Early history of video games

1397:; Tuck had remarked in 1966 while playing the game that a coin-operated version of the game would be very successful. Such a device was unfeasible in 1966 due to the cost of computers, but in 1969 DEC released the PDP-11 for US$ 20,000 (equivalent to $ 170,000 in 2023); while this was still too high for a commercially viable product, as most games in arcades cost around US$ 1,000 at the time, the pair felt it was low enough to build a prototype to determine interest and optimal per-game pricing. Only prototype units were ever built, though the second prototype was adapted to run up to eight games at once; a few months before the initial installation at Stanford in November 1971, the pair met with Nolan Bushnell, who informed them of his own game he was making for a much lower price. 729:, and demonstration programs intended to impress or entertain the public. Because these games were largely developed on unique hardware in a time when porting between systems was difficult and were often dismantled or discarded after serving their limited purposes, they did not generally influence further developments in the industry. For the same reason, it is impossible to be certain who developed the first computer game or who originally modeled many of the games or play mechanics introduced during the decade, as there are likely several games from this period that were never publicized and are thus unknown today. 994:

Hundreds of visitors lined up to play the new game during its debut. Due to the game's popularity, an upgraded version was shown the following year, with enhancements including a larger screen and different levels of simulated gravity. Afterwards, having served its purpose, the game was dismantled for its component parts. While the game had no innovations in game design or technological development, its status as an entertainment-focused game, rather than an academic project or technological showpiece, has led it to be considered one of the first "real" video games as they are generally thought of today.

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have every run be different, and to be entertaining and therefore a game. The game was a multiplayer game because the computer had no resources left over to handle controlling the other ship. After the game's initial development, members of the TMRC worked to improve the game, adding an accurate starfield and a gravitational body, and spread it to the couple dozen other institutions with a PDP-1, a process which continued over the next few years. As the computer was uncomfortable to use for extended periods of time, Kotok and Saunders created a detached control device, essentially an early

956:-developed MIDSAC computer at the university in 1954. The game, developed over six months by the pair, featured a pool stick controlled by a joystick and a knob, and a full rack of 15 balls on a table seen in an overhead view. The computer calculated the movements of the balls as they collided and moved around the table, disappearing when they reached a pocket, and updated the graphics continuously, forty times a second, so as to show real-time motion. Like previous video games, the pool game was intended primarily to showcase the computing power of the MIDSAC computer. 37: 5020: 556: 1367: 1286: 1059: 802: 1157:, further computer games developed by programmers at universities were also developed and distributed over the next few years. These included the Socratic System, a question and answer game designed to teach medical students how to diagnose patients by Wallace Feurzeig in 1962, and a dice game by Edward Steinberger in 1965. Mainframe games were developed outside of the IBM and DEC communities as well, such as the 1962 Polish 960: 798:. "Nimatron" had been constructed from electromechanical relays and weighed over a ton. The Nimrod was primarily intended to showcase Ferranti's computer design and programming skills rather than entertain, and was not followed up by any future games. Despite this, most of the onlookers at the Festival of Britain were more interested in playing the game than in the programming and engineering logic behind it. 1440: 871:, where the player would enter orders to intercept enemy aircraft, or set up their forces to counter an enemy army invasion. These simulations were not yet true video games, as they required human intervention to interpret the player's orders and the final results; the computer only controlled the paths that the enemies would take, and the program was focused on simulating events and probabilities. 762:. The large metal computer, which was four meters tall, could only play tic-tac-toe on a lightbulb-backed display, and was installed in the Engineering Building at the Canadian National Exhibition from August 25 to September 9, 1950. The game was a success at the two-week exhibition, with attendees lining up to play it as Kates adjusted the difficulty up and down for players. After the exhibition, 599:

element of interactivity and outputs the results of the player's actions to a display. Going by this broader definition, the first video games appeared in the early 1950s; they were tied largely to research projects at universities and large corporations, though, and had little influence on each other due to their primary purpose as academic and promotional devices rather than entertainment games.

647: 1133: 880: 509:. As computing technology improved over time, computers became smaller and faster, and the ability to work on them was opened up to university employees and undergraduate students by the end of the 1950s. These new programmers began to create games for non-academic purposes, leading up to the 1962 release of 626:, the patent, the first for an electronic game, was never used and the device never manufactured beyond the original handmade prototypes. This, along with the lack of electronic logic circuits, keeps the device from being considered the first video game. In 1948, shortly after the patenting of this device, 1523:, had initially had the idea in 1951 to make an interactive game on a television set. Unable to do so with the technological constraints at the time, he began work on a device that would attach to a television set and display games in 1966, and the "Brown Box", the last prototype of seven, was licensed to 998:

rather than operations run in batches. A few programs, however, while used to showcase the power of the computer they ran on were also intended as entertainment products; these were generally created by undergraduate students, such as at MIT where they were allowed on occasion to develop programs for the

638:—though it was never actually implemented on a computer as the code was too complicated to run on the machines of the time. Turing tested the code in a game in 1952 where he mimicked the operation of the code in a real chess-game against an opponent, but was never able to run the program on a computer. 1559:, pp. 4–5. "By the strictest definition, 'video' refers to the use of an analog intensity/brightness signal displayed on a cathode ray tube (CRT), the kind of picture tube used in a television set or computer monitor, to produce raster-based (filled-area images, as opposed to wireframe ones) imagery." 1468:

and other arcade games were typically placed; while it was commercially successful and made over US$ 1,000,000, it did not meet the high expectations of Nutting, who had expected to sell more than 1,500 units. Bushnell and Dabney immediately started work on another game, using the same television set

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s prototype installation was very popular, though at a low price-per-game, and the pair developed a second version to display at the same location; they were never able to enter production, though, as they eventually had to abandon the idea after spending US$ 65,000 developing it due to the high cost

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at once; the computer turned out to not actually be powerful enough for the project. While investigating the concept of replacing some of the computer with purpose-built hardware, however, the pair discovered that making a system explicitly for running such a game, rather than general programs, would

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to adapt and produce. They announced the console in May 1972, and it went on sale that September. The console and its games featured numerous innovations beyond being the first video game device for home consumers: it was the first game to use a raster-scan video display, or television set, directly

