76:
42:
245:
490:. In modern classifications of the protists, the principal flagellated taxa are placed in the following eukaryote groups, which include also non-flagellated forms (where "A", "F", "P" and "S" stands for autotrophic, free-living heterotrophic, parasitic and symbiotic, respectively):
471:
Protomastigineae, in which absorption of food-particles in holozoic nutrition occurs at a localised point of the cell surface, often at a cytostome, although many groups were merely saprophytes; it included the majority of colourless flagellates, and even many "apochlorotic"
60:
1138:. Vol. I. Introduction, Chlorophyceae. Xanthophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Dinophyceae, Chloromonadineae, Euglenineae, Colourless Flagellata. 1935. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press,
260:
An overview of the occurrence of flagellated cells in eukaryote groups, as specialized cells of multicellular organisms or as life cycle stages, is given below (see also the article
1207:
Patterson, D.J., Vørs, N., Simpson, A.G.B. & O'Kelly, C., 2000. Residual Free-living and
Predatory Heterotrophic Flagellates. In: Lee, J.J., Leedale, G.F. & Bradbury, P.
219:). Often there is one directed forwards and one trailing behind. Many parasites that affect human health or economy are flagellates in at least one stage of life cycle, such as
478:
Distomatineae, a group of binucleate "double individuals" with symmetrically distributed flagella and, in many species, two symmetrical mouths; roughly corresponds to current
452:), sometimes divided into Phytoflagellata (= Phytomastigina, mostly autotrophic) and Zooflagellata (= Zoomastigina, heterotrophic). They were sometimes grouped with
213:. They may also be used to create a current that brings in food. In most such organisms, one or more flagella are located at or near the anterior of the cell (e.g,
120:
and their means of motion. The term presently does not imply any specific relationship or classification of the organisms that possess flagella. However, several
1103:
Understanding the evolution of aggregative multicellularity : a molecular phylogenetic study of the cellular slime mold genera sorodiplophrys and pocheina
1318:
1288:
1212:
475:
Pantostomatineae (or
Rhizomastigineae), in which the absorption takes place at any point on the cell surface; roughly corresponds to "amoeboflagellates";
991:"Use of monoclonal antibodies to distinguish pathogenic Naegleria fowleri (cysts, trophozoites, or flagellate forms) from other Naegleria species"
1139:
1111:
1234:
1311:
463:
The autotrophic flagellates were grouped similarly to the botanical schemes used for the corresponding algae groups. The
1304:
1153:"A Short Guide to Common Heterotrophic Flagellates of Freshwater Habitats Based on the Morphology of Living Organisms"
202:
and closely related plants do so. Likewise, most fungi do not produce cells with flagellae, but the primitive fungal
774:
769:
Although the taxonomic group
Flagellata was abandoned, the term "flagellate" is still used as the description of a
249:
1196:
2013:
1267:
121:
1246:
Mikryukov, K.A. (2001). Heliozoa as a component of marine microbenthos: a study of
Heliozoa of the White Sea.
2253:
147:
in a characteristic arrangement, with nine fused pairs surrounding two central singlets. These arise from a
2450:
2389:
2328:
2042:
2510:
2500:
2410:
2401:
51:
2505:
2394:
778:
2338:
332:
175:
1211:. Society of Protozoologists/Allen Press: Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A, 2nd ed., vol. 2, p. 1302-1328,
544:
1419:
912:
827:
761:
464:
381:
34:
This article is about eukaryotic flagellates. For bacterial flagella and their differences, see
2384:
2343:
1230:
1174:
1117:
1107:
1028:
1010:
971:
953:
904:
860:
635:
457:
238:
1987:
1063:
770:
2358:
2202:
2149:
2101:
2060:
2025:
2018:
1955:
1832:
1758:
1164:
1018:
1002:
961:
943:
896:
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587:
540:
520:
284:
129:
112:
also describes a particular construction (or level of organization) characteristic of many
2134:
1366:
1282:
344:
1049:. The Systematics Association Special Volume 59. Taylor and Francis, London. pp. 269–287.
1045:
Raven, J.A. 2000. The flagellate condition. In: (B.S.C. Leadbeater and J.C. Green, eds)
887:
Hibbett; et al. (2007). "A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi".
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75:
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989:
Sparagano, O.; Drouet, E.; Brebant, R.; Manet, E.; Denoyel, G. A.; Pernin, P. (1993).
