1241:
1910:
992:
383:
parameters, the procedure for the operator or automated apparatus to follow, and the precision of the test method. Standard test methods are written and controlled by a number of national and international committees and organizations. The three main bodies are the CEN / ISO Joint
Working Group on Flash Point (JWG-FP), ASTM D02.8B Flammability Section and the Energy Institute's TMS SC-B-4 Flammability Panel.
164:. In addition to the Penskey-Martens flash point testers, other non-equilibrial testers include TAG and Abel, both of which are capable of cooling the sample below ambient for low flash point materials. The TAG flash point tester adheres to ASTM D56 and has no stirrer, while the Abel flash point testers adheres to IP 170 and ISO 13736 and has a stirring motor so the sample is stirred during testing.
1014:
38:
128:. As temperature increases, vapor pressure increases. As vapor pressure increases, the concentration of vapor of a flammable or combustible liquid in the air increases. Hence, temperature determines the concentration of vapor of the flammable liquid in the air. A certain concentration of a flammable or combustible vapor is necessary to sustain combustion in air, the
1922:
1003:
371:
160:
with the liquid. In both these types, the cups are sealed with a lid through which the ignition source can be introduced. Closed cup testers normally give lower values for the flash point than open cup (typically 5–10 °C or 9–18 °F lower) and are a better approximation to the temperature at which the vapour pressure reaches the
148:. In open cup devices, the sample is contained in an open cup which is heated and, at intervals, a flame brought over the surface. The measured flash point will actually vary with the height of the flame above the liquid surface and, at sufficient height, the measured flash point temperature will coincide with the
167:
The flash point is an empirical measurement rather than a fundamental physical parameter. The measured value will vary with equipment and test protocol variations, including temperature ramp rate (in automated testers), time allowed for the sample to equilibrate, sample volume and whether the sample
159:
There are two types of closed cup testers: non-equilibrial, such as Pensky-Martens, where the vapours above the liquid are not in temperature equilibrium with the liquid, and equilibrial, such as Small Scale (commonly known as
Setaflash), where the vapours are deemed to be in temperature equilibrium
382:
Flash points of substances are measured according to standard test methods described and defined in a 1938 publication by T.L. Ainsley of South
Shields entitled "Sea Transport of Petroleum" (Capt. P. Jansen). The test methodology defines the apparatus required to carry out the measurement, key test
354:
of the fuel, which is then injected as a high-pressure spray, keeping the fuel-air mix within flammable limits. A diesel-fueled engine has no ignition source (such as the spark plugs in a gasoline engine), so diesel fuel can have a high flash point, but must have a low autoignition temperature.
68:
is the lowest temperature at which the vapors keep burning after the ignition source is removed. It is higher than the flash point, because at the flash point vapor may not be produced fast enough to sustain combustion. Neither flash point nor fire point depends directly on the ignition source
361:
flash points also vary with the composition of the fuel. Both Jet A and Jet A-1 have flash points between 38 and 66 °C (100 and 151 °F), close to that of off-the-shelf kerosene. Yet both Jet B and JP-4 have flash points between −23 and −1 °C (−9 and 30 °F).
132:, and that concentration is specific to each flammable or combustible liquid. The flash point is the lowest temperature at which there will be enough flammable vapor to support combustion when an ignition source is applied.
52:
of a material is the "lowest liquid temperature at which, under certain standardized conditions, a liquid gives off vapours in a quantity such as to be capable of forming an ignitable vapour/air mixture". (EN 60079-10-1)
179:
D93, IP34, ISO 2719, DIN 51758, JIS K2265 and AFNOR M07-019. Determination of flash point by the Small Scale closed cup method is detailed in ASTM D3828 and D3278, EN ISO 3679 and 3680, and IP 523 and 524.
69:
temperature, but ignition source temperature is far higher than either the flash or fire point, and can increase the temperature of fuel above the usual ambient temperature to facilitate ignition.
1757:
100:
of fuels. Fuels which have a flash point less than 37.8 °C (100.0 °F) are called flammable, whereas fuels having a flash point above that temperature are called combustible.
1552:
1745:
1360:
1050:
699:
1078:
1724:
908:
1769:
1763:
183:
CEN/TR 15138 Guide to Flash Point
Testing and ISO TR 29662 Guidance for Flash Point Testing cover the key aspects of flash point testing.
1265:
1640:
606:
1953:
1401:
1089:
689:
664:
1751:
1708:
1380:
1043:
1822:
1660:
1693:
1625:
1442:
1275:
31:
625:
1925:
1260:
1200:
433:"Use and Storage of Flammable & Combustible Liquids | Environmental Health and Safety | Iowa State University"
1775:
1610:
1270:
812:
375:
172:
171:
Methods for determining the flash point of a liquid are specified in many standards. For example, testing by the
153:
1913:
1719:
1635:
1615:
1592:
1355:
1120:
1036:
913:
392:
351:
333:
57:
480:
1562:
1527:
1375:
1325:
681:
578:
1703:
1582:
1557:
1547:
1255:
1215:
817:
807:
755:
117:
432:
1890:
1864:
1817:
1432:
1320:
1300:
317:
161:
129:
1013:
1587:
1447:
1155:
61:
1948:
1630:
1537:
342:
flash points vary between 52 and 96 °C (126 and 205 °F). Diesel is suitable for use in a
320:. The fuel is mixed with air within its flammable limits and heated by compression and subject to
1417:
1345:
1310:
1305:
1160:
657:
550:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1729:
1620:
1602:
1492:
1330:
1240:
1225:
934:
402:
1006:
1827:
1165:
859:
838:
41:
1869:
1522:
1457:
1396:
1365:
1340:
1290:
1285:
1099:
1059:
745:
329:
1688:
1665:
1650:
1512:
1452:
1422:
1391:
1335:
1295:
1230:
1220:
1115:
971:
725:
715:
347:
321:
125:
113:
1942:
1895:
1885:
1683:
1655:
1572:
1190:
1180:
1150:
1094:
995:
694:
650:
343:
288:
77:
The flash point is a descriptive characteristic that is used to distinguish between
1812:
1698:
1577:
1567:
1502:
1467:
1427:
1386:
1350:
1140:
1135:
1105:
946:
887:
730:
221:
78:
27:
Lowest temperature at which a volatile material's vapors ignite if given a source
1532:
1487:
1477:
1370:
1315:
1280:
976:
892:
866:
735:
519:
339:
249:
121:
97:
90:
37:
332:
caused by residual heat in a hot combustion chamber, the fuel must have a high
1792:
1645:
1145:
1130:
1110:
956:
720:
397:
325:
149:
86:
65:
465:"Standard Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester"
1714:
1542:
1507:
1497:
1482:
1462:
1437:
1210:
1205:
1170:
1125:
1073:
961:
951:
941:
882:
854:
750:
302:
17:
1807:
1517:
1472:
1195:
1185:
1084:
929:
464:
422:
Sea
Transport of Petroleum, Jansen and Hayes, Ainsley, South Shields 1938
358:
328:. To ignite, the fuel must have a low flash point, but in order to avoid
313:
275:
262:
82:
370:
207:
776:
235:
109:
1017:
491:
1848:
1802:
1028:
833:
791:
786:
369:
36:
1797:
781:
771:
673:
176:
1032:
646:
966:
1758:
National
Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
607:"Flammability - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
642:
140:
There are two basic types of flash point measurement:
1878:
1857:
1785:
1738:
1674:
1601:
1410:
1248:
1066:
922:
901:
875:
847:
826:
800:
764:
708:
680:
1553:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)
579:"Fuels and Chemicals — Autoignition Temperatures"
56:The flash point is sometimes confused with the
44:with a flash point lower than room temperature.
1044:
658:
8:
378:tester with an integrated fire extinguisher
324:above its flash point, then ignited by the
1361:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention
1051:
1037:
1029:
665:
651:
643:
190:
1746:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association
700:Native American use of fire in ecosystems
514:
512:
1079:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
1725:Listing and approval use and compliance
909:International Flame Research Foundation
573:
571:
545:
543:
415:
601:
599:
1770:Society of Fire Protection Engineers
475:
473:
81:fuels, such as petrol (also known as
7:
1921:
1764:National Fire Protection Association
1002:
96:It is also used to characterize the
1266:Condensed aerosol fire suppression
25:
1641:Fire alarm notification appliance
1920:
1909:
1908:
1239:
1012:
1001:
991:
990:
152:. The best-known example is the
1402:Vehicle fire suppression system
1090:Combustibility and flammability
690:Control of fire by early humans
626:"Auto-Ignition of Cooking Oils"
307:>130 °C (266 °F)
60:, the temperature that causes
1:
1752:Institution of Fire Engineers
1709:Fire Safety Evaluation System
1381:Personal protective equipment
316:(petrol) is a fuel used in a
280:>38 °C (100 °F)
267:>38 °C (100 °F)
254:>52 °C (126 °F)
1823:GHS precautionary statements
1661:Manual fire alarm activation
213:16.6 °C (61.9 °F)
1694:Fire protection engineering
1626:Explosive gas leak detector
1443:Electromagnetic door holder
1276:External water spray system
344:compression-ignition engine
1970:
1870:Harry C. Bigglestone Award
1261:Automatic fire suppression
1201:K-factor (fire protection)
297:424 °C (795 °F)
294:327 °C (621 °F)
283:210 °C (410 °F)
270:210 °C (410 °F)
257:210 °C (410 °F)
244:280 °C (536 °F)
241:−43 °C (−45 °F)
230:215 °C (419 °F)
216:363 °C (685 °F)
29:
1904:
1776:Underwriters Laboratories
1611:Aspirating smoke detector
1271:Detonation flame arrester
1237:
985:
376:Pensky-Martens closed cup
350:until it heats above the
173:Pensky-Martens closed cup
1720:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
1636:Fire alarm control panel
1616:Carbon monoxide detector
1593:Standpipe (firefighting)
1356:Gaseous fire suppression
1121:Enthalpy of vaporization
914:The Combustion Institute
393:Autoignition temperature
352:autoignition temperature
334:autoignition temperature
227:−4 °C (25 °F)
58:autoignition temperature
1563:Pressurisation ductwork
1528:Firewall (construction)
1376:Passive fire protection
1326:Fire suppression system
624:Buda-Ortins, Krystyna.
1954:Threshold temperatures
1739:Industry organizations
1704:Fire-resistance rating
1583:Smoke exhaust ductwork
1558:Penetration (firestop)
1548:Packing (firestopping)
1256:Active fire protection
1216:Spontaneous combustion
756:Spontaneous combustion
583:Engineeringtoolbox.com
555:Engineeringtoolbox.com
379:
175:method is detailed in
45:
1891:Template:Firefighting
1865:Arthur B. Guise Medal
1818:GHS hazard statements
1321:Fire sprinkler system
1301:Fire-retardant fabric
611:www.sciencedirect.com
551:"Flash Point — Fuels"
455:Jansen and Hyams.pp62
373:
318:spark-ignition engine
162:lower flammable limit
130:lower flammable limit
40:
1675:Professions, trades,
1588:Smokeproof enclosure
1448:Electromagnetic lock
1156:Flammability diagram
1067:Fundamental concepts
62:spontaneous ignition
30:For other uses, see
1631:Fire alarm call box
1538:Heat and smoke vent
520:"Coleman Fuel MSDS"
437:www.ehs.iastate.edu
1603:Fire alarm systems
1418:Annulus (firestop)
1346:Flashback arrestor
1311:Fire-safe polymers
1306:Fire retardant gel
1161:Flammability limit
380:
154:Cleveland open cup
124:and is subject to
46:
1936:
1935:
1844:Safety data sheet
1839:List of S-phrases
1834:List of R-phrases
1730:Sprinkler fitting
1621:Circuit integrity
1493:Fire extinguisher
1331:Firefighting foam
1226:Thermal radiation
1026:
1025:
935:List of wildfires
403:Safety data sheet
311:
310:
120:of that liquid's
42:Flaming cocktails
16:(Redirected from
1961:
1924:
1923:
1912:
1911:
1828:Life Safety Code
1433:Compartmentation
1243:
1166:Flammable liquid
1053:
1046:
1039:
1030:
1016:
1005:
1004:
994:
993:
839:Death by burning
801:Individual fires
667:
660:
653:
644:
637:
636:
633:Drum.lib.umd.edu
630:
621:
615:
614:
603:
594:
593:
591:
589:
575:
566:
565:
563:
561:
547:
538:
537:
535:
533:
524:
516:
507:
506:
504:
502:
497:on June 17, 2019
496:
490:. Archived from
485:
477:
468:
462:
456:
453:
447:
446:
444:
443:
429:
423:
420:
263:Jet fuel (A/A-1)
191:
112:have a specific
21:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1900:
1874:
1853:
1781:
1734:
1676:
1670:
1597:
1523:Firestop pillow
1458:Emergency light
1411:Building design
1406:
1397:Tank blanketing
1366:Inerting system
1341:Flame retardant
1291:Fire protection
1286:Fire prevention
1244:
1235:
1100:Dangerous goods
1062:
1060:Fire protection
1057:
1027:
1022:
981:
918:
897:
871:
843:
822:
796:
760:
746:Fire protection
704:
676:
671:
641:
640:
628:
623:
622:
618:
605:
604:
597:
587:
585:
577:
576:
569:
559:
557:
549:
548:
541:
531:
529:
522:
518:
517:
510:
500:
498:
494:
483:
479:
478:
471:
463:
459:
454:
450:
441:
439:
431:
430:
426:
421:
417:
412:
389:
368:
366:Standardization
201:
189:
138:
106:
89:fuels, such as
75:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1967:
1965:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1918:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1689:Fire insurance
1686:
1680:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1666:Smoke detector
1663:
1658:
1653:
1651:Flame detector
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1513:Fire sprinkler
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1453:Emergency exit
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1423:Area of refuge
1420:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1392:Spark arrestor
1389:
1384:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1336:Flame arrester
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1296:Fire retardant
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1231:Water pressure
1228:
1223:
1221:Structure fire
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1116:Dust explosion
1113:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1033:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1009:
998:
986:
983:
982:
980:
979:
974:
972:Slash-and-burn
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
938:
937:
926:
924:
920:
919:
917:
916:
911:
905:
903:
899:
898:
896:
895:
890:
885:
879:
877:
873:
872:
870:
869:
864:
863:
862:
851:
849:
845:
844:
842:
841:
836:
830:
828:
824:
823:
821:
820:
815:
810:
804:
802:
798:
797:
795:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
768:
766:
762:
761:
759:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
726:Dust explosion
723:
718:
716:Chain reaction
712:
710:
706:
705:
703:
702:
697:
695:Historic fires
692:
686:
684:
678:
677:
672:
670:
669:
662:
655:
647:
639:
638:
616:
595:
567:
539:
508:
481:"Ethanol MSDS"
469:
457:
448:
424:
414:
413:
411:
408:
407:
406:
400:
395:
388:
385:
367:
364:
309:
308:
305:
299:
298:
295:
292:
285:
284:
281:
278:
272:
271:
268:
265:
259:
258:
255:
252:
246:
245:
242:
239:
232:
231:
228:
225:
218:
217:
214:
211:
204:
203:
198:
195:
188:
185:
137:
134:
114:vapor pressure
105:
102:
74:
71:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1966:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1929:
1928:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1897:
1896:Template:HVAC
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1886:Template:Fire
1884:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1684:Duct cleaning
1682:
1681:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1656:Heat detector
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1573:Smoke control
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1191:Heat transfer
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1181:Friction loss
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1151:Fire triangle
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1095:Conflagration
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1008:
999:
997:
988:
987:
984:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
936:
933:
932:
931:
928:
927:
925:
921:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
904:
902:Organizations
900:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
878:
874:
868:
865:
861:
858:
857:
856:
853:
852:
850:
846:
840:
837:
835:
832:
831:
829:
825:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
805:
803:
799:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
769:
767:
763:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
713:
711:
707:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
685:
683:
679:
675:
668:
663:
661:
656:
654:
649:
648:
645:
634:
627:
620:
617:
612:
608:
602:
600:
596:
584:
580:
574:
572:
568:
556:
552:
546:
544:
540:
528:
521:
515:
513:
509:
493:
489:
482:
476:
474:
470:
466:
461:
458:
452:
449:
438:
434:
428:
425:
419:
416:
409:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
386:
384:
377:
372:
365:
363:
360:
356:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
306:
304:
301:
300:
296:
293:
290:
289:Vegetable oil
287:
286:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
269:
266:
264:
261:
260:
256:
253:
251:
248:
247:
243:
240:
237:
234:
233:
229:
226:
223:
220:
219:
215:
212:
209:
206:
205:
199:
196:
193:
192:
186:
184:
181:
178:
174:
169:
165:
163:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
135:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
116:, which is a
115:
111:
103:
101:
99:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
72:
70:
67:
63:
59:
54:
51:
43:
39:
33:
19:
1926:
1914:
1813:Flame spread
1699:Fireproofing
1677:and services
1578:Smoke damper
1568:Safety glass
1503:Fire hydrant
1468:Fire curtain
1428:Booster pump
1387:Relief valve
1351:Fusible link
1175:
1141:Fire loading
1136:Fire control
1106:Deflagration
947:Firefighting
888:Fire worship
740:
731:Fire ecology
632:
619:
610:
586:. Retrieved
582:
558:. Retrieved
554:
530:. Retrieved
527:farnell.com/
526:
499:. Retrieved
492:the original
487:
460:
451:
440:. Retrieved
436:
427:
418:
381:
357:
338:
312:
250:Diesel (2-D)
224:(White Gas)
222:Coleman fuel
202:temperature
200:Autoignition
197:Flash point
182:
170:
168:is stirred.
166:
158:
145:
141:
139:
107:
98:fire hazards
95:
76:
55:
49:
47:
1533:Grease duct
1488:Fire escape
1478:Fire damper
1371:Intumescent
1316:Fire safety
1281:Fire bucket
1176:Flash point
977:Fire making
893:Terra preta
867:Firefighter
741:Flash point
736:Fire piston
532:November 3,
340:Diesel fuel
330:preignition
322:Boyle's Law
238:(gasoline)
136:Measurement
126:Boyle's Law
122:temperature
87:combustible
50:flash point
18:Flash Point
1949:Combustion
1943:Categories
1830:(NFPA 101)
1793:CE marking
1646:Fire drill
1249:Technology
1146:Fire point
1131:Fire class
1111:Detonation
1018:Wiktionary
957:Fire whirl
855:Pyromanias
813:By country
765:Components
721:Combustion
588:January 4,
560:January 4,
501:January 4,
467:, ASTM.org
442:2021-11-10
410:References
398:Fire point
374:Automatic
348:compressed
326:spark plug
150:fire point
146:closed cup
66:fire point
32:Flashpoint
1786:Standards
1715:Fire test
1543:Occupancy
1508:Fire pump
1498:Fire hose
1483:Fire door
1463:Exit sign
1438:Crash bar
1211:Pyrolysis
1206:Pool fire
1171:Flashover
1126:Explosive
1074:Backdraft
962:Blue lava
952:Firestorm
942:Backdraft
930:Wildfires
883:Cremation
751:Pyrolysis
488:Nafaa.org
346:. Air is
303:Biodiesel
291:(canola)
104:Mechanism
79:flammable
1915:Category
1879:See also
1808:EN 16034
1518:Firestop
1473:Fire cut
1196:Jet fire
1186:Gas leak
1102:(HAZMAT)
1085:Boilover
996:Category
387:See also
359:Jet fuel
314:Gasoline
276:Kerosene
187:Examples
142:open cup
118:function
83:gasoline
1927:Commons
1760:(NCEES)
1081:(BLEVE)
1007:Commons
876:Culture
818:By year
808:By type
709:Science
682:History
208:Ethanol
156:(COC).
110:liquids
85:), and
1858:Awards
1772:(SFPE)
1766:(NFPA)
1748:(FEMA)
1711:(FSES)
1011:
1000:
989:
848:People
777:Oxygen
236:Petrol
210:(70%)
91:diesel
64:. The
1849:UL 94
1803:EN 54
1754:(IFE)
1383:(PPE)
923:Other
860:Child
834:Arson
827:Crime
792:Smoke
787:Flame
629:(PDF)
523:(PDF)
495:(PDF)
484:(PDF)
405:(SDS)
194:Fuel
73:Fuels
1798:EN 3
1778:(UL)
782:Heat
772:Fuel
674:Fire
590:2014
562:2014
534:2019
503:2014
177:ASTM
144:and
108:All
48:The
967:Ash
1945::
631:.
609:.
598:^
581:.
570:^
553:.
542:^
525:.
511:^
486:.
472:^
435:.
336:.
93:.
1052:e
1045:t
1038:v
666:e
659:t
652:v
635:.
613:.
592:.
564:.
536:.
505:.
445:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