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At the beginning of the 1970s, video games existed almost entirely as novelties passed around by programmers and technicians with access to computers, primarily at research institutions and large companies. The history of video games transitioned into a new era early in the decade, however, with the

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Although the market for commercial games—and software in general—was small, due to the cost of computers limiting their spread to research institutions and large corporations, several were still created by programmers and distributed by the computer manufacturers. A number of games could be found in

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controller, selecting which of the nine squares on the board they wished to move next. Their move would appear on the screen, and then the computer's move would follow. The game was not available to the general public, and was only available to be played in the University of Cambridge's Mathematical

1196:, which could be run on different hardware types, allowed for programs to be written for more than one specific computer, in turn letting games written in them to spread to more end players in the programming community than before. These games included a baseball simulation game written in BASIC by 1110:

The two-player game has the players engaged in a dogfight between two spaceships set against the backdrop of a randomly generated background starfield. The game was developed to meet three precepts: to use as much of the computer's resources as possible, to be consistently interesting and therefore

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computer. He began creating the simulation in February 1951, before the computer was completed in April. It allowed users to adjust the frequency of the bounces with a knob, and sometime between late 1951 and 1953 he made it into a game by adding a hole in the floor for players to aim for. The game

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Today the term "video game" has completely shed its purely hardware-dependent definition and encompasses a wider range of technology. While still rather ill-defined, the term "video game" now generally encompasses any game played on hardware built with electronic logic circuits that incorporates an

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Over the next few years, during 1957–61, various computer games continued to be created in the context of academic computer and programming research, particularly as computer technology improved to include smaller, transistor-based computers on which programs could be created and run in real time,

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Throughout the rest of the 1960s increasing numbers of programmers wrote digital computer games, which were sometimes sold commercially in catalogs. As the audience for video games expanded to more than a few dozen research institutions with the falling cost of computers, and programming languages

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The term "video game" has evolved over the decades from a purely technical definition to a general concept defining a new class of interactive entertainment. Technically, for a product to be a video game under early definitions, it needed to transmit a video signal to a display. This can (but not

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and displayed a side view of a tennis court on an oscilloscope. The players controlled the angle of their shots with attached controllers, and the game calculated and simulated the trajectory of the ball, including the possibility of hitting the net. The game was first shown on October 18, 1958.

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minicomputer, the successor to the TX-0, which also used a vector display system. The system's comparatively small size and processing speed meant that, like with the TX-0, the university allowed its undergraduate students and employees to write programs for the computer which were not directly

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allowed users to use a light pen to set up a maze of walls on the monitor, and spots that represented bits of cheese or glasses of martini. A virtual mouse was then released and would traverse the maze to find the objects. Additionally, the wargame simulations from the early 1950s by the RAND

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by DEC technicians on new PDP-1 systems before shipping, since it was the only available program that exercised every aspect of the hardware. Although the game was widespread for the era, it was still very limited in its direct reach: the PDP-1 was priced at US$ 120,000 (equivalent to $

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be much less expensive: as low as $ 100. A prototype version had been successfully displayed for a short time in August 1971 in a local bar, the design was nearly finished, and the pair had founded a company around it called Syzygy. Bushnell had also found a manufacturer for the game,

1726: 1328:(1966), the arcade industry was experiencing a "technological renaissance" driven by "audio-visual" EM novelty games, establishing the arcades as a healthy environment for the introduction of commercial video games in the early 1970s. The first commercial arcade video game was 782:; moves were made by players pressing buttons which corresponded with the lights. Nimrod could play either the traditional or "reverse" form of the game. The machine was twelve feet wide, nine feet deep, and five feet tall. It was based on an earlier Nim-playing machine, " 1528:

displayed via modification of a video signal; it was also the first video gaming device to be displayed in a television commercial. It sold for US$ 100 and shipped with several games, including "Table tennis", which Bushnell had seen a demo of and which

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was released. It was the first coin-operated video game to be commercially sold and the first widely available video game of any kind. While it did well in its initial locations near college campuses, it performed very poorly in bars and arcades where

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Laboratory, by special permission, as the EDSAC could not be moved. Like other early video games, after serving Douglas's purpose, the game was discarded. Around the same time, Strachey expanded his draughts program for another mainframe computer, the

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game. Alcorn expanded the idea, and designed a game the company immediately seized on. They were unable to find a manufacturer, but on the evidence of the success of their prototype installation, decided to produce the game cabinets themselves.

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or any game of the time from reaching beyond a narrow, academic audience. Russell has been quoted as saying that the aspect of the game that he was most pleased with was the number of other programmers it inspired to write their own games.

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by 1958. By 1961, there were over 89 different business simulation games in use, with various graphical capabilities. As the decade ended, despite several video games having been developed, there was no such thing as a commercial

463:, both in 1972). During this time there was a wide range of devices and inventions corresponding with large advances in computing technology, and the actual first video game is dependent on the definition of "video game" used. 480:

computers in 1950 and 1951, video games also became the purview of academic research. A series of games, generally simulating real-world board games, were created at various research institutions to explore programming,

470:—the earliest known interactive electronic game as well as the first to use an electronic display—the first true video games were created in the early 1950s. Initially created as technology demonstrations, such as the 2703: 621:

and Estle Ray Mann in 1947. While the idea behind the game was potentially to use a television set as the display and thus sell the invention to consumers, as Goldsmith and Mann worked at television designer

722:. This in turn promoted the adoption of computers by universities, government organizations, and large corporations as the decade progressed. It was in this environment that the first video games were born. 1107:. The game was copied to several of the early minicomputer installations in American academic institutions, making it potentially the first video game to be available outside a single research institute. 952:

was used in classes at MIT by Charles W. Adams, assistant professor of digital computers. It was followed by a pool game programmed by William Brown and Ted Lewis specifically for a demonstration of the

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was dismantled, and "largely forgotten" as a novelty. Kates has said that he was working on so many projects at the same time that he had no energy to spare for preserving it, despite its significance.

