery, John J. "Some Early Gliding Experiments in America,"
2307:: the first sustained flight with a powered, controlled aircraft.
1655:, sometimes called the Moy-Shill Aerial Steamer, was an unmanned
1648:
successful powered hop in history, a year ahead of Moy's flight.
916:
filled with hydrogen and powered by a 3 horsepower (2.2 kW)
4811:
4710:
4393:
2936:
2871:
2856:
Missiles were dropped from an aeroplane for the first time when
1737:
1719:
1053:
284:
280:
113:
5995:
5976:
4551:
4549:
3218:
The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity
2452:
Inline and vee types remained popular, with the German company
1227:
Meanwhile, rotorcraft were not wholly forgotten. In July 1754,
5110:
Inventing Flight: The Wright Brothers & Their Predecessors
4645:
Inventing Flight: The Wright Brothers & Their Predecessors
4093:"In Short: Nonfiction; Man Was Meant to Fly, But Not at First"
3845:
The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History
1978:
1708:
That same year in France, Alexandre Goupil published his work
1347:
In 1799, he set down the concept of the modern aeroplane as a
820:, despite the man-powered propulsive devices proving useless.
604:
5452:
Knights of the Air (1980) by Ezra Bowen, part of Time-Life's
2265:(canard), another design element that later became outmoded.
69:
studied or constructed before the development of the modern
4529:
First to Fly: North Carolina and the Beginnings of Aviation
2552:
in its final configuration (after the ailerons were added).
431:, who is said to have used them to scare the enemy troops.
208:
is said to have landed safely from an enforced tower jump.
5169:, USNA-334, archived from the original on 5 September 2011
4872:"Hops and Flights: A roll call of early powered take-offs"
3471:
3469:
1582:. Members of the Society used the tunnel and learned that
1315:
From the age of ten, Cayley began studying the physics of
5026:
Centre for Telecommunications and Information Engineering
3567:. Ronan, Colin A. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5338:
Weissenborn, G.k.; "Did Whitehead Fly?", Air Enthusiast
5062:"Connecticut lawmaker holds fast to 1st-in-flight claim"
4667:
4665:
3649:
3647:
3379:
3377:
2063:, Connecticut. An account of the flight appeared in the
458:, claiming to know someone who had invented the latter.
5802:. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books. pp. 159–186.
5421:, Mount Kisco, New York: Chronicle Publications, 1987,
5140:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 294–295.
4136:
Swedenborg's 1714 airplane: a machine to fly in the air
2424:
1909 saw radial engine forms rise to significance. The
868:, who was acting as a military observer with the Union
5783:. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books. pp. 87–103.
4459:
4457:
2693:
in 1910 and licensed it for production in 1911 as the
5764:. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books. pp. 50–66.
2433:
50 horsepower (37 kW) air-cooled seven-cylinder
1811:
Phillips conducted extensive wind tunnel research on
337:
there was a Japanese law against man-carrying kites.
4284:"Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist)"
1157:
ornithopter model which was apparently able to fly.
630:
Francesco Lana de Terzi's flying boat concept c.1670
266:
Woodcut print of a kite from John Bate's 1635 book,
6123:
6075:
6029:
5219:"100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality"
4637:
4635:
4475:
4170:
3879:
3877:
3676:
3674:
2832:
get accustomed to this idea, and prepare ourselves.
2556:On October 23 and November 12, 1906, the Brazilian
1799:made key contributions to aerodynamics. The German
5719:
5631:
5469:. Undiscovered Scotland: The Ultimate Online Guide
5044:
4912:"Progress in Flying Machines: Aeroplanes, Part IV"
3960:Science Museum - Home - The Giffard Airship, 1852.
2713:which was manufactured under license in France by
5311:Pioneer Aircraft: The Early Aeroplane Before 1914
4971:Dreams and Realities of the Conquest of the Skies
2885:Aeroplanes were first used in warfare during the
1643:" was a large aircraft made of aluminium, with a
1014:became famous by designing, building, and flying
5529:
5527:
5102:
5100:
5098:
3188:Gellius, Aulus, "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at
1957:Even balloon-jumping began to succeed. In 1905,
1659:aircraft driven by a 3 horsepower (2.2 kW)
1248:, now accepted as the first powered helicopter.
900:flew about 17 miles (27 km) in France from
888:The dirigible balloon created by Giffard in 1852
235:, who linked it to a 9th-century poem by one of
4521:
4519:
4517:
4515:
3774:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 209.
3358:(1): 8–9. January–February 1964. Archived from
2829:
2481:braced monoplane, which won the inaugural 1913
2268:The Wrights made rigorous wind-tunnel tests of
1274:Sir George Cayley and the first modern aircraft
806:next balloon of Charles and the Robert brothers
599:constructed an ornithopter and jumped into the
546:In 1496, a man named Seccio broke both arms in
5378:"Cronologia de Santos Dumont" (in Portuguese).
5368:, 25 December 2006. Retrieved: 17 August 2009.
3256:Memoirs of the most eminent American mechanics
1675:monoplane with a single vertical fin and twin
831:crossed the English Channel from Dover to the
250:stated that the 11th-century Benedictine monk
27:Aircraft developed before the modern aeroplane
6007:
5326:British Aviation: The pioneer years 1903–1914
4559:. 10 October 2001 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
4487:
4341:
4308:
4237:
4194:
3716:
8:
5800:Pioneer Aircraft: Early Aviation before 1914
5781:Pioneer Aircraft: Early Aviation before 1914
5762:Pioneer Aircraft: Early Aviation before 1914
5743:Pioneer Aircraft: Early Aviation before 1914
5448:
5446:
5444:
5407:. Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 22.
3321:
3319:
3317:
2851:Technical Sub-Committee for Imperial Defence
1578:In 1871, Wenham and Browning made the first
771:launched a manned hydrogen balloon from the
450:(Secrets of Art and Nature), the Englishman
5662:Fairlie, Gerard; Cayley, Elizabeth (1965).
5594:Angelucci, Enzo; Matricardi, Paolo (1977).
5405:Blériot XI: The Story of a Classic Aircraft
3460:Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts, Cambodia
3259:, New York, New York: Derby & Jackson,
2327:, on 17 December 1903. The first flight by
1872:Der Vogelflug als Grundlage der Fliegekunst
1820:, which he went on to show were unfounded.
1450:1843 engraving of the Aerial Steam Carriage
942:in a French Army electric-powered airship,
577:to make the first attempt at a jet flight.
6014:
6000:
5992:
5089:"Who Was First? The Wrights or Whitehead?"
4091:O'Conner, Patricia T. (17 November 1985).
3944:
3942:
3940:
2538:In France, progress was relatively rapid.
2008:. Please do not remove this message until
1574:and his flying machine, Albatros II (1868)
1052:(New machines) in 1595. Based on a ship's
748:in Paris. The aviators were the scientist
5579:. Cambridge: Cambridge University House.
5260:Abzug, Malcolm J. and E. Eugene Larrabee.
4993:"Death of Professor John J. Montgomery".
4603:"FLYING MACHINES – William Samuel Henson"
4390:Nicholson's Journal of Natural Philosophy
3848:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 488.
3531:
3529:
3527:
2358:According to the April 1907 issue of the
2028:Learn how and when to remove this message
1604:model aeroplane by Alphonse Pénaud (1871)
1304:Demonstrations of manned, gliding flight.
1222:Sketch of a Machine for Flying in the Air
446:or used a metal spring. In his 1250 book
41:. For others uses of Flying machine, see
5957:Aerospaceweb – Who was the first to fly?
5541:
5539:
4870:Gibbs-Smith, Charles H. (3 April 1959).
