Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period

2777: 1233: 2565: 2683:

the Southern states were incorporated into the new regime. The Song dynasty adopted a distinctively Southern Chinese cultural outlook. The preserved cultural traditions of Southern Tang, Wu Yue and Later Shu were used to rebuild the cultural landscape of the north. Southern libraries were transported north, Southeastern architecture was promoted in the new capital, and Southeastern Buddhist icons, clergy and relics were concentrated in the new capital so as to reintegrate these traditions into the imperial culture. This was distinct from the five Northern dynasties, who never supported extended monastic lineage networks but instead typically sought to restrict them and draw on their economic and military resources.

2083: 2068: 1291:(Chengde, Youzhou, Weibo) were able to maintain much greater autonomy from the central government in the aftermath of the An Lushan rebellion. With their administration under local military control, these provinces never submitted tax revenues, and governorships lapsed into hereditary succession. They engaged in occasional war with the central government, or against each other, and Youzhou seemed to conduct its own foreign policy. This meant that the culture of these northeastern provinces started diverging from the capital. Many of the elites in post-Tang China, including the future emperors of the Song dynasty, came from this region. 213: 1446:

agricultural production and an entrepot for the other regions. The regions were economically interdependent. Sui and Tang's policies, while paying little attention to developing the South, gave the South room to innovate free of tight administrative controls. The dominant northern officials had been unwilling to serve in the South during the Tang, and so southerners were recruited by the Tang to serve in a local capacity under the "Southern Selection" supplemental system. These southern officials became the administrative core of the Ten Kingdoms and later dominated the bureaucracy by the mid-Song.

2705: 2830: 2754: 46: 2605: 1458: 2494: 2728: 2783: 2844: 1759: 2001: 1808: 1944: 1873: 2550:. Because the Later Tang was in decline and Li Cunxu was killed in a revolt, Meng Zhixiang found the opportunity to reassert Shu's independence. Like the Former Shu, the capital was at Chengdu and it basically controlled the same territory as its predecessor. The kingdom was ruled well until forced to succumb to Song armies in 965. 1416:, sometimes dealt with each other on terms of diplomatic equality out of pragmatic concern. This concept of "sharing the Mandate of Heaven" as "sibling states" was the result of the brief balance of power. After the reunification of China by the Song dynasty, the Song embarked on a special effort to denounce such arrangements. 2596:, it eventually took over Yin, Min, and Chu, holding present-day southern Anhui, southern Jiangsu, much of Jiangxi, Hunan, and eastern Hubei at its height. The kingdom became nominally subordinate to the expanding Song in 961 and was invaded outright in 975, when it was formally absorbed into the Song dynasty. 2776: 2485:(the successor of the Tang in North China). Gao's successors claimed the title of King of Nanping after the fall of the Later Liang in 924. It was a small and weak kingdom, and thus tried to maintain good relations with each of the Five Dynasties. The kingdom fell to advancing armies of the Song in 963. 2817:

The Tang code of 737 was the basic statutory law for this period, together supplemental edicts and collections. The Later Liang promulgated a code in 909. This code was blamed for delays in the administration of justice and said to be excessively harsh with respect to economic crimes. The Later Tang,

2809:

In later tradition, the Five Dynasties is viewed as a period of judicial abuse and excessive punishment. This view reflects both actual problems with the administration of justice and the bias of Confucian historians, who disapproved of the decentralization and militarization that characterized this

2682:

Several Northern dynasties originated in the northeast, and centralisation of the north led to a migration of provincial elites into the capital, particularly northeasterners, creating a new metropolitan culture. After the unification of China by the Song dynasty, the culture, arts and literature of

2643:

The Song dynasty, established in 960, was determined to reunify China. Jingnan and Wuping Jiedushi were swept away in 963, Later Shu in 965, Southern Han in 971, and Southern Tang in 975. Finally, Wuyue and Qingyuan Jiedushi gave up their land to Northern Song in 978, bringing all of southern China

2027:

to launch an assault on Later Zhou. Against the advice of Minister Feng Dao, Chai Rong decided to lead his army against the incursion. When Chai Rong engaged Liu Chong at Gao Ping (in modern Jincheng), two of Chai's generals, Fan Aineng and He Hui, fled from the battlefield along with their troops.

1278:

and its successor the Song dynasty, and the demilitarisation of the provinces. Southern China, divided into several independent dynastic kingdoms, was more stable than the North which saw constant regime change. Consequently, the Southern kingdoms were able to embark on trade, land reclamation, and

1273:

The historian Hugh Clark proposed a three-stage model of broad political trends during this time period. The first stage (880–910) consists of the period between the Huang Chao Rebellion and the formal end of the Tang dynasty, which saw chaotic fighting between warlords who controlled approximately

1424:

The Southern regimes generally had more stable and effective government during this period. Even the rulers of the Southern states were almost all military leaders from the North with their key officers and elite forces also hailing from the North since the bulk of the Tang army was based in the

1265:

independence from its authority. In the last decades of the Tang dynasty, they were not even appointed by the central court anymore, but developed hereditary systems, from father to son or from patron to protégé. They had their own armies rivaling the "palace armies" and amassed huge wealth, as