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that would run on multiple types of computers were created, a wider variety of games began to be developed. Video games transitioned into a new era in the early 1970s with the launch of the commercial

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program in 1952, the first software-based games to incorporate a CRT display, and several chess and checkers programs. Possibly the first video game created simply for entertainment was 1958's

778:, and then showcased for three weeks in October at the Berlin Industrial Show before being dismantled. Using a panel of lights for its display, it was designed exclusively to play the game of 2176: 1532:

had been based on. The Odyssey sold over 100,000 units in 1972, and more than 350,000 by the end of 1975, buoyed by the popularity of the table tennis game, in turn driven by the success of

152: 3193: 2238: 4652: 2128: 1508:. It was immensely commercially successful, selling over 8,000 units. It inspired copycat games to be sold in America, Europe, and Japan, and led to the popularization of the medium. 1031:

Corporation had expanded into more complicated simulations which required little human intervention, and had also sparked the creation of business management simulation games such as

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in 1965; a BASIC bingo game by Larry Bethurum in 1966; a basketball simulation game written in BASIC by Charles R. Bacheller in May 1967; another baseball game that simulates the

1571:, p. 5. "Because both vector and raster games used CRTs, vector games became included in the term 'video games', and later , popular use of the term came to include games using 1823: 2206: 4231: 617:, with a set of knobs and switches. The device uses purely analog electronics and does not use any digital computer or memory device or execute a program. It was patented by 919:, Douglas used one of these screens to portray other information to the user; he chose to do so via displaying the current state of a game. The player entered input using a 3554:

Human-Computer Interaction Applications and Services: 16th International Conference, HCI International 2014, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, June 22-27, 2014, Proceedings, Part 3

1858: 2590: 2394: 1992: 5899: 4193: 2738: 915:, and filled an entire room. It included three 35×16 dot matrix cathode ray tubes to graphically display the state of the computer's memory. As a part of a thesis on 835:

and completed in 1952; this is the first known computer game to be created for a general-purpose computer, rather than a machine specifically made for the game like

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The first known game incorporating graphics that updated in real time, rather than only when the player made a move, was a simulation of a bouncing ball created by

1044:; almost all games had been developed on or as a single machine for specific purposes, and the few simulation games were neither commercial nor for entertainment. 5187: 2263: 1153:

an April 1962 IBM program catalog. These included board games, "BBC Vik The Baseball Demonstrator", and "Three Dimensional Tic-Tack-Toe". Following the spread of

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as it was not powerful enough to play a full game, and it had no video output. Around the same time in the early 1950s, military research organizations like the

832: 710:) allowed computers to be easily reprogrammed to undertake a variety of tasks, which facilitated commercializing computers in the early 1950s by companies like 354: 4645: 2532: 400: 2692: 449:

electronic game with an electronic display in 1947, the first true video games in the early 1950s, and the rise of early arcade video games in the 1970s (

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The computer games of the 1950s can generally be divided into three categories: training and instructional programs, research programs in fields such as

1951: 977:. Perhaps the first game created solely for entertainment rather than as a technology demonstration or a research tool, the program simulated a game of 156: 3780: 2947: 2924: 2878: 1540:

and the Odyssey kicked off a new era of video gaming, with numerous other competitors starting up in the video game industry as it grew in popularity.

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as well as the first to incorporate a cathode-ray tube screen. The player simulates an artillery shell trajectory on a CRT screen connected to an

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experimental computer. These interactive graphical games were created by a community of programmers, many of them students affiliated with the

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to be more entertaining for visitors on their public day than the usual static exhibits about nuclear power, the game ran on a Donner Model 30

339: 2228: 2113: 6193: 4690: 3845: 3752: 3729: 3706: 3683: 3661: 3638: 3619: 3593: 3565: 3542: 3519: 3491: 3451: 3428: 3407: 3384: 3359: 3336: 2091: 944: 191: 5892: 4186: 344: 1641: 2478: 2441: 1408:, due to its high price. Pitts and Tuck believed, however, that despite the economic argument their game was superior, as they felt that 3506: 2962: 2164: 334: 319: 907:, a software program for the EDSAC computer, which simulates a game of tic-tac-toe. The EDSAC, completed in 1949, was one of the first 4617: 4217: 4150: 3418: 2017: 1087: 971:

While further games like checkers and chess were developed on research computers, the next milestone in video games came in 1958 with

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by 1955 and a version was shown on television in 1956. Also in 1951, Dietrich Prinz wrote the first limited program of chess for the

6147: 6062: 5692: 3883: 3253: 2198: 791: 603: 560: 467: 3231: 5970: 4685: 2807:"Słyszeliście kiedyś o "Marienbad", pierwszej polskiej grze wideo w historii? Nie? No to koniecznie musicie nadrobić zaległości!" 1848: 393: 186: 2582: 2386: 2267: 1984: 5885: 5824: 5422: 5347: 5067: 4179: 4042: 3973: 916: 482: 6102: 6026: 4798: 4697: 986: 88: 1724:, Goldsmith Jr., Thomas T. & Mann, Estle Ray, "Cathode Ray Tube Amusement Device", issued 1948-12-14 5620: 5342: 5117: 4680: 3296: 2124: 1893: 1079: 795: 181: 2836: 437:

were introduced to the general public. Since then, video gaming has become a popular form of entertainment and a part of

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handhelds. From a technical standpoint, these would more properly be called "electronic games" or "computer games".

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They Create Worlds: The Story of the People and Companies That Shaped the Video Game Industry, Vol. I: 1971-1982

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Around this time, non-visual games were being developed at various research computer laboratories; for example,

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monitor, etc. This definition would preclude early computer games that outputted results to a printer or

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computer, one of the first commercially available computers. The program was only capable of computing

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academically related whenever it was not in use. In 1961–62, Harvard and MIT employees Martin Graetz,

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computer—created by engineering firm and nascent computer developer Ferranti—was presented at the

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The Video Game Debate: Unravelling the Physical, Social, and Psychological Effects of Video Games

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rather than a display, as well as games that used static LCD graphics, for example Nintendo's

477: 174: 5850: 5761: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5521: 5516: 5471: 5312: 5077: 4978: 4917: 4857: 4814: 3994: 3949: 3890: 3671: 2168: 1902: 1696: 1512: 1285: 1222: 1167:. A joint research project between IBM and the Board of Cooperative Educational Services of 1146: 1124:

1,200,000 in 2023) and only 55 were ever sold, many without a monitor, which prohibited

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that he unsuccessfully attempted to run for the first time in July 1951 at the British

711: 535: 501: 2259: 6187: 5608: 5449: 5390: 5241: 5182: 4973: 4932: 4875: 4130: 4105: 3777:– Ralph Baer's prototypes and documentation housed at the Smithsonian Lemelson Center 3470: 3463: 3288: 3032: 2087: 1520: 898: 860: 787: 755: 607: 446: 547:, the Magnavox Odyssey, which launched the first generation of video-game consoles. 5845: 5807: 5649: 5499: 5417: 5082: 5044: 5005: 4905: 4885: 4867: 4155: 4100: 3322: 1494: 1490: 1482: 1439: 1240: 1211: 1011: 667: 614: 572: 506: 289: 271: 264: 3816: 3346:

Campbell-Kelly, Martin; Aspray, William; Ensmenger, Nathan; Yost, Jeffrey (2014).

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developed a series of combat simulation games of increasing complexity, such as

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computer with vector displays. The pair was also inspired to make the game by

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The earliest known publicly demonstrated electronic game was created in 1950.

422: 3040: 2984: 2728:"1963 Papers and Proceedings of the Digital Equipment Computer Users Society" 2437: 1914: 634:

developed the earliest known written computer game—a chess simulation called

5576: 5494: 5197: 5175: 4002: 3941: 3653: 3534: 3376: 3186:"Nolan Bushnell: Transcript of an interview conducted by Christopher Weaver" 2528: 2082: 1092: 1063: 1019: 828: 635: 539:, and then in 1972 with the release of the immensely successful arcade game 511: 2499: 3785: 2172: 1185:

game; it was also the first known game to be designed by a woman, teacher

5840: 5792: 5738: 5664: 5654: 5533: 5246: 4171: 3912: 2167:'52: Proceedings of the 1952 ACM National Meeting (Toronto). p. 47. 1691: 1524: 824: 809: 783: 715: 496: 2837:"The Sumerian Game: The Most Important Video Game You've Never Heard Of" 2519:"The nuclear war origins behind some of the earliest computer lab games" 1849:"Meet Bertie the Brain, the world's first arcade game, built in Toronto" 1363:, who would make the final game cabinets and sell them to distributors. 936:

and Strachey's draughts program are the earliest known games to display

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Encyclopedia of Video Games: The Culture, Technology, and Art of Gaming

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The Video Game Explosion: A History from PONG to PlayStation and Beyond

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to play a simple game of noughts and crosses against the computer, and

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just a pale imitation. Some players at the time, however, believed

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that were written during the time, and spread beyond their initial

5785: 5626: 2943: 2920: 2897: 2874: 2777: 2734: 2320: 1489:(1969). Instead, the project was given to Atari's first employee, 1365: 1193: 1131: 1082: 1072: 1057: 958: 884: 878: 800: 699: 691: 674:

war effort. Shortly after the war, the promulgation of the first

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Greenlaw, Paul S.; Herron, Lowell W.; Rawdon, Richard H. (1962).

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Redheffer, Raymond (1948). "A Machine for Playing the Game Nim".

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Classic Gaming Expo 2000: Baer Describes the Birth of Videogames

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system in 1969 and which led in part to the development of the

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game written by Doug Dyment in 1968 based on a description of

779: 719: 2506:. Season 1. Episode 1. September 1983. Event occurs at 4:52. 2114:"Programming ENTER: Christopher Strachey's Draughts Program" 1519:

which could be connected to a television set. The inventor,

5412: 1448:(1972) helped usher in a new chapter of video game history. 425:

reached mainstream popularity in the 1970s and 1980s, when

3465:

Business simulation in industrial and university education

1181:

ever made, the first game with a narrative, and the first

527:

in 1971 with the display of the coin-operated arcade game

417:

spans a period of time between the invention of the first

3194:

Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation

445:, therefore, covers the period of time between the first 3817:

Nimrod Interactive Simulation for Be OS operating system

3396:

High Score!: The Illustrated History of Electronic Games

1985:"Opening Moves: Origins of Computer Chess - First Tests" 3480:

The Computing Universe: A Journey through a Revolution

421:

and today, covering many inventions and developments.

2693:"Catalog of Programs for IBM Data Processing Systems" 1642:"The Priesthood At Play: Computer Games in the 1950s" 519:

to be available outside a single research institute.

