1011:
1547:
2033:
834:
512:
279:
451:
2468:
124:
1865:
2592:
1920:
2423:
2113:
1333:
1447:
770:
22:
1735:
413:
2216:
2002:
1253:
2764:
1430:
1225:
337:
139:
2300:
1647:
2332:
2537:
controls, which usually take the form of knobs or wheels and are used to adjust pitch, roll, or yaw trim. These are often connected to small airfoils on the trailing edge of the control surfaces and are called "trim tabs". Trim is used to reduce the amount of pressure on the control forces needed to
2009:
Early airplane engines had little power and light weight was critical. Also, early airfoil sections were thin, and could not support a strong frame. Until the 1930s, most wings were so fragile that external bracing struts and wires were added. As engine power increased, wings could be made heavy and
2502:
pedals control rotation of the plane about the yaw axis. Two pedals pivot so that when one is pressed forward the other moves backward, and vice versa. The pilot presses on the right rudder pedal to make the plane yaw to the right, and pushes on the left pedal to make it yaw to the left. The rudder
2258:
in
Germany. After the war, numerous experimental designs were based on the flying wing concept. General interest continued into the 1950s, but designs did not offer a great advantage in range and presented technical problems. The flying wing is most practical for designs in the slow-to-medium speed
2184:
within the fuselage, typically located at the front/top, equipped with controls, windows, and instruments, separated from passengers by a secure door. In small aircraft, the passengers typically sit behind the pilot(s) in the cabin, Occasionally, a passenger may sit beside or in front of the pilot.
3077:
English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an aeroplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as
1895:
The structural element of a fixed-wing aircraft is the air frame. It varies according to the aircraft's type, purpose, and technology. Early airframes were made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for powered flight, their mounts were made of metal. As speeds increased
1997:
Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge.
408:
built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a 110-foot (34-meter) wingspan powered by two 360-horsepower (270-kW) steam engines driving two propellers. In 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising. The test showed that it had enough lift to take off. The craft was
2410:
The classic airfoil section wing is unstable in flight. Flexible-wing planes often rely on an anchor line or the weight of a pilot hanging beneath to maintain the correct attitude. Some free-flying types use an adapted airfoil that is stable, or other mechanisms including electronic artificial
3264:
The wording is: "cette prouesse est le premier vol au monde homologué par l'Aéro-Club de France et la toute jeune Fédération Aéronautique
Internationale (FAI)." (This achievement is the first flight in the world to be recognized by the France Air Club and by the new International Aeronautical
275:. By at least 549 AD paper kites were flying, as recorded that year, a paper kite was used as a message for a rescue mission. Ancient and medieval Chinese sources report kites used for measuring distances, testing the wind, lifting men, signaling, and communication for military operations.
1665:
can also be used to sail upwind under the same principles as used by other sailing craft, provided that lateral forces on the ground or in the water are redirected as with the keels, center boards, wheels and ice blades of traditional sailing craft. In the last two decades,
1192:
and minimal instruments. Since shortly after World War II, training is done in two-seat dual control gliders, but high-performance two-seaters can make long flights. Originally skids were used for landing, later replaced by wheels, often retractable. Gliders known as
2495:
resembles a steering wheel. The pilot can pitch the plane down by pushing on the yoke or joystick, and pitch the plane up by pulling on it. Rolling the plane is accomplished by turning the yoke in the direction of the desired roll, or by tilting the joystick in that
2383:
Lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 1970s as a means to build small and lightweight manned spacecraft. The US built lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles. Interest waned as the
1114:
317:
was reputed to have designed and built the first self-propelled flying device, shaped like a bird and propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some 200 m (660 ft). This machine may have been suspended during its flight.
1976:, a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is not in flight. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes, the landing gear retracts during the flight to reduce drag.
1244:, but offer some crash safety as the pilot can strap into an upright seat within a deform-able structure. Landing is usually on one or two wheels which distinguishes these craft from hang gliders. Most are built by individual designers and hobbyists.
1384:
below a hollow fabric wing whose shape is formed by its suspension lines. Air entering vents in the front of the wing and the aerodynamic forces of the air flowing over the outside power the craft. Paragliding is most often a recreational activity.
3470:, p51. Notes an agreement between ICAO and IMO that WIGs come under the jurisdiction of the International Maritime Organisation although there an exception for craft with a sustained use out of ground effect (OGE) to be considered as aircraft.
918:
for the lower (ventral) areas of its fuselage. The fuselage lands and then rests directly on the water's surface, held afloat by the hull. It does not need additional floats for buoyancy, although small underwing floats or fuselage-mounted
355:
laid out the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing machine with systems for lift, propulsion, and control. Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and built a successful passenger-carrying
2078:
place one wing behind the other, possibly joined at the tips. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 1930s and bracing was no longer needed, the unbraced or cantilever monoplane became the most common form.
3640:
2418:
comprising a fin and rudder that act horizontally, and a tailplane and elevator that act vertically. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes two or more fins are spaced out along the tailplane.
1239:
and some known as airchairs, has been defined by the FAI based on weight. They are light enough to be transported easily, and can be flown without licensing in some countries. Ultralight gliders have performance similar to
1993:
Kites and some lightweight gliders and airplanes have flexible wing surfaces that are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces.
3772:
1075:
is 70:1, though 50:1 is common. After take-off, further altitude can be gained through the skillful exploitation of rising air. Flights of thousands of kilometers at average speeds over 200 km/h have been achieved.
2157:
smooth. Most fixed-wing aircraft have a single fuselage. Others may have multiple fuselages, or the fuselage may be fitted with booms on either side of the tail to allow the extreme rear of the fuselage to be utilized.
1028:
A glider is a heavier-than-air craft whose free flight does not require an engine. A sailplane is a fixed-wing glider designed for soaring – gaining height using updrafts of air and to fly for long periods.
2310:
Blended wing body aircraft have a flattened airfoil-shaped body, which produces most of the lift to keep itself aloft, and distinct and separate wing structures, though the wings are blended with the body.
2314:
Blended wing bodied aircraft incorporate design features from both fuselage and flying wing designs. The purported advantages of the blended wing body approach are efficient, high-lift wings and a wide,
3042:
In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern aeroplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).
2531:
levers, which are used to control the position of spoilers on the wings, and to arm their automatic deployment in planes designed to deploy them upon landing. The spoilers reduce lift for landing.
2807:
3229:
posted 17 December 2003. (The 1903 flights are not listed in the official FAI flight records, however, because the organization and its predecessors did not yet exist.) Retrieved 5 January 2007.
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
3765:
1120:
1985:
The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending to either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings that are shaped to create lift.
3644:
3758:
678:
entered service, but never saw action – top air speeds for that era went as high as 1,130 km/h (700 mph), with the early July 1944 unofficial record flight of the German
1002:– the interaction between the wings and the surface. Some GEVs are able to fly higher out of ground effect (OGE) when required – these are classed as powered fixed-wing aircraft.
1519:
A kite is a tethered aircraft held aloft by wind that blows over its wing(s). High pressure below the wing deflects the airflow downwards. This deflection generates horizontal
1635:
may be more convenient for such experiments, because kite-carried antennas require strong wind, which may be not always available with heavy equipment and a ground conductor.
2132:, it allows a stable shape under aerodynamic forces, and is often used for kites and other ultralight craft. It is supersonic capable, combining high strength with low drag.
1118:
1309:
was developed to investigate alternative methods of recovering spacecraft. Although this application was abandoned, publicity inspired hobbyists to adapt the flexible-wing
497:. It had movable tail surfaces controlling both yaw and pitch, a form of roll control supplied either by wing warping or by ailerons and controlled by its pilot with a
391:
that lifted the weight of a man. His designs were widely adopted. He also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, but did not create a powered fixed-wing aircraft.
1915:
to support it in flight. The wing also provides lateral stability to stop the aircraft level in steady flight. Other roles are to hold the fuel and mount the engines.