1441:

and the founder of Southern Han was a southern tribal chief. The Southern kingdoms were founded by men of low social status who rose up through superior military ability, who were later scorned as "bandits" by future scholars. However, once established, these rulers took great pains to portray

2619:

Although more stable than northern China as a whole, southern China was also torn apart by warfare. Wu quarreled with its neighbours, a trend that continued as Wu was replaced with Southern Tang. In the 940s Min and Chu underwent internal crises which Southern Tang handily took advantage of,

1445:

The economies of each of the southern regions had prospered in the late Tang. Guangdong and Fujian were the sites of important port cities trading exotic goods, the middle Yangtze and Sichuan were centers of tea and porcelain production, and the Yangtze delta was a center of extremely high

2112:). Each court was a center of artistic excellence. The period is noted for the vitality of its poetry and for its economic prosperity. Commerce grew so quickly that there was a shortage of metallic currency. This was partly addressed by the creation of bank drafts, or "flying money" ( 2813:

Other abuses included the use of severe torture. The Later Han was the most notorious dynasty in this regard. Suspects could be tortured to death with long knives and nails. The military officer in charge of security of the capital is said to have executed suspects without inquiry.

1212:

of the Central Plain crowned themselves emperor. During the 70-year period, there was near-constant warfare between the emerging kingdoms and the alliances they formed. All had the ultimate goal of controlling the Central Plain and establishing themselves as the Tang's successor.

1220:, which held out until Song conquered it in 979. For the next several centuries, although the Song controlled much of South China, they coexisted alongside the Liao dynasty, Jin dynasty, and various other regimes in China's north, until finally all of them were unified under the 1777:'s rebel army, he took on a crucial role in suppressing the Huang Chao Rebellion. For this function, he was awarded the Xuanwu Jiedushi title. Within a few years, he had consolidated his power by destroying neighbours and forcing the move of the imperial capital to 1306:), their personal staff, and the bureaucrats who served in the capitals of the Five dynasties. These families had risen to prominence due to the unraveling of central authority after the An Lushan Rebellion, despite lacking esteemed ancestry. The historian 1266:

testified by their sumptuous tombs. Due to the decline of Tang central authority after the An Lushan Rebellion, there was a growing tendency to superimpose large regional administrations over the old districts and prefectures that had been used since the

2635:

for many years after. With this, Southern Tang became the undisputedly most powerful regime in southern China. However, it was unable to defeat incursions by the Later Zhou between 956 and 958, and ceded all of its land north of the

2311:. Qian Liu was named the Prince of Yue by the Tang emperor in 902; the Prince of Wu was added in 904. After the fall of the Tang dynasty in 907, he declared himself king of Wuyue. Wuyue survived until the eighteenth year of the 1232: 2399:. Ma was named regional military governor by the Tang court in 896, and named himself the Prince of Chu with the fall of the Tang in 907. This status as the Prince of Chu was confirmed by the Southern Tang in 927. The 1274:

one or two prefectures each. The second stage (910–950) saw the various warlords stabilize and gain enough legitimacy to proclaim new dynasties. The third stage (950–979) saw the forceful reunification of China by the

2651:. The greater stability of the Ten Kingdoms, especially the longevity of Wuyue and Southern Han, would contribute to the development of distinct regional identities within China. The distinction was reinforced by the 2663:. Written from the northern viewpoint, these chronicles organized the history around the Five Dynasties (the north), presenting the Ten Kingdoms (the south) as illegitimate, self-absorbed and indulgent. 2028:

At this critical moment, Chai Rong risked his life to break through the defense and crushed Liu's forces. After this campaign, Chai Rong consolidated his power. Between 956 and 958, forces of Later Zhou

1270:(221–206 BC). These administrations, known as circuit commissions, would become the boundaries of the later Southern regimes; many circuit commissioners became the emperors or kings of these states. 1294:

The administrations of the Five Dynasties and the early Song Dynasty shared a pattern of being disproportionately drawn from the families of military governors in northern and northwestern China (

1929:, marking the end of Later Jin. But while they had conquered vast regions of China, the Khitans were unable or unwilling to control those regions and retreated from them early in the next year. 1337:, the rebel defector turned warlord who ultimately ended the Tang dynasty. The rest of the Five Dynasties as well as the Song dynasty all emerged from a military organization originally led by 1925:

Not long after the founding of Later Jin, the Liao came to regard the emperor as a proxy ruler for China. In 943, the Khitans declared war and within three years seized the capital,

2686:

Although short, the period saw cultural innovations in different areas. Pottery saw the appearance of "white ceramics"/ In painting, the "varied landscape" of China was inspired by

1393:

served in the armies of Later Tang, Later Han, and Later Zhou. Zhao, also a professional soldier, rose through the ranks of the Later Zhou before seizing the throne in the

2704: 3953: 2457:

in 951. With the protection of the powerful Liao dynasty, the Northern Han maintained nominal independence until the Song dynasty wrested it from the Khitans in 979.

2104:

were generally concurrent, each controlling a specific geographical area. These were known as "The Ten Kingdoms" (in fact, some claimed the title of Emperor, such as

3649: 2899: 1818:

In the final years of the Tang dynasty, rival warlords declared independence in the provinces they governed—not all of which recognized the emperor's authority.