2078:"OXO aka Noughts and Crosses - The First Video Game" 6156: 6050: 5979: 5944: 5913: 5833: 5749: 5713: 5675: 5569: 5562: 5487: 5403: 5378: 5328: 5293: 5265: 5227: 5218: 5156: 5126: 5096: 5053: 5027: 4954: 4931: 4866: 4843: 4834: 4723: 4668: 4578: 4515: 4452: 4389: 4326: 4263: 4247: 4088: 4061: 3984: 3931: 3876: 3394:DeMaria, Rusel; Wilson, Johnny L. (December 2003). 1814:"Bertie the Brain programmer heads science council" 1204:written in BASIC by Jacob Bergmann in August 1967; 1192:The creation of general programming languages like 3607: 3462: 3439: 3293:"Genesis: How the Home Video Games Industry Began" 2229:"Meet Midac and Midsac: Dice, Pool Shooting Fools" 2156: 1379:Another early coin-operated arcade video game was 1680: 1678: 1385:(1971), developed by Bill Pitts and Hugh Tuck at 843:to develop his own checkers game in 1952 for the 3775:Ralph H. Baer Papers, 1943–1953, 1966–1972, 2006 1035:, which was used in business schools such as at 3529:Kowert, Rachel; Quandt, Thorsten (2015-08-27). 2552: 2199:"Worldly Wednesdays: The First Real-Time Games" 1481:that Bushnell planned to design, influenced by 533:and the release of the first arcade video game 3348:Computer: A History of the Information Machine 3228:"In Search of the First Video Game Commercial" 2264:Office of Scientific and Technical Information 1783: 1781: 1142:in 1969 in part led to the development of the 847:; successive iterations developed rudimentary 320:History of East Asian role-playing video games 5893: 4799: 4646: 4225: 4187: 3853: 3072: 3070: 2583:"One, Two, Three, Four I Declare a Space War" 1799: 1768: 885:Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator 394: 355:History of massively multiplayer online games 8: 3438:Goldberg, Marty; Vendel, Curt (2012-11-25). 3099: 3097: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 2633: 2631: 2387:"People Get Ready, There's a Train A-Coming" 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1375:(1971), one of the first arcade video games. 1314:industry, which was previously dominated by 1303:rise of the commercial video game industry. 559:Circuitry schematic from the patent for the 3114: 3112: 2260:"Video Games—Did They Begin at Brookhaven?" 325:History of Western role-playing video games 5900: 5886: 5878: 5566: 5224: 4840: 4806: 4792: 4784: 4653: 4639: 4631: 4232: 4218: 4210: 4194: 4180: 4172: 3860: 3846: 3838: 3718:Before the Crash: Early Video Game History 3581:Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution 2309: 2307: 1934: 1932: 1842: 1840: 401: 387: 31: 2018:"A Tutorial Guide to the EDSAC Simulator" 1635: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1259:to general-purpose languages like BASIC. 602:The ancestors to these games include the 485:, and computer algorithms. These include 2944:Digital Equipment Computer Users Society 2921:Digital Equipment Computer Users Society 2898:Digital Equipment Computer Users Society 2875:Digital Equipment Computer Users Society 2778:Digital Equipment Computer Users Society 2735:Digital Equipment Computer Users Society 2576: 2574: 2572: 2380: 2378: 2352:"Brookhaven Honors a Pioneer Video Game" 1627: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1438: 1284: 770:Nearly a year later on May 5, 1951, the 658:The first electronic digital computers, 3629:Rutter, Jason; Bryce, Jo (2006-05-09). 2663:"A Long Time Ago, in a Lab Far Away..." 1549: 1281:First generation of video game consoles 1014:, and Bob Saunders. The games included 457:first generation of video game consoles 48: 3478:Hey, Tony; Pápay, Gyuri (2014-11-30). 3164: 3162: 3160: 3151: 3088: 2847:from the original on September 9, 2019 2622: 2159:Logical or non-mathematical programmes 1511:That same year saw the release of the 1350:as an arcade game. They had found the 1310:industry grew out of the pre-existing 1090:, and Wayne Wiitanen created the game 340:History of tactical role-playing games 3676:F.H. Varley: Portraits Into the Light 3103: 2413: 2411: 2316:"The anatomy of the first video game" 1787: 1473:, as well as founding a new company, 1318:(EM games). Following the arrival of 945:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 515:as one of the earliest known digital 192:Timeline of arcade video game history 7: 3331:(2nd ed.). Workman Publishing. 3184:; Weaver, Christopher (2017-11-17). 2835:Willaert, Kate (September 9, 2019). 2649: 947:(MIT) student Oliver Aberth for the 466:Following the 1947 invention of the 345:History of single-player video games 3552:Kurosu, Masaaki, ed. (2014-06-09). 3507:The Ultimate History of Video Games 3076: 3035:. November 1996. pp. 211–229. 2637: 2290:"What Was The First Computer Game?" 2165:Association for Computing Machinery 1878: 1772: 1687:"Cathode-Ray Tube Amusement Device" 1504:was released in 1972, a year after 823:developed a simulation of the game 335:History of real-time strategy games 3420:Replay: The History of Video Games 2997: 2051: 505:, featuring moving graphics on an 373:List of video games in development 350:History of multiplayer video games 212:History of personal computer games 25: 3884:Cathode-ray tube amusement device 3786:"History of Video Games" Timeline 3230:. Video Game History Foundation. 1938: 1669: 1588: 1568: 1556: 1424:to actually be just a version of 604:cathode-ray tube amusement device 561:cathode-ray tube amusement device 468:cathode-ray tube amusement device 27:Games from the 1940s to the 1970s 5018: 3610:Introduction to Game Development 3168: 3009: 2950:from the original on 2015-12-22. 2927:from the original on 2015-12-22. 2904:from the original on 2015-12-22. 2881:from the original on 2015-12-22. 2610: 2564: 2463:"The TX-0: Its Past and Present" 2300:from the original on 2015-11-21. 2063: 1739: 1600: 981:. Created by American physicist 750:. To showcase his new miniature 441:in most parts of the world. The 252:History of virtual reality games 187:Golden age of arcade video games 35: 3739:Wolf, Mark J. P. (2012-08-16). 3716:Wolf, Mark J. P. (2012-06-05). 3693:Wolf, Mark J. P. (2007-11-30). 3648:Smith, Alexander (2019-11-19). 3417:Donovan, Tristan (2010-04-20). 3299:from the original on 2015-10-16 3234:from the original on 2018-01-12 3208:from the original on 2021-05-20 3134:from the original on 2015-12-22 2938:Bergmann, Jacob (August 1967). 2915:Bacheller, Charles (May 1967). 2817:from the original on 2018-01-07 2787:from the original on 2019-08-19 2744:from the original on 2015-08-29 2709:from the original on 2015-04-22 2674:from the original on 2015-11-25 2593:from the original on 2015-12-22 2581:Smith, Alexander (2014-08-07). 2535:from the original on 2022-07-28 2500:"Mainframes to Minis to Micros" 2481:from the original on 2011-06-29 2444:from the original on 2019-09-04 2397:from the original on 2015-12-22 2385:Smith, Alexander (2014-07-10). 2364:from the original on 2018-04-11 2314:Kalning, Kristin (2008-10-23). 2270:from the original on 2015-11-03 2241:from the original on 2015-12-23 2209:from the original on 2021-03-10 2197:Smith, Alexander (2021-03-10). 2179:from the original on 2021-04-18 2134:from the original on 2019-02-14 2094:from the original on 2015-12-22 1995:from the original on 2015-12-22 1901:(6 (June/July 1948)): 343–349. 1861:from the original on 2015-12-22 1826:from the original on 2021-03-08 1812:Simmons, Marlene (1975-10-09). 1703:from the original on 2021-05-18 1652:from the original on 2015-12-22 1640:Smith, Alexander (2014-01-22). 