129:
431:
166:
20:
250:(FAA) conducted testing and released a report which in summary states "... the release of hydrogen gas from these flameless ration heaters is of a sufficient quantity to pose a potential hazard on board a passenger aircraft." This testing was performed on commercial grade 'heater meals' which consisted of an unenclosed flameless heat pouch, a bag of salt water, a styrofoam saucer/tray and a meal in a sealed, microwavable/boilable bowl.
412:
2394:
174:
water is then added to the bag, using the line printed on the bag as a marker. The chemical reaction begins immediately, and takes about 12 to 15 minutes to heat a food pouch to about 60 °C (140 °F). It is recommended to place the bag within the cardboard carton the MRE is issued with to prevent injury, and to prop it upright so the water does not leak out and prematurely stop the reaction.
92:. This was slow, especially in cold weather, and was made more difficult in windy or wet conditions. It also produced a visible flame that was undesirable at night. Sometimes they heated the pouches by placing them on a hot vehicle's engine block or exhaust manifold. Because of these problems, service members frequently ate their meals cold due to a lack of a heating source or a lack of time or both.
672:
450:
266:. Un-activated MRE heaters pose a potential fire hazard if they become wet when turned in at a landfill site. MRE heaters must be disposed of in approved solid waste containers aboard the installation after they have been properly activated. The FRH can be disposed of as household waste after it is activated and cools down.
173:
The flameless ration heater is issued in a plastic bag with instructions printed on it. Inside the bag is a small quantity of metallic powders, which does the actual heating. To heat a meal, the bag is first torn open, and a sealed food pouch is placed inside. About 1 US fluid ounce (30 mL) of
217:
that can generate electricity. When water is added to a ration heater, it dissolves the salt to form a salt-water electrolyte, thereby turning each particle of magnesium and iron into a tiny battery. Because the magnesium and iron particles are in contact, they essentially become thousands of tiny
124:
fuel bar. 100% preferred the flameless ration heater: it was compact, disposable, and didn't require equipment to carry and clean. However, it was about twice as expensive as a trioxane fuel bar. Although, it was discovered that in cold climates, two or even three trioxane bars would be needed to
225:
The main disadvantage of the magnesium-based heaters is the production of hydrogen gas. While it is not often a risk when used in the field, it may pose a fire hazard for consumer use. Alternative formulations have been developed to eliminate the hydrogen gas, such as the combination of aluminum
136:
Other prototypes were developed, such as the
Mounted Ration Heating Device (MRHD), an electrical device that could be powered from a vehicle's power supply and used to heat up to four rations at once. The MRHD was generally preferred over the Zesto-Therm pads, but not all vehicles had the proper
221:
One brand of self-heating rations uses 7.5 grams of a powdered magnesium-iron alloy, consisting of 95% magnesium and 5% iron by weight, 0.5 grams of salt, in addition to an inert filler and anti-foaming agent. Upon adding one US fluid ounce (30 ml) of water, this mixture can raise the
111:
was contracted to develop it into a prototype MRE heater, which was called the
Dismounted Ration Heating Device (DRHD). The inventors later incorporated under the name Zesto-Therm Inc. and patented the meal heating product (now called the ZT Energy Pad), and began selling it for civilian use.
119:
evaluated the ZT Energy Pad and found that it did not always heat the food adequately and left a messy residue on the outside of the food pouches. A focus group of 26 soldiers was surveyed to compare heating an MRE with a Zesto-Therm pad compared to the canteen cup method heated with a
140:
A package needed to be developed to safely cook the food in while the chemical reaction was activated. Zesto-Therm already had a line of insulated cooking pouches on the market, but they were found to be too expensive and impractical to be issued with each MRE. A
205:
This reaction is analogous to iron being rusted by oxygen, and proceeds at about the same slow rate, which is too slow to generate usable heat. To accelerate the reaction, metallic iron particles and table salt (NaCl) are mixed with the magnesium particles.
152:
Once the design was finalized, the acquisition process was quickly completed. In May 1990, the FRH was approved for bulk issue. A process that normally takes four to six years to award contracts was instead completed in one year so the FRH could be used in
149:, would protect the chemical from accidental activation when stored, could withstand the temperatures required during cooking, and was transparent so the service member could easily measure a quantity of water by filling it to a line printed on the bag.