1421:
are bombs with aerodynamic surfaces to allow a gliding flight path rather than a ballistic one. This enables stand-off aircraft to attack a target from a distance.
2437:" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it. This foreplane may contribute to the trim, stability or control of the aircraft, or to several of these.
1214:
435:
3329:
2044:
The number and shape of wings vary widely. Some designs blend the wing with the fuselage, while left and right wings separated by the fuselage are more common.
2105:, to a low-drag swept configuration for high-speed flight. Other forms of variable planform have been flown, but none have gone beyond the research stage. The
368:
made controlled flights in a glider as a part of a series of gliders he built between 1883 and 1886. Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were
3092:
3064:
1726:
Kite festivals are a popular form of entertainment throughout the world. They include local events, traditional festivals and major international festivals.
580:
The so-called Golden Age of
Aviation occurred between the two World Wars, during which updated interpretations of earlier breakthroughs. Innovations include
267:
Kites were used approximately 2,800 years ago in China, where kite building materials were available. Leaf kites may have been flown earlier in what is now
3465:
1010:
2701:(HSI) indicates the position and movement of the plane as seen from above with respect to the ground, including course/heading and other information.
3740:
2274:
relies on shapes that reflect radar waves only in certain directions, thus making it harder to detect. This approach eventually led to the
Northrop
597:
301:
in the 16th and 17th centuries. Although initially regarded as curiosities, by the 18th and 19th centuries kites were used for scientific research.
2361:, a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional wing. Whereas a flying wing seeks to maximize cruise efficiency at
853:. Planes come in many sizes, shapes, and wing configurations. Uses include recreation, transportation of goods and people, military, and research.
2196:
is typically also seated in the cockpit as well. Some military or specialized aircraft may have other flight crew members in the cockpit as well.
1282:. The advantage over paratroopers were that heavy equipment could be landed and that troops were quickly assembled rather than dispersed over a
3433:
566:
crossed the
Atlantic non-stop for the first time in 1919. The first commercial flights traveled between the United States and Canada in 1919.
1289:. The gliders were treated as disposable, constructed from inexpensive materials such as wood, though a few were re-used. By the time of the
1117:
3670:
1468:
787:
626:
Airplanes had a presence in the major battles of World War II. They were an essential component of military strategies, such as the German
39:
2948:
1274:) and heavy equipment to combat zones. The gliders were towed into the air and most of the way to their target by transport planes, e.g.
3009:
White, Lynn. "Eilmer of
Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition."
2086:
is the shape when seen from above/below. To be aerodynamically efficient, wings are straight with a long span, but a short chord (high
1032:
Gliders are mainly used for recreation but have found use for purposes such as aerodynamics research, warfare and spacecraft recovery.
3156:
2867:
2090:). To be structurally efficient, and hence lightweight, wingspan must be as small as possible, but offer enough area to provide lift.
1293:, transport aircraft had become larger and more efficient so that even light tanks could be dropped by parachute, obsoleting gliders.
1627:
Kites can be used to carry radio antennas. This method was used for the reception station of the first transatlantic transmission by
3703:
3624:
3604:
3527:
3488:
3412:
3288:
3173:
3123:
2192:
Aircraft often have two or more pilots, with one in overall command (the "pilot") and one or more "co-pilots". On larger aircraft a
1494:
1041:
As is the case with planes, gliders come in diverse forms with varied wings, aerodynamic efficiency, pilot location, and controls.
809:
105:
3261:
3943:
For full-size aircraft with powered rotors the rotor is normally tilted to achieve thrust (e.g. in a helicopter). Some toys (e.g.
3545:
1538:
sometimes flew an aircraft as a kite in order to confirm its flight characteristics, before adding an engine and flight controls.
1523:
in the direction of the wind. The resultant force vector from the lift and drag force components is opposed by the tension of the
518:
flying boat after it completed the first crossing of the
Atlantic in 1919, standing next to a fixed-wing heavier-than-air aircraft
86:
4010:
3971:
3307:
2503:
is used mainly to balance the plane in turns, or to compensate for winds or other effects that push the plane about the yaw axis.
536:
served initiated the use of aircraft as weapons and observation platforms. The earliest known aerial victory with a synchronized
2139:, which allow the wing to increase/decrease drag/lift, for take-off and landing, and acting in opposition, to change direction.
2032:
58:
3636:
2993:
575:
3222:
2698:
2459:
2365:
speeds by eliminating non-lifting surfaces, lifting bodies generally minimize the drag and structure of a wing for subsonic,
1947:
or fin is a rigid surface mounted at the rear of the plane and typically protruding above it. The fin stabilizes the plane's
1472:
791:
43:
1718:
Research and development projects investigate kites for harnessing high altitude wind currents for electricity generation.
1546:
596:
as a practical aircraft power plant alongside V-12 liquid-cooled aviation engines, and longer and longer flights – as with
65:
3280:
3029:
2978:
923:
may be used to stabilize it. Large seaplanes are usually flying boats, embodying most classic amphibian aircraft designs.
3567:
2923:
2792:
2389:
1896:
metal became more common until by the end of World War II, all-metal (and glass) aircraft were common. In modern times,
1352:, and exercises control by shifting body weight in opposition to a control frame. Hang gliders are typically made of an
1165:
Early gliders were built mainly of wood and metal, later replaced by composite materials incorporating glass, carbon or
999:
1962:, usually mounted at the tail near the vertical stabilizer. The horizontal stabilizer is used to stabilize the plane's
732:, the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010. The
3326:
2868:"Drachen Foundation Journal Fall 2002, page 18. Two lines of evidence: analysis of leaf kiting and some cave drawings"
1828:
1052:
have been used in combat to deliver troops and equipment, while specialized gliders have been used in atmospheric and
400:
364:
made the first powered flight, had his glider L'Albatros artificiel towed by a horse along a beach. In 1884, American
182:(in which the wings oscillate to generate lift). The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are not necessarily rigid; kites,
2963:
2097:
speeds, variable geometry wings change orientation, angling backward to reduce drag from supersonic shock waves. The
1457:
1090:
Gliders and sailplanes share many design elements and aerodynamic principles with powered aircraft. For example, the
72:
1146:
Gliders were developed in the 1920s for recreational purposes. As pilots began to understand how to use rising air,
3181:
2741:(RDF), to indicate the direction to one or more radio beacons, which can be used to determine the plane's position.
2564:
has no pilot and is controlled remotely or via gyroscopes, computers/sensors or other forms of autonomous control.
1963:
1948:
1218:
3385:
3242:
3089:
3054:
1476:
1461:
833:
780:
32:
3935:
aircraft functions as an aeroplane during normal (horizontal) flight and as a helicopter during low-speed flight.
2777:
2285:
systems compensated for many of the aerodynamic drawbacks, enabling an efficient and stable long-range aircraft.
3500:
3356:
2514:
and other controls, such as a fuel-mixture control (to compensate for air density changes with altitude change).
54:
3975:
2637:
2557:
2056:
1813:
1713:
621:
2752:
Some or all of these instruments may appear on a computer display and be operated with touches, ala a phone.
1927:, which was the largest airplane in the world, could carry a 250-tonne payload, had two vertical stabilizers.
2671:
2619:
2561:
1873:
1699:
Mechanical structures are not needed to withstand bending forces; vehicles/hulls can be light or eliminated.
1572:
1057:
528:
237:
1940:
slippery. The fuselage joins the other parts of the air frame and contains the payload, and flight systems.
1105:
glided during its descent phase. Many gliders adopt similar control surfaces and instruments as airplanes.
3011:
2738:
2720:
2675:
2630:
2585:
2083:
640:
were developed and used in several campaigns, but were limited by the high casualty rate encountered. The
557:
476:
3730:
2618:(AI), sometimes called the artificial horizon, indicates the exact orientation of the aircraft about its
3963:
3955:
3836:
2713:
2645:
2528:
1959:
1853:
1600:
1102:
993:
641:
494:
468:
454:
257:
229:
2479:
The controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air and on the ground. Typically these are:
2189:
have a separate passenger cabin or occasionally cabins that are physically separated from the cockpit.