4044:
3665:
3626:
3475:
3395:
2728:
2004:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1943:led to the development of the practical
1522:, who wrote an important paper in 1864,
1048:(flying man) which appeared in his book
168:
80:
4973:. New York: Atheneum. pp. 124–125.
4671:
3815:III, Edgar Wachenheim (25 March 2016).
3704:
3653:
3383:
3139:
3088:
2560:made public flights in France with his
2496:. Going one better with four wings the
1036:Da Vinci's design for a pyramid-shaped
856:Tethered balloons were used during the
591:from the highest part of the castle of
123:flying palace or chariot, the biblical
5495:London: Anness Publishing Ltd., 2006,
5179:
5049:. IHS Jane's All the World's Aircraft.
4446:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4439:
4205:
4203:
3999:"M. Santos Dumont Rounds Eiffel Tower"
2745:fails to take off in his underpowered
2317:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
961:, the first fully controllable airship
448:De mirabili potestate artis et naturae
6192:Discovery and invention controversies
5745:. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books.
5726:. New York: Oxford University Press.
5596:World aircraft: Origins – World War I
4526:Parramore, Thomas C. (1 March 2003).
4463:
4320:
4182:
4158:
4032:
4020:
3868:
3802:
3692:
3638:
3599:Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics
3518:
3105:says that "It is quite possible that
2994:Two months later at Lisenux, France,
2649:brothers sold an aircraft ordered by
1939:during this period by the Australian
1558:Aeronautical Society of Great Britain
1454:Drawing directly from Cayley's work,
1375:"Governable parachute" design of 1852
7:
5630:Deng, Yinke; Wang, Pingxing (2005).
4916:The Railroad and Engineering Journal
2630:are better known by the name of the
2260:and combined roll with simultaneous
561:The earliest report of an attempted
306:, the kite further evolved into the
5060:Smyth, Julie Carr (30 April 2015).
4217:. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart.
3907:
3895:
3883:
3680:
1868:Birdflight as the Basis of Aviation
6131:Claims to the first powered flight
5678:. London: Science Museum, London.
5286:Aero Club of America press release
5022:"The Pioneers : An Anthology"
4793:Stokes 2002, pp. 163–166, 167–168.
3454:Sarak, Sim; Yarin, Cheang (2002).
3285:, Philadelphia, PA: Joseph A Speel
3072:Claims to the first powered flight
2626:The designs of the French pioneer
2429:radial engines, starring with the
2107:First failure of Langley's manned
1462:, with a steam engine driving two
1339:to measure the forces on rotating
550:while attempting flight. In 1507,
25:
5859:Science and Civilisation in China
5848:Science and Civilisation in China
5167:US Naval Academy Technical Report
5011:, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1909, pp. 47–50.
4061:Harrison, James Pinckney (2000).
3919:Walker (1971) Volume I, Page 195.
3731:The drawings of Leonardo da Vinci
3432:"Kite Flying for Fun and Science"
3221:, New York: John Wiley and Sons,
2437:in 1906. In a rotary engine, the
2323:, 4 miles (6.4 km) south of
2207:s aerial stability was marginal.
5676:The Rebirth of European Aviation
5638:. China Intercontinental Press.
4694:. Whittlesey House. p. 308.
3842:Hendrickson, Kenneth E. (2014).
3408:Fung, Patrick (3 January 2010).
3176:The Outline of History: Volume 1
3155:. University of Virginia Library
3056:Aviation accidents and incidents
3040:
3026:
3012:
2321:Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina
2119:After a distinguished career in
1983:
767:1 December: Jacques Charles and
646:measured the pressure of air at
153:, who conjured up flying wings.
5972:Aviation Pioneers: An Anthology
5929:"Progress of Mechanical Flight"
5575:Anderson, John D. Jnr. (1997).
5551:Mille Anne di Scienza in Italia
4706:"The Cross-licensing Agreement"
4532:. UNC Press Books. p. 46.
4476:Angelucci & Matricardi 1977
4171:Angelucci & Matricardi 1977
2500:too made rare appearances. The
2179:, and started with the smaller
2078:Jane's All the World's Aircraft
750:Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier
340:In 1282, the European explorer
269:The Mysteryes of Nature and Art
219:(810–887 AD) reportedly made a
43:Flying machine (disambiguation)
5547:"Biografie – Enrico Forlanini"
4732:Yoon, Joe (17 November 2002).
4557:"High hopes for replica plane"
3733:(2nd ed.). Jonathan Cape.
2634:company which he founded. His
2593:aircraft flight control system
1545:published an influential book
1307:Setting out the principles of
920:driving a 3-bladed propeller.
808:was a Charlière that followed
573:reportedly used a cone-shaped
155:The Flying Throne of Kay Kāvus
1:
5741:Jarrett, Philip, ed. (2002).
5419:Chronicle of the 20th Century
5267:Retrieved: 21 September 2010.
5107:Anderson, John David (2004).
5043:Paul Jackson (7 March 2013).
4734:"Origins of Control Surfaces"
4642:Anderson, John David (2018).
3933:. London: Foulis. p. 11.
3561:Needham, Joseph (1978–1995).
2840:(Italian staff officer), 1909
2222:made 93 modifications to the
1556:1866 saw the founding of the
1234:Théorie de la vis d'Archimède
313:Kites also spread throughout
5134:Hallion, Richard P. (2003).
4849:. London: NMSI. p. 56.
4119:. 9 May 1963. Archived from
3596:Leishman, J. Gordon (2006).
2971:Gustave de Ponton d'Amécourt
2675:Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.1
2369:The first practical aircraft
1651:The Aerial Steamer, made by
685:Meanwhile, the discovery of
677:In the mid-18th century the
302:After its introduction into
272:in which the kite is titled
6136:Air warfare of World War II
5977:The Early Birds of Aviation
5623:Progress in Flying Machines
5383:Retrieved: 12 October 2010.
5309:Jarrett, Philip J. (2002).
4884:(2619): 468. Archived from
4411:On Aerial Navigation Part 1
4113:"Burattini's Flying Dragon"
3750:Public Broadcasting Service
3061:Aviation in the pioneer era
2954:Experimental helicopter by
2918:Royal Aircraft Factory BE.2
2133:Experiments in Aerodynamics
2010:conditions to do so are met
1918:Progress in Flying Machines
1912:Publications, particularly
1020:Deutsch de la Meurthe prize
1002:(LZ 1) first flew from the
762:Marquis François d'Arlandes
323:Mysteries of nature and art
173:Stained glass depiction of
149:, and the mythical British
6208:
5967:Pre-Wright flying machines
5634:Ancient Chinese Inventions
5113:. JHU Press. p. 145.
2325:Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
2237:
2163:With the successes of the
2096:
2039:
1808:on motor-powered gliders.
1520:Matthew Piers Watt Boulton
1501:Royal Aeronautical Society
1471:even dreamed of the first
1407:internal combustion engine
1364:toy paper kite, flat, and
1277:
1238:Alexis-Jean-Pierre Paucton
752:, the manufacture manager
619:
352:
294:In 549 AD, a kite made of
36:
29:
6163:Aviation timelines navbox
6159:
5862:. Vol. IV (part 2).
5819:Moolman, Valerie (1980).
5577:A History of Aerodynamics
5467:"Captain Bertram Dickson"
5186:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4648:. JHU Press. p. 41.
4488:Fairlie & Cayley 1965
4400:. Retrieved: 30 May 2010.
4356:. "On Aerial Navigation"
4342:Fairlie & Cayley 1965
4309:Fairlie & Cayley 1965
4238:Fairlie & Cayley 1965
4195:Fairlie & Cayley 1965
4134:Söderberg, Henry (1988).