429:, Sergius S. Sergev, Stanley A. Black, James F. Jenkins, "Supercorroding galvanic cell alloys for generation of heat and gas", published 1981-04-28, assigned to The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
410:, Stanley A. Black & James F. Jenkins, "Powdered metal source for production of heat and hydrogen gas", published 1977-04-12, assigned to The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
132:
A Mounted Ration
Heating Device, a prototype Flameless Ration Heater. Service members would power the device using the attached cable and a running vehicle. Up to four MRE pouches could be heated at once.
157:. 51 million FRHs were purchased for $ 25 million, and approximately 4.5 million FRHs were shipped to Southwest Asia for the Gulf War. Beginning in 1993, one FRH was packaged with each MRE.
222:
temperature of a 8-ounce (230 g) meal packet by 100 °F (38 °C) in about 10 minutes, releasing approximately 50 kilojoules (47 BTU) of heat energy at about 80 watts.
96:
2432:
593:
848:
2417:
1982:
76:
began research into a chemical method to heating meals in 1973. The FRH was first issued in May 1990, and an FRH was included with each MRE since 1993.
372:
1892:
585:
1294:
803:
218:
short-circuited batteries which quickly burn out, producing heat in a process the patent holders call "supercorroding galvanic cells".
2278:
611:
84:
Before the development of the FRH, service members heated their meals by boiling the food pouches in a canteen cup heated over a lit
2248:
1096:
448:, Marc Lamensdorf, "Flameless heater and method of making same", published 1997-03-18, assigned to Truetech, Inc.
2218:
530:
1952:
1806:
1651:
651:
601:
501:
247:
107:
had developed a magnesium-iron alloy powder for buoyancy devices and heated diving vests. This was more cost efficient, so the
2057:
2168:
1121:
581:
103:. A patented water-activated magnesium-carbon chemical heating product was investigated. In 1980, Natick learned that the
1324:
770:
522:
2213:
2097:
1329:
1111:
40:
1856:
621:
2311:
2273:
2203:
2193:
1131:
991:
918:
833:
142:
137:
connections to power the device, and having a single device meant service members needed to take turns using it.
2198:
2067:
1666:
1086:
1056:
946:
495:"The Fire Safety Hazard of the Use of Flameless Ration Heaters Onboard Commercial Aircraft, DOT/FAA/AR-TN06/18"
108:
2228:
1851:
1771:
1631:
1159:
796:
379:
1947:
1656:
1359:
1091:
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146:
128:
44:
553:
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100:
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1051:
883:
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1841:
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1021:
740:
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66:
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1997:
1882:
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1106:
1006:
986:
981:
888:
789:
730:
116:
104:
73:
47:
165:
19:
2366:
2351:
2223:
2143:
2138:
2052:
2027:
2012:
1992:
1962:
1942:
1821:
1791:
1626:
1199:
1081:
1041:
923:
908:
863:
838:
263:
2422:
2381:
2371:
2188:
2017:
1972:
1932:
1922:
1786:
1701:
1481:
1379:
1274:
1249:
1164:
1116:
1061:
893:
858:
843:
828:
575:
275:
2341:
2336:
2316:
2238:
2158:
2113:
2077:
2032:
1967:
1937:
1691:
1676:
1581:
1476:
1374:
971:
868:
687:
656:
636:
259:
186:
reaction. Water oxidizes magnesium metal, according to the following chemical reaction:
2301:
2296:
2268:
2118:
2092:
2087:
1977:
1897:
1887:
1801:
1776:
1746:
1706:
1521:
1456:
1399:
1304:
1289:
1269:
1179:
1031:
1026:
951:
121:
89:
65:
powders and table salt. When a meal pouch is placed in the bag and water is added, an
2411:
2258:
2153:
2123:
2072:
2062:
2007:
1987:
1796:
1766:
1711:
1436:
1299:
1046:
873:
853:
641:
626:
214:
1902:
1831:
1761:
1751:
1741:
1726:
1661:
1566:
1446:
1426:
1419:
1409:
1404:
1309:
1234:
1204:
1169:
1136:
1036:
1011:
745:
722:
51:
465:
317:
169:
The instructions advise that the heater should rest against a "rock or something"
95:
The research and development into a flameless ration heater began in 1973 by the
2183:
2148:
2022:
1811:
1686:
1671:
1636:
1616:
1606:
1576:
1546:
1526:
1471:
1394:
1209:
1141:
1126:
1076:
961:
262:. Disposing of an un-activated MRE heater in a solid waste container is against
210:
343:
2263:
2243:
2133:
2002:
1927:
1816:
1731:
1596:
1556:
1531:
1496:
1466:
1389:
1364:
1314:
1184:
1016:
1001:
976:
956:
898:
671:
646:
494:
2356:
2163:
1957:
1846:
1836:
1826:
1781:
1756:
1601:
1486:
1441:
1384:
1151:
996:
928:
812:
58:
445:
426:
407:
471:. U.S. Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command Soldier Systems Center
2178:
2128:
2037:
1907:
1866:
1696:
1621:
1611:
1516:
1451:
1354:
1339:
1284:
1224:
1101:
1066:
966:
661:
616:
606:
349:. United States Army Natick Research, Development, and Engineering Center
323:. United States Army Natick Research, Development, and Engineering Center
258:
MRE heaters that have not been properly activated must be disposed of as
154:
1917:
1912:
1861:
1571:
1319:
1174:
318:"Development of the Flameless Ration Heater for the Meal, Ready-to-Eat"
182:
Ration heaters generate heat in an electron-transfer process called an
464:
Bell, William L.; Copeland, Robert J.; Shultz, Amy L. (January 2001).
