181:
602:. In propaganda, the Legion was depicted as the first step towards the creation of an independent Flemish army. It was advertised that the unit would be commanded by Flemish officers, and volunteers who had previously served in the Belgian Army were told that they would be able to retain past ranks and privileges. Approximately 560 men were recruited between July and August 1941. In practice, most of the recruits had been active members of the VNV. The creation of the Flemish Legion also forced the
133:
163:
198:
2379:
411:
25:
638:
distinction was always illusory and was eventually abandoned in 1943. In practice, the
Flemish Legion was effectively indistinguishable from other units of the Waffen-SS from the start and its personnel wore standard Waffen-SS uniforms with only a small shield-shaped badge depicting a Flemish lion to mark them out. In its first months, it was officially designated the
346:. It was formed several months after the VNV had begun recruiting Flemish volunteers for smaller