197:, respectively. In Greece, gymnastic excellence was regarded as a noble and godly pursuit and was included in a complete education. Gymnasiums became the center of the community, being associated with the arts, the study of logic, and a source of entertainment. Skilled athletes attained an elevated status and devoted their lives to becoming proficient in exercise. Both men and women participated in various gymnastic exercises. The series of activities included swimming, throwing, wrestling, jumping and weightlifting. After the Romans conquered Greece, they developed the activities into a more formal sport and used their gymnasiums to prepare their legions for warfare. However, with the decline of the Roman Empire, people lost their interest in gymnastics, and it is now only known as a form of entertainment.
489:
exercise scientist Nick Tiller stated "Be cautious of interventions that claim to confer numerous benefits—no product can treat everything. Note that any meaningful outcome takes time to achieve, many months or years, so be skeptical of anything that offers rapid results. And watch out for popular buzzwords: anti-inflammatory, detox, immune boosting, natural, organic, etc. These terms aren’t scientific, are usually misappropriated, and are an attempt by the vendor to blind you with science." Maintaining a balanced approach to fitness is crucial for overall well-being.
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issued a call to the nation urging
Americans to prioritize their physical fitness across the country. Fitness was clearly described as a "matter of achieving an optimum state of well-being" that required exercise from both young and old. This focus on fitness also opened the doors for female athletes
550:
People who regularly attend fitness institutions tend to make friends at these locations. They want to feel part of a group, which can be referred to community feeling, as the behaviour of group membership is transmitted from member to member within a group. However, this kind of friendship usually
522:
Exercising and dieting are often seen as the best way to achieve such ideal body image. Fashion magazines promote slimness and thinness as the ideal female image. High fashion models are usually slim and thin. In addition, the shape of models has changed dramatically towards a “more tubular female
147:
is a popular activity. An international survey found that more than 27% of the world's total adult population attends fitness centres, and that 61% of regular exercisers are currently doing "gym-type" activities. Getting and maintaining physical fitness has been shown to benefit individuals' inner
612:
have become the fastest-growing segments in the apparel market. The athleisure trend frames it not only for sport activities but also as daywear or weekend wear. While classic sport brands continue to expand their market share in the industry, high fashion brands have also joined the competition.
604:
Fitness fashion is a product created by commercialization of fitness culture. As mentioned above, personal trainers also act as agents to sell different goods and services. An example is the case of Body
Training System (BTS). BTS instructors are suggested to change their costume according to the
558:
Another important aspect of fitness culture is the gender differentiation in exercises performed. One study showed that women prefer to do cardiovascular exercise over weight training because it allows them to gain strength without transgressing norms for feminine physical appearance, whereas men
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remains restricted within the fitness institution. Besides, the atmosphere in fitness institutions created by people with the same goal becomes a force of motivation. When people go to fitness institutions or start a new activity, they can be encouraged by others and give support to each other.
484:
Fitness culture refers to the societal norms, values, and behaviors related to physical fitness and exercise. It encompasses a wide range of activities, beliefs, and practices that revolve around maintaining a healthy and active lifestyle. Fitness culture has evolved over the years and can vary
488:
Fitness culture can be a positive force in promoting physical health; nonetheless, it can also have negative aspects, such as the potential for body shaming, unhealthy obsession, excessive competition, and commercialization of products and services not supported by good evidence. For example,
417:, and going to gyms means doing exercises in fitness institutions such as fitness centres, health clubs or gym clubs where people have to pay for membership in order to use fitness equipment and participate in group fitness activities with instructors, such as aerobics and yoga classes.
519:, often promoting slimness or even thinness for females and slenderness or muscularity for males. Commercial advertisements have also created an influential and powerful force in promoting a stereotype of ideal body image which is not limited to fashion advertisements.
492:
In recent years, there has been a growing focus on body positivity and inclusivity within fitness culture, emphasizing that fitness and health come in various forms and that everyone should feel welcome to participate regardless of their body type or fitness level.
554:
In addition, fitness institutions can function as dating agencies, creating chances to meet people apart from workplaces. Music, body movement and costumes of people exercising, can easily draw attention and become an occasion to engage with each other.
582:". This means "transferring our own responsibility to other". Keeping healthy and well are people's own responsibility; however, people are hiring personal trainers to be responsible for it. It is also relevant to the perspective of "body work" in the
542:. When women view fitness content, they tend to develop a more negative body image and are quicker to compare their bodies to the ones they are seeing on social media. Men are subject to this as well; however, this phenomenon is less common among men.