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1916:
1768:
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1331:
1327:
930:
Dash, Manoswini; Sachdeva, Sherry; Bansal, Abhisheka; Sinha, Abhinav (2022-06-15).
916:
752:
684:
631:
595:
536:
502:
487:
398:
353:
328:
292:
160:
20:
818:, simultaneously or sequentially, while the helioflagellates (e.g., the cercozoan
41:
1225:
1169:
1152:
900:
2465:
2440:
2428:
2243:
2197:
1998:
1965:
1945:
1866:
1779:
1650:
1618:
1556:
1546:
1481:
1456:
1404:
1387:
803:
789:
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688:
625:
532:
516:
506:
393:
363:
340:
336:
320:
272:
227:
195:
183:
144:
79:
1083:
163:, or contain rods. Their ultrastructure plays an important role in classifying
2479:
2474:
2455:
2445:
2423:
2079:
1823:
1794:
1722:
1701:
1587:
1572:
1460:
1414:
948:
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410:
377:
296:
233:
210:
199:
171:
148:
113:
59:
1121:
1084:
The chastity of amoebae: re-evaluating evidence for sex in amoeboid organisms
1014:
957:
237:. Flagellates are the major consumers of primary and secondary production in
178:, a flagellate is an organism with one or more flagella. Some cells in other
2460:
2333:
2323:
2187:
2169:
2144:
2113:
2074:
1926:
1906:
1892:
1871:
1799:
1696:
1679:
1582:
1561:
1507:
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1399:
1378:
815:
724:
697:
666:
611:
554:
453:
406:
389:
349:
288:
276:
261:
221:
191:
186:
of most animal phyla. Flowering plants do not produce flagellate cells, but
164:
156:
152:
117:
105:
101:
35:
1191:
Patterson, D.J. (2000). Flagellates: Heterotrophic
Protists With Flagella.
1178:
975:
908:
1032:
864:
244:
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2260:
2225:
2154:
2139:
2129:
2008:
1931:
1882:
1846:
1813:
1727:
1639:
1536:
1491:
1371:
1351:
831:
811:
740:
692:
658:
650:
641:
575:
570:
467:
flagellates were customarily grouped in three groups, highly artificial:
441:
420:
402:
373:
359:
324:
203:
140:
64:
851:
Cavalier-Smith T. (1995). "Zooflagellate phylogeny and classification".
2289:
2270:
1789:
1743:
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1335:
646:
424:
414:
215:
28:
24:
2192:
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1753:
1629:
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1101:
603:
316:
305:
280:
179:
2164:
1732:
1394:
300:
243:
74:
58:
40:
1281:
932:"Gametogenesis in Plasmodium: Delving Deeper to Connect the Dots"
187:
97:
1300:
1082:
Lahr DJ, Parfrey LW, Mitchell EA, Katz LA, Lara E (July 2011).
206:
do. Many protists take the form of single-celled flagellates.
1062:(3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 23–24,
877:
Philip E. Pack, Ph.D., Cliff's Notes: AP Biology 4th edition.
16:
Group of protists with at least one whip-like appendage
814:
organization, in which cells may present flagella and
1223:
Hoek, C. van den, Mann, D.G. and Jahns, H.M. (1995).
256:
Flagellates as specialized cells or life cycle stages
2375:
2309:
2234:
2211:
2178:
2111:
1985:
1978:
1953:
1944:
1914:
1905:
1880:
1854:
1845:
1821:
1812:
1777:
1741:
1710:
1687:
1678:
1648:
1627:
1609:
1600:
1570:
1544:
1535:
1505:
1479:
1444:
1435:
1428:
1342:
1273:Leadbeater, B.S.C. & Green, J.C., eds. (2000).
151:. In some flagellates, flagella direct food into a
796:The amoeboflagellates (e.g., the rhizarian genus
936:Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
1275:The Flagellates. Unity, diversity and evolution
1047:The flagellates. Unity, diversity and evolution
486:Presently, these groups are known to be highly
1312:
8:
1136:The Structure and Reproduction of the Algae
1982:
1950:
1911:
1851:
1818:
1684:
1606:
1541:
1441:
1432:
1319:
1305:
1297:
1266:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1229:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
1168:
1151:Jeuck, Alexandra; Arndt, Hartmut (2013).