1334:(1971), which was developed by 4698:History of video game consoles 4662:Video game history by platform 3254:"Videogames Turn 40 Years Old" 3023:"The Great Videogame Swindle?" 2961:Fiedler, David (August 1983). 2892:Bethurum, Larry (1966-01-23). 2805:Głowacki, Jacek (2013-03-18). 1078:By 1961, MIT had acquired the 987:Brookhaven National Laboratory 839:. Strachey's program inspired 89:History of video game consoles 1: 4681:History of arcade video games 3372:A History of Modern Computing 3295:. Ralph H. Baer Consultants. 3226:Willaert, Kate (2018-01-10). 2517:Wells, Matthew (2022-07-28). 2418:Graetz, J. M. (August 1981). 2350:Lambert, Bruce (2008-11-07). 2288:Campbell, Hank (2009-01-27). 2125:Computer Conservation Society 1952:"IBM100 - The IBM 700 Series" 1894:American Mathematical Monthly 1847:Bateman, Chris (2014-08-13). 1404:was not a real competitor to 1294:(1971), the first commercial 182:History of arcade video games 148:9th generation (2020–present) 143:8th generation (2012–present) 6194:Early history of video games 3869:Early history of video games 3722:Wayne State University Press 3252:Edwards, Benj (2007-05-15). 2661:Markoff, John (2002-02-28). 1169:Westchester County, New York 833:National Physical Laboratory 748:Canadian National Exhibition 676:stored program architectures 443:early history of video games 64:Early history of video games 3797:Computerspielemuseum Berlin 3631:Understanding Digital Games 3442:Atari Inc.: Business Is Fun 2227:Gibbons, Roy (1954-06-27). 2076:Cohen, D. S. (2014-09-20). 1575:(LCD) screens, and even a 1436:and lack of business plan. 911:, had memory that could be 887:(EDSAC) in 1948, which ran 794:in 1940 for display at the 6230: 5016: 3877:Analog and lightbulb games 3745:Greenwood Publishing Group 3699:Greenwood Publishing Group 3484:Cambridge University Press 2737:. 1964. pp. 205–213. 2467:The Computer Museum Report 1459:s prototype installation, 1266: 1239:and converted to BASIC by 1096:on the PDP-1, inspired by 1051: 1037:Carnegie Mellon University 917:human–computer interaction 696:University of Pennsylvania 483:human–computer interaction 138:7th generation (2005–2017) 133:6th generation (1998–2013) 128:5th generation (1993–2005) 123:4th generation (1987–2004) 118:3rd generation (1983–2003) 106:2nd generation (1976–1992) 101:1st generation (1972–1983) 5877: 4826:List of video game genres 4821: 4783: 4630: 4241:Chronology of video games 4209: 1119:was reportedly used as a 940:on an electronic screen. 455:and the beginning of the 5118:Digital collectible card 3809:EDSAC simulator to play 2553:Greenlaw, Herron, Rawdon 2420:"The origin of Spacewar" 1452:Around the same time as 1412:was a true expansion of 1316:electro-mechanical games 1004:Tech Model Railroad Club 909:stored-program computers 875:Interactive visual games 853:University of Manchester 680:University of Manchester 111:Video game crash of 1983 5203:Roguelike deck-building 5111:Roguelike deck-building 4715:History of mobile games 4136:Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. 3614:. Charles River Media. 3199:Smithsonian Institution 2504:The Computer Chronicles 1989:Computer History Museum 1171:led to the creation of 1069:Computer History Museum 913:read from or written to 849:artificial intelligence 827:, or checkers, for the 727:artificial intelligence 688:University of Cambridge 619:Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. 551:Defining the video game 330:History of online games 272:History of cloud gaming 232:History of mobile games 44:Part of a series on the 5908:Video games by country 4203:History of video games 4111:John Makepeace Bennett 3369:Ceruzzi, John (2003). 3012:, pp. 119–120, 188–191 2014:Campbell-Kelly, Martin 1962:. 2011. Archived from 1573:liquid crystal display 1449: 1376: 1299: 1269:History of video games 1149: 1075: 968: 954:University of Michigan 894: 861:"mate-in-two" problems 816: 738:was an arcade game of 655: 577:liquid crystal display 563: 415:history of video games 50:History of video games 5445:Tactical role-playing 5210:Tactical role-playing 4724:By console generation 4676:Early mainframe games 3986:Early mainframe games 3633:. SAGE Publications. 3120:"Galaxy-Game machine" 2963:"The History of Unix" 2173:10.1145/800259.808992 2025:University of Warwick 1722:US patent 2455992 1579:(LED)-based screen ." 1442: 1369: 1288: 1253:early mainframe games 1135: 1061: 1054:Early mainframe games 962: 882: 804: 796:New York World's Fair 792:Westinghouse Electric 649: 606:, the earliest known 558: 69:Early mainframe games 5825:Vertically scrolling 3933:Early Chess programs 3328:BASIC Computer Games 3124:Infolab.stanford.edu 2555:, ch. "Introduction" 2296:. ION Publications. 2112:Link, David (2012). 1577:light-emitting diode 1179:strategy video games 985:for visitors at the 967:as exhibited in 1959 899:Alexander S. Douglas 821:Christopher Strachey 806:Christopher Strachey 704:Princeton University 666:, were built during 493:Christopher Strachey 5455:Turn-based strategy 5360:Submarine simulator 5166:Action role-playing 5073:Interactive fiction 4761:Seventh (2005–2017) 4141:William Higinbotham 3558:Springer Publishing 3400:McGraw Hill/Osborne 3128:Stanford University 2475:The Computer Museum 1400:Bushnell felt that 1387:Stanford University 1277:Video game industry 1257:mainframe computers 1251:were among several 1177:, one of the first 1136:The development of 1048:The spread of games 1042:video game industry 1033:The Management Game 983:William Higinbotham 855:'s general-purpose 776:Festival of Britain 624:DuMont Laboratories 543:and the first home 525:video game industry 435:home computer games 6199:Earliest phenomena 5856:Video game modding 5798:Nonlinear gameplay 5460:Turn-based tactics 5428:Real-time strategy 4746:Fourth (1987–2003) 4736:Second (1976–1992) 4121:David Champernowne 4062:First arcade games 3791:2018-02-08 at the 3512:Three Rivers Press 2667:The New York Times 2587:They Create Worlds 2425:Creative Computing 2391:They Create Worlds 2357:The New York Times 2203:They Create Worlds 2155:(September 1952). 1646:They Create Worlds 1517:video game console 1479:driving video game 1450: 1377: 1361:Nutting Associates 1300: 1150: 1100:books such as the 1076: 969: 895: 817: 656: 632:David Champernowne 567:always) include a 564: 545:video game console 427:arcade video games 175:Arcade video games 153:Impact of COVID-19 6214:1970s video games 6209:1960s video games 6204:1950s video games 6181: 6180: 6177: 6176: 5873: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5861:Video game remake 5769:Emergent gameplay 5440:Real-time tactics 5399: 5398: 5338:Flight simulation 5068:Graphic adventure 5014: 5013: 4815:Video game genres 4779: 4778: 4756:Sixth (1998–2013) 4751:Fifth (1993–2005) 4741:Third (1983–2003) 4731:First (1972–1980) 4626: 4625: 4169: 4168: 4019:The Sumerian Game 3754:978-0-313-37936-9 3731:978-0-8143-3450-8 3708:978-0-313-33868-7 3685:978-1-55002-675-7 3678:. Dundurn Press. 3672:Varley, Frederick 3663:978-0-429-75261-2 3640:978-1-4129-0034-8 3621:978-1-58450-377-4 3595:978-0-385-19195-1 3567:978-3-319-07227-2 3544:978-1-138-83163-6 3521:978-0-7615-3643-7 3493:978-0-521-15018-7 3453:978-0-9855974-0-5 3430:978-0-9565072-0-4 3409:978-0-07-223172-4 3386:978-0-262-53203-7 3361:978-0-8133-4590-1 3338:978-0-89480-052-8 3325:(November 1978). 