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250:, but was unable to do so because the U.S. acknowledged that Japan held "residual sovereignty" over the islands. USCAR eventually allowed special conditions on when the Okinawans could fly the Japanese flag, although Okinawans then fought for an unconditional right. To counter this, USCAR attempted to create a Ryukyuan national flag. The Americans believed that the new flag, which was based on the family crest of the Shō Dynasty which had ruled the Ryukyu Kingdom, would stir a Ryukyuan
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128:
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254:. USCAR displayed the flag at the Ryukyu-American Friendship Centers, but was soon disappointed with the Okinawans' apathy toward the former royal family's symbol. Most people did not even know what the symbol stood for. The unofficial and informal experiment went largely unnoticed by Okinawans.
201:
to China. Official ships bound for
Satsuma thereafter displayed a Japanese-style banner featuring the Shō Dynasty's family crest while private ships were forbidden to do so. Hidenobu Itai, an expert on pre-modern Japanese ships, conjectured that by following the Japanese practice, Ryukyu was
228:(1854) and a couple of other flag atlases published in Japan from the end of the Edo period to the beginning of the Meiji period. The flag featured a white field with a black mitsudomoe, blue triskelion, and a black vertical line below the crest with a thin red line running through it.
235:(1946). The book was written by Chōchin Yara (1895–1957) and was mimeographed in Nara, to which he had fled in World War II. He claimed that the flag had been the national flag of the Ryukyu Kingdom; he produced a physical flag that he claimed he hid from the Japanese before the war.
257:
In the immediate aftermath of the war, Okinawan merchant ships adopted the D pennant as a naval ensign. However, because the pennant was not recognized as a naval ensign and was not well known, many ships flying the pennant were seized. Eventually USCAR made the
196:
conjectured that the Hidari Gomon was prominently displayed on flags, banners, and soldiers' uniforms. After being defeated by
Satsuma, Ryukyu was allowed to retain its status as an autonomous kingdom, maintaining its traditional
92:
shrine and taking the divine name of
Hachiman-aji in response to his victory. Corroborating this was the discovery of a wooden coffin inscribed with a mitsudomoe and the year 1500 found in the Momojana tombs in Northern Okinawa.
242:(USCAR) in 1954. The American government used the flag unofficially and informally for a brief period of time in 1954 but never officially adopted it. The flag was part of USCAR's effort in reversing the
398:
288:
as the flag of the Ryukyu
Kingdom. He was unable to find contemporary sources in which the flag is used as the national flag. He argued that, as a pre-modern polity, Ryukyu had no notion of a
206:
in fact acquiesced in Ryukyu's dual fealty, because it remained a trade conduit between China and Japan, affording the
Shimazu a loophole in the restrictions on foreign trade imposed by the
239:
246:
of
Okinawa and to counter the then-intensifying Okinawan reversion movement by recreating a “Ryukyuan” identity. At first, USCAR tried to impose the complete ban on the display of the
213:. Itai further claims that because Ryukyu was ordered to conceal from China its subjugation to Satsuma, the banner is highly unlikely to have been flown during voyages to China.
158:
101:
266:
in protest. In 1967, a new naval ensign was approved for use by
Okinawans by USCAR; it was the flag of Japan with a pennant that read "Ryukyus" and "琉球" (
273:
After the Ryukyu
Islands were returned to Japan in 1972, Okinawa Prefecture was re-established and the current flag of Okinawa Prefecture was adopted.
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567:
615:
639:
127:
216:
In 1797, a privately owned ship chartered by the kingdom was wrecked on its way to
Satsuma and in the next year eventually drifted to
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568:"那覇 泊港?那覇港? 全琉船舶に新船舶旗掲揚 1967年7月1日 All Ryukyuan ships hold new civil ensign at Tomari port or Naha port in Naha, July 1, 1967"
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132:
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224:. The flag it was flying was labeled as the "flag of Ryukyu" (琉玖; note the non-standard choice of the second character) in the
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277:
384:
429:
259:
545:
634:
198:
571:
510:
The United States
Military Occupation of Okinawa: Politicizing and Contesting Okinawan Identity, 1945–1955
281:
109:
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122:
89:
72:. The adoption of the Hidari Gomon is attested to the last ruler of Okinawa's First Shō Dynasty, King
403:『那覇港図屏風』にみる19世紀那覇港の船 (19th Century Boats in Naha Port as Depicted in the Naha Port Folding Screen)"
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the naval ensign for ships from the Ryukyu Islands, but many Okinawans opted for the
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434:沖縄県立博物館・美術館所蔵「琉球船の図」と関連資料 ("Painting of Ryūkyū's ship" and its Related Documents)"
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Okinawa kenritsu hakubutsukan bijutsukan shozō "Ryūkyū sen no zu" to kanren shiryō
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524:"沖繩船舶旗問題（昭和42年 わが外交の近況） Okinawa Ships issue (Our diplomacy 1967)"
441:
Okinawa kenritsu hakubutsukan hakubutsukan kiyō 沖縄県立博物館・美術館・博物館紀要
292:. He raised concern about the circulation of misinformation.