2331:
1716:
1414:
1279:
1244:
1239:
1214:
1194:
85:
316:
Oleksyk, Lauren E.; Pickard, Donald; Trottier, Robert (April 1993).
1721:
1641:
1541:
1264:
183:
164:
127:
18:
1551:
1491:
1229:
62:
785:
579:
1646:
1349:
1344:
1334:
1219:
1189:
97:
U.S. Army Natick
Research, Development, and Engineering Center
342:
Popper, Richard; Kalick, Joan; Jezior, Barbara (April 1991).
781:
125:
adequately heat the meal, making the FRH cheaper overall.
344:"Evaluation of Alternative Concepts for Remote Feeding"
230:/CaO) and diphosphorous pentoxide with calcium oxide (P
69:
occurs which rapidly boils the water to heat the food.
246:
The United States
Department of Transportation (DOT)
466:"Applications of New Chemical Heat Sources, Phase 1"
2287:
2106:
1875:
1505:
1150:
937:
819:
763:
721:
686:
679:
592:
209:Iron and magnesium metals, when suspended in an
849:Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging
311:
797:
554:"How to safely use a Flameless Ration Heater"
309:
307:
305:
303:
301:
299:
297:
295:
293:
291:
8:
16:U.S. military self-heating ration technology
1983:Hazard analysis and critical control points
2433:Military equipment introduced in the 1990s
804:
790:
782:
683:
576:
523:"MRE (Meal, Ready-to-Eat) Heater Disposal"
402:
400:
366:
364:
1893:Automatic identification and data capture
57:The heater is a plastic bag filled with
287:
488:
486:
7:
1295:Flexible intermediate bulk container
2418:Military food of the United States
2279:Vertical form fill sealing machine
23:A pair of flameless ration heaters
14:
2249:Rotary wheel blow molding systems
1097:Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags
226:chloride with calcium oxide (AlCl
2393:
2392:
2219:Mechanical brake stretch wrapper
670:
531:Marine Corps Air Station Miramar
1953:Electronic article surveillance
1807:Shock and vibration data logger
1652:Linear low-density polyethylene
736:Unitized Group Ration – Express
502:Federal Aviation Administration
493:Summer, Steven M. (June 2006).
248:Federal Aviation Administration
2058:Radio-frequency identification
378:. Chem Matters. Archived from
1:
2169:Extended core stretch wrapper
1122:Single-serve coffee container
1325:Insulated shipping container
771:List of military food topics
371:Scott, Dan (February 1992).