1515:, the first home 1352:Data General Nova 1342:and was based on 1308:arcade video game 1296:arcade video game 1237:The Sumerian Game 1202:1967 World Series 1174:The Sumerian Game 1028:Mouse in the Maze 1024:Mouse in the Maze 926:Manchester Mark 1 684:Manchester Mark 1 650:A drawing of the 593:Tiger Electronics 411: 410: 205:Personal computer 16:(Redirected from 6221: 5902: 5895: 5888: 5879: 5851:Video game clone 5567: 5563:Related concepts 5370:Vehicular combat 5225: 5098:Digital tabletop 5078:Interactive film 5038:Grand Theft Auto 5029:Action-adventure 5022: 4979:Platform fighter 4858:Platform fighter 4841: 4808: 4801: 4794: 4785: 4655: 4648: 4641: 4632: 4234: 4227: 4220: 4211: 4196: 4189: 4182: 4173: 3950:Los Alamos Chess 3891:Bertie the Brain 3862: 3855: 3848: 3839: 3758: 3735: 3712: 3689: 3667: 3644: 3625: 3613: 3599: 3571: 3548: 3525: 3497: 3474: 3468: 3457: 3446:. 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S. 2151: 2150: 2146: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2116: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2097: 2095: 2075: 2074: 2070: 2062: 2058: 2050: 2046: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2020: 2012: 2011: 2007: 1998: 1996: 1983: 1982: 1978: 1969: 1967: 1950: 1949: 1945: 1937: 1930: 1907:10.2307/2304959 1890: 1889: 1885: 1877: 1873: 1864: 1862: 1846: 1845: 1838: 1829: 1827: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1798: 1794: 1786: 1779: 1771: 1746: 1738: 1734: 1727: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1706: 1704: 1684: 1683: 1676: 1668: 1664: 1655: 1653: 1639: 1638: 1607: 1599: 1595: 1587: 1583: 1567: 1563: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1456: 1432: 1283: 1265: 1231:, a text-based 1098:science fiction 1067:running on the 1056: 1050: 1018:, which used a 991:analog computer 963:The set-up for 877: 857:Ferranti Mark 1 814:Ferranti Mark 1 786:", designed by 760:Rogers Majestic 644: 611:electronic game 553: 431:gaming consoles 407: 378: 377: 368: 360: 359: 310: 300: 299: 285: 284:Other platforms 277: 276: 267: 257: 256: 247: 245:Virtual reality 237: 236: 227: 217: 216: 207: 197: 196: 177: 167: 166: 157:2023-24 layoffs 84: 74: 73: 59: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6227: 6225: 6217: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6186: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6171: 6166: 6160: 6158: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6150: 6148:United Kingdom 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6063:Czech Republic 6060: 6054: 6052: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5917: 5915: 5911: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5904: 5897: 5890: 5882: 5875: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5815:Side-scrolling 5812: 5811: 5810: 5805: 5795: 5790: 5783: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5765: 5764: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5741: 5736: 5723: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5701: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5679: 5677: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5662: 5660:Climate change 5657: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5631: 5630: 5618: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5579: 5573: 5571: 5564: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5519: 5514: 5513: 5512: 5502: 5497: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5477:Grand strategy 5469: 5468: 5467: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5436: 5435: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5409: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5334: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5315: 5305: 5299: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5271: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5233: 5231: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5206: 5205: 5195: 5193:Monster-taming 5190: 5185: 5180: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5171:Looter shooter 5162: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5138: 5132: 5130: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5115: 5114: 5113: 5102: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5059: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5042: 5033: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4997: 4996: 4983: 4982: 4981: 4971: 4970: 4969: 4967:Hack and slash 4958: 4956: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4943: 4937: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4914: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4872: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4860: 4855: 4853:Endless runner 4849: 4847: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4811: 4810: 4803: 4796: 4788: 4781: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4766:Eighth (2012–) 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4727: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4695: 4694: 4693: 4688: 4678: 4672: 4670: 4666: 4665: 4660: 4658: 4657: 4650: 4643: 4635: 4628: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4584: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4521: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4458: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4395: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4332: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4269: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4257: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4244: 4239: 4237: 4236: 4229: 4222: 4214: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4199: 4198: 4191: 4184: 4176: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4116:Nolan Bushnell 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4092: 4090: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4082: 4074: 4070:Computer Space 4065: 4063: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4055: 4047: 4039: 4031: 4023: 4015: 4007: 3999: 3990: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3978: 3970: 3962: 3954: 3946: 3937: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3925: 3921:Tennis for Two 3917: 3909: 3901: 3895: 3887: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3873: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3857: 3850: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3827: 3823:Tennis for Two 3819: 3814: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3799: 3783: 3778: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3764:External links 3762: 3760: 3759: 3753: 3736: 3730: 3713: 3707: 3690: 3684: 3668: 3662: 3645: 3639: 3626: 3620: 3606:(2005-06-14). 3600: 3594: 3572: 3566: 3549: 3543: 3526: 3520: 3504:(2001-09-06). 3498: 3492: 3475: 3458: 3452: 3435: 3429: 3423:. Yellow Ant. 3414: 3408: 3391: 3385: 3366: 3360: 3352:Westview Press 3343: 3337: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3280: 3244: 3218: 3201:. p. 33. 3173: 3156: 3144: 3108: 3093: 3081: 3046: 3014: 3002: 2990: 2953: 2930: 2907: 2884: 2869:(1965-01-13). 2858: 2841:A Critical Hit 2827: 2797: 2754: 2719: 2702:. April 1962. 2684: 2670:. p. G9. 2653: 2642: 2627: 2615: 2603: 2568: 2557: 2545: 2509: 2491: 2454: 2407: 2374: 2342: 2303: 2280: 2251: 2219: 2189: 2144: 2104: 2068: 2056: 2044: 2005: 1976: 1943: 1928: 1883: 1871: 1836: 1822:. p. 17. 