573:
Fitness institutions have been developed as a commercial environment since the 1980s. Personal trainers act as intermediaries between customers and the fitness institution, playing a crucial role in the commercialization of fitness culture.
577:
The popularity of personal trainers can be explained by the human tendency toward rule-governed behavior. The role of personal trainers has also revealed a phenomenon which can be explained from the sociological perspective of
233:, a physician, even advocated for males and females exercising together in the gym. In 1896 Men's gymnastics was on the schedule of the first modern Olympics. The Olympic gymnastic competition for women began in 1928.
225:
on Ling's system, that by improving one's overall fitness, an athlete became superior to those who merely focused on a subset of muscles or actions. In the mid-19th century, the world saw the rise of
481:
Exercises have been commercialized as branded exercises by fitness institutions. Branded exercises are group workouts developed by fitness institutions for people with different goals of fitness.
269:, where children and adolescents participated in physical activities to develop both their physical and mental fitness. Nazi sports imagery served the purpose of promoting the idea of "
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There is a decrease in popularity of "pure aerobics" exercises. The attention is moving from aerobics, bodybuilding, and traditional technique of exercises to activities such as
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programmes in order to show the differences in character. The aim is to inspire the trainees to purchase the same costume offered by the programmes.
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has become a new phenomenon, where people use technological devices to support their workouts. It is characterized by the use of gadgets such as
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but to stimulate and exploit the desire of people to keep fit, have fun and improve themselves. It can also be observed in today's gyms where
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In fact, the popularity of the Royal
Canadian Air Force's calisthenics program in the late 1950s helped launch the modern fitness movement.
324:. In response, leaders of the military, civilian government, and private sector began crafting a "cult and ritual of toughness". President
221:, and he sought to reform and improve the gymnastics of the ancient Greeks. In 1850, the Supreme Medical Board of Russia reported to their
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After World War II, a new form of non-organized, individualistic, health-oriented physical and recreational activities such as
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developed in
Western countries that was meant to enhance the body in order to sustain public morals and mold better citizens.
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185:(plural: palaestrae) for Romans existed in cities. Fitness was regarded as a concept shaped by two cultural codes:
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in 1979. These publications by Orban and Cooper helped to launch modern fitness culture. The
Olympics inspired a
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and outer health. Fitness culture has been highly promoted through modern technology and social media platforms.
1073:"'Father of Aerobics' Kenneth Cooper, MD, MPH to receive Healthy Cup Award from Harvard School of Public Health"
273:" racial superiority, and in 1933, an "Aryans only" policy was instituted in all German athletic organizations.
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From
Fashion to Fitness? A Sociocultural Analysis of the Representation of Thinness within the Mass Media
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Advances in technology in the twenty-first century have changed the way of doing fitness activities. The
2002:
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586:: people are outsourcing their own bodies to paid workers in order to keep healthy and prevent illness.
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that states a
Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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dominance came from superior sports and fitness programs. His remarks reflected the growing
American
229:, a movement that emphasized the importance of physical exercise for men, women, and children alike.
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Felstead, Alan; Fuller, Alison; Jewson, Nick; Kakavelakis, Konstantinos; Unwin, Lorna (June 2007).
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1328:
Finn, Adharanand; Ramaswamy, Chitra; Jonze, Tim; Benedictus, Leo; Khaleeli, Homa (30 August 2016).
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1809:"What Is 'Body Work'? A Review of the Literature: What Is 'Body Work'? A Review of the Literature"
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2007:
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and other equipment. Growth in bodybuilding as a fitness phenomenon followed the movie and book
1840:"Grooving to the same tunes?: Learning, training and productive systems in the aerobics studio"
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1519:"'Exercise to be Fit, Not Skinny': The Effect of Fitspiration Imagery on Women's Body Image"
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and prepare the population for highly productive work and the defense of "the motherland".
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1330:"'We still come if the rain's sideways' – how Britain fell in love with outdoor fitness"
1155:"The Fitness Revolution. Historical Transformations in a Global Gym and Fitness Culture"
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1668:"Fit and Flexible: The Fitness Industry, Personal Trainers and Emotional Service Labor"
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government financed the construction of sports and wellness facilities. In 1922, the
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Fitness began to be commercialised. Gyms were set up with the goals not to improve
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prefer other exercises like bodybuilding or boxing in order to be more muscular.