3958: 2040:

in defeat. In 959, Chai Rong attacked the Liao in an attempt to recover territories ceded during the Later Jin. After many victories, he succumbed to illness.

2564: 1442:

themselves as promoters of culture and economic development so as to legitimize their rule; many wooed former Tang courtiers to help administer their states.

3983: 3909: 1279:

infrastructure projects, laying the groundwork for the Song Dynasty economic boom. This economic shift to the south also led to a vast southward migration.

2530:. Wang was named military governor of western Sichuan by the Tang court in 891. The kingdom fell when his son surrendered in the face of an advance by the 1129: 1069: 2082: 1789:

a subordinate ruler. Three years later, he induced the boy emperor to abdicate in his favour. He then proclaimed himself emperor, thus beginning the

3978: 3902: 2659: 2299:

was the longest-lived (907–978) and among the most powerful of the southern states. Wuyue was known for its learning and culture. It was founded by

3346: 2810:

period. While Tang procedure called for delaying executions until appeals were exhausted, this was not generally the case in the Five Dynasties.

3452: 3184: 3146: 3121: 3096: 2877: 2753: 1059: 2067: 2019:

succeeded the throne and began a policy of expansion and reunification. One month after Chai Rong took the throne, Liu Chong, Emperor of

1838:

Empire in 911) in 915, and declared himself emperor in 923; within a few months, he brought down the Later Liang regime. Thus began the

1101: 263: 2051:. This is the official end of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. During the next two decades, Zhao Kuangyin and his successor 3565: 3490: 3471: 3433: 3330: 3224: 2690:. It emphasized the sacredness of mountains as places between heaven and earth and depicted the natural world as a source of harmony. 253: 930: 3895: 3514: 3505: 3410: 3305: 3249: 3052: 3027: 2979: 2940: 2888: 2653: 2818:

Later Jin, and Later Zhou also produced recompilations. The Later Han was in power too briefly to make a mark on the legal system.

1166:, and more than a dozen concurrent dynastic states, collectively known as the Ten Kingdoms, were established elsewhere, mainly in 2407:, although Southern Tang rule of the region was temporary, as the next year former Chu military officers under the leadership of 3948: 3636: 684: 1962:, establishing a third successive Shatuo reign. This was the shortest of the five dynasties. Following a coup in 951, General 3963: 3943: 2867: 2589: 1147: 1122: 1074: 152: 56: 2727: 1321:

The term "Five Dynasties" was coined by Song dynasty historians and reflects the view that the successive regimes based in

1208:

officials waned, but the key event was their recognition as sovereign by foreign powers. After the Tang collapsed, several

1883:

The Later Tang had a few years of relative calm, followed by unrest. In 934, Sichuan again asserted independence. In 936,

1096: 1022: 957: 70: 2647:

In common with other periods of fragmentation, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period resulted in a division between

3968: 3776: 3664: 3592: 2482: 1790: 1762: 1753: 1608: 1032: 1186: 841: 3988: 3973: 3938: 3781: 3729: 2648: 1433:

respectively, the founder of Min was a minor government staffer from Huainan, the founder of Wuyue was a 'rogue' from

1365:

was the son of a Shatuo commander in Li Keyong's army and became the son-in-law of the Later Tang general and emperor

1084: 222: 3825: 2630: 1437:, the founder of Chu was (according to one source) a carpenter from Xuchang, the founder of Jingnan was a slave from 2327:(909–945) was founded by Wang Shenzhi, who named himself the Prince of Min with its capital at Changle (present-day 3771: 3684: 3679: 3670: 2450: 1959: 1947: 1938: 1876: 1867: 1847: 1370: 1358: 1089: 632: 622: 590: 2411:

seized the territory. In the waning years of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the region was ruled by

2116:), as well as by certificates of deposit. Wood block printing became common during this period, 500 years before 1643: 1115: 1052: 1017: 286: 196: 3993: 2088: 1782: 435: 3815: 2473:, a former general of Liang. It was based in Jiangling and held two other districts southwest of present-day 3425: 2787: 2408: 513: 3998: 3858: 2546:(935–965) is essentially a resurrection of the previous Shu state that had fallen a decade earlier to the 2360: 2356: 2232: 1694: 1677: 1288: 1064: 1042: 1027: 232: 3387:, Cambridge University Press, 5 Mar 2015, McKnight, Brian, "Chapter 4: Chinese law and the legal system" 3350: 2331:). One of Shenzhi's sons proclaimed the independent state of Yin in the northeast of Min territory. The 2216: 2100:

Unlike the dynasties of northern China, which succeeded one another in rapid succession, the regimes of

2048: 1405: 1037: 454: 1181:

in 960. In the following 19 years, Song gradually subdued the remaining states in South China, but the

45: 3878: 3868: 2625: 2204:, viewing it as simply a continuation of Later Han. This era also coincided with the founding of the 2193: 1835: 1538: 1079: 292: 3837: 3820: 3614: 3068:

Robert M. Hartwell (1982). "Demographic, Political, and Social Transformations of China, 750–1550".

2996:

Robert M. Hartwell (1982). "Demographic, Political, and Social Transformations of China, 750–1550".