4065:. Da Capo Press. p.
3821:. John Wiley & Sons.
3717:Fairlie & Cayley 1965
3538:The Penguin book of kites
3178:. Doubleday. p. 153.
2958:(1877), exhibited at the
2922:Sopwith Tabloid/Schneider
2403:horsepower (37 kW).
1060:Louis-Sébastien Lenormand
823:In January the next year
756:, and Giroud de Villette.
737:unmanned hydrogen balloon
729:Professor Jacques Charles
511:In 1488, Leonardo drew a
233:Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari
6110:Unmanned aerial vehicles
5878:White, Lynn Townsend Jr.
5856:—— (1965b).
5851:. Vol. IV (part 1).
5324:Penrose, Harald (1967).
5282:13 February 2009 at the
4935:Jarrett 2002, pp. 59–60.
4499:Pritchard, J. Laurence.
4249:Anderson (1997), pp.55–8
3326:Lynn Townsend White, Jr.
2645:At the end of 1908, the
2621:Grand Prix de l'Aviation
2214:successfully flew their
2131:. In 1891, he published
2129:University of Pittsburgh
2065:Bridgeport Sunday Herald
1926:The Problem of Manflight
1880:Normal soaring apparatus
1147:Giovanni Alfonso Borelli
862:Union Army Balloon Corps
246:In the twelfth century,
241:Lynn Townsend White, Jr.
145:, various stories about
54:A 1786 depiction of the
5988:, Nature 421, 689, 2003
5666:. Hodder and Stoughton.
5598:. London: Sampson Low.
5224:13 January 2011 at the
5087:Davisson, Budd (2013).
4332:Gibbs-Smith 2003, p. 35
3948:Walker (1971) Volume I.
3410:"Amazing Musical Kites"
3067:Aviation in World War I
2655:J. T. C. Moore-Brabazon
2375:pioneer era of aviation
2313:Smithsonian Institution
2181:Quarter-scale Aerodrome
2125:Samuel Pierpont Langley
2099:Samuel Pierpont Langley
2087:Smithsonian Institution
1964:Santa Clara, California
1484:"L'Albatros artificiel"
1335:and used soon after by
1175:(lit. "Flying Dragon").
1141:17th and 18th centuries
1066:Between 1853 and 1854,
940:Arthur Constantin Krebs
754:Jean-Baptiste Réveillon
662:. On 8 August 1709, in
644:Francesco Lana de Terzi
569:. In 1633, the aviator
274:How to make fire Drakes
6052:Between the World Wars
5882:Technology and Culture
5821:The Road to Kitty Hawk
5417:Daniel, Clifton, ed.,
4969:Beril, Becker (1967).
4944:Gibbs-Smith (2003) 61.
4684:Magoun, F. Alexander;
4626:www.ctie.monash.edu.au
4607:www.flyingmachines.org
3330:Technology and Culture
3109:was the first glider".
3098:The Outline of History
2963:
2947:
2926:Sikorsky Ilya Muromets
2843:
2738:
2607:was able to cross the
2553:
2308:
2249:
2116:
2051:
1863:
1848:as early as 1877 near
1785:
1757:
1724:
1723:Maxim's flying machine
1710:La Locomotion Aérienne
1691:
1690:of Victor Tatin (1879)
1634:
1605:
1575:
1543:Louis Pierre Mouillard
1535:On the Flight of Birds
1528:aileron control system
1497:Francis Herbert Wenham
1473:Aerial Transit Company
1451:
1376:
1176:
990:Ferdinand von Zeppelin
981:
972:watches the flight of
962:
889:
880:Dirigibles or airships
866:Ferdinand von Zeppelin
810:Jean Baptiste Meusnier
705:
631:
490:
478:
412:
368:
276:
177:
96:
59:
6037:Early flying machines
5655:Balloons and airships
5299:, April 2007, page 8.
5247:World Digital Library
5202:"The Wright Brothers"
4691:A History of Aircraft
4023:, pp. 11–12, 23.
3729:Popham, A.E. (1947).
3490:"Ancient Maori Kites"
3174:Wells, H. G. (1961).
2953:
2939:
2732:
2717:and in the US as the
2671:Geoffrey de Havilland
2595:in April 1908. Where
2558:Alberto Santos-Dumont
2544:
2530:Stability and control
2513:Alexander Graham Bell
2302:
2247:
2150:Alexander Graham Bell
2106:
2049:
1935:The invention of the
1858:
1783:
1751:
1722:
1685:
1624:
1600:
1570:
1547:The Empire of the Air
1541:), and the next year
1456:William Samuel Henson
1449:
1374:
1311:in sustaining flight.
1309:power-to-weight ratio
1167:
1115:Alexander Graham Bell
1012:Alberto Santos-Dumont
999:Luftschiff Zeppelin 1
968:
954:
929:gliding under gravity
887:
864:. In 1863, the young
825:Jean Pierre Blanchard
703:
629:
622:History of ballooning
484:
469:
407:
363:A decorated Japanese
362:
265:
248:William of Malmesbury
237:Muhammad I of Córdoba
172:
84:
65:include all forms of
63:Early flying machines
53:
5911:Flight before flying
5909:Wragg, D.W. (1974).
5664:The life of a genius
5613:Prehistory of Flight
5533:Jarrett 2002, p. 60.
5518:5 March 2009 at the
5403:Crouch, Tom (1982).
5342:, Pilot Press, 1988.
5277:Dayton Metro Library
4983:Jarrett 2002, p. 87.
4784:Jarrett 2002, p. 53.
4117:Flight International
3988:Hallion 2003, p. 87.
3666:Deng & Wang 2005
3396:Deng & Wang 2005
3253:Howe, Henry (1858),
3077:Timeline of aviation
2983:In 1907, the French
2779:, embarks her first
2775:, the French Navy's
2173:Spanish–American War
2165:Aerodrome No. 5
2158:Aerodrome No. 4
2154:Aerodrome No. 6
2146:Aerodrome No. 6
1930:Aeronautical Annuals
1524:On Aërial Locomotion
1516:gentleman scientists
1505:On Aerial Locomotion
1464:pusher configuration
1436:tension-spoked wheel
1199:Bartolomeu de Gusmão
1181:Tito Livio Burattini
1134:School of Ballooning
1122:Samuel Franklin Cody
789:became known as the
773:Jardin des Tuileries
769:Nicolas-Louis Robert
714:Montgolfier brothers
679:Montgolfier brothers
660:Bartolomeu de Gusmão
585:Diego Marín Aguilera
252:Eilmer of Malmesbury
175:Eilmer of Malmesbury
77:Primitive beginnings
56:Montgolfier brothers
18:First flying machine
6182:History of aviation
6023:History of aviation
5942:Walker, P. (1971).
5716:Hallion, Richard P.
5456:series. Pg. 24, 26
5438:Layman 1989, p. 17.
5297:Scientific American
5250:. 17 December 1903.
5161:Dodson, MG (2005),
4958:. 25 November 1916.
4620:Naughton, Russell.
4592:". 11 October 2003.
4571:Scientific American
4385:11 May 2013 at the
4374:11 May 2013 at the
4363:11 May 2013 at the
4240:, pp. 160–161.
3929:Robinson, Douglas.
3629:, pp. 583–587.
3536:Pelham, D. (1976).