1530:
Kites are mostly flown for recreational purposes, but have many other uses. Early pioneers such as the
1087:
relative to its surface area reduces the required lift for flight, allowing it to glide some distance.
511:
1615:. Kites had a historical role in lifting scientific instruments to measure atmospheric conditions for
2745:
2664:
2656:
2434:
2405:
2336:
1551:
850:
749:
679:
667:
472:
459:
344:
326:
287:
3440:
1380:
is a lightweight, free-flying, foot-launched glider with no rigid body. The pilot is suspended in a
744:, a medium twin engine passenger aircraft that has been in service since 1936 and is still used for
278:
2691:
2660:
2641:
2281:
bomber (pictured). The flying wing's aerodynamics are not the primary concern. Computer-controlled
2267:
2247:
2102:
2098:
1967:
1944:
1616:
956:
609:
545:
450:
225:
187:
3750:
3944:
2847:
2615:
2608:
2573:
2271:
2251:
2181:
2136:
2023:
1897:
1357:
1189:
1178:
1151:
1141:
1072:
1015:
976:
973:
type of parachute with an integrated air frame, seat, undercarriage and power plant hung beneath.
876:
748:
and other recreational flights. Some of the thousands of versions found other purposes, like the
721:
365:
361:
340:
283:
221:
79:
3666:
2153:
The fuselage is typically long and thin, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape
1768:
3979:
3841:
3699:
3620:
3600:
3523:
3484:
3459:
3408:
3284:
3152:
3129:
3119:
2812:
2652:
2232:
2166:
2117:
2037:
1675:
1628:
1612:
1584:
1302:
1023:
966:
915:
605:
384:
352:
201:
3863:
2843:
2797:
2467:
2278:
2224:
1838:
1795:
1604:
1267:
1236:
1126:
900:
631:
563:
541:
444:
416:
330:
253:
209:
175:
2874:
297:
towards the end of the 13th century, and kites were brought back by sailors from Japan and
123:
3549:
3345:
de Saint-Exupery, A. (1940). "Wind, Sand and Stars" p33, Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.
3333:
3311:
3246:
3226:
3096:
2997:
2967:
2835:
2802:
2769:
2599:
Bottom row (left to right): turn coordinator, heading indicator, vertical speed indicator.
2577:
2522:
2492:
2484:
2362:
2255:
2154:
1937:
1864:
1608:
1531:
1353:
1345:
1271:
1083:
An ordinary sheet of paper can be folded into an aerodynamic shape fairly easily; its low
1080:
1049:
946:
875:(alighting) on water. Seaplanes that can also operate from dry land are a subclass called
702:
637:
505:
424:
405:
369:
357:
322:
233:
217:
3185:
2545:
are used to slow and stop the plane on the ground, and sometimes for turns on the ground.
2464:
Gliders and airplanes have sophisticated control systems, especially if they are piloted.
2242:
The flying wing configuration was studied extensively in the 1930s and 1940s, notably by
1638:
Kites can be used to carry light sources such as light sticks or battery-powered lights.
1038:
are equipped with a limited propulsion system for takeoff, or to extend flight duration.
3115:
Aviation : an historical survey from its origins to the end of the Second World War
2674:(TC), or turn and bank indicator, helps the pilot to control the plane in a coordinated
2572:
On manned fixed-wing aircraft, instruments provide information to the pilots, including
1911:
cross-section. The wing deflects air downward as the aircraft moves forward, generating
443:, as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight". By 1905, the
3987:
3947:) do have a powered rotor with no means to tilt the rotor to produce horizontal thrust.
3542:
2724:
2591:
2581:
2392:
when it became clear that highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tanks.
1632:
1520:
1394:
1381:
1361:
1279:
1210:
1185:
1155:
933:
725:
675:
663:
589:
483:
220 metres (720 ft) in less than 22 seconds. The flight was certified by the FAI.
412:
377:
310:
197:
3304:
2506:
On powered types, an engine stop control ("fuel cutoff", for example) and, usually, a
1936:, typically a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape
953:
with an auxiliary power plant that may be used when in flight to increase performance.
4004:
2944:
2731:
2687:
2243:
2174:
1696:
Kites may be maneuvered dynamically, which dramatically increases the available force
1202:
1198:
872:
593:
549:
373:
241:
191:
2990:
3850:
3790:
3025:
2511:
2385:
2350:
2344:
2320:
2294:
2170:
2129:
2087:
1973:
1924:
1912:
1843:
1818:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1667:
1651:
1400:
1321:
1306:
1241:
1229:
1194:
1170:
1053:
1035:
942:
741:
736:
was the world's biggest passenger aircraft from 1970 until it was surpassed by the
717:
695:
659:
601:
581:
553:
515:
487:
428:
167:
3219:
2549:
A craft may have two pilot seats with dual controls, allowing two to take turns.
2422:
2112:
1919:
1368:
updrafts, perform aerobatics, and glide cross-country for hundreds of kilometers.
1332:
1301:
Even after the development of powered aircraft, gliders continued to be used for
3895:
3262:
Les vols du 14bis relatés au fil des éditions du journal l'illustration de 1906.
2525:
levers, which are used to control the deflection position of flaps on the wings.
2427:
2414:
In order to achieve trim, stability, and control, most fixed-wing types have an
2354:
2304:
2282:
2210:
2162:
2075:
2052:
1823:
1763:
1679:
1592:
1568:
1446:
1412:
1404:
1341:
1317:
1275:
1095:
1091:
960:
907:
884:
769:
753:
745:
737:
585:
537:
533:
440:
272:
183:
179:
21:
2135:
Wings are typically hollow, also serving as fuel tanks. They are equipped with
1689:
Kite sailing opens several possibilities not available in traditional sailing:
1278:, or by one-time bombers that had been relegated to secondary activities, e.g.
841:
An airplane (aeroplane or plane) is a powered fixed-wing aircraft propelled by
3959:
3910:
3873:
3846:
3059:
2817:
2759:
2472:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2275:
2220:
2215:
2125:
2106:
2011:
2010:
strong enough that bracing was unnecessary. Such an unbraced wing is called a
2001:
1848:
1807:
1786:
1748:
1709:
1683:
1671:
1662:
1535:
1514:
1418:
1408:
1377:
1290:
1252:
1206:
1099:
1061:
980:
970:
892:
880:
846:
733:
729:
655:
627:
502:
294:
171:
143:
128:
2915:
2266:
Interest in flying wings reemerged in the 1980s due to their potentially low
3967:
3932:
3133:
2626:
2553:
2415:
2401:
2388:
lost interest in the manned mission, and major development ended during the
2193:
2094:
2063:
1877:
1869:
1790:
1773:
1658:
1588:
1286:
1283:
1260:
1147:
998:
A ground effect vehicle (GEV) flies close to the terrain, making use of the
950:
671:
491:
2597:
Top row (left to right): airspeed indicator, attitude indicator, altimeter.
2180:
Pilots of manned commercial fixed-wing aircraft control them from inside a
3720:
3696:
The Flying Book: Everything You've Ever
Wondered About Flying on Airplanes
3571:
2960:
Archytas of
Tarentum, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
2959:
1429:
447:
was capable of fully controllable, stable flight for substantial periods.
3928:
3906:
3901:
3891:
3811:
3806:
3782:
3149:
Quest for Flight: John J. Montgomery and the Dawn of
Aviation in the West
3113:
2839:
2787:
2782:
2534:
2507:
2488:
2377:
2358:
2236:
2186:
2148:
2071:
2048:
1933:
1890:
1781:
1777:
1758:
1596:
1564:
1349:
1174:
911:
896:
862:
828:
710:
691:
498:
388:
314:
298:
268:
159:
155:
131:
3641:"Title 14: Aeronautics and Space – PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS"
1132:
The main application of modern glider aircraft is sport and recreation.