2214:Material-handling equipment
2098:Verification and validation
1330:Intermediate bulk container
1112:Self-heating food packaging
145:bag was developed that was
41:self-heating food packaging
2449:
1857:Time temperature indicator
622:Parachute Emergency Ration
586:U.S. Department of Defense
2390:
2312:Environmental engineering
2274:Turntable stretch wrapper
2204:Lineshaft roller conveyor
2194:Injection molding machine
1132:Toothpaste pump dispenser
992:Disposable food packaging
834:Child-resistant packaging
668:
143:high-density polyethylene
2199:Label printer applicator
2068:Shearing (manufacturing)
1667:Low-density polyethylene
1087:Pharmaceutical packaging
1057:Low plastic water bottle
947:Alternative wine closure
109:University of Cincinnati
2229:Orbital stretch wrapper
1852:Temperature data logger
1772:Pressure-sensitive tape
1632:Humidity indicator card
1160:Aerosol spray dispenser
751:Flameless ration heater
29:flameless ration heater
1948:Die forming (plastics)
1657:Liquid packaging board
1360:Multilayered packaging
1092:Plastic milk container
1072:Optical disc packaging
170:
155:Operation Desert Storm
133:
24:
2377:Sustainable packaging
2327:Life-cycle assessment
2307:Closed-loop box reuse
2254:Seed-counting machine
1587:Corrugated fiberboard
1537:Biodegradable plastic
1260:Corrugated box design
914:Sustainable packaging
904:Shelf-ready packaging
879:Packaging engineering
696:Unitized Group Ration
446:US patent 5611329
427:US patent 4264362
408:US patent 4017414
242:Confined space hazard
168:
131:
101:Natick, Massachusetts
22:
2347:PET bottle recycling
2209:Logistics automation
1737:Plastic-coated paper
884:Resealable packaging
2399:Category: Packaging
2234:Packaging machinery
2043:Product development
1842:Tamper-evident band
1682:Modified atmosphere
1022:Foam food container
741:First Strike Ration
632:10-in-1 food parcel
184:oxidation-reduction
67:exothermic reaction
35:), colloquially an
2362:Reusable packaging
2322:Industrial ecology
2083:Ultrasonic welding
2048:Production control
1998:Injection moulding
1883:Aseptic processing
1592:Corrugated plastic
1462:Steel and tin cans
1432:Shipping container
1370:Packet (container)
1107:Seasonal packaging
1007:Evidence packaging
987:Currency packaging
982:Cosmetic packaging
889:Reusable packaging
731:Meal, Ready-to-Eat
594:Historical rations
171:
134:
48:Meal, Ready-to-Eat
25:
2405:
2404:
2367:Reverse logistics
2352:Plastic recycling
2224:Multihead weigher
2144:Cartoning machine
2139:Cap torque tester
2053:Quality assurance
2028:Plastic extrusion
1993:Induction sealing
1963:Extrusion coating
1822:Staple (fastener)
1792:Security printing
1627:Hot-melt adhesive
1200:Biodegradable bag
1042:Glass milk bottle
924:Tamper resistance
864:Package pilferage
839:Contract packager
779:
778:
759:
758:
558:luxfermagtech.com
264:United States law
178:Chemical reaction
2440:
2396:
2395:
2382:Waste management
2372:Source reduction
2189:Industrial robot
2093:Vacuum packaging
2018:Package tracking
1973:Glass production
1933:Corona treatment
1923:Containerization
1787:Screw cap (wine)
1702:Oxygen scavenger
1165:Aluminium bottle
1117:Screw cap (wine)
1062:Luxury packaging
894:Reuse of bottles
859:Package delivery
844:Edible packaging
829:Active packaging
806:
799:
792:
783:
701:Heat & Serve
684:
674:
577:
570:
569:
567:
565:
550:
544:
543:
541:
539:
534:. 29 August 2007
527:
519:
513:
512:
510:
508:
499:
490:
481:
480:
478:
476:
470:
461:
455:
454:
453:
449:
442:
436:
435:
434:
430:
423:
417:
416:
415:
411:
404:
395:
394:
392:
390:
384:
377:
368:
359:
358:
356:
354:
348:
339:
333:
332:
330:
328:
322:
313:
276:Active packaging
2448:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2386:
2342:Paper recycling
2337:Packaging waste
2317:Glass recycling
2289:
2283:
2239:Pallet inverter
2159:Conveyor system
2114:Barcode printer
2102:
2078:Track and trace
2033:Plastic welding
1968:Flame treatment
1938:Curtain coating
1871:
1692:Nonwoven fabric
1677:Metallised film
1582:Container glass
1509:
1507:
1501:
1477:Tub (container)
1375:Padded envelope
1146:
972:Case-ready meat
939:
933:
869:Package testing
821:
815:
810:
780:
775:
755:
717:
688:Garrison ration
680:Current rations
675:
666:
657:P-38 can opener
637:Mountain ration
588:
574:
573:
563:
561:
560:. 4 August 2021
552:
551:
547:
537:
535:
525:
521:
520:
516:
506:
504:
497:
492:
491:
484:
474:
472:
468:
463:
462:
458:
451:
444:
443:
439:
432:
425:
424:
420:
413:
406:
405:
398:
388:
386:
385:on 12 July 2020
382:
375:
370:
369:
362:
352:
350:
346:
341:
340:
336:
326:
324:
320:
315:
314:
289:
284:
272:
260:hazardous waste
256:
244:
237:
233:
229:
201:
197:
193:
180:
163:
82:
39:, is a form of
17:
12:
11:
5:
2446:
2444:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2410:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2302:Can collecting
2299:
2297:Biodegradation
2293:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2269:Tape dispenser
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2119:Barcode reader
2116:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2088:Vacuum forming
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1978:Graphic design
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1898:Blow fill seal
1895:
1890:
1888:Authentication
1885:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1802:Shock detector
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1777:Pump dispenser
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1747:Plastic pallet
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1707:Package handle
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1522:Aluminium foil
1519:
1513:
1511:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1457:Stand-up pouch
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1400:Plastic bottle
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1305:Folding carton
1302:
1297:
1292:
1290:Euro container
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1270:Disposable cup
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1180:Antistatic bag
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1032:Fuel container