1819:Ottawa Citizen 1804: 1792: 1790:, pp. xii–xiii 1777: 1744: 1732: 1713: 1674: 1670:Kowert; Quandt 1662: 1605: 1593: 1581: 1561: 1548: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1506:Computer Space 1471:Computer Space 1461:Computer Space 1418:Computer Space 1406:Computer Space 1336:Nolan Bushnell 1331:Computer Space 1291:Computer Space 1264: 1263:A new industry 1261: 1049: 1046: 1006:(TMRC) led by 974:Tennis for Two 965:Tennis for Two 876: 873: 712:Remington Rand 643: 640: 552: 549: 536:Computer Space 517:computer games 502:Tennis for Two 439:modern culture 409: 408: 406: 405: 398: 391: 383: 380: 379: 376: 375: 369: 366: 365: 362: 361: 358: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 315:List of genres 311: 306: 305: 302: 301: 298: 297: 292: 286: 283: 282: 279: 278: 275: 274: 268: 263: 262: 259: 258: 255: 254: 248: 243: 242: 239: 238: 235: 234: 228: 223: 222: 219: 218: 215: 214: 208: 203: 202: 199: 198: 195: 194: 189: 184: 178: 173: 172: 169: 168: 165: 164: 163: 162: 160: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 114: 113: 103: 98: 97: 96: 85: 80: 79: 76: 75: 72: 71: 66: 60: 57: 56: 53: 52: 46: 45: 41: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6226: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6155: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6049: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5972: 5971:United States 5969: 5967: 5964: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5952:Latin America 5950: 5949: 5947: 5943: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5912: 5903: 5898: 5896: 5891: 5889: 5884: 5883: 5880: 5876: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5832: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5788: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5729: 5728: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5712: 5706: 5705:Single-player 5703: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5616: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5584: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5565: 5561: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5473: 5470: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5450:Tower defense 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5434: 5431: 5430: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5392: 5391:Immersive sim 5389: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5377: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5340: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5292: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5280:City-building 5278: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5264: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5208: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5183:Dungeon crawl 5181: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5148:Tile-matching 5146: 5144: 5143: 5139: 5137: 5136:Hidden object 5134: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5125: 5119: 5116: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5107: 5106:Deck-building 5104: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5021: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4984: 4980: 4977: 4976: 4975: 4972: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4941:Battle royale 4939: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4930: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4833: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4820: 4816: 4809: 4804: 4802: 4797: 4795: 4790: 4789: 4786: 4782: 4772: 4771:Ninth (2020–) 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4716: 4713: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4703:Crash of 1983 4701: 4700: 4699: 4696: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4656: 4651: 4649: 4644: 4642: 4637: 4636: 4633: 4629: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4514: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4451: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4388: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4248:Early history 4246: 4242: 4235: 4230: 4228: 4223: 4221: 4216: 4215: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4197: 4192: 4190: 4185: 4183: 4178: 4177: 4174: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4151:Steve Russell 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4131:Sandy Douglas 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4087: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4032: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4008: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3983: 3976: 3975: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3930: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3863: 3858: 3856: 3851: 3849: 3844: 3843: 3840: 3834: 3832: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3812: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3756: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3612: 3611: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3582: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3472: 3471:Prentice Hall 3467: 3466: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3444: 3443: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3422: 3421: 3415: 3411: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3373: 3367: 3363: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3330: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3319: 3314: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3270:on 2007-09-27 3269: 3265: 3261: 3260: 3255: 3248: 3245: 3233: 3229: 3222: 3219: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3195: 3187: 3183: 3177: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3145: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3033:Imagine Media 3030: 3029: 3024: 3018: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2969: 2964: 2957: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2934: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2911: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2888: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2862: 2859: 2851:September 10, 2846: 2842: 2838: 2831: 2828: 2816: 2813:(in Polish). 2812: 2808: 2801: 2798: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2764: 2758: 2755: 2740: 2736: 2729: 2723: 2720: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2688: 2685: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2646: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2611:Rutter; Bryce 2607: 2604: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2566: 2561: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2546: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2525: 2520: 2513: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2495: 2492: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2458: 2455: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2426: 2421: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2363: 2359: 2358: 2353: 2346: 2343: 2332:on 2015-11-20 2331: 2327: 2323: 2322: 2317: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2284: 2281: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2255: 2252: 2240: 2237:. p. 1. 2236: 2235: 2230: 2223: 2220: 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S. 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1663: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1550: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1521:Ralph H. 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Early history of video games

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