3886:
3715:
3501:"Definition of gliders used for sporting purposes in FAI Sporting Code"
3239:
2603:
The six basic instruments, sometimes referred to as the six pack, are:
2316:
2260:
2067:
1908:
1365:
1310:
1224:
1159:
1068:
920:
868:
794: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
648:
336:
1550:
Chinese dragon kite more than one hundred feet long which flew in the
1397:
is a toy aircraft (usually a glider) made out of paper or paperboard.
138:
118:
Heavier-than-air aircraft with fixed wings generating aerodynamic lift
3983:
3786:
3504:
3362:
2709:
2705:
2499:
2227:
capable of intercontinental missions, has a flying wing configuration
1952:
1833:
1524:
1166:
938:
Many forms of glider may include a small power plant. These include:
842:
480:
333:
made a similar attempt, though no earlier sources record this event.
213:
163:
2552:
The control system may allow full or partial automation, such as an
2380:. All of these flight regimes pose challenges for flight stability.
2299:
329:, which failed. A 17th-century account states that 9th-century poet
3240:"Santos Dumont in France 1906–1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds."
2611:(ASI) shows the speed at which the plane is moving through the air.
1646:
3736:
Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum's How Things Fly website
2590:
2542:
2466:
2421:
2330:
2214:
2128:
is a triangular shape that serves various purposes. As a flexible
2111:
2031:
2000:
1918:
1863:
1733:
1657:
Kites can be used to pull people and vehicles downwind. Efficient
1645:
1599:, and were instrumental in the development of early flying craft.
1545:
1428:
1331:
1257:
1251:
1223:
1158:", increasing their range. This gave rise to the popular sport of
1045:
1044:
Large gliders are most commonly born aloft by a tow-plane or by a
1009:
832:
654:
Before and during the war, British and German designers worked on
510:
449:
411:
335:
277:
137:
122:
2339:
was built as part of a 1963–1975 experimental US military program
2169:
typically omit fuel andengines, although some variations such as
2047:
Occasionally more wings have been used, such as the three-winged
1571:, by lifting an observer above the field of battle, and by using
3868:
3553:
3305:"Me 163B Komet – Me 163 Production – Me 163B: Werknummern list."
2846:) meant wing, not the whole aircraft. See text of their patent.
2834:
In 1903, when the Wright brothers used the word, "aeroplane" (a
2491:
controls rotation of the plane about the pitch and roll axes. A
2027:
1508:
1434:
1348:
in which the pilot is suspended in a harness suspended from the
1316:
Initial research into many types of fixed-wing craft, including
1084:
706:
490:
design of 1908 was an early aircraft design that had the modern
205:
3754:
3725:
1650:
A quad-line traction kite, commonly used as a power source for
647:(Wagtail) rotor kite of 1942 was notable for its use by German
3735:
2331:
1440:
903:, allowing the craft to make remain afloat for water landings.
763:
694:
was the first aircraft to exceed the speed of sound, flown by
419:
piloted by Orville Wright over Huffman Prairie, 4 October 1905
15:
2897:
2895:
2349:
A lifting body is a configuration in which the body produces
2319:-shaped body. This enables the entire craft to contribute to
501:
and rudder bar. It was an important predecessor of his later
3481:
Wings Like Eagles, The Story of Soaring in the United States
3015:, Volume 2, Issue 2, 1961, pp. 97–111 (97–99 resp. 100–101).
2808:
List of altitude records reached by different aircraft types
2655:(HI), sometimes called the directional gyro (DG), shows the
592:
sizes by the early 1930s, adoption of the mostly air-cooled
271:, based on their interpretation of cave paintings on nearby
3741:"Hops and Flights – a Roll Call of Early Powered Take-offs"
3220:
FAI News: 100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality
2640:(VSI), or variometer, shows the rate at which the plane is
2101:
transforms between an efficient straight configuration for
1403:
are models of aircraft using lightweight materials such as
1235:
A class of ultralight sailplanes, including some known as
1154:. These allowed the craft to glide to the next source of "
899:
is not specialized. The wheels are replaced/enveloped by
3355:"3. Gliding, chapter 1: General Rules and Definitions".
1411:. Designs range from simple glider aircraft to accurate
556:
appeared; the greatest (by number of air victories) was
439:(FAI), the standard setting and record-keeping body for
2704:
Instruments showing the status of the plane's engines (
2165:, passengers, cargo, and sometimes fuel and engine(s).
879:. Seaplanes and amphibians divide into two categories:
2690:, to enable communications with other planes and with
1583:
Kites have been used for scientific purposes, such as
1067:
Gliders and sailplanes that are used for the sport of
387:
conducted research on wing structures and developed a
756:
era gunship, which is still used in some militaries.
701:
In 1948–49, aircraft transported supplies during the
3483:, pages 14–22. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1988.
3055:"Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist)"
2588:, and other aircraft systems that may be installed.
2323:
generation with potentially increased fuel economy.
1563:
Kites have been used for signaling, for delivery of
3090:"Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007."
2239:, housing the crew, payload, and equipment inside.
1907:One or more mostly horizontal wings, often with an
1364:for hours, gain thousands of meters of altitude in
1270:
were used during World War II for carrying troops (
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3151:. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
2357:, which is a wing with minimal or no conventional
1197:are designed for unpowered flight, but can deploy
1181:. Single-seat and two-seat gliders are available.
1064:have made unpowered landings similar to a glider.
666:. In 1943, the first operational jet fighter, the
475:that set the first world record recognized by the
212:fixed-wing aircraft (airplanes) that gain forward
3208:Dreams and Realities of the Conquest of the Skies
2748:(satnav) system, to provide an accurate position.
2259:range, and drew continual interest as a tactical
1324:was also carried out using unpowered prototypes.
724:, was introduced in 1952, followed by the Soviet
178:mounted on a spinning shaft generates lift), and
1184:Initially, training was done by short "hops" in
409:uncontrollable, and Maxim abandoned work on it.
3597:Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition
3327:NASA Armstrong Fact Sheet: First Generation X-1
2109:is a straight wing swept backward or forwards.
1595:. Kites were the precursors to the traditional
2850:– Wright brothers' patent for "Flying Machine"
2629:indicates the altitude or height of the plane
1071:have high aerodynamic efficiency. The highest
983:with a power plant suspended behind the pilot.
3766:
3252:, 25 December 2006. Retrieved 17 August 2009.
2450:Kites are controlled by one or more tethers.
740:in 2005. The most successful aircraft is the
343:and his glider, Albatros II, photographed by
232:. Most fixed-wing aircraft are operated by a
8:
1955:which controls its rotation along that axis.
837:Aircraft parked on the ground in Afghanistan
3667:"Six Pack – The Primary Flight Instruments"
3599:. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997.
3277:Bleriot XI, The Story of a Classic Aircraft
1693:Wind speeds are greater at higher altitudes
1475:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1221:mainly on the basis of wingspan and flaps.
1079:One small-scale example of a glider is the
200:fixed-wing aircraft, including free-flying
3773:
3759:
3751:
2916:"Kite History: A Simple History of Kiting"
508:-crossing aircraft of the summer of 1909.
3966:with novel thrust / lift solutions (e.g.
2909:
2907:
2177:have them for temporary or optional use.
1495:Learn how and when to remove this message
895:is similar to a land-based airplane. The
810:Learn how and when to remove this message
602:the U.S. Navy's NC-4 transatlantic flight
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
3799:
3591:
3589:
2298:
1112:
170:. Fixed-wing aircraft are distinct from
3962:are not included in the table, nor are
3570:. Energykitesystems.net. Archived from
3403:Goin, Jeff (2006). Dennis Pagen (ed.).
2859:
293:Kite stories were brought to Europe by
208:, can use moving air to gain altitude.
3731:How Airplanes Work – Howstuffworks.com
3464:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3457:
2120:prototypes, one with wings swept (top)
1177:and long narrow wings incorporating a
867:A seaplane (hydroplane) is capable of
612:spurring ever-longer flight attempts.
436:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
134:is an example of a fixed-wing aircraft
3112:Gibbs-Smith, Charles Harvard (2003).
2730:Information displays such as onboard
1903:Typical structural elements include:
608:'s solo trans-Atlantic flight in the
7:
3384:Code of Federal Regulations (U.S.).
3147:Harwood, Craig; Fogel, Gary (2012).
1951:(turn left or right) and mounts the
1670:sports have become popular, such as
1473:adding citations to reliable sources
1125:Video clip of a glider sailing over
792:adding citations to reliable sources
670:, went into service with the German
44:adding citations to reliable sources
3427:Michael Halloran and Sean O'Meara,
2682:Other cockpit instruments include:
2663:is affected by wind conditions and
2161:The fuselage typically carries the
1415:, some of which can be very large.
1150:gliders were developed with a high
570:Interwar aviation; the "Golden Age"
3673:from the original on 19 March 2011
3429:Wing in Ground Effect Craft Review
3407:. Airhead Creations. p. 253.
3386:"14 CFR 1.1 - General definitions"
3178:Australian Dictionary of Biography
3067:from the original on 11 March 2009
3032:from the original on 13 April 2009
2947:, "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at
2066:, with one or two parallel wings.
1587:'s famous experiment proving that
1307:NASA Paresev Rogallo flexible wing
705:. New aircraft types, such as the
544:occurred in 1915, flown by German
321:One of the earliest attempts with
194:are all classified as fixed wing.
14:
3619:, page 10 (27th revised edition)
3615:Aviation Publishers Co. Limited,
3543:"Beginner's Guide to Aeronautics"
3210:. New York: Atheneum. pp. 124–125
2719:Combined display systems such as
2595:The six basic flight instruments.
2074:stack one wing above the other.
2059:designs have had little success.
2005:Major components of a rigid wing.
1966:(tilt up or down) and mounts the
1173:, these types have a streamlined
588:leading to multi-engine aircraft
190:aircraft, and airplanes that use
3982:) or balloon-wing hybrids (e.g.
3669:. LearnToFly.ca. 13 March 2010.
3174:"Hargrave, Lawrence (1850–1915)"
2926:from the original on 29 May 2010
2762:
2303:Computer-generated model of the
1445:
1360:-framed fabric wing. Pilots can
1213:. Gliders are classified by the
768:
662:to fly, in 1939, was the German
20:
3637:Federal Aviation Administration
3520:Paragliding: The Complete Guide
2901:Needham, Volume 4, Part 1, 127.
2518:Other common controls include:
1623:Radio aerials and light beacons
779:needs additional citations for
674:. Later in the war the British
604:; culminating in May 1927 with
576:Aviation between the World Wars
282:Children flying a kite in 1828
31:needs additional citations for
3100:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
2699:horizontal situation indicator
2460:Aircraft flight control system
2433:Some types have a horizontal "
2051:from World War I. Four-winged
1:
3405:The Powered Paragliding Bible
3281:Smithsonian Institution Press
2475:M) cockpit with control yokes
2454:Free-flying aircraft controls
2040:wire-braced parasol monoplane
630:or the American and Japanese
473:built and piloted an aircraft
427:' flights in 1903 with their
2793:Aviation and the environment
2657:magnetic compass orientation
2390:Space Shuttle design process
2335:The Martin Aircraft Company
467:In 1906, Brazilian inventor
360:in 1853. In 1856, Frenchman
3860:Tethered (static or towed)
1970:that provide pitch control.
1829:Inflatable single-line kite
709:, were produced during the
600:, followed months later by
590:of up to 60+ meter wingspan
401:Aviation in the pioneer era
305:Gliders and powered devices
4029:
3818:Lift: Lighter than air gas
3182:Melbourne University Press
3118:. London: Science Museum.
2457:
2399:
2342:
2292:
2250:in the United States, and
2208:
2146:
2021:
1888:
1805:
1707:
1512:
1506:
1219:glider competition classes
1139:
1021:
991:
931:
860:
826:
682:rocket fighter prototype.
634:campaigns of the Pacific.
619:
573:
526:
398:
251:
146:-shaped kite are not rigid
3921:
3810:
3802:
3797:
2778:Aircraft flight mechanics
2538:maintain a steady course.
1814:Expanded polystyrene kite
963:with a power plant added.
325:was by 11th-century monk
3317:Retrieved: 28 July 2013.
2996:15 February 2015 at the
2966:26 December 2008 at the
2838:term that can also mean
2638:vertical speed indicator
2558:flight management system
2471:Typical light aircraft (
1738:Train of connected kites
1714:High altitude wind power
1603:experimented with large
622:Aviation in World War II
4011:Aircraft configurations
3518:Whittall, Noel (2002).
3310:22 October 2015 at the
3225:13 January 2011 at the
2721:primary flight displays
2716:, and other variables).
2568:Cockpit instrumentation
2556:, a wing leveler, or a
2396:Empennage and foreplane
1874:unmanned aerial vehicle
1579:Science and meteorology
1573:kite aerial photography
1554:, kite festival in 2000
1127:Gunma Prefecture, Japan
1058:Rocket-powered aircraft
584:' all-metal air frames
529:Aviation in World War I
3956:Ground-effect vehicles
3832:Unpowered free flight
3283:. pp. 21 and 22.
3206:Beril, Becker (1967).
3012:Technology and Culture
2739:radio direction finder
2600:
2476:
2430:
2340:
2307:
2228:
2121:
2041:
2006:
1928:
1881:
1739:
1654:
1555:
1438:
1337:
1264:
1232:
1228:Ultralight "airchair"
1217:for competitions into
1129:
1019:
838:
598:a Vickers Vimy in 1919
558:Manfred von Richthofen
519:
464:
433:are recognized by the
420:
348:
290:
240:and controlled either
230:ground effect vehicles
162:, which is capable of
154:is a heavier-than-air
147:
135:
3964:experimental aircraft
3824:Lift: Unpowered rotor
3568:"Kite Energy Systems"
3548:25 March 2015 at the
3245:16 March 2016 at the
3095:11 March 2009 at the
2659:of the fuselage. The
2594:
2470:
2425:
2334:
2302:
2235:that has no distinct
2218:
2115:
2035:
2004:
1960:horizontal stabilizer
1922:
1867:
1844:Rogallo parawing kite
1737:
1649:
1601:Alexander Graham Bell
1549:
1432:
1401:Model glider aircraft
1335:
1255:
1227:
1124:
1103:Space Shuttle orbiter
1013:
994:Ground effect vehicle
988:Ground effect vehicle
836:
690:In October 1947, the
642:Focke-Achgelis Fa 330
514:
495:tractor configuration
469:Alberto Santos Dumont
453:
415:
339:
281:
258:Early flying machines
142:The fixed wings of a
141:
126:
55:"Fixed-wing aircraft"
3878:(None – see note 2)
3855:(None – see note 2)
3827:Lift: Powered rotor
3507:on 3 September 2009.
3332:13 July 2015 at the
3275:Crouch, Tom (1982).
2981:. Pressconnects.com.
2746:satellite navigation
2665:magnetic declination
2631:above mean sea level
2406:Canard (aeronautics)
2268:radar cross-sections
1900:became more common.
1552:Berkeley, California
1469:improve this section
1169:fibers. To minimize
1018:being winch-launched
788:improve this article
668:Messerschmitt Me 262
327:Eilmer of Malmesbury
288:Johann Michael Voltz
226:powered hang gliders
172:rotary-wing aircraft
40:improve this article
3716:The airplane centre
3647:on 20 December 2013
3479:Schweizer, Paul A:
3188:on 29 December 2014
2692:air traffic control
2620:pitch and roll axes
2353:. In contrast to a
2248:Cheston L. Eshelman
2231:A flying wing is a
2103:takeoff and landing
2099:variable-sweep wing
1945:vertical stabilizer
1898:composite materials
1617:weather forecasting
957:Powered hang glider
610:Spirit of St. Louis
477:AĂ©ro-Club de France
222:powered paragliders
188:variable-sweep wing
152:fixed-wing aircraft
3945:balloon helicopter
3617:From the Ground Up
3431:, DSTO, Australia
3336:, 28 February 2014
3265:Federation (FAI).)