1022:
965:
947:
1106:. University of Arkansas, Fayetteville.
777:. Another term used is "monadoid", from
436:Flagellates as organisms: the Flagellata
241:- consuming bacteria and other protists.
843:
159:. Flagella often support hairs, called
96:is a cell or organism with one or more
440:In older classifications, flagellated
810:) have a peculiar type of flagellate/
7:
1209:An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa
182:may be flagellate, for instance the
132:") are more formally characterized.
793:and in the groups as listed above.
124:of the term "flagellate" (such as "
1226:Algae An Introduction to Phycology
1058:Webster, J & Weber, R (2007).
327:(assexual zoospores and gametes),
14:
1007:10.1128/jcm.31.10.2758-2763.1993
995:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
209:Flagella are generally used for
765:(F), and about a hundred genera
143:in eukaryotes are supported by
2066:Membranous/thalloid/foliaceous
1:
2036:Tetrasporal/capsal/palmelloid
1277:. Taylor and Francis, London.
417:fungi (zoospores and gametes)
1170:10.1016/j.protis.2013.08.003
901:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004
775:ecological functional group
757:collodictyonids/diphylleids
2527:
537:raphidophytes/chloromonads
33:
18:
949:10.3389/fcimb.2022.877907
753:spironemids/hemimastigids
380:(zoospores and gametes),
323:(zoospores and gametes),
1357:Mastigophora/Flagellates
1268:Medical Subject Headings
1100:Tice, Alexander (2015).
689:Preaxostyla/anaeromonads
456:(ameboids) in the group
155:or mouth, where food is
19:Not to be confused with
2395:Baas-Becking hypothesis
1289:Encyclopædia Britannica
250:Encyclopædia Britannica
2390:Microbial biogeography
1292:(11th ed.). 1911.
820:heliomonads/dimorphids
727:incertae sedis :
600:heliomonads/dimorphids
252:
89:
72:
56:
1410:Fungus-like organisms
1060:Introduction to Fungi
771:level of organization
378:plasmodiophoromycetes
295:(male gametes), some
247:
78:
62:
44:
2125:Simple cell membrane
2061:Pseudoparenchymatous
2049:Filamentous/trichal/
2033:Colonial flagellated
1966:Collar of microvilli
830:) have a flagellate/
366:(probably gametes),
2339:Contractile vacuole
2290:Meiosis in protists
2271:Mitosis in protists
2249:Multinucleate cells
1471:Flagellar apparatus
1420:Ambiregnal protists
1362:Sarcodina/Amoeboids
1090:278 (1715): 2083–6.
822:, the stramenopile
382:chlorarachniophytes
333:labyrinthulomycetes
176:microscopic animals
2170:Periplast/pellicle
1893:Periplast/pellicle
1833:Cruciform division
1283:"Flagellata"
1073:Adl et al. (2012).
802:, some amoebozoan
335:(zoospores), some
309:, as male gametes)
253:
248:"Flagellata" from
239:aquatic ecosystems
90:
73:
57:
52:Artforms of Nature
45:"Flagellata" from
2488:
2487:
2385:Microbial ecology
2371:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2344:Eyespot apparatus
1974:
1973:
1956:Choanoflagellates
1940:
1939:
1901:
1900:
1841:
1840:
1808:
1807:
1674:
1673:
1596:
1595:
1531:
1530:
1113:978-1-321-68823-8
1001:(10): 2758–2763.
636:choanoflagellates
541:silicoflagellates
458:Sarcomastigophora
136:Form and behavior
2518:
2359:Mastigont system
2312:
2237:
2214:
2203:Gliding motility
2181:
2118:
2063:/plektenchymatic
2019:Amoeboflagellate
1992:
1983:
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1125:
1097:
1091:
1088:Proc. Biol. Sci.
1080:
1074:
1071:
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1043:
1037:
1036:
1026:
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980:
979:
969:
951:
927:
921:
920:
884:
878:
875:
869:
868:
848:
806:, some excavate
444:were grouped in
345:eustigmatophytes
319:(male gametes),
291:(male gametes),
285:Zygnematophyceae
130:choanoflagellata
2526:
2525:
2521:
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2517:
2516:
2515:
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1897:
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1822:
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1742:
1737:
1713:Dinoflagellates
1711:
1706:
1688:
1670:
1649:
1644:
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1623:
1610:
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1571:
1566:
1545:
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1475:
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1345:classifications
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1325:
1280:
1260:
1255:
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1222:
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1202:
1190:
1186:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1133:
1129:
1114:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1040:
988:
987:
983:
929:
928:
924:
886:
885:
881:
876:
872:
859:(11): 1010–29.
