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hang the remaining
Iroquois detainees. The conditions included providing hostage families and the repatriation of Wendat and Algonquin adoptees. Canaqueese returned to Quebec the following April but without any adoptees or hostage families. Tracy threatened to invade again if his terms were not met, and sent Canaqueese back with all but two of the male Iroquois prisoners held at Quebec. A peace settlement was reached in July 1667 when a Mohawk and Oneida delegation brought several families to Quebec, and invited Jesuit missionaries to their homelands.
325:. When some of the Christian Mohawk wanted to turn back, the aging Canaqueese exhorted them to continue. Canadian historian Mark Meuwese argues that attacking Iroquoia was "not necessarily an indication of his abandonment of an Iroquois identity," but that "since the Iroquois refugee communities on the St. Lawrence Valley were politically independent from the Five Nations, the Flemish Bastard may have sincerely viewed the Senecas as an obstacle to the interests of the Christian Indians."
235:
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roof. Well, then, will you not enter the cabin by the door, which is at the ground floor of the house? It is with us that you should begin; whereas you, by beginning with the , try to enter by the roof and through the chimney. Have you no fear that the smoke may blind you, our fire not being extinguished, and that you may fall from the top to the bottom, having nothing solid on which to plant your feet?
227:, Canaqueese negotiated with the Esopus for the release of Dutch captives, however, his efforts only resulted in the freeing of one woman. Dutch officials rejected his proposal to use force to rescue the other captives. Canaqueese was one of the signatories to the September 1664 treaty of friendship between the English and the Iroquois following the
86:(Flemish Bastard) was the name given to him by the French. One French source described him as "an execrable issue of sin, the monstrous offspring of a Dutch Heretic father and a pagan woman." Dutch sources, on the other hand, make no reference to his Dutch paternity as he presented as Mohawk in both dress and custom.
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that surrounded them. When Tracy returned to Quebec in early
November, he had one of the Mohawk captives hanged. He released Canaqueese, who "feared it more than the others," and ordered him to present Tracy's conditions to the Mohawk. The Mohawk were given "four moons" to respond or Tracy would
289:
Tracy, however, was tired of
Iroquois prevarication and in September 1666 launched a large scale invasion of Mohawk territory. According to Marie de l"Incarnation the Iroquois captives at Quebec wept "like children" and that "tears fell from the Bâtard Flamand's eyes at seeing such fine troops in
191:
Ought not one to enter a house by the door, and not by the chimney or roof of the cabin, unless he be a thief, and wish to take the inmates by surprise? We, the five
Iroquois Nations, compose but one cabin; we maintain but one fire; and we have, from time immemorial, dwelt under one and the same
112:
of the Mohawk, children were considered born into the mother's clan and derived their status from her family. The mother's eldest brother was more important to the children than their biological father. Canaqueese was brought up by his mother with her people and identified as Mohawk, but learned
250:
ill-advised midwinter attempt to attack
Iroquoia in 1666. While Courcelle's expedition was a failure, it prompted the four western Iroquois nations to send delegations to Quebec to negotiate peace. In July 1666, however, a group of Mohawk warriors ambushed a group of French officers hunting on
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Although he was not permitted to leave Quebec, Canaqueese was given preferential treatment because one of the returned captives was a relative of the lieutenant-général. Cananqueese was gifted "a fine suit of clothing" by Tracy and was allowed some freedom of movement within the town.
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rather than the Mohawk, and concerned that the Mohawk might lose their status as the only
Iroquois nation with direct access to European trade goods, Canaqueese warned the governor that the French should deal with the Mohawk instead of the Onondaga.
402:
Meuwese, Mark (2008). "From
Intercolonial Messenger to "Christian Indian": The Flemish Bastard and the Mohawk Struggle for Independence from New France and Colonial New York in the Eastern Great Lakes Borderland, 1647-1687". In Hele, Karl S. (ed.).
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The Mohawk, Dutch, English, and French referred to
Canaqueese by different names. Canaqueese was his Mohawk name. The Dutch called him Smits Jan. Smiths John was the anglicized version of his Dutch name, given to him by the
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good array." Canaqueese warned Tracy that many French soldiers would perish since the Mohawk would "fight to the end," but he also asked the lieutenant-général to "preserve" his wife and children.
167:, a complex series of 17th century conflicts between New France, the Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the Five Nations), and other Indigenous nations over control of the fur trade in the
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met a peace delegation headed by
Canaqueese that was returning the four captives to New France. Saurel ordered his expedition to turn back and he escorted the delegation to Quebec.