3026:"Aviation History"
2616:attitude indicator
2609:airspeed indicator
2601:
2541:On wheeled types,
2477:
2431:
2341:
2308:
2272:Stealth technology
2252:Alexander Lippisch
2229:
2187:passenger aircraft
2122:
2042:
2024:Wing configuration
2007:
1929:
1882:
1849:Stunt (sport) kite
1740:
1682:and kite surfing.
1655:
1556:
1439:
1338:
1313:for hang gliders.
1265:
1233:
1152:lift-to-drag ratio
1142:Glider (sailplane)
1130:
1073:lift-to-drag ratio
1020:
1016:glider (sailplane)
977:Powered paraglider
914:with a watertight
877:amphibian aircraft
839:
823:Airplane/aeroplane
722:de Havilland Comet
520:
465:
463:on an old postcard
457:'s self-propelled
421:
376:, and protégés of
366:John J. Montgomery
362:Jean-Marie Le Bris
349:
291:
148:
136:
3998:
3997:
3980:flettner airplane
3916:
3915:
3574:on 24 August 2012
3365:on 7 October 2007
3358:FAI Sporting Code
3250:earlyaviators.com
3102:, 25 August 2007.
3000:. Automata.co.uk.
2813:Maneuvering speed
2653:heading indicator
2562:unmanned aircraft
2441:Aircraft controls
2289:Blended wing body
2233:tailless aircraft
2118:Dassault Mirage G
2038:Morane-Saulnier L
1686:is also popular.
1676:kite landboarding
1613:Lawrence Hargrave
1605:man-lifting kites
1585:Benjamin Franklin
1505:
1504:
1497:
1303:aviation research
1237:microlift gliders
1179:high aspect ratio
1122:
1024:Glider (aircraft)
979:or paramotor – a
967:Powered parachute
945:– a conventional
820:
819:
812:
606:Charles Lindbergh
385:Lawrence Hargrave
353:Sir George Cayley
244:or autonomously.
116:
115:
108:
90:
4018:
3991:
3948:
3936:
3864:Tethered balloon
3821:Lift: Fixed wing
3800:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3752:
3726:Aerospaceweb.org
3694:Blatner, David.
3683:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3643:. Archived from
3633:
3627:
3613:
3607:
3593:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3563:
3557:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3503:. Archived from
3497:
3491:
3477:
3471:
3469:
3463:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3445:
3439:. Archived from
3438:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3361:. Archived from
3352:
3346:
3343:
3337:
3324:
3318:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3272:
3266:
3259:
3253:
3236:
3230:
3217:
3211:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3184:. Archived from
3172:Inglis, Amirah.
3169:
3163:
3162:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3109:
3103:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3022:
3016:
3007:
3001:
2991:Automata history
2988:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2957:
2951:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2911:
2902:
2899:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2879:
2873:. Archived from
2872:
2864:
2844:American English
2798:Aviation history
2772:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2672:turn coordinator
2225:strategic bomber
2219:The US-produced
2200:Wings vs. bodies
2062:Most planes are
1839:Man-lifting kite
1796:Tetrahedral kite
1704:Power generation
1633:Captive balloons
1500:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1480:
1449:
1441:
1389:Unmanned gliders
1297:Research gliders
1268:Military gliders
1248:Military gliders
1211:electric engines
1188:, which have no
1123:
1098:glider, and the
1050:Military gliders
815:
808:
804:
801:
795:
772:
764:
638:Military gliders
632:aircraft carrier
564:Alcock and Brown
546:Luftstreitkräfte
542:fighter aircraft
462:
445:Wright Flyer III
417:Wright Flyer III
331:Abbas Ibn Firnas
311:400 BC in Greece
254:Aviation history
168:aerodynamic lift
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
89:
48:
24:
16:
4028:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3972:Flying Bedstead
3954:
3942:
3926:
3917:
3793:
3779:
3712:
3691:
3686:
3676:
3674:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3650:
3648:
3639:(August 2008).
3635:
3634:
3630:
3614:
3610:
3594:
3587:
3577:
3575:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3556:(11 July 2008).
3550:Wayback Machine
3541:
3537:
3530:
3522:. Airlife Pub.
3517:
3516:
3512:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3478:
3474:
3456:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3436:
3434:"Archived copy"
3432:
3426:
3422:
3415:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3368:
3366:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3334:Wayback Machine
3325:
3321:
3312:Wayback Machine
3302:
3298:
3291:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3260:
3256:
3247:Wayback Machine
3238:Jones, Ernest.
3237:
3233:
3227:Wayback Machine
3218:
3214:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3189:
3180:. Vol. 9.
3171:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3126:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3097:Wayback Machine
3088:
3084:
3070:
3068:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3035:
3033:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3008:
3004:
2998:Wayback Machine
2989:
2985:
2979:Modern rocketry
2977:
2973:
2968:Wayback Machine
2962:. Tmth.edu.gr.
2958:
2954:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2927:
2913:
2912:
2905:
2900:
2893:
2883:
2881:
2880:on 23 July 2011
2877:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2836:British English
2831:
2826:
2803:Fuel efficiency
2770:Aviation portal
2768:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2725:navigation aids
2706:operating speed
2598:
2596:
2570:
2462:
2456:
2448:
2443:
2426:Canards on the
2408:
2400:Main articles:
2398:
2347:
2329:
2297:
2291:
2256:Horten brothers
2213:
2207:
2202:
2155:aerodynamically
2151:
2145:
2030:
2022:Main articles:
2020:
1991:
1983:
1938:aerodynamically
1893:
1887:
1862:
1860:Characteristics
1810:
1804:
1732:
1724:
1716:
1706:
1659:foil-type kites
1644:
1625:
1609:Wright brothers
1581:
1561:
1544:
1532:Wright Brothers
1517:
1511:
1501:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1466:
1450:
1427:
1391:
1374:
1346:glider aircraft
1330:
1299:
1272:glider infantry
1250:
1186:primary gliders
1144:
1138:
1113:
1111:
1094:was a tailless
1081:paper airplane.
1026:
1008:
996:
990:
936:
930:
928:Powered gliders
865:
859:
831:
825:
816:
805:
799:
796:
785:
773:
762:
703:Berlin Blockade
688:
624:
618:
578:
572:
531:
525:
458:
425:Wright brothers
406:Sir Hiram Maxim
403:
397:
370:Otto Lilienthal
307:
265:
260:
252:Main articles:
250:
236:, but some are
119:
112:
101:
95:
92:
49:
47:
37:
25:
12:
11:
5:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4014:
4013:
4003:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3988:hybrid airship
3950:
3949:
3938:
3937:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3904:
3899:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3785:by methods of
3780:
3778:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3711:
3710:External links
3708:
3707:
3706:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3658:
3628:
3608:
3585:
3566:Joseph Faust.
3558:
3535:
3528:
3510:
3492:
3472:
3446:on 22 May 2013
3420:
3413:
3395:
3376:
3347:
3338:
3319:
3315:robdebie.home.
3296:
3289:
3267:
3254:
3231:
3212:
3199:
3164:
3158:978-0806142647
3157:
3139:
3124:
3104:
3082:
3046:
3017:
3002:
2983:
2971:
2952:
2937:
2903:
2891:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2848:Patent 821,393
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2717:
2702:
2695:
2680:
2679:
2678:while turning.