231:
Another Ryukyuan flag appeared in a historical novel titled
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displaying its allegiance to Satsuma. The ruling Satsuma
382:
The Oklinawa Problem: A chapter in Japan-U.S. relations,
240:
United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands
353:
Tanigawa Ken'ichi 谷川健一, Orikuchi Shinobu 折口信夫 (2012).
546:"琉球刑法並びに訴訟手続法典（一九五五年） Criminal code of Ryukyu 1955"
401:"Naha-kō zu byōbu" ni miru 19 seiki Naha-kō no fune
84:, adopted Hachiman's symbol and led an invasion of
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501:
31:
276:In 2012, Daisaku Kina, a part-time curator at
238:Yara's flag was similar to one created by the
65:
25:
8:
105:XIX century graphic depicting a Ryukyan ship
371:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2009. Pg 6-20.
58:The first historical national symbol was a
482:
480:
460:
458:
136:Unofficial naval ensign of Ryukyu in 1946
603:Okinawa: The History of an Island People
369:The Samurai Capture a King: Okinawa 1609
80:who worshipped the Japanese god of war,
38:is a number of flags that represent the
318:
357:(in Japanese). pp. 46–47, 92–104.
7:
325:
233:Ryūkyū shigeki: Tomoebata no akebono
465:Kina Daisaku 喜納大作 (12 June 2012). "
118:Merchant flag used by tribute ships
490:Nichibei kankei no naka no Okinawa
14:
76:. The King, possibly inspired by
342:(in Japanese). pp. 227–232.
175:
162:
157:
144:
131:
126:
113:
508:Obermiller, David John (2006).
494:(in Japanese). pp. 98–104.
149:A flag created by USCAR in 1954
167:Civil ensign of Ryukyu in 1967
1:
570:(in Japanese). Archived from
355:Ryūkyū ōken no genryū 琉球王権の源流
338:Yoshinari Naoki 吉成直樹 (2011).
467:Maboroshi no Ryūkyū ōkoku ki
407:Hikaku minzoku kenkyū 比較民俗研究
88:in 1467, later building the
640:Flags of indigenous peoples
428:Saigusa Daigo 三枝大悟 (2017).
397:Itai Hidenobu 板井英伸 (2008).
278:Naha City Museum of History
32:
656:
487:Gabe Masaaki 我部政明 (1996).
409:(in Japanese) (22): 93–136
385:Melbourne University Press
180:Flag of Okinawa Prefecture
443:(in Japanese) (11): 51–64
260:Flag of the United States
66:
26:
340:Ryūkyū no seiritsu 琉球の成立
270:for "Ryukyu") above it.
284:about the flag used on
220:, a port in modern-day
184:Around the time of the
62:called the Hidari Gomon
199:tributary relationship
181:
168:
150:
137:
119:
106:
280:, wrote a column for
174:
156:
143:
125:
112:
104:
252:nationalistic spirit
512:. pp. 358–364.
367:Turnbull, Stephen.
226:Bankoku Hakuki Zufu
211:isolationist policy
192:in 1609, historian
471:Ryūkyū Shimpō 琉球新報
268:Chinese characters
186:Invasion of Ryukyu
182:
169:
151:
138:
120:
107:
617:978-1-462-90184-5
608:Tuttle Publishing
574:on August 1, 2009
60:three-comma shape
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222:Chiba Prefecture
194:Stephen Turnbull
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97:Historical usage
90:Asato Hachimangū
78:Japanese pirates
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29:
28:
655:
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598:Kerr, George H.
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380:Akio Watanabe,
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324:
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286:Knowledge (XXG)
99:
63:
56:
48:Ryukyuan people
23:
17:
16:Flags of Ryukyu
12:
11:
5:
653:
651:
643:
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637:
635:Flags of Japan
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473:(in Japanese).
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328:, p. 101.
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190:Satsuma Domain
98:
95:
55:
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44:Ryukyu Islands
40:Ryukyu Kingdom
21:flag of Ryukyu
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548:(in Japanese)
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526:(in Japanese)
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307:Flag of Japan
305:
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302:Flag of China
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290:national flag
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283:
282:Ryūkyū Shimpō
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248:flag of Japan
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576:. Retrieved
572:the original
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550:. Retrieved
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445:. Retrieved
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244:Japanization
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204:Shimazu clan
183:
86:Kikai Island
57:
20:
18:
578:December 8,
387:1970 pp.6-7
33:Ryūkyū bata
629:Categories
552:8 December
530:8 December
492:日米関係のなかの沖縄
469:幻の琉球王国旗".
46:, and the
600:(2011) .
326:Kerr 2011
313:Citations
447:June 17,
413:June 17,
296:See also
264:Hinomaru
208:Tokugawa
82:Hachiman
74:Shō Toku
591:Sources
54:Origins
614:
218:Chōshi
42:, the
437:(PDF)
612:ISBN
580:2007
554:2007
532:2007
449:2018
415:2018
19:The
188:by
67:左御紋
27:琉球旗
631::
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606:.
500:^
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457:^
439:.
405:.
50:.
30:,
620:.
582:.
556:.
534:.
451:.
430:"
417:.
399:"
70:)
64:(
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24:(
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