3494:Ancient Maori Kites
3279:Wise, John (1850),
3153:The Ovid Collection
2893:made a flight near
2733:Henri Fabre on his
2669:competition, while
2574:Aéro-Club de France
2474:Antoinette Monobloc
2464:Lift and efficiency
2361:Scientific American
2234:The Wright brothers
2057:Number 21 monoplane
1997:of this section is
1703:Alexander Mozhaiski
1590:of about 5:1 at 15
1588:lift-to-drag ratios
1478:In 1856, Frenchman
1068:Louis Charles Letur
870:Army of the Potomac
597:Albrecht Berblinger
571:Lagâri Hasan Çelebi
506:third law of motion
444:driven by man-power
32:History of aviation
6187:Aircraft by period
5986:Jürgen Schmidhuber
5694:Gibbs-Smith, C. H.
5672:Gibbs-Smith, C. H.
5454:The Epic of Flight
5381:santos-dumont.net.
5068:. Gannett Co., Inc
4392:, 1809–1810. (Via
4260:"Aviation History"
4098:The New York Times
4010:. 20 October 1901.
4007:The New York Times
3898:, pp. 97–100.
3745:Dreams of Leonardo
3500:on 15 October 2011
3440:The New York Times
3414:Cambodia Philately
3351:Saudi Aramco World
2964:
2948:
2858:United States Army
2739:
2554:
2517:Edwards Rhomboidal
2309:
2250:
2117:
2052:
1896:center of pressure
1864:
1825:John J. Montgomery
1786:
1758:
1725:
1692:
1665:methylated spirits
1635:
1613:angle of incidence
1606:
1576:
1572:Jean-Marie Le Bris
1539:Du Vol des Oiseaux
1480:Jean-Marie Le Bris
1452:
1377:
1218:Emanuel Swedenborg
1203:John V of Portugal
1179:Italian inventor,
1177:
1095:Baden Baden-Powell
996:firm, whose rigid
982:
963:
890:
858:American Civil War
706:
640:Cyrano de Bergerac
632:
565:dates back to the
491:
479:
413:
369:
334:Man-carrying kites
329:Man-carrying kites
277:
178:
97:
60:
6169:
6168:
6151:Women in aviation
6088:Aviation medicine
6062:Post-World War II
5935:. 2 January 1909.
5869:978-0-521-05803-2
5501:978-1-84476-917-9
5487:Crosby, Francis,
5366:earlyaviators.com
5328:. London: Putnam.
5208:. 11 August 2020.
5091:. Flight Journal.
5030:Monash University
4910:(November 1892).
4843:Gibbs-Smith, C.H.
4771:978-1-900747-52-3
4752:Gibbs-Smith, C.H.
4655:978-0-8018-6875-7
4224:978-0-7710-2971-4
4185:, pp. 57–58.
4173:, pp. 12–13.
4076:978-1-885119-68-1
4063:Mastering the Sky
4035:, pp. 12–14.
3931:Giants in the Sky
3828:978-1-119-25993-0
3781:978-0-7432-2612-7
3707:, pp. 21–22.
3695:, pp. 10–11.
3609:978-0-521-85860-1
3420:on 26 April 2012.
3335:(2), pp. 97–111
3266:978-0-608-41799-8
3213:Darling, David J.
3048:Technology portal
2887:Italo-Turkish War
2845:In 1911, Captain
2741:1901 in Austria,
2443:Lawrence Hargrave
2426:Anzani 3-cylinder
2419:de Havilland Iris
2311:According to the
2042:Gustave Whitehead
2038:
2037:
2030:
1941:Lawrence Hargrave
1803:and the American
1776:Learning to glide
1756:(1897 photograph)
1714:Aerial Locomotion
1551:l'Empire de l'Air
1469:John Stringfellow
1286:physics of flight
1229:Mikhail Lomonosov
1183:, invited by the
1103:Lawrence Hargrave
1099:Lord Baden-Powell
914:non-rigid airship
910:Giffard dirigible
581:Francis Willughby
494:Leonardo da Vinci
471:Leonardo da Vinci
462:Leonardo da Vinci
287:(also Mo Di) and
125:Ezekiel's Chariot
16:(Redirected from
6199:
6016:
6009:
6002:
5993:
5936:
5924:
5905:
5873:
5852:
5838:
5813:
5794:
5775:
5756:
5737:
5725:
5711:
5700:. London: NMSI.
5689:
5667:
5658:
5653:Ege, L. (1973).
5649:
5637:
5609:
5590:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5543:
5534:
5531:
5522:
5510:
5504:
5492:
5485:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5474:
5463:
5457:
5450:
5439:
5436:
5430:
5415:
5409:
5408:
5400:
5394:
5390:
5384:
5375:
5369:
5359:
5353:
5349:
5343:
5336:
5330:
5329:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5306:
5300:
5293:
5287:
5274:
5268:
5258:
5252:
5251:
5238:
5232:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5185:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5131:
5125:
5124:
5104:
5093:
5092:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5040:
5034:
5033:
5018:
5012:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4997:. November 1911.
4990:
4984:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4951:
4945:
4942:
4936:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4839:
4833:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4822:on 9 March 2008.
4821:
4815:. Archived from
4808:
4800:
4794:
4791:
4785:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4681:
4675:
4669:
4660:
4659:
4639:
4630:
4629:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4599:
4593:
4590:They All Laughed
4581:
4575:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4553:
4544:
4543:
4523:
4510:
4497:
4491:
4485:
4479:
4473:
4467:
4461:
4452:
4451:
4445:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4427:
4421:. Archived from
4420:
4407:
4401:
4351:
4345:
4339:
4333:
4330:
4324:
4318:
4312:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4293:
4291:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4266:
4256:
4250:
4247:
4241:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4207:
4198:
4192:
4186:
4180:
4174:
4168:
4162:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4123:on 23 June 2012.
4109:
4103:
4102:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4058:
4052:
4042:
4036:
4030:
4024:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4003:
3995:
3989:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3967:, archived from
3955:
3949:
3946:
3935:
3934:
3926:
3920:
3917:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3887:
3881:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3812:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3669:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3616:on 13 July 2014.
3612:. Archived from
3593:
3587:
3586:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3533:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3496:. Archived from
3485:
3479:
3473:
3464:
3463:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3436:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3416:. Archived from
3405:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3342:
3336:
3323:
3312:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3250:
3244:
3241:Automata history
3238:
3232:
3231:
3209:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3144:
3128:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3110:
3103:H. G. Wells
3093:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3022:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3000:Cornu helicopter
2956:Enrico Forlanini
2841:
2792:John Cyril Porte
2773:seaplane carrier
2770:
2756:makes the first
2752:1910 in France,
2628:Léon Levavasseur
2597:Horatio Phillips
2506:Horatio Phillips
2483:Schneider Trophy
2396:Léon Levavasseur
2206:
2189:Charles M. Manly
2177:Aerodrome A
2115:, 7 October 1903
2033:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2013:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1876:Derwitzer Glider
1797:Horatio Phillips
1442:The age of steam
1333:aerodynamic drag
1329:Benjamin Robbins
1191:to his court in
1027:Heavier than air
842:goldbeaters skin
833:Bois de Felmores
777:Nesles-la-Vallée
611:Lighter than air
593:Coruña del Conde
587:jumped with his
527:Codex Atlanticus
400:Hot air balloons
217:Abbas ibn Firnas
21:
6207:
6206:
6202:
6201:
6200:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6172:
6171:
6170:
6165:
6155:
6119:
6076:Topic histories
6071:
6025:
6020:
5953:
5939:
5927:
5921:
5908:
5894:10.2307/3101411
5876:
5870:
5855:
5843:Needham, Joseph
5841:
5835:
5825:Time-Life Books
5818:
5810:
5797:
5791:
5778:
5772:
5759:
5753:
5740:
5734:
5714:
5708:
5692:
5686:
5670:
5661:
5652:
5646:
5629:
5606:
5593:
5587:
5574:
5570:
5565:
5555:
5553:
5545:
5544:
5537:
5532:
5525:
5520:Wayback Machine
5511:
5507:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5472:
5470:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5451:
5442:
5437:
5433:
5416:
5412:
5402:
5401:
5397:
5391:
5387:
5376:
5372:
5361:Jines. Ernest.