2668:
2649:
2634:
2623:
2612:
2586:communications
2569:
2566:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2526:
2516:
2515:
2504:
2497:
2458:Main article:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2397:
2394:
2343:Main article:
2328:
2325:
2293:Main article:
2290:
2287:
2209:Main article:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2175:rocket gliders
2147:Main article:
2144:
2141:
2019:
2016:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1956:
1941:
1917:
1916:
1889:Main article:
1886:
1883:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1806:Main article:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1784:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1746:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1643:
1640:
1624:
1621:
1580:
1577:
1560:
1557:
1543:
1540:
1507:Main article:
1503:
1502:
1453:
1451:
1444:
1426:
1423:
1390:
1387:
1373:
1370:
1354:aluminum alloy
1329:
1326:
1322:lifting bodies
1298:
1295:
1280:Short Stirling
1249:
1246:
1140:Main article:
1137:
1134:
1110:
1107:
1022:Main article:
1007:
1004:
992:Main article:
989:
986:
985:
984:
974:
964:
954:
934:Powered glider
932:Main article:
929:
926:
925:
924:
904:
861:Main article:
858:
855:
827:Main article:
824:
821:
818:
817:
776:
774:
767:
761:
758:
726:Tupolev Tu-104
687:
684:
676:Gloster Meteor
664:Heinkel He 178
620:Main article:
617:
614:
574:Main article:
571:
568:
527:Main article:
524:
521:
479:by flying the
396:
395:Powered flight
393:
383:In the 1890s,
378:Octave Chanute
306:
303:
264:
261:
249:
246:
117:
114:
113:
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4024:
4023:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3776:
3771:
3769:
3764:
3762:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3721:Airliners.net
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3704:0-8027-7691-4
3701:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3625:0-9690054-9-0
3622:
3618:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3605:1-56027-287-2
3602:
3598:
3595:Crane, Dale:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3573:
3569:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3539:
3536:
3531:
3529:1-84037-016-5
3525:
3521:
3514:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3489:0-87474-828-3
3486:
3482:
3476:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3442:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3416:
3414:0-9770966-0-2
3410:
3406:
3399:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3377:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3351:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3303:de Bie, Rob.
3300:
3297:
3292:
3290:0-87474-345-1
3286:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3200:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3125:1-900747-52-9
3121:
3117:
3116:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2945:Aulus Gellius
2941:
2938:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2876:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2732:weather radar
2729:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2688:two-way radio
2685:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2453:
2451:
2445:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2338:
2333:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2244:Jack Northrop
2240:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2171:motor gliders
2168:
2164:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2093:To travel at
2091:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2018:Configuration
2017:
2015:
2013:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1986:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1914:
1913:lifting force
1910:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1892:
1884:
1880:configuration
1879:
1876:(UAV) with a
1875:
1871:
1866:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1729:
1727:
1722:Cultural uses
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1672:kite buggying
1669:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1648:
1642:Kite traction
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1607:, as did the
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1499:
1496:
1488:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1454:This section
1452:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1431:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1231:
1230:Goat 1 glider
1226:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:motor gliders
1191:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1135:
1133:
1128:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1036:Motor gliders
1033:
1030:
1025:
1017:
1012:
1005:
1003:
1001:
1000:ground effect
995:
987:
982:
978:
975:
972:
968:
965:
962:
958:
955:
952:
948:
944:
941:
940:
939:
935:
927:
922:
917:
913:
909:
905:
902:
898:
894:
890:
889:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
864:
856:
854:
852:
848:
844:
835:
830:
822:
814:
811:
803:
793:
789:
783:
782:
777:This section
775:
771:
766:
765:
759:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
728:in 1956. The
727:
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
704:
699:
697:
693:
685:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
646:
643:
639:
635:
633:
629:
623:
615:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
594:radial engine
591:
587:
583:
577:
569:
567:
565:
561:
559:
555:
551:
550:Kurt Wintgens
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
522:
517:
513:
509:
507:
504:
500:
496:
493:
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
461:
456:
455:Santos-Dumont
452:
448:
446:
442:
438:
437:
432:
431:
426:
418:
414:
410:
407:
402:
394:
392:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
374:Percy Pilcher
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
346:
342:
338:
334:
332:
328:
324:
319:
316:
312:
304:
302:
300:
296:
289:
285:
280:
276:
274:
270:
262:
259:
255:
247:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
204:and tethered
203:
199:
195:
193:
192:wing morphing
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
158:, such as an
157:
153:
145:
140:
133:
130:
125:
121:
110:
107:
99:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
3851:autorotation
3744:
3695:
3689:Bibliography
3675:. Retrieved
3661:
3649:. Retrieved
3645:the original
3631:
3616:
3611:
3596:
3576:. Retrieved
3572:the original
3561:
3538:
3519:
3513:
3505:the original
3495:
3480:
3475:
3448:. Retrieved
3441:the original
3428:
3423:
3404:
3398:
3390:www.ecfr.gov
3389:
3379:
3367:. Retrieved
3363:the original
3357:
3350:
3341:
3322:
3314:
3299:
3276:
3270:
3257:
3249:
3234:
3215:
3207:
3202:
3190:. Retrieved
3186:the original
3177:
3167:
3148:
3142:
3114:
3107:
3099:
3085:
3076:
3069:. Retrieved
3058:
3049:
3041:
3034:. Retrieved
3020:
3010:
3005:
2986:
2974:
2955:
2949:LacusCurtius
2940:
2928:. Retrieved
2919:
2882:. Retrieved
2875:the original
2862:
2751:
2681:
2602:
2571:
2551:
2548:
2517:
2512:thrust lever
2478:
2463:
2449:
2446:Kite control
2432:
2413:
2409:
2386:US Air Force
2382:
2373:flight, or,
2348:
2345:Lifting body
2327:Lifting body
2313:
2309:
2295:Blended wing
2265:
2241:
2230:
2191:
2179:
2160:
2152:
2134:
2130:Rogallo wing
2123:
2092:
2088:aspect ratio
2081:
2076:Tandem wings
2061:
2053:quadruplanes
2046:
2043:
2008:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1974:Landing gear
1925:An-225 Mriya
1902:
1894:
1819:Fighter kite
1757:Cellular or
1744:Bermuda kite
1725:
1717:
1688:
1680:kite boating
1668:kite sailing
1656:
1652:kite surfing
1637:
1626:
1582:
1562:
1542:Applications
1529:
1518:
1491:
1482:
1467:Please help
1455:
1417:
1413:scale models
1399:
1392:
1375:
1339:
1336:Hang gliding
1318:flying wings
1315:
1300:
1266:
1242:hang gliders
1234:
1183:
1164:
1145:
1131:
1100:delta-winged
1089:
1078:
1066:
1043:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1027:
997:
943:Motor glider
937:
885:flying boats
881:float planes
866:
840:
806:
797:
786:Please help
781:verification
778:
742:Douglas DC-3
718:jet airliner
715:
700:
696:Chuck Yeager
689:
660:jet aircraft
658:. The first
653:
644:
636:
625:
616:World War II
582:Hugo Junkers
579:
562:
554:Fighter aces
532:
516:Curtiss NC-4
488:Bleriot VIII
485:
466:
434:
429:
422:
404:
382:
350:
320:
308:
292:
266:
196:
184:hang gliders
180:ornithopters
174:(in which a
151:
149:
120:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
3896:ornithopter
3192:28 December
2714:temperature
2428:Saab Viggen
2411:stability.
2355:flying wing
2305:Boeing X-48
2283:fly-by-wire
2211:Flying wing
2205:Flying wing
2163:flight crew
1824:Indoor kite
1764:Chapi-chapi
1684:Snow kiting
1663:power kites
1593:electricity
1569:observation
1419:Glide bombs
1405:polystyrene
1395:paper plane
1342:hang glider
1328:Hang glider
1276:C-47 Dakota
1096:flying wing
1092:Horten H.IV
1062:spaceplanes
1054:aerodynamic
961:hang glider
908:flying boat
893:float plane
754:Vietnam War
738:Airbus A380
680:Me 163B V18
656:jet engines
548:Lieutenant
538:machine gun
534:World War I
523:World War I
441:aeronautics
273:Muna Island
3960:hovercraft
3911:helicopter
3874:Rotor kite
3849:, etc. in
3847:Helicopter
3677:31 January
3060:Britannica
2884:2 February
2824:References
2818:Rotorcraft
2646:descending
2582:navigation
2496:direction.