1822:

was the jiedushi for the Hedong circuit in present Shanxi, forming a polity called Jin (晉). His son

3629: 2948: 2671:

The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period turned away from the international cultural mood of the

2197: 1911: 1555: 1473: 244: 3445:

Ten States, Five Dynasties, One Great Emperor: How Emperor Taizu Unified China in the Song Dynasty

3267: 3725: 3323:

Patrons and Patriarchs: Regional Rulers and Chan Monks during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

3217:

Patrons and Patriarchs: Regional Rulers and Chan Monks during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

2711: 2228: 2117: 1843: 1786: 1672: 1655: 1159: 227: 174: 166: 3385:

The Cambridge History of China: Volume 5, The Five Dynasties and Sung China, 960–1279 AD, Part 2

2620:

destroying Min in 945 and Chu in 951. Remnants of Min and Chu, however, survived in the form of

2592:(Emperor Liezu) took the state over from within in 937. Expanding from the original domains of 2335:

took that territory after the Min asked for help. Despite declaring loyalty to the neighboring

17: 3561: 3532: 3524: 3510: 3486: 3467: 3448: 3429: 3406: 3326: 3301: 3245: 3220: 3180: 3142: 3117: 3092: 3048: 3023: 2975: 2936: 2862: 2796: 2621: 2593: 2585: 2029: 1922:) to the Khitans. The rebellion succeeded, and Shi Jingtang became emperor in this same year. 1723: 1342: 1330: 975: 298: 136: 128: 2679:. Throughout the period, there was marked cultural and economic growth, rather than decline. 2510:(907–925) was founded after the fall of the Tang dynasty by Wang Jian, who held his court in 1243:

Towards the end of the Tang dynasty, the imperial government granted increased powers to the

3810: 3805: 2857: 2224: 2220: 1846:. After reuniting much of northern China, in 924 Cunxu received the submission of Shaanxi's 1578: 1547: 1477: 1413: 1155: 654: 212: 204: 93: 3380: 2744: 2604: 1394: 2036:, the most powerful regime in southern China, which ceded all the territory north of the 1170:. It was a prolonged period of multiple political divisions in Chinese imperial history. 114: 3242:

China during the Tang-Song Interregnum, 878–978: New Approaches to the Southern Kingdoms

1910:

in his rebellion. In return for their aid, Shi Jingtang promised annual tribute and the

3622: 3141:. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press. pp. 2, 5–6, 8, 11–12, 115, 118, 122, 233, 247, 248. 2905: 2894: 2849: 1047: 556: 473: 3932: 3832: 3750: 3557: 3273: 2637: 2581: 2559: 2499: 2412: 2400: 2332: 2284: 2236: 2175: 2044: 2033: 1903: 1827: 1591: 1564: 1526: 1409: 1390: 1311: 346: 313: 1457: 3916: 3873: 3863: 3755: 3735: 3606: 3602: 3585: 2882: 2872: 2835: 2676: 2672: 2608: 2430: 2424: 2348: 2312: 2307:). It was based mostly in modern Zhejiang province but also held parts of southern 2272: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2181: 2151: 2093: 2056: 2052: 2024: 2020: 1979: 1907: 1884: 1689: 1660: 1587: 1386: 1362: 1307: 1221: 1217: 1182: 1178: 1174: 921: 897: 884: 871: 815: 796: 786: 774: 712: 426: 416: 393: 100: 3116:. University of California, Berkeley: Cambridge University Press. pp. 72–73. 2188:

Only ten are traditionally listed, hence the era's name. Some historians, such as

3295: 2969: 2930: 1202:

independent long before 907 as the late Tang dynasty's control over its numerous

3800: 3540: 2470: 2324: 2268: 2139: 2101: 1967: 1955: 1711: 1615: 1582: 1560: 1522: 1487: 1466: 1374: 1267: 1190: 1167: 1012: 828: 699: 543: 533: 523: 501: 488: 322: 3091:. University of California, Berkeley: Cambridge University Press. p. 100. 2493: 2283:). The kingdom fell in 937 when it was taken from within by the founder of the 1257:

rebellions weakened the imperial government, and by the early 10th century the

3710: 3689: 3674: 3500: 3281: 2974:. Translated by Richard L. Davis. Columbia University Press. pp. lv–lxv. 2825: 2763: 2573: 2547: 2531: 2507: 2454: 2275:

military governor in 892. The capital was initially at Guangling (present-day

2157: 2105: 2004: 1995: 1971: 1851: 1811: 1802: 1774: 1728: 1706: 1543: 1517: 1401: 1378: 1346: 1275: 1254: 580: 369: 3745: 3422:

A Portrait of Five Dynasties China: From the Memoirs of Wang Renyu (880–956)

2932:

A Portrait of Five Dynasties China: From the Memoirs of Wang Renyu (880–956)

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and appears as a transition towards the solidified national culture of the

1408:

of ancient China, remarking that none of the rulers could be described as "

2738: 2392: 2304: 2300: 2276: 1895: 1831: 1823: 1732: 1715: 1647: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1505: 1491: 1438: 1434: 1350: 1245: 1198: 3403:

From Warhorses to Ploughshares: The Later Tang Reign of Emperor Mingzong

1758: 1377:

was a Shatuo officer under Li Siyuan and Shi Jintang. The father of the

3740: 3705: 2527: 2515: 2511: 2466: 2404: 2403:

absorbed the state in 951 and moved the royal family to its capital in

2396: 2368: 2308: 2280: 2264: 2256: 2252: 2189: 2169: 2127: 2037: 2012: 2000: 1983: 1963: 1926: 1919: 1899: 1855: 1807: 1778: 1770: 1736: 1719: 1702: 1698: 1600: 1596: 1551: 1534: 1530: 1509: 1430: 1426: 1382: 1334: 1322: 1315: 1303: 1209: 1204: 723: 574: 568: 2363:, was named regional governor by the Tang court. The kingdom included 1943: 1872: 3853: 3715: 2687: 2434: 2388: 2384: 2372: 2328: 2145: 1958:

entered the imperial capital in 947 and proclaimed the advent of the

1892: 1839: 1668: 1664: 1639: 1513: 1338: 1299: 1404:(1619–1692) wrote that this period could be compared to the earlier 3509:. (transl. Richard L. Davis). New York: Columbia University Press. 1461:

Map of warlords ("jiedushi") in 902, before the end of Tang dynasty

1357:, who was the main military rival to Zhu Wen in the late Tang. The 3720: 2612: 2603: 2569: 2563: 2523: 2519: 2492: 2478: 2474: 2336: 2296: 2260: 2133: 2081: 2066: 1999: 1942: 1915: 1871: 1806: 1757: 1651: 1634: 1604: 1568: 1495: 1481: 1456: 1295: 1231: 1978:, a member of the Later Han imperial family, established a rival 1385:

fought in Li Keyong's army and Guo served under Liu Zhiyuan. The

1173:

Traditionally, the era is seen as beginning with the fall of the

3554:

Power and Politics in Tenth-Century China: The Former Shu Regime

3177:

Power and politics in tenth-century China: the Former Shu regime

3165:(1977), "Chapter IX: The Epoch of the Second Division of China." 3139:

Power and politics in tenth-century China: the Former Shu regime

2055:

defeated the other remaining regimes in South China, conquering

1781:, which was within his region of influence. In 904, he executed 3618: 3545:

The Structure of Power in North China During the Five Dynasties

2986:

The information was taken from Richard L. Davis's introduction.

3349:. Museum of Chinese Art and Ethnography, Parma. Archived from 1412:". The Five Dynasties' rulers, despite claiming the status of 3022:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 127–128. 1830:

fiercely fought the regime forces to conquer northern China;

1185:

still remained in China's north (eventually succeeded by the

3204:. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press. pp. 51–78. 2047:

staged a coup and took the throne for himself, founding the

1425:

North. The founders of Wu and Former Shu were 'rogues' from

1216:

The last of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms regimes was

1834:

succeeded. He defeated Liu Shouguang (who had proclaimed a

1310:

argued that many of these military families, including the

3529:

Empire of Min: A South China Kingdom of the Tenth Century

2339:, the Southern Tang finished its conquest of Min in 945. 171: 157: 3300:. Britannica Educational Publishing. 2011. p. 245. 1891:, the fourth emperor of the Later Tang. Shi Jingtang, a 1177:

in 907 and reaching its climax with the founding of the

2315:, when Qian Shu surrendered to the expanding dynasty. 133: 119: 105: 1239:

by Anonymous, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period

940: 862: 742: 675: 605: 479: 3887: 3846: 3790: 3764: 3698: 3657: 3045:

The Destruction of the Medieval Chinese Aristocracy

2695:

Art from the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period

1986:and requested Khitan aid to defeat the Later Zhou. 1397:in 960, which ended the era of the Five Dynasties. 1369:, who was himself an adopted son of Li Keyong. The 1154:) was an era of political upheaval and division in 165: 151: 144: 127: 113: 99: 92: 87: 69: 55: 34: 2878:Family trees of the emperors of the Five Dynasties 2433:was based in the traditional Shatuo stronghold of 2415:. In 963, the region was annexed by Song dynasty. 50:The Later Liang (yellow) and contemporary kingdoms 1341:whose commanders replaced each other in frequent 1333:. The first of the Five Dynasties was founded by 1193:was eventually established in China's northwest. 3325:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 116–124. 2375:. It was finally conquered by the Song dynasty. 2900:Timeline of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 2429:Though considered one of the ten kingdoms, the 3219:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 20–21. 3047:. Harvard University Press. pp. 151–184. 2059:in 979, starting the Song dynasty era in 982. 3630: 2644:under the control of the central government. 2444: 2438: 2303:, who set up his capital at Xifu (modern-day 1123: 75: 61: 8: 3910:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 2924: 2922: 3637: 3623: 3615: 3579: 3179:. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press. p. 82. 2395:. The kingdom held Hunan and northeastern 2279:) and later moved to Jinling (present-day 1130: 1116: 946: 941: 863: 748: 743: 676: 611: 606: 480: 191: 84: 44: 2215:Other regimes during this period include 3903:Historical Records of the Five Dynasties 3506:Historical Records of the Five Dynasties 2971:Historical Records of the Five Dynasties 2255:(902–937) was established in modern-day 1850:kingdom, and in 925 Cunxu conquered the 3954:10th-century disestablishments in China 3464:China's Southern Tang Dynasty (937–976) 2963: 2961: 2918: 2700: 2514:. The kingdom held most of present-day 1954:To fill the power vacuum, the jiedushi 1842:Later Tang—the first in a long line of 1249:, the regional military governors. The 203: 3646:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 3266: 2935:. Oxford University Press. p. 8. 1144:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 173: 135: 31: 3013: 3011: 2584:(937–975) was the successor state of 2465:The smallest of the southern states, 1769:During the Tang dynasty, the warlord 1162:quickly succeeded one another in the 7: 3959:10th-century establishments in China 2600:Transitions between the Ten Kingdoms 1970:, was enthroned, thus beginning the 1785:and made Zhaozong's 13-year-old son 3984:Former countries in Chinese history 1854:, a regime that had been set up in 1314:, were of mixed Han Chinese-Turkic- 1287:According to Nicholas Tackett, the 27:Period of Chinese history (907–979) 3070:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 2998:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 25: 3896:Old History of the Five Dynasties 3347:"Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms" 3114:The Origins of the Chinese Nation 3089:The Origins of the Chinese Nation 2889:Old History of the Five Dynasties 2868:Conquest of Southern Tang by Song 3485:. The Chinese University Press. 2842: 2828: 2775: 2752: 2726: 2703: 2481:. Gao was in the service of the 2443:), formerly known as Liu Chong ( 211: 3979:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 3483:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 3244:. Routledge. pp. 101–103. 3202:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 2461:Jingnan (also known as Nanping) 172: 158: 35:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 18:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 3405:. Hong Kong University Press. 3020:A Companion to Chinese History 2445: 2439: 1151: 1070:Science and technology history 134: 120: 106: 76: 62: 1: 2715: 2437:. It was founded by Liu Min ( 440: 399: 375: 352: 328: 269: 3593:Dynasties in Chinese history 3547:. Stanford University Press. 2453:fell to the Han Chinese-led 1754:Later Liang (Five Dynasties) 2710:Painting by Chinese artist 2649:northern and southern China 1773:was originally a member of 1353:, the son of Shatuo leader 4015: 3481:Lorge, Peter, ed. (2011). 3462:Kurz, Johannes L. (2011). 3401:Davis, Richard L. (2015). 2947:Dudbridge actually quotes 2557: 2469:(924–963), was founded by 2422: 2192:, count eleven, including 1993: 1939:Later Han (Five Dynasties) 1936: 1868:Later Jin (Five Dynasties) 1865: 1800: 1751: 3699:Ten Kingdoms (Ten States) 3599: 3590: 3582: 3280:(in Chinese) – via 2503:by Li Sheng (fl. 908–925) 2387:(927–951) was founded by 2351:(917–971) was founded in 944: 866: 746: 679: 609: 483: 186: 83: 43: 39: 3443:Hung, Hing Ming (2014). 3420:Dudbridge, Glen (2013). 3272: 3112:Nicolas Tackett (2017). 3087:Nicolas Tackett (2017). 3043:Nicolas Tackett (2014). 