5360:
5356:
5350:
5346:
5337:
5333:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5308:
5307:
5303:
5294:
5290:
5284:Wayback Machine
5275:
5271:
5259:
5255:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5226:Wayback Machine
5217:
5213:
5206:www.nasm.si.edu
5200:
5199:
5195:
5178:
5172:
5170:
5160:
5159:
5155:
5148:
5133:
5132:
5128:
5121:
5106:
5105:
5096:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5071:
5069:
5059:
5058:
5054:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5006:
5002:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4982:
4978:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4943:
4939:
4934:
4930:
4920:
4918:
4908:Chanute, Octave
4906:
4905:
4901:
4891:
4889:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4857:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4831:
4827:
4819:
4806:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4792:
4788:
4783:
4779:
4772:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4716:
4714:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4641:
4640:
4633:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4582:
4578:
4568:
4564:
4555:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4525:
4524:
4513:
4498:
4494:
4486:
4482:
4474:
4470:
4462:
4455:
4438:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4418:
4416:"Archived copy"
4414:
4408:
4404:
4387:Wayback Machine
4376:Wayback Machine
4365:Wayback Machine
4352:
4348:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4327:
4319:
4315:
4307:
4303:
4289:
4287:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4236:
4232:
4225:
4209:
4208:
4201:
4193:
4189:
4181:
4177:
4169:
4165:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4077:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4043:
4039:
4031:
4027:
4019:
4015:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3987:
3983:
3974:
3972:
3971:on 6 April 2012
3957:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3938:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3906:
3902:
3894:
3890:
3882:
3875:
3867:
3863:
3856:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3829:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3801:
3797:
3782:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3753:. October 2005.
3743:
3742:
3738:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3715:
3711:
3703:
3699:
3691:
3687:
3679:
3672:
3664:
3660:
3652:
3645:
3637:
3633:
3625:
3621:
3610:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3575:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3535:
3534:
3525:
3517:
3513:
3503:
3501:
3488:Tarlton, John.
3487:
3486:
3482:
3474:
3467:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3394:
3390:
3382:
3375:
3365:
3363:
3346:"First Flights"
3344:
3343:
3339:
3324:
3315:
3306:
3302:
3294:
3290:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3267:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3195:
3187:
3183:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3158:
3156:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3027:
3025:
3020:Aviation portal
3018:
3013:
3011:
3008:
2987:Gyroplane No. 1
2985:Breguet-Richet
2934:
2847:Bertram Dickson
2842:
2836:
2815:and covered in
2804:
2796:Curtiss Model H
2768:
2727:
2695:Burgess Model F
2679:Bristol Boxkite
2609:English Channel
2532:
2487:Maurice Prévost
2466:
2383:
2371:
2242:
2240:Wright brothers
2236:
2212:Wright brothers
2204:
2142:Aerodrome No. 5
2137:Aerodrome No. 5
2101:
2095:
2044:
2034:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2003:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1972:
1860:Otto Lilienthal
1829:Otto Lilienthal
1801:Otto Lilienthal
1778:
1626:Félix du Temple
1609:Alphonse Pénaud
1491:Félix du Temple
1444:
1331:to investigate
1282:
1276:
1267:
1143:
1111:Neil MacDearmid
1076:
1042:Fausto Veranzio
1034:
1029:
925:Solomon Andrews
882:
787:hot air balloon
733:Robert brothers
718:hot air balloon
695:Jacques Charles
636:Galileo Galilei
624:
618:
613:
556:Stirling Castle
544:
464:
440:
438:The Renaissance
417:hot air balloon
402:
357:
351:
331:
260:
167:
134:built by blind
102:
85:5th-century BC
79:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6205:
6203:
6195:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6174:
6173:
6167:
6166:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6127:
6125:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6107:
6102:
6101:
6100:
6090:
6085:
6079:
6077:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6033:
6031:
6027:
6026:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6011:
6004:
5996:
5990:
5989:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5952:
5951:External links
5949:
5948:
5947:
5938:
5937:
5925:
5919:
5906:
5874:
5868:
5853:
5839:
5833:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5808:
5795:
5789:
5776:
5770:
5751:
5738:
5732:
5712:
5706:
5690:
5684:
5668:
5659:
5650:
5644:
5627:
5618:Octave Chanute
5615:
5610:
5604:
5591:
5585:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5535:
5523:
5505:
5480:
5458:
5440:
5431:
5410:
5395:
5393:0-7868-8571-8.
5385:
5370:
5354:
5352:0-7868-8571-8.
5344:
5331:
5316:
5301:
5288:
5269:
5265:cambridge.org.
5253:
5233:
5211:
5193:
5153:
5146:
5126:
5119:
5094:
5079:
5052:
5035:
5013:
5000:
4985:
4976:
4961:
4946:
4937:
4928:
4899:
4888:on 12 May 2019
4862:
4855:
4834:
4825:
4804:"Wind Tunnels"
4795:
4786:
4777:
4770:
4764:. p. 54.
4762:Science Museum
4743:
4724:
4697:
4676:
4661:
4654:
4631:
4612:
4594:
4576:
4562:
4545:
4538:
4511:
4492:
4490:, p. 157.
4480:
4468:
4453:
4428:on 11 May 2013
4402:
4354:Cayley, George
4346:
4344:, p. 169.
4334:
4325:
4313:
4311:, p. 165.
4301:
4275:
4251:
4242:
4230:
4223:
4199:
4197:, p. 158.
4187:
4175:
4163:
4151:
4144:
4138:. p. 32.
4126:
4104:
4082:
4075:
4053:
4037:
4025:
4013:
3990:
3981:
3965:Science Museum
3950:
3936:
3921:
3912:
3910:, p. 105.
3900:
3888:
3873:
3861:
3854:
3834:
3827:
3807:
3795:
3780:
3757:
3736:
3721:
3719:, p. 163.
3709:
3697:
3685:
3670:
3668:, p. 113.
3658:
3643:
3631:
3619:
3608:
3588:
3573:
3553:
3546:
3523:
3511:
3480:
3478:, p. 127.
3465:
3446:
3423:
3400:
3398:, p. 122.
3388:
3373:
3337:
3313:
3309:Zizhi Tongjian
3300:
3288:
3271:
3265:
3245:
3233:
3227:
3204:
3193:
3181:
3166:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3120:
3111:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3037:
3034:History portal
3023:
3007:
3004:
2933:
2930:
2903:Giulio Gavotti
2834:
2803:
2800:
2767:1912 The world
2760:flight in his
2747:Drachenflieger
2726:
2723:
2613:Voisin biplane
2579:The next year
2531:
2528:
2485:race flown by
2465:
2462:
2382:
2381:Reliable power
2379:
2370:
2367:
2329:Orville Wright
2256:control using
2238:Main article:
2235:
2232:
2097:Main article:
2094:
2091:
2040:Main article:
2036:
2035:
1991:
1989:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1959:Daniel Maloney
1951:Octave Chanute
1914:Octave Chanute
1837:Octave Chanute
1805:Octave Chanute
1790:Musee de l'Air
1777:
1774:
1562:Crystal Palace
1443:
1440:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1278:Main article:
1275:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1155:spring-powered
1142:
1139:
1085:The Frenchman
1075:
1072:
1050:Machinae novae
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1010:The Brazilian
936:Charles Renard
881:
878:
782:
781:
765:
757:
740:
725:
620:Main article:
617:
614:
612:
609:
567:Ottoman Empire
543:
542:Other attempts
540:
487:"aerial screw"
463:
460:
439:
436:
425:Joseph Needham
401:
398:
353:Main article:
350:
347:
330:
327:
259:
256:
225:Córdoba, Spain
166:
165:Early attempts
163:
101:
98:
78:
75:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6204:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6164:
6158:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6146:Mars aircraft
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6122:
6115:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6074:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6030:Chronological
6028:
6024:
6017:
6012:
6010:
6005:
6003:
5998:
5997:
5994:
5987:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5950:
5945:
5941:
5940:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5920:0-85045-165-5
5916:
5912:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5888:(2): 97–111.