2473:Cessna 150
2375:spacecraft
2371:hypersonic
2367:supersonic
2276:B-2 Spirit
2221:B-2 Spirit
2126:delta wing
2107:swept wing
2064:monoplanes
2057:multiplane
2055:and other
2012:cantilever
1854:Water kite
1808:Kite types
1787:Malay kite
1769:Delta kite
1749:Bowed kite
1710:Laddermill
1708:See also:
1567:, and for
1536:J.W. Dunne
1515:Rotor kite
1513:See also:
1409:balsa wood
1378:paraglider
1372:Paraglider
1291:Korean War
1056:research.
981:paraglider
971:paraglider
869:taking off
847:jet engine
800:March 2024
734:Boeing 747
730:Boeing 707
716:The first
645:Bachstelze
628:Blitzkrieg
503:Bleriot XI
471:designed,
399:See also:
295:Marco Polo
129:Boeing 737
96:March 2024
66:newspapers
3968:coleopter
3933:tiltrotor
3781:Types of
3578:3 October
3450:24 August
2855:Citations
2734:displays.
2661:direction
2627:altimeter
2554:autopilot
2416:empennage
2402:Empennage
2261:airlifter
2194:navigator
2095:transonic
2072:triplanes
2036:Captured
1989:Structure
1968:elevators
1885:Air frame
1878:twin-boom
1870:IAI Heron
1791:wau bulan
1789:see also
1589:lightning
1565:munitions
1456:does not
1437:in flight
1358:composite
1350:air frame
1287:drop zone
1284:parachute
1261:Waco CG-4
1148:sailplane
1136:Sailplane
951:sailplane
851:propeller
746:skydiving
672:Luftwaffe
492:monoplane
351:In 1799,
4005:Category
3953:Note 3:
3941:Note 2:
3929:tiltwing
3925:Note 1:
3907:Gyrodyne
3902:Autogyro
3892:Airplane
3883:Powered
3812:Aerodyne
3807:Aerostat
3783:aircraft
3671:Archived
3651:5 August
3546:Archived
3460:cite web
3369:21 March
3330:Archived
3308:Archived
3243:Archived
3223:Archived
3134:52566384
3093:Archived
3065:Archived
3030:Archived
2994:Archived
2964:Archived
2924:Archived
2840:airplane
2788:Aviation
2783:Airliner
2756:See also
2676:attitude
2642:climbing
2508:Throttle
2489:joystick
2378:re-entry
2363:subsonic
2359:fuselage
2263:design.
2254:and the
2237:fuselage
2149:Fuselage
2143:Fuselage
2084:planform
2068:Biplanes
2049:triplane
1934:fuselage
1891:Airframe
1782:bow kite
1778:parafoil
1759:box kite
1661:such as
1597:aircraft
1559:Military
1485:May 2024
1175:fuselage
921:sponsons
912:seaplane
897:fuselage
863:Seaplane
857:Seaplane
829:Airplane
711:Cold War
692:Bell X-1
499:joystick
389:box kite
315:Archytas
299:Malaysia
269:Sulawesi
242:remotely
238:unmanned
220:include
216:from an
160:airplane
156:aircraft
132:airliner
3976:Avrocar
3887:Airship
3837:balloon
3835:(Free)
3803:
3747:article
3743:a 1959
3071:26 July
3036:26 July
2930:20 June
2920:G-Kites
2633:(AMSL).
2578:engines
2529:Spoiler
2317:airfoil
2279:stealth
2185:Larger
2182:cockpit
2167:Gliders
1909:airfoil
1753:Rokkaku
1751:, e.g.
1730:Designs
1629:Marconi
1477:removed
1462:sources
1382:harness
1366:thermal
1311:airfoil
1256:A 1943
1190:cockpit
1160:gliding
1069:gliding
873:landing
845:from a
686:Postwar
649:U-boats
586:in 1915
540:-armed
506:Channel
430:Flyer I
341:Le Bris
323:gliders
309:Around
284:Bavaria
248:History
210:Powered
202:gliders
198:Gliding
80:scholar
3984:kytoon
3898:, etc.
3842:Glider
3787:thrust
3745:Flight
3702:
3623:
3603:
3526:
3487:
3411:
3287:
3155:
3132:
3122:
2914:Anon.
2710:thrust
2574:flight
2543:brakes
2500:Rudder
2435:canard
2369:, and
2014:wing.
1953:rudder
1872:is an
1834:Kytoon
1525:tether
1305:. The
1203:rotary
1199:piston
1167:aramid
1006:Glider
947:glider
901:floats
843:thrust
720:, the
481:14 bis
460:14-bis
358:glider
347:, 1868
218:engine
214:thrust
166:using
164:flight
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
3444:(PDF)
3437:(PDF)
3078:1799.
2878:(PDF)
2871:(PDF)
2829:Notes
2560:. An
2137:flaps
1981:Wings
1964:pitch
1802:Types
1344:is a
1258:USAAF
1109:Types
1046:winch
910:is a
760:Types
750:AC-47
345:Nadar
286:, by
263:Kites
234:pilot
206:kites
176:rotor
144:delta
87:JSTOR
73:books
3986:and
3978:and
3958:and
3869:Kite
3791:lift
3789:and
3700:ISBN
3679:2011
3653:2008
3621:ISBN
3601:ISBN
3580:2012
3554:NASA
3524:ISBN
3485:ISBN
3466:link
3452:2012
3409:ISBN
3371:2024
3285:ISBN
3194:2014
3153:ISBN
3130:OCLC
3120:ISBN
3073:2009
3038:2009
2932:2010
2886:2012
2670:The
2651:The
2636:The
2625:The
2614:The
2607:The
2535:Trim
2523:Flap
2493:yoke
2485:yoke
2483:The
2404:and
2351:lift
2337:X-24
2321:lift
2246:and
2223:, a
2173:and
2124:The
2116:Two
2082:The
2070:and
2028:Wing
2026:and
1923:The
1868:The
1774:Foil
1712:and
1611:and
1534:and
1521:drag
1509:Kite
1460:any
1458:cite
1435:kite
1425:Kite
1407:and
1362:soar
1320:and
1171:drag
1156:lift
1085:mass
1060:and
969:– a
959:– a
916:hull
883:and
871:and
752:, a
707:B-52
486:The
423:The
256:and
228:and
59:news
3931:or
2842:in
2723:or
2644:or
2510:or
2487:or
1949:yaw
1780:or
1591:is
1471:by
1356:or
1215:FAI
1209:or
1207:jet
949:or
849:or
790:by
42:by
4007::
3990:).
3974:,
3970:,
3927:A
3909:,
3894:,
3698:.
3588:^
3552:,
3462:}}
3458:{{
3388:.
3279:.
3176:.
3128:.
3075:.
3063:.
3057:.
3040:.
3028:.
2922:.
2918:.
2906:^
2894:^
2744:A
2737:A
2712:,
2708:,
2697:A
2686:A
2584:,
2580:,
2576:,
2270:.
1958:A
1943:A
1932:A
1776:,
1678:,
1674:,
1631:.
1619:.
1575:.
1527:.
1433:A
1393:A
1376:A
1340:A
1205:,
1201:,
1162:.
1048:.
1014:A
906:A
891:A
887:.
713:.
698:.
651:.
560:.
552:.
380:.
372:,
313:,
224:,
186:,
150:A
127:A
3774:e
3767:t
3760:v
3681:.
3655:.
3582:.
3532:.
3468:)
3454:.
3417:.
3392:.
3373:.
3293:.
3196:.
3161:.
3136:.
2934:.
2888:.
2727:.
2694:.
2667:.
2648:.
2622:.
1498:)
1492:(
1487:)
1483:(
1479:.
1465:.
1263:A
813:)
807:(
802:)
798:(
784:.
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