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in 1961, sold 23 million copies to the public. United States Air Force
Colonel
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are trying to reach their aesthetic ideas, through muscle development, using
1358:"Rise in outdoor gyms signals a muscling-up of the outdoor fitness industry"
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Let's Get
Physical: How Women Discovered Exercise and Reshaped the World
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2017:
1997:
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1255:"The Commercialization of Discipline: Keep-Fit Culture and Its Values"
1098:"Dr. Kenneth Cooper and How He Became Known as the Father of Aerobics"
2012:
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Fitness Culture: Gyms and the Commercialisation of Discipline and Fun
218:
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and smartphone apps to quantify or monitor the exerciser's efforts.
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in 1931, which was a fitness program that was designed to improve
27:
Sociocultural phenomenon surrounding exercise and physical fitness
1183:"The Fitness Movement and the Fitness Center Industry, 1960-2000"
447:
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1942:
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61:
689:"Les Mills Study Finds that Fitness is World's Biggest Sport"
744:"A History of Gymnastics, From Ancient Greece to Tokyo 2020"
1938:
79:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
929:
College Football and American Culture in the Cold War Era
85:
1128:"Running on Empty: An American Sports Tradition Fades"
173:, a public place devoted to athletes training, called
2161:
2091:
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1983:
1976:
1778:(1st U.S. ed.). New York: Metropolitan Books.
383:became a popular form of group gymnastic activity.
161:The word gymnastics is derived from the Greek word
139:, as doing physical exercises in locations such as
1775:The Outsourced Self: Intimate Life in Market Times
485:greatly from one region or community to another.
304:, a focus on physical fitness emerged in both the
249:regimes used gymnastics as a way to promote their
530:Fitness-related content on social media, such as
365:was released in 1968 and the mass-market version
1574:"In the Gym: Motives, Meaning and Moral Careers"
1492:"Former Vogue editor: The truth about size zero"
932:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 19–20.
1517:Tiggemann, Marika; Zaccardo, Mia (2015-09-01).
1423:"Body-Image Pressure Increasingly Affects Boys"
165:which literally means "to exercise naked". In
1954:
515:shapes fitness culture by conveying an ideal
8:
1666:Maguire, Jennifer Smith (December 1, 2001).
1009:"Going Back to the Basics with Calisthenics"
1887:"Why Fitness Is Having a Moment in Fashion"
1980:
1961:
1947:
1939:
1397:"Why Do Athletes Keep Falling for Quacks?"
1046:"Five basic exercises for fitness in 1961"
915:(3rd ed.). The Gale Group, Inc. 2010.
333:to become more prominent as contenders in
1748:
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812:"Fit Bodies. Fitness Culture and the Gym"
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
986:. Oxford University Press. p. 123.
648:History of physical training and fitness
286:Ready for Labour and Defence of the USSR
889:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
737:
735:
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527:culture, often sparking controversies.
351:Royal Canadian Air Force Exercise Plans
1630:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire:
955:"We May Be Sitting Ourselves to Death"
687:Zabonick-Chonko, Rachel (2014-03-18).
253:. Physical fitness was at the core of
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1190:Business and Economic History On-line
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1126:Stracher, Cameron (3 November 2012).
865:. London Jewish Cultural Centre. 2011
658:Social influences on fitness behavior
503:Social influences on fitness behavior
341:Mass participation, commercialization
157:Gymnastics of ancient Greece and Rome
7:
1885:Klein, Alyssa Vingan (May 1, 2014).
1060:The program became famous worldwide.
859:"How did the Nazis control leisure?"
805:
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623:20th century women's fitness culture
421:Technology, specialization, branding
831:Lewis, Diocletian (1 August 1862).
1934:from the original on 8 April 2022.
1772:Hochschild, Arlie Russell (2012).
1301:"The rise of the adult playground"
413:is often associated with the term
179:(plural: gymnasia) for Greeks and
25:
1920:. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
1807:Gimlin, Debra (August 22, 2007).
1572:Crossley, Nick (September 2006).
1259:Journal of Modern Italian Studies
953:Neu, Frank R. (1 November 1961).
714:"The rise of the fitness culture"
213:was a pioneer in the teaching of
2242:
2241:
2046:High-intensity interval training
1825:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00015.x
1490:Clements, Kirstie (2013-07-05).
1421:Cruz, Jamie Santa (2014-03-10).
772:Cheever, David W. (1 May 1859).
135:. It is usually associated with
66:
43:
34:
1715:Baum, William M. (April 1995).
1077:Harvard School of Public Health
885:"The Nazi Olympics Berlin 1936"
742:Solly, Meilan (July 26, 2021).
282:Leninist Young Communist League
983:Sports: An Illustrated History
1:
1717:"Rules, Culture, and Fitness"
1356:Dean, Sam (15 January 2017).
1271:10.1080/1354571X.2000.9728261
1215:Digital Culture & Society
1007:Krucoff, Carol (1998-06-22).