2858:Annam (Chinese province) 2522:, and parts of southern 2015:in 954, his adopted son 1783:Emperor Zhaozong of Tang 1554:province), precursor to 1289:three provinces of Hebei 57:Traditional Chinese 3426:Oxford University Press 3321:Benjamin Brose (2015). 3215:Benjamin Brose (2015). 3018:Michael Szonyi (2017). 2929:Glen Dudbridge (2013). 2788:Early Snow on the River 2123:The Ten Kingdoms were: 71:Simplified Chinese 3949:10th-century conflicts 3859:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 3175:Wang, Hongjie (2011). 3137:Wang, Hongjie (2011). 2616: 2577: 2504: 2233:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 2208:in the north, and the 2097: 2079: 2008: 1951: 1880: 1815: 1766: 1462: 1240: 1158:from 907 to 979. Five 3964:10th century in China 3944:960 disestablishments 3552:Wang Hongjie (2011). 3447:. Algora Publishing. 2607: 2568:A painting depicting 2567: 2496: 2085: 2070: 2049:Northern Song dynasty 2003: 1946: 1875: 1810: 1761: 1748:Later Liang (907–923) 1546:at Fengxiang (modern 1460: 1406:Warring States period 1235: 1196:Many states had been 935:(mainland, 1912–1949) 3794:independent entities 3297:The Culture of China 3200:Peter Lorge (2011). 2391:with the capital at 2267:. It was founded by 2043:In 960, the general 1990:Later Zhou (951–960) 1797:Later Tang (923–936) 1599:at Bianzhou (modern 1490:at Dingzhou (modern 1476:at Zhenzhou (modern 1312:Song imperial family 3969:Civil wars in China 3383:, Denis Twitchett, 3240:Hugh Clark (2021). 3161:Eberhard, Wolfram, 2968:Xiu Ouyang (2004). 2011:After the death of 1933:Later Han (947–951) 1912:Sixteen Prefectures 1902:, was aided by the 1862:Later Jin (937–947) 1684:(modern Guangzhou, 1400:The Qing historian 3989:Geography of China 3974:Dynasties of China 3939:907 establishments 3847:Neighboring states 3525:Schafer, Edward H. 3473:-9780415454964 3353:on 5 February 2018 3163:A History of China 2617: 2578: 2505: 2223:, Wuping Circuit, 2212:in the southwest. 2118:Johannes Gutenberg 2098: 2080: 2009: 1952: 1881: 1844:conquest dynasties 1816: 1787:Emperor Ai of Tang 1767: 1718:(modern Yangzhou, 1629:(modern Hangzhou, 1463: 1329:and possessed the 1276:Later Zhou dynasty 1241: 950: 760:Five Dynasties and 752: 687:Southern dynasties 615: 514:Chu–Han Contention 3926: 3925: 3613: 3612: 3600:Succeeded by 3533:Tuttle Publishing 3454:978-1-62894-072-5 3186:978-1-60497-764-6 3148:978-1-60497-764-6 3123:978-1-316-64748-6 3098:978-1-316-64748-6 2863:Chinese sovereign 2791:(五代南唐趙幹江行初雪圖); 2760:A Literary Garden 2622:Qingyuan Jiedushi 2087:Summer Palace of 1914:(modern northern 1887:rebelled against 1701:(modern Chengdu, 1563:at Weibo (modern 1512:(modern Taiyuan, 1331:Mandate of Heaven 1325:, controlled the 1140: 1139: 1097:Transport history 1023:Education history 995: 994: 990: 989: 976:Republic of China 958:People's Republic 931:Republic of China 910: 909: 859: 858: 854: 853: 739: 738: 672: 671: 667: 666: 603: 602: 506:(206 BC – 220 AD) 436:Spring and Autumn 299:Liao civilization 190: 189: 182: 181: 153:Yale Romanization 94:Standard Mandarin 16:(Redirected from 4006: 3869:Tibetan kingdoms 3829: 3811:Qingyuan Circuit 3639: 3632: 3625: 3616: 3583:Preceded by 3580: 3571: 3548: 3536: 3520: 3496: 3477: 3458: 3439: 3416: 3388: 3378: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3279: 3270: 3265:Zizhi Tongjian. 3262: 3256: 3255: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3172: 3166: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3015: 3006: 3005: 2993: 2987: 2985: 2965: 2956: 2946: 2926: 2852: 2847: 2846: 2845: 2838: 2833: 2832: 2831: 2779: 2756: 2730: 2720: 2717: 2707: 2634: 2448: 2447: 2442: 2441: 2225:Qingyuan Circuit 2219:, Yiwu Circuit, 1722:), precursor to 1705:), precursor to 1688:), precursor to 1671:), precursor to 1667:(modern Fuzhou, 1654:), precursor to 1633:), precursor to 1607:), precursor to 1548:Fengxiang County 1537:), precursor to 1516:), precursor to 1478:Zhengding County 1389:of Song founder 1153: 1132: 1125: 1118: 1060:Military history 1018:Economic history 1006:Related articles 983: 965: 947: 942: 936: 903: 890: 877: 864: 847: 834: 821: 802: 792: 780: 767: 749: 744: 728: 718: 705: 692: 677: 660: 655:Sixteen Kingdoms 638: 628: 612: 607: 596: 562: 549: 539: 529: 519: 507: 494: 481: 459: 451: 449: 445: 442: 432: 422: 410: 408: 404: 401: 386: 384: 380: 377: 363: 361: 357: 354: 339: 337: 333: 330: 280: 278: 274: 271: 215: 205:History of China 192: 178: 177: 176: 161: 160: 140: 139: 138: 123: 122: 109: 108: 85: 79: 78: 65: 64: 48: 32: 21: 4014: 4013: 4009: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4004: 4003: 3994:Historical eras 3929: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3883: 3842: 3823: 3816:Jinghai Circuit 3806:Dingnan Circuit 3786: 3760: 3694: 3653: 3643: 3609: 3605: 3596: 3588: 3578: 3568: 3551: 3539: 3523: 3517: 3499: 3493: 3480: 3474: 3461: 3455: 3442: 3436: 3419: 3413: 3400: 3397: 3395:Further reading 3392: 3391: 