1029:
1027:Food packaging
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
952:Ammunition box
949:
943:
941:
935:
934:
932:
931:
926:
921:
919:Tamper-evident
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
825:
823:
817:
816:
811:
809:
808:
801:
794:
786:
777:
776:
774:
773:
767:
765:
761:
760:
757:
756:
754:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
727:
725:
719:
718:
716:
715:
714:
713:
708:
703:
692:
690:
681:
677:
676:
669:
667:
665:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
602:Civil War food
598:
596:
590:
589:
580:
572:
571:
545:
514:
482:
456:
437:
418:
396:
360:
334:
286:
285:
283:
280:
279:
278:
271:
268:
255:
252:
243:
240:
235:
231:
227:
203:
202:
199:
195:
191:
179:
176:
162:
159:
90:portable stove
81:
78:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2445:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2400:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
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2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2259:Shrink tunnel
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2154:Check weigher
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2124:Bottling line
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2073:Thermoforming
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2063:Roll slitting
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:Laser cutting
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1988:Hermetic seal
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
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1946:
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1941:
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1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1797:Security tape
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1767:Polypropylene
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1712:Packaging gas
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
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1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
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1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1437:Shipping tube
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
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1398:
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1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1300:Flexible tank
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
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1278:
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1223:
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1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
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1168:
1166:
1163:
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1157:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1143:
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1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
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1078:
1075:
1073:
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1068:
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1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
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1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
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993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
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975:
973:
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968:
965:
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958:
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953:
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948:
945:
944:
942:
936:
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927:
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922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
874:Package theft
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
854:Overpackaging
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
826:
824:
818:
814:
807:
802:
800:
795:
793:
788:
787:
784:
772:
769:
768:
766:
762:
752:
749:
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742:
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734:
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724:
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691:
689:
685:
682:
678:
673:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
642:Jungle ration
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
627:5-in-1 ration
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
599:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
578:
559:
555:
549:
546:
533:
532:
524:
518:
515:
503:
496:
489:
487:
483:
467:
460:
457:
447:
441:
438:
428:
422:
419:
409:
403:
401:
397:
381:
374:
367:
365:
361:
345:
338:
335:
319:
312:
310:
308:
306:
304:
302:
300:
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296:
294:
292:
288:
281:
277:
274:
273:
269:
267:
265:
261:
253:
251:
249:
241:
239:
223:
219:
216:
215:galvanic cell
212:
207:
189:
188:
187:
185:
177:
175:
167:
160:
158:
156:
150:
148:
144:
138:
130:
126:
123:
118:
113:
110:
106:
102:
98:
93:
91:
87:
79:
77:
75:
70:
68:
64:
60:
55:
53:
49:
46:
45:U.S. military
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
2288:Environment,
1903:Blow molding
1832:Stretch wrap
1762:Polyethylene
1752:Plastic wrap
1742:Plastic film
1727:Paper pallet
1662:Living hinge
1567:Coated paper
1447:Spray bottle
1427:Security bag
1420:Water sachet
1410:Salvage drum
1405:Retort pouch
1310:Glass bottle
1205:Blister pack
1170:Aluminum can
1137:Water bottle
1037:Gas cylinder
1012:Field ration
909:Shelf-stable
750:
746:Soldier Fuel
723:Field ration
562:. Retrieved
557:
548:
536:. Retrieved
529:
517:
505:. Retrieved
473:. Retrieved
459:
440:
421:
389:12 September
387:. Retrieved
380:the original
351:. Retrieved
337:
325:. Retrieved
257:
245:
224:
220:
208:
204:
181:
172:
151:
139:
135:
115:In 1986 the
114:
94:
83:
71:
56:
54:since 1993.