5887:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5865:
5861:
5860:
5854:
5850:
5849:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5834:9780809432608
5830:
5826:
5822:
5817:
5811:
5809:0-85177-869-0
5805:
5801:
5796:
5792:
5790:0-85177-869-0
5786:
5782:
5777:
5773:
5771:0-85177-869-0
5767:
5763:
5758:
5757:
5754:
5752:0-85177-869-0
5748:
5744:
5739:
5735:
5733:0-19-516035-5
5729:
5724:
5723:
5722:Taking Flight
5717:
5713:
5709:
5707:1-900747-52-9
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5685:0-11-290180-8
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5660:
5656:
5651:
5647:
5645:7-5085-0837-8
5641:
5636:
5635:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5607:
5605:0-562-00058-5
5601:
5597:
5592:
5588:
5586:0-521-66955-3
5582:
5578:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5552:
5548:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5530:
5528:
5524:
5521:
5517:
5514:
5509:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5484:
5481:
5468:
5462:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5447:
5445:
5441:
5435:
5432:
5428:
5427:0-942191-01-3
5424:
5420:
5414:
5411:
5406:
5399:
5396:
5389:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5374:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5358:
5355:
5348:
5345:
5341:
5335:
5332:
5327:
5320:
5317:
5312:
5305:
5302:
5298:
5295:Reprinted in
5292:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5273:
5270:
5266:
5263:
5257:
5254:
5249:
5248:
5243:
5237:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5223:
5220:
5215:
5212:
5207:
5203:
5197:
5194:
5189:
5183:
5168:
5164:
5157:
5154:
5149:
5147:0-19-516035-5
5143:
5139:
5138:
5130:
5127:
5122:
5120:0-8018-6875-0
5116:
5112:
5111:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5090:
5083:
5080:
5067:
5063:
5056:
5053:
5047:
5039:
5036:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5014:
5010:
5004:
5001:
4996:
4989:
4986:
4980:
4977:
4972:
4965:
4962:
4957:
4950:
4947:
4941:
4938:
4932:
4929:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4903:
4900:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4866:
4863:
4858:
4856:1-900747-52-9
4852:
4848:
4844:
4838:
4835:
4829:
4826:
4818:
4814:
4813:
4805:
4799:
4796:
4790:
4787:
4781:
4778:
4773:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4747:
4744:
4739:
4735:
4728:
4725:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4701:
4698:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4686:Hodgins, Eric
4680:
4677:
4674:, p. 54.
4673:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4657:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4627:
4623:
4616:
4613:
4608:
4604:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4586:
4585:New Scientist
4580:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4566:
4563:
4558:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4541:
4539:9780807854709
4535:
4531:
4530:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4496:
4493:
4489:
4484:
4481:
4478:, p. 14.
4477:
4472:
4469:
4466:, p. 60.
4465:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4449:
4443:
4424:
4417:
4412:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4338:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4323:, p. 64.
4322:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4302:
4298:
4285:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4261:
4255:
4252:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4234:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4191:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4167:
4164:
4161:, p. 14.
4160:
4155:
4152:
4147:
4145:0-87785-138-7
4141:
4137:
4130:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4108:
4105:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4086:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4045:Needham 1965b
4041:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4017:
4014:
4009:
4008:
4000:
3994:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3954:
3951:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3932:
3925:
3922:
3916:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3871:, p. 57.
3870:
3865:
3862:
3857:
3855:9780810888883
3851:
3847:
3846:
3838:
3835:
3830:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3811:
3808:
3805:, p. 11.
3804:
3799:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3740:
3737:
3732:
3725:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3659:
3656:, p. 21.
3655:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3641:, p. 10.
3640:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3627:Needham 1965b
3623:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3592:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3574:0-521-21821-7
3570:
3566:
3565:
3557:
3554:
3549:
3547:9780140041170
3543:
3539:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3521:, p. 16.
3520:
3515:
3512:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3476:Needham 1965a
3472:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3456:"Khmer Kites"
3450:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3389:
3386:, p. 20.
3385:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3362:on 3 May 2008
3361:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3228:0-471-05649-9
3224:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3177:
3170:
3167:
3154:
3150:
3147:Kline, A. S.
3143:
3140:
3134:
3124:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3092:
3089:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3038:
3035:
3024:
3021:
3010:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2839:
2838:Giulio Douhet
2833:
2828:
2826:
2825:Giulio Douhet
2821:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2786:
2785:Voisin Canard
2782:
2778:
2774:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2743:Wilhelm Kress
2736:
2731:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2719:Burgess-Dunne
2716:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2685:and then his
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2636:Antoinette IV
2633:
2629:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2581:Louis Blériot
2577:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2551:
2548:
2547:Santos-Dumont
2543:
2539:
2536:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2435:rotary engine
2432:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2401:
2400:Antoinette 8V
2397:
2392:
2389:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2334:
2333:Wilbur Wright
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2246:
2241:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2220:Glenn Curtiss
2217:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2156:was actually
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2114:
2113:Potomac River
2110:
2105:
2100:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2073:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2043:
2032:
2029:
2021:
2018:November 2022
2011:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1908:
1907:Percy Pilcher
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1846:Wilhelm Kress
1842:
1838:
1834:
1833:Percy Pilcher
1830:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1782:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1752:Clément Ader
1750:
1746:
1743:
1742:steam engines
1739:
1735:
1730:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1689:
1684:
1680:
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1674:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
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1614:
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1603:
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1585:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1559:
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1548:
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1540:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
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1492:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1448:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1356:and vertical
1355:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1281:
1280:George Cayley
1273:
1271:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1259:George Cayley
1255:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1207:Casa da Índia
1204:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1173:Dragon Volant
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1105:invented the
1104:
1100:
1097:, brother of
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1005:
1001:
1000:
995:
991:
986:
980:
979:
975:
974:Santos-Dumont
971:
967:
960:
959:
953:
949:
947:
946:
941:
937:
932:
930:
926:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
898:Henri Giffard
895:
886:
879:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
854:
851:
845:
843:
839:
834:
830:
829:John Jeffries
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
802:
800:
796:
793:type and the
792:
788:
778:
774:
770:
766:
763:
758:
755:
751:
747:
746:
741:
738:
734:
730:
726:
723:
719:
715:
711:
710:
709:
702:
698:
696:
692:
688:
683:
680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
654:
649:
645:
641:
637:
628:
623:
615:
610:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
549:
541:
539:
537:
533:
529:
528:
523:
519:
514:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
488:
483:
476:
472:
468:
461:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
437:
435:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
411:
406:
399:
397:
394:
392:
388:
387:
383:'s book, the
382:
378:
377:bamboo-copter
374:
371:The use of a
367:bamboo-copter
366:
361:
356:
355:Bamboo-copter
348:
346:
343:
338:
335:
328:
326:
324:
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
300:
297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
275:
271:
270:
264:
257:
255:
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
209:
207:
206:Yuan Huangtou
203:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
182:Aulus Gellius
180:According to
176:
171:
164:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:magic carpets
144:
140:
137:
133:
130:
126:
122:
119:
115:
111:
107:
99:
95:
91:
88:
83:
76:
74:
72:
68:
64:
57:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
6124:Other topics
6105:Hang gliding
6083:Aerodynamics
6057:World War II
6036:
5946:, Macdonald.