3381:John W. Chaffee 3379: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3308: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3227: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3187: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3055: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3017: 3016: 3009: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2982: 2967: 2966: 2959: 2953:Ennin's Travels 2943: 2928: 2927: 2920: 2915: 2848: 2843: 2841: 2834: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2807: 2802: 2801: 2800: 2785: 2780: 2771: 2770: 2769: 2766: 2757: 2748: 2731: 2722: 2718: 2708: 2697: 2696: 2669: 2628: 2626:Wuping Jiedushi 2611:'s conquest of 2602: 2562: 2556: 2540: 2491: 2463: 2427: 2421: 2381: 2359:. His brother, 2345: 2321: 2293: 2271:, who became a 2249: 2221:Dingnan Circuit 2065: 1998: 1992: 1941: 1935: 1870: 1864: 1805: 1799: 1756: 1750: 1745: 1735:, precursor to 1581:, precursor to 1579:Dingnan circuit 1455: 1422: 1395:Chenqiao Mutiny 1349:was founded by 1285: 1230: 1160:dynastic states 1136: 1107: 1106: 1102:Women's history 1008: 1007: 998: 997: 996: 991: 986: 981: 979: 968: 963: 959: 939: 934: 925: 924: 913: 912: 911: 906: 901: 893: 888: 880: 875: 861: 860: 855: 850: 845: 837: 832: 824: 819: 811: 805: 800: 790: 778: 770: 765: 761: 741: 740: 735: 726: 716: 708: 703: 695: 690: 686: 674: 673: 668: 663: 658: 650: 647: 641: 636: 626: 604: 599: 594: 586: 560: 552: 547: 537: 528:(202 BC – 9 AD) 527: 517: 505: 497: 492: 477: 476: 465: 464: 457: 447: 443: 438: 430: 420: 406: 402: 397: 389: 382: 378: 373: 359: 355: 350: 342: 335: 331: 326: 317: 316: 305: 304: 276: 272: 267: 259: 248: 247: 159:Ng doi sap gwok 121:Wu tai shih kuo 51: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4012: 4010: 4002: 4001: 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541: 536: 535: 531: 526: 525: 521: 516: 515: 511: 510: 504: 503: 499: 498: 491: 490: 486: 485: 482: 475: 469: 468: 456: 453: 448: 476 BC 437: 434: 433: 429: 428: 424: 421:(1046–771 BC) 419: 418: 414: 413: 407: 256 BC 396: 395: 391: 390: 372: 371: 367: 366: 349: 348: 344: 343: 325: 324: 320: 319: 315: 309: 308: 301: 300: 295: 294: 289: 288: 284: 283: 266: 265: 261: 260: 256: 255: 251: 250: 246: 240: 239: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 220: 219: 218: 214: 210: 209: 206: 202: 198: 194: 193: 185: 175: 170: 168: 164: 156: 154: 150: 147: 143: 137: 132: 130: 126: 118: 116: 112: 104: 102: 98: 95: 91: 86: 82: 74: 72: 68: 60: 58: 54: 47: 42: 38: 33: 30: 19: 3917:Wudai Huiyao 3915: 3908: 3901: 3894: 3864:Liao dynasty 3801:Yiwu Circuit 3791: 3765:Other states 3756:Northern Han 3736:Southern Han 3645: 3607:Liao dynasty 3603:Song dynasty 3591: 3586:Tang dynasty 3553: 3544: 3528: 3504: 3482: 3463: 3444: 3421: 3402: 3384: 3355:. Retrieved 3351:the original 3341: 3322: 3316: 3296: 3290: 3274: 3268:"卷291" 3260: 3241: 3235: 3216: 3210: 3201: 3195: 3176: 3170: 3162: 3157: 3138: 3132: 3113: 3107: 3088: 3082: 3073: 3069: 3063: 3044: 3038: 3019: 3001: 2997: 2991: 2970: 2952: 2931: 2904: 2887: 2883:Liao dynasty 2873:Dali Kingdom 2836:China portal 2816: 2812: 2808: 2795:painting by 2786: 2759: 2733: 2685: 2681: 2677:Song dynasty 2673:Tang dynasty 2670: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2642: 2618: 2609:Song dynasty 2579: 2541: 2506: 2498: 2464: 2431:Northern Han 2428: 2425:Northern Han 2419:Northern Han 2382: 2349:Southern Han 2346: 2343:Southern Han 2322: 2313:Song dynasty 2294: 2273:Tang dynasty 2250: 2214: 2210:Dali Kingdom 2206:Liao dynasty 2202:Northern Han 2200:but not the 2187: 2182:Northern Han 2152:Southern Han 2122: 2113: 2099: 2094:Guo Zhongshu 2089:Emperor Ming 2086: 2071: 2063:Ten Kingdoms 2057:Northern Han 2053:Zhao Kuangyi 2042: 2025:Liao dynasty 2021:Northern Han 2010: 1980:Northern Han 1953: 1924: 1908:Liao dynasty 1885:Shi Jingtang 1882: 1817: 1768: 1690:Southern Han 1661:Wang Shenzhi 1614: 1613: 1588:Zhang Yichao 1465: 1464: 1451: 1450:Significant 1444: 1423: 1399: 1363:Shi Jingtang 1339:Shatuo Turks 1320: 1308:Deng Xiaonan 1293: 1286: 1272: 1262: 1258: 1244: 1242: 1236: 1222:Yuan dynasty 1218:Northern Han 1215: 1203: 1197: 1195: 1183:Liao dynasty 1179:Song dynasty 1175:Tang dynasty 1172: 1143: 1141: 1038:LGBT history 974: 956: 929: 896: 883: 870: 840: 827: 814: 795: 785: 773: 762:Ten Kingdoms 759: 758: 711: 698: 685:Northern and 683: 653: 631: 621: 589: 579: 573: 567: 561:(220–280 AD) 555: 542: 532: 522: 518:(206–202 BC) 512: 500: 493:(221–207 BC) 487: 458:(475–221 BC) 431:(771–256 BC) 427:Eastern Zhou 425: 417:Western Zhou 415: 392: 368: 345: 321: 297: 291: 285: 262: 252: 101:Hanyu Pinyin 29: 3824: [ 3665:Later Liang 3541:Wang Gungwu 2660:New History 2654:Old History 2629: [ 2572:players by 2483:Later Liang 2471:Gao Jichang 2269:Yang Xingmi 2102:South China 2092:(明皇避暑宮) by 1974:. 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Knowledge (XXG)

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period

Index