43:included in
36:
32:
28:
26:
2184:Heat sealer
2149:Case sealer
2023:Papermaking
1943:Die cutting
1908:Calendering
1812:Shrink wrap
1687:Molded pulp
1672:Meat diaper
1637:Kraft paper
1617:Foam peanut
1607:Double seam
1577:Coextrusion
1547:Bubble wrap
1527:Bail handle
1472:Thermal bag
1395:Plastic bag
1210:Boil-in-bag
1142:Wine bottle
1127:Spray paint
1082:Popcorn bag
1077:Oyster pail
962:Beer bottle
373:"Hot Meals"
211:electrolyte
2412:Categories
2264:Staple gun
2244:Palletizer
2134:Can seamer
2003:Lamination
1928:Converting
1817:Slip sheet
1732:Paperboard
1597:Cushioning
1557:Cellophane
1532:Bioplastic
1510:components
1497:Wooden box
1467:Tetra Brik
1390:Paper sack
1365:Multi-pack
1315:Gunny sack
1185:Bag-in-box
1152:Containers
1017:Flour sack
1002:Egg carton
977:Coffee bag
957:Banana box
899:Shelf life
652:MCI ration
647:LRP ration
564:16 October
538:16 October
475:8 February
353:6 February
327:6 February
282:References
194:O → Mg(OH)
37:MRE heater
2428:Packaging
2357:Recycling
2164:Drum pump
2107:Machinery
1958:Extrusion
1876:Processes
1847:Tear tape
1837:Susceptor
1827:Strapping
1782:Screw cap
1757:Polyester
1602:Desiccant
1506:Materials
1487:Unit load
1442:Skin pack
1385:Paper bag
1255:Clamshell
997:Drink can
929:Wrap rage
813:Packaging
213:, form a
147:food safe
117:U.S. Army
105:U.S. Navy
74:U.S. Army
59:magnesium
2290:post-use
2179:Heat gun
2129:Calender
2038:Printing
1867:Velostat
1862:Tinplate
1697:Overwrap
1622:Gel pack
1612:Flip-top
1517:Adhesive
1452:Squround
1355:Mesh bag
1340:Jerrycan
1285:Envelope
1225:Bulk box
1102:Sand bag
1067:Milk bag
1052:Juicebox
967:Box wine
940:packages
711:M Option
706:A Option
662:Mess kit
617:K-ration
612:D-ration
607:C-ration
270:See also
254:Disposal
122:trioxane
2423:Heaters
2013:Molding
1918:Coating
1913:Canning
1572:Coating
1562:Closure
1320:Inhaler
1175:Ampoule
1047:Growler
938:Product
820:General
584:of the
582:Rations
507:9 March
238:/CaO).
190:Mg + 2H
88:gel or
80:History
52:rations
2397:
2332:Litter
2174:Filler
1717:Pallet
1415:Sachet
1280:Endcap
1245:Carton
1240:Carboy
1215:Bottle
1195:Barrel
822:topics
452:
433:
414:
86:Sterno
50:(MRE)
1722:Paper
1642:Label
1542:BoPET
1265:Crate
764:Misc.
526:(PDF)
498:(PDF)
469:(PDF)
383:(PDF)
376:(PDF)
347:(PDF)
321:(PDF)
161:Usage
1552:Bung
1492:Vial
1482:Tube
1380:Pail
1275:Drum
1250:Chub
1235:Case
1230:Cage
566:2023
540:2023
509:2008
477:2024
391:2014
355:2024
329:2014
72:The
63:iron
61:and
1647:Lid
1508:and
1350:Keg
1345:Jug
1335:Jar
1220:Box
1190:Bag
198:+ H
99:in
33:FRH
2414::
556:.
528:.
500:.
485:^
399:^
363:^
290:^
27:A
805:e
798:t
791:v
568:.
542:.
511:.
479:.
393:.
357:.
331:.
236:5
234:O
232:2
228:3
200:2
196:2
192:2
31:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