850:
849:
845:
840:
773:and also as an
737:kathablepharids
671:heteroloboseans
663:trypanosomatids
559:dinoflagellates
531:(A/F), part of
438:
431:, as zoospores)
405:(male gametes,
258:
138:
69:Giardia lamblia
39:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2524:
2522:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2493:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2381:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
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2321:
2315:
2313:
2307:
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2303:
2302:
2301:
2298:
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2285:
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2279:
2276:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2087:Siphonocladous
2085:
2077:
2070:Multinucleated
2067:
2064:
2058:
2056:Parenchymatous
2053:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2023:
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2016:
2011:
2006:
1995:
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1896:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1878:
1877:
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1874:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1857:Kinetoplastids
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1843:
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1839:
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1529:
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1526:
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1523:Phycobilisomes
1520:
1518:Pit connection
1514:
1512:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1497:Phycobilisomes
1494:
1488:
1486:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1452:
1450:
1447:Chloroplastida
1439:
1437:Archaeplastida
1430:
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1425:
1423:
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1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
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1258:External links
1256:
1253:
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1239:
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1200:
1184:
1163:(6): 842–860.
1143:
1134:Fritsch, F.E.
1127:
1112:
1092:
1075:
1066:
1051:
1038:
981:
922:
895:(5): 509–547.
879:
870:
842:
841:
839:
836:
834:organization.
767:
766:
722:
721:
720:
717:hypermastigids
674:
655:kinetoplastids
639:
629:
622:phalansteriids
609:
608:
607:
588:thaumatomonads
568:
552:
510:
495:Archaeplastida
484:
483:
476:
473:
437:
434:
433:
432:
418:
396:
387:
386:
385:
368:foraminiferans
357:
347:
310:
269:Archaeplastida
257:
254:
137:
134:
126:dinoflagellate
15:
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2476:
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2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2416:Fertilization
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2374:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
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2347:
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2337:
2335:
2332:
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2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2308:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2284:Pleuromitosis
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2221:Hydrogenosome
2219:
2218:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2095:Multicellular
2093:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1917:Dictyostelids
1913:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1780:Apicomplexans
1776:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1602:Stramenopiles
1599:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1235:0-521-30419-9
1232:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
985:
982:
977:
973:
968:
963:
959:
955:
950:
945:
941:
937:
933:
926:
923:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
883:
880:
874:
871:
866:
862:
858:
854:
847:
844:
837:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
808:Heterolobosea
805:
801:
800:
794:
792:
791:
786:
785:
780:
776:
772:
764:
763:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
723:
718:
714:
710:
706:
705:
704:Paratrimastix
700:
699:
694:
690:
686:
685:retortamonads
682:
678:
675:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
645:
644:
643:
640:
637:
633:
630:
627:
623:
619:
618:
613:
610:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
574:
573:
572:
569:
566:
565:
560:
556:
553:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
521:proteromonads
518:
514:
513:Stramenopiles
511:
508:
504:
503:prasinophytes
500:
496:
493:
492:
491:
489:
481:
480:Diplomonadida
477:
474:
470:
469:
468:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
435:
430:
426:
422:
419:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
397:
395:
391:
388:
383:
379:
375:
372:
371:
370:(as gametes)
369:
365:
361:
358:
355:
354:apicomplexans
351:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
331:(zoospores),
330:
329:hyphochytrids
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:Stramenopiles
311:
308:
307:
302:
298:
294:
293:pteridophytes
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
267:
266:
265:
263:
255:
251:
246:
242:
240:
236:
235:
230:
229:
224:
223:
218:
217:
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
135:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
87:
86:
85:Chlamydomonas
81:
77:
70:
66:
61:
54:
53:
48:
47:Ernst Haeckel
43:
37:
30:
26:
22:
2511:Microbiology
2501:Cell biology
2436:Heterotrophy
2406:Reproduction
2281:Orthomitosis
2266:Heterokaryon
2213:Mitochondria
2114:Cell surface
2003:
1990:organization
1946:Opisthokonta
1769:Micronucleus
1764:Macronucleus
1666:Pneumatocyst
1482:Glaucophytes
1466:Phragmoplast
1405:Thallophytes
1356:
1332:Protistology
1328:Microbiology
1287:
1274:
1247:
1242:
1224:
1219:
1208:
1203:
1193:Tree of Life
1192:
1187:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1135:
1130:
1102:
1095:
1087:
1078:
1069:
1059:
1054:
1046:
1041:
998:
994:
984:
939:
935:
925:
892:
888:
882:
873:
856:
852:
846:
828:ciliophryids
797:
795:
788:
782:
768:
760:
749:ancyromonads
733:cryptophytes
713:trichomonads
709:parabasalids
702:
696:
669:(F/A), some
632:Opisthokonta
615:
592:glissomonads
584:spongomonads
562:
545:ciliophryids
533:xanthophytes
529:chrysophytes
507:glaucophytes
488:polyphyletic
485:
462:
450:Mastigophora
449:
445:
439:
428:
399:Opisthokonta
394:myxogastrids
364:radiolarians
341:xanthophytes
337:chrysophytes
304:
283:, except in
259:
232:
226:
220:
214:
208:
169:
161:mastigonemes
145:microtubules
139:
109:
93:
91:
83:
68:
50:
21:flagellation
2506:Flagellates
2466:Necrotrophy
2451:Saprotrophy
2441:Phagotrophy
2429:Phototrophy
2422:Nutrition:
2411:Life cycles
2402:Development
2376:Ecology and
2244:Nucleomorph
2198:Pseudopodia
1999:Unicellular
1883:Euglenoidea
1867:Kinetoplast
1651:Brown algae
1619:Mastigoneme
1557:Mastigoneme
1547:Cryptophyta
1457:green algae
1415:Slime molds
853:Tsitologiya
824:pedinellids
804:Archamoebae
790:Cryptomonas
762:Phyllomonas
745:apusomondas
729:haptophytes
681:diplomonads
626:archamoebae
580:cercomonads
549:pedinellids
517:bicosoecids
411:choanocytes
384:(zoospores)
321:brown algae
297:gymnosperms
273:green algae
228:Trichomonas
200:gymnosperms
198:, and some
196:green algae
184:spermatozoa
172:protoctists
122:derivations
114:prokaryotes
108:. The word
80:Green algae
2495:Categories
2480:Auxotrophy
2475:Mixotrophy
2456:Parasitism
2446:Osmotrophy
2424:Autotrophy
2378:physiology
2254:Plasmodium
2180:Locomotion
2116:structures
2080:Coenocytic
1824:Phytomyxea
1795:Apicoplast
1723:Dinokaryon
1702:Trichocyst
1573:Haptophyte
1461:Phycoplast
1429:Morphology
1400:Cryptogams
1264:Flagellata
1250:54: 51–73.
942:: 877907.
838:References
816:pseudopods
799:Cercomonas
677:Metamonada
624:(F), some
617:Multicilia
596:cryomonads
564:Colpodella
527:(F), most
465:colourless
446:Flagellata
315:: centric
289:bryophytes
234:Plasmodium
211:propulsion
165:eukaryotes
149:basal body
118:eukaryotes
110:flagellate
102:appendages
94:flagellate
63:Parasitic
2461:Biotrophy
2334:Extrusome
2324:Cytostome
2188:Flagellum
2145:Cell wall
2104:/histonal
2084:Siphonous
2075:Syncytial
2043:Coenobial
2039:Sarcinoid
1988:Levels of
1927:Macrocyst
1907:Amoebozoa
1872:Glycosome
1800:Microneme
1680:Alveolata
1588:Haptonema
1583:Coccolith
1562:Periplast
1508:Red algae
1492:Cyanelles
1379:Infusoria
1122:985464464
1015:0095-1137
958:2235-2988
889:Mycologia
832:heliozoan
725:Eukaryota
698:Trimastix
693:oxymonads
667:euglenids
612:Amoebozoa
555:Alveolata
499:volvocids
454:Sarcodina
407:epithelia
403:metazoans
390:Amoebozoa
356:(gametes)
350:Alveolata
325:oomycetes
279:and male
277:zoospores
262:flagellum
222:Naegleria
153:cytostome
36:Flagellum
2354:Axostyle
2349:Pyrenoid
2329:Fimbriae
2261:Dikaryon
2226:Mitosome
2155:Skeleton
2140:Frustule
2130:Mucilage
2102:tissular
2026:Colonial
2009:Amoeboid
2004:Monadoid
1932:Sorocarp
1847:Excavate
1814:Rhizaria
1744:Ciliates
1728:Dinocyst
1689:General:
1640:Frustule
1611:General:
1537:Hacrobia
1388:Sporozoa
1383:Ciliates
1372:Heliozoa
1352:Protozoa
1336:Protists
1179:24239731
976:35782151
909:17572334
812:amoeboid
781:. as in
741:Apusozoa
659:bodonids
651:jakobids
642:Excavata
576:Cercozoa
571:Rhizaria
525:opalines
442:protozoa
429:Pocheina
425:acrasids
421:Excavata
374:Cercozoa
360:Rhizaria
204:chytrids
157:ingested
141:Flagella
106:flagella
65:Excavata
2297:Zygotic
2294:Gametic
2236:Nucleus
2014:Coccoid
1979:General
1790:Rhoptry
1697:Alveoli
1630:Diatoms
1367:Testate
1248:Ophelia
1157:Protist
1033:8253977
967:9241518
917:4686378
865:8868448
735:(F/A),
731:(F/A),
715:, P/S,
707:, F),
683:(P/F),
673:(P/F/S)
661:, F/P,
647:Discoba
604:ebriids
561:(A/F),
501:(A/F),
423:: some
415:chytrid
401:: most
362:: some
352:: some
339:, some
317:diatoms
281:gametes
271:: most
216:Euglena
180:animals
128:" and "
104:called
29:ciliate
25:fellate
2300:Sporic
2278:Closed
2193:Cilium
2150:Lorica
2051:hyphal
1759:Cirrus
1754:Cilium
1661:Lamina
1343:Former
1270:(MeSH)
1233:
1177:
1120:
1110:
1031:
1024:266008
1021:
1013:
974:
964:
956:
915:
907:
863:
787:, and
755:, F),
665:, P),
472:algae;
306:Ginkgo
301:cycads
192:mosses
170:Among
100:-like
55:, 1904
2311:Other
2165:Theca
2135:Scale
1733:Theca
1395:Algae
913:S2CID
784:Monas
779:monad
759:(F),
751:, F,
747:, F,
739:(F),
701:, F,
695:, S,
687:(S),
653:(F),
628:(F/S)
620:(F),
602:(F),
598:(F),
594:(F),
590:(F),
586:(F),
582:(F),
551:(A/F)
547:(F),
543:(A),
539:(A),
535:(A),
523:(F),
519:(F),
505:(A),
188:ferns
27:, or
2319:Cyst
2275:Open
2160:Test
2098:s.s.
2029:s.s.
1231:ISBN
1175:PMID
1118:OCLC
1108:ISBN
1029:PMID
1011:ISSN
972:PMID
954:ISSN
905:PMID
861:PMID
826:and
719:, S)
409:and
303:and
231:and
174:and
116:and
98:whip
1459:":
1165:doi
1161:164
1019:PMC
1003:doi
962:PMC
944:doi
897:doi
893:111
638:(F)
606:(F)
567:(F)
509:(A)
448:(=
413:),
287:),
264:):
49:'s
2497::
1334::
1330::
1286:.
1195:,
1173:.
1159:.
1155:.
1116:.
1086:.
1027:.
1017:.
1009:.
999:31
997:.
993:.
970:.
960:.
952:.
940:12
938:.
934:.
911:.
903:.
891:.
857:37
855:.
679::
649::
634::
614::
578::
557::
515::
497::
460:.
392::
376::
343:,
225:,
194:,
190:,
167:.
92:A
23:,
2404:/
2100:/
1958::
1919::
1885::
1859::
1782::
1746::
1715::
1653::
1632::
1575::
1549::
1510::
1484::
1455:"
1381:/
1320:e
1313:t
1306:v
1237:.
1214:.
1198:.
1181:.
1167::
1141:.
1124:.
1035:.
1005::
978:.
946::
919:.
899::
867:.
743:(
711:(
691:(
657:(
482:.
427:(
299:(
275:(
88:)
82:(
71:)
67:(
38:.
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