5943:
5932:
5910:
5885:
5881:
5858:
5847:
5823:. New York:
5820:
5799:
5780:
5761:
5742:
5721:
5697:
5675:
5663:
5657:. Blandford.
5654:
5633:
5622:
5595:
5576:
5568:Bibliography
5554:. Retrieved
5550:
5508:
5488:
5483:
5471:. Retrieved
5461:
5453:
5434:
5418:
5413:
5404:
5398:
5388:
5380:
5373:
5365:
5357:
5347:
5339:
5334:
5325:
5319:
5310:
5304:
5296:
5291:
5272:
5264:
5256:
5245:
5236:
5228:
5214:
5205:
5196:
5171:, retrieved
5166:
5156:
5136:
5129:
5109:
5082:
5070:. Retrieved
5066:The Bulletin
5065:
5055:
5038:
5025:
5016:
5008:
5003:
4994:
4988:
4979:
4970:
4964:
4955:
4949:
4940:
4931:
4919:. Retrieved
4915:
4902:
4890:. Retrieved
4886:the original
4881:
4875:
4865:
4846:
4837:
4828:
4817:the original
4810:
4798:
4789:
4780:
4756:
4746:
4738:AerospaceWeb
4737:
4727:
4715:. Retrieved
4709:
4700:
4690:
4679:
4672:Moolman 1980
4644:
4625:
4615:
4606:
4597:
4583:
4579:
4569:
4565:
4528:
4503:
4495:
4483:
4471:
4430:. Retrieved
4423:the original
4410:
4409:Cayley, G.;
4405:
4389:
4353:
4349:
4337:
4328:
4316:
4304:
4295:
4288:. Retrieved
4286:. Britannica
4278:
4270:
4263:. Retrieved
4254:
4245:
4233:
4214:
4211:Dee, Richard
4190:
4178:
4166:
4154:
4135:
4129:
4121:the original
4116:
4107:
4096:
4085:
4062:
4056:
4040:
4028:
4016:
4005:
3993:
3984:
3973:, retrieved
3969:the original
3959:
3953:
3930:
3924:
3915:
3903:
3891:
3886:, p. 7.
3864:
3844:
3837:
3817:
3810:
3798:
3770:
3766:Durant, Will
3760:
3748:
3744:
3739:
3730:
3724:
3712:
3705:Moolman 1980
3700:
3688:
3683:, p. 6.
3661:
3654:Moolman 1980
3634:
3622:
3614:the original
3598:
3591:
3563:
3556:
3537:
3514:
3502:. Retrieved
3498:the original
3493:
3483:
3459:
3449:
3438:
3426:
3418:the original
3413:
3403:
3391:
3384:Moolman 1980
3364:. Retrieved
3360:the original
3355:
3349:
3340:
3332:
3329:
3303:
3291:
3281:
3274:
3255:
3248:
3236:
3217:
3207:
3196:
3190:LacusCurtius
3184:
3175:
3169:
3157:. Retrieved
3152:
3142:
3123:
3114:
3096:
3091:
2993:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2968:
2965:
2941:Paul Cornu's
2910:Etrich Taube
2907:
2891:Carlo Piazza
2884:
2864:Paul W. Beck
2855:
2844:
2830:
2822:
2805:
2802:Military use
2789:
2776:
2766:
2751:
2740:
2734:
2699:
2687:Golden Flyer
2683:AEA June Bug
2667:Michelin Cup
2651:Henri Farman
2644:
2625:
2620:
2617:Henri Farman
2589:Blériot VIII
2578:
2555:
2537:
2533:
2525:
2510:
2491:
2471:
2467:
2451:
2423:
2416:
2406:The British
2405:
2393:
2384:
2372:
2359:
2357:
2350:
2341:Dayton, Ohio
2338:
2310:
2305:Wright Flyer
2294:
2290:aspect ratio
2282:
2278:
2274:Wright Flyer
2267:
2258:wing warping
2251:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2209:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2118:
2108:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2064:
2053:
2024:
2015:
1993:
1970:Adding power
1956:
1949:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1920:of 1894 and
1917:
1911:
1905:In Britain,
1904:
1888:Miller Beach
1884:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1822:
1810:
1794:
1787:
1762:Clément Ader
1759:
1753:
1726:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1700:
1696:Victor Tatin
1693:
1687:
1670:
1661:steam engine
1650:
1638:
1636:
1629:
1617:
1607:
1601:
1577:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1523:
1513:
1509:aspect ratio
1504:
1495:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1453:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1362:
1346:
1337:John Smeaton
1326:
1322:
1314:
1283:
1268:
1265:19th century
1250:
1233:
1226:
1215:
1197:
1189:Władysław IV
1178:
1172:
1159:
1151:Robert Hooke
1144:
1119:
1084:
1077:
1065:
1058:
1049:
1045:
1035:
1009:
998:
987:
983:
977:
956:
943:
933:
922:
918:steam engine
891:
855:
846:
837:
822:
803:
798:
791:Montgolfière
790:
783:
743:
712:4 June: The
707:
691:Joseph Black
684:
676:
657:
633:
579:
560:
545:
532:aerial screw
525:
521:
517:
510:
502:Isaac Newton
498:aerodynamics
492:
447:
441:
433:
414:
395:
384:
370:
364:
339:
332:
322:
317:, as far as
312:
308:fighter kite
301:
293:
278:
273:
267:
245:
210:
198:
193:
189:
179:
131:
106:Greek legend
103:
62:
61:
47:
39:Early Flight
6067:Digital Age
6047:World War I
6042:Pioneer era
5625:, 1891–1894
5473:11 February
5072:16 November
5009:Aeronautics
4995:Aeronautics
4921:30 December
3540:. Penguin.
3296:Book of Han
3063:(1903–1914)
2978:Hiram Maxim
2932:Helicopters
2914:Fokker Spin
2876:Los Angeles
2870:simulating
2813:steel wires
2754:Henri Fabre
2702:J. W. Dunne
2663:Samuel Cody
2601:Traian Vuia
2585:Blériot VII
2498:quadruplane
2479:Deperdussin
2447:Le Rhône 9C
2431:Gnome Omega
2394:In Europe,
1928:(1894) and
1922:James Means
1818:multiplanes
1729:Hiram Maxim
1657:tandem wing
1580:wind tunnel
1511:of a wing.
1352:horizontal
1317:bird flight
1254:Jacob Degen
1087:Gaston Biot
1080:meteorology
1046:homo volans
795:gas balloon
745:Folie Titon
727:27 August:
716:' unmanned
668:John V
552:John Damian
536:ornithopter
513:hang glider
485:Leonardo's
475:ornithopter
456:ornithopter
452:Roger Bacon
429:Zhuge Liang
421:sky lantern
410:sky lantern
391:jujube tree
349:Rotor wings
319:New Zealand
258:Early kites
151:King Bladud
143:Simon Magus
132:roth rámach
6176:Categories
6161:See also:
6093:Ballooning
5913:. Osprey.
5556:1 December
4464:Wragg 1974
4432:16 October
4321:Wragg 1974
4183:Wragg 1974
4159:Wragg 1974
4089:Quoted in
4047:, p.
4033:Wragg 1974
4021:Wragg 1974
3869:Wragg 1974
3803:Wragg 1974
3693:Wragg 1974
3639:Wragg 1974
3519:Wragg 1974
3504:19 October
3159:6 February
3135:References
2996:Paul Cornu
2944:helicopter
2899:Blériot XI
2880:California
2861:Lieutenant
2827:remarked:
2781:floatplane
2659:Farman III
2632:Antoinette
2605:Blériot XI
2502:multiplane
2439:crankshaft
2286:three axes
2169:No. 6
1995:neutrality
1701:In Russia
1653:Thomas Moy
1602:Planophore
1366:uncambered
1349:fixed-wing
1032:Parachutes
1016:dirigibles
672:Portuguese
563:jet flight
342:Marco Polo
231:historian
215:scientist
213:Andalusian
190:The Pigeon
92:depicting
5845:(1965a).
5429:, p. 136.
5313:. Putnam.
4956:The Times
4892:30 August
4754:(2000) .
3975:30 August
3790:869434122
2916:of 1911,
2912:of 1910,
2809:airframes
2762:Hydravion
2735:Hydravion
2725:Seaplanes
2583:flew the
2408:Green C.4
2228:Aerodrome
2224:Aerodrome
2202:Aerodrome
2197:Aerodrome
2121:astronomy
2109:Aerodrome
2061:Fairfield
2006:talk page
1975:Whitehead
1841:San Diego
1770:Avion III
1754:Avion III
1688:Aéroplane
1640:Monoplane
1631:Monoplane
1530:in 1868.
1460:monoplane
1354:tailplane
1169:Burattini
1130:Aldershot
1038:parachute
958:La France
955:The 1884
945:La France
923:In 1863,
908:with the
799:Charlière
648:sea level
548:Nuremberg
522:On flight
419:called a
365:taketombo
315:Polynesia
202:Wang Mang
194:Περιστέρα
139:Mug Ruith
71:aeroplane
58:' balloon
6098:military
5718:(2003).
5698:Aviation
5696:(2003).
5674:(1974).
5516:Archived
5503:, p. 16.
5280:Archived
5229:FAI NEWS
5222:Archived
5182:citation
5173:11 March
4847:Aviation
4845:(2000).
4688:(1931).
4442:cite web
4398:Raw text
4383:Archived
4372:Archived
4361:Archived
4213:(2007).
3908:Ege 1973
3896:Ege 1973
3884:Ege 1973
3768:(2001).
3681:Ege 1973
3215:(2003),
3006:See also
2962:of Milan
2946:of 1907.
2895:Benghazi
2868:sandbags
2866:dropped
2835:—
2771:s first
2758:seaplane
2715:Nieuport
2640:ailerons
2566:elevator
2494:A.V. Roe
2460:series.
2454:Mercedes
2412:A.V. Roe
2345:elevator
2270:airfoils
1999:disputed
1937:box kite
1813:aerofoil
1673:tailless
1645:wingspan
1628:'s 1874
1584:cambered
1425:triplane
1418:dihedral
1414:aerofoil
1411:cambered
1341:windmill
1242:gyrodyne
1220:in his "
1107:box kite
1091:windsock
1004:Bodensee
994:Zeppelin
874:Boer War
850:coal gas
814:ballonet
735:flew an
731:and the
687:hydrogen
670:and the
616:Balloons
518:Sul volo
229:Algerian
200:Emperor
192:(Greek:
186:Archytas
110:Daedalus
87:Etruscan
67:aircraft
6141:Jet Age
6112: (
5902:3101411
4717:7 March
4290:26 July
4265:26 July
3583:3345021
3443:. 1907.
2691:Model B
2388:takeoff
2353:Model B
2111:on the
2093:Langley
2070:tractor
1945:biplane
1892:Indiana
1677:tractor
1592:degrees
1246:bow saw
970:Langley
906:Trappes
894:airship
860:by the
838:Rozière
722:Annonay
674:court.
653:airship
489:design.
386:Baopuzi
381:Ge Hong
100:Legends
6114:combat
5933:Flight
5917:
5900:
5866:
5831:
5806:
5787:
5768:
5749:
5730:
5704:
5682:
5642:
5602:
5583:
5499:
5425:
5144:
5117:
4877:Flight
4853:
4768:
4652:
4536:
4505:Flight
4380:Part 3
4369:Part 2
4358:Part 1
4221:
4142:
4073:
3852:
3825:
3788:
3778:
3606:
3581:
3571:
3544:
3366:8 July
3263:
3225:
3107:Icarus
2777:Foudre
2677:. The
2647:Voisin
2570:rudder
2562:14-bis
2550:14-bis
2521:tandem
2152:. The
2083:Jane's
1850:Vienna
1764:. His
1734:Bexley
1663:using
1401:weight
1383:thrust
1211:Lisbon
1193:Warsaw
1185:Polish
1126:Sapper
988:Count
818:Beuvry
664:Lisbon
601:Danube
589:glider
575:rocket
289:Lu Ban
127:, the
121:Vimana
118:Indian
94:Icarus
5898:JSTOR
5491:'
4820:(PDF)
4807:(PDF)
4426:(PDF)
4419:(PDF)
4297:1799.
4002:(PDF)
3435:(PDF)
3083:Notes
2897:in a
2874:over
2872:bombs
2817:linen
2769:'
2216:Flyer
2205:'
1900:stall
1187:King
1074:Kites
978:No. 4
902:Paris
780:ears.
477:wings
373:rotor
304:India
296:paper
221:glide
159:China
136:druid
129:Irish
112:; in
90:bulla
5915:ISBN
5864:ISBN
5829:ISBN
5804:ISBN
5785:ISBN
5766:ISBN
5747:ISBN
5728:ISBN
5702:ISBN
5680:ISBN
5640:ISBN
5600:ISBN
5581:ISBN
5558:2013
5497:ISBN
5475:2011
5423:ISBN
5188:link
5175:2009
5142:ISBN
5115:ISBN
5074:2022
4923:2013
4894:2020
4851:ISBN
4812:NASA
4766:ISBN
4719:2009
4711:NASA
4650:ISBN
4534:ISBN
4448:link
4434:2013
4394:NASA
4292:2009
4267:2009
4219:ISBN
4140:ISBN
4071:ISBN
3977:2020
3850:ISBN
3823:ISBN
3786:OCLC
3776:ISBN
3604:ISBN
3579:OCLC
3569:ISBN
3542:ISBN
3506:2011
3368:2008
3311:167.
3261:ISBN
3223:ISBN
3161:2020
2783:, a
2599:and
2568:and
2545:The
2315:and
2303:The
2254:roll
2167:and
1992:The
1878:and
1835:and
1766:Éole
1738:Kent
1727:Sir
1686:The
1398:and
1395:drag
1389:lift
1149:and
1054:sail
938:and
912:, a
827:and
804:The
797:the
689:led
285:Mozi
281:kite
279:The
211:The
141:and
114:Ovid
5984:by
5890:doi
5513:p.4
4588:; "
4396:).
4049:591
3095:In
2711:D.8
2706:D.5
2653:to
2458:D.I
2398:'s
2262:yaw
2059:at
1916:'s
1553:).
1503:),
1358:fin
1209:in
1171:'s
1044:'s
904:to
605:Ulm
603:at
504:'s
473:'s
223:in
108:of
6178::
5931:.
5896:.
5884:.
5827:.
5620:,
5549:.
5538:^
5526:^
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5340:35
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5180:{{
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5097:^
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2878:,
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