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Canaqueese may have been one of several Mohawk who was baptized at Quebec in 1667. Because of increasing conflict between traditionalist Mohawk and those willing to convert to
113:
Dutch and became familiar with Dutch culture. He likely acted as an interpreter when, during the summer months, the Mohawk brought beaver pelts to trade for
European goods at
322:
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Canaqueese is not named in French records before 1650 when he is described as leading a band of 25 to 30 Mohawk warriors in an attack on the French settlement at
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region. In July 1654, Canaqueese led a delegation that escorted two French captives to Quebec. Annoyed that the French had sent an envoy to the
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Father Leonard Garreau who was travelling with the Odawa and Wendat was shot in the spine. Canaqueese brought the mortally wounded Garreau to
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Although the expedition failed to engage the Mohawk in battle, the French torched all four of the abandoned Mohawk towns and the fields of
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that the Mohawk wanted peace, and recommended Canaqueese as an intermediary, describing him as a "savage much loved by the Mohawk."
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Canaqueese is not named again in any sources until 1687, when he is named as one of the "Christian Indians" who fought against the
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The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents: Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, 1610-1791
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The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents: Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, 1610-1791
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father, but was raised and identified as Mohawk. He became an important intermediary between the
441:"The Flemish Bastard and the Former Indians: MĂ©tis and Identity in Seventeenth-Century New York"
61:. Canaqueese participated in several attempts to reach a peace agreement between the Mohawk and
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255:, killing seven and taking four prisoners. In response, the lieutenant-général of New France,
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Lines Drawn upon the Water: First Nations and the Great Lakes Borders and Borderlands
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valley and established a settlement on the south shore of the river near Montreal.
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In the winter of 1654, the Dutch recruited Canaquesse to carry a letter from
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In August 1666, a retaliatory expedition against the Mohawk, led by Captain
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53:, the Dutch and the Mohawk during the intermittent conflicts known as the
347:"Flemish Bastard (Bâtard Flamand, Dutch Bastard, Smits Jan, Smiths John)"
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Canaqueese led a band of Mohawk that skirmished with French forces near
462:
Heidenreich, Conrad (2004). "Beaver Wars". In Hallowell, Gerald (ed.).
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380:. Vol. 35. Cleveland, Ohio: The Burrows Brothers Co. p. 213.
483:. Vol. 41. Cleveland, Ohio: The Burrows Brothers Co. p. 87.
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585:
Word from New France: The Selected Letters of Marie de l"Incarnation
132:. He likely took part in the 1649 invasion of Huronia which saw the
305:, a number of Mohawk families including Canaqueese migrated to the
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war leader and diplomat who lived in the 17th century in the
407:. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfred Laurier Press. pp. 43–63.
555:. East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University Press.
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Canaqueese was both a war leader and a diplomat during the
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but always acted to protect the interests of the Mohawk.
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In August 1656, Canaqueese led an ambush of a group of
286:, treated the "Bâtard Flamand ... like a great lord."
45:. He was of mixed heritage with a Mohawk mother and a
528:. Vol. 1. University of Toronto/Université Laval
502:. Vol. 1. University of Toronto/Université Laval
353:. Vol. 2. University of Toronto/Université Laval
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477:Thwaites, Reuben Gold, ed. (1899).
374:Thwaites, Reuben Gold, ed. (1899).
496:"Prouville de Tracy, Alexandre de"
278:, an Ursuline nun, wrote that the
220:where he died shortly afterwards.
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526:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
500:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
351:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
57:which arose over control of the
553:The Edge of the Woods: Iroquoia
257:Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy
238:Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy
27:17th century Mohawk war leader
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248:Daniel de RĂ©my de Courcelle's
151:. The Dutch assured Governor
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617:17th-century Canadian people
520:Pelletier, Jean-Guy (2022).
494:Lamontague, LĂ©opold (2019).
439:Midtrøød, Tom Arne (2010).
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466:. Oxford University Press.
313:1687 Denonville Expedition
268:Carignan-Salières Regiment
229:conquest of New Netherland
136:(Huron) devastated by the
445:American Indian Quarterly
345:Grassman, Thomas (2000).
581:Marshall, Joyce (1967).
551:Parmenter, Jon (2010).
321:with the forces of the
159:War leader and diplomat
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276:Marie de l'Incarnation
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99: 1625
55:Beaver Wars
601:Categories
532:2024-01-07
506:2024-01-08
357:2023-12-27
329:References
284:Jean Talon
103:Schnectady
90:Early life
63:New France
31:Canaqueese
280:intendant
123:Beverwyck
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59:fur trade
218:Montreal
173:Onondoga
138:Iroquois
266:of the
208:on the
134:Wendant
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214:Jesuit
202:Wendat
149:Quebec
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