912:The Great Soviet Encyclopedia
1844:Work, Employment and Society
1624:Sassatelli, Roberta (2010).
1535:10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.06.003
1253:Sassatelli, Roberta (2000).
1104:. 2008-09-01. Archived from
961:. The Atlantic Monthly Group
839:. The Atlantic Monthly Group
810:Sassatelli, Roberta (2006).
780:. The Atlantic Monthly Group
1914:Friedman, Danielle (2022).
926:Kurt Edward Kemper (2009).
2292:
1672:Sociology of Sport Journal
1209:Dyer, James (March 2016).
628:Aerobic exercise § History
593:
566:
500:
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379:exercise videos in 1982,
371:running boom in the 1970s
329:in both the U.S. and the
241:Leading up to and during
1856:10.1177/0950017007076626
1590:10.1177/1357034X06067154
980:David G. McComb (1998).
2194:Neurobiological effects
863:The Holocaust Explained
693:Club Solutions Magazine
373:. After the release of
143:, wellness centres and
127:phenomenon surrounding
53:A man and a woman in a
1451:Brown, Kirsty (1997).
1227:10.14361/dcs-2016-0112
402:in 1977 and the movie
349:began to prevail. The
88:by rewriting it in an
1459:University of Toronto
668:Sociology of the body
594:Further information:
501:Further information:
322:paranoia of communism
1721:The Behavior Analyst
1684:10.1123/ssj.18.4.379
1181:Stern, Marc (2008).
833:"The New Gymnastics"
749:Smithsonian Magazine
608:Fitness fashion and
376:Jane Fonda's Workout
316:gravely warned that
2221:Outline of exercise
2189:Exercise physiology
2076:Suspension training
2066:Bodyweight exercise
1211:"Quantified Bodies"
193:; authenticity and
2184:Exercise equipment
2179:Exercise and music
2129:Muscle hypertrophy
2038:Anaerobic exercise
2008:Endurance training
1733:10.1007/BF03392688
1632:Palgrave Macmillan
1578:Body & Society
1132:The New York Times
712:Robertson, Lacey.
663:Sociology of sport
633:Exercise § History
441:heart rate monitor
353:, developed by Dr
215:physical education
205:From around 1800,
201:Nineteenth century
90:encyclopedic style
77:is written like a
2266:Physical exercise
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2157:
2156:
2124:Interval training
2099:Athletic training
2071:Flywheel training
2056:Strength training
1813:Sociology Compass
1785:978-0-8050-8889-2
1641:978-0-230-29208-6
1014:Los Angeles Times
993:978-0-19-510097-6
939:978-0-252-03466-4
610:athletic footwear
584:sociology of body
563:Personal trainers
118:
117:
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16:(Redirected from
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2231:Physical fitness
2226:Physical culture
2201:Exercise mimetic
2139:Physical therapy
2109:Circuit training
2003:Distance running
1985:Aerobic exercise
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265:established the
231:Diocletian Lewis
227:physical culture
211:Pehr Henrik Ling
133:physical fitness
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392:bodybuilders
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310:Soviet Union
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296:The Cold War
284:created the
278:Soviet Union
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267:Hitler Youth
247:totalitarian
243:World War II
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237:World War II
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2211:Fitness app
2174:Epigenetics
1891:Fashionista
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643:Health club
464:aquacycling
300:During the
152:Development
137:gym culture
55:health club
2271:Lifestyles
2260:Categories
2144:Stretching
1896:2022-12-12
1794:1083036482
1523:Body Image
1503:2022-12-13
1457:(Thesis).
1434:2022-12-13
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1195:2018-10-07
1164:2018-10-07
1137:2018-10-11
1112:2018-10-08
1083:2018-10-08
1055:2018-10-08
1028:2018-10-08
817:2022-12-12
755:2022-12-13
723:2021-12-04
698:2022-12-12
674:References
600:Athleisure
596:Sportswear
517:body image
513:Mass media
508:Mass media
497:Influences
472:kickboxing
355:Bill Orban
312:. Senator
263:Nazi Party
257:, and the
251:ideologies
207:gymnastics
191:asceticism
2051:Sprinting
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1864:0950-0170
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1993:Aerobics
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869:19 March
843:19 March
784:19 March
617:See also
532:Facebook
460:spinning
381:aerobics
363:Aerobics
308:and the
302:Cold War
195:hedonism
129:exercise
2169:History
2162:Related
2028:Walking
2018:Jogging
1998:Cycling
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468:tai chi
456:pilates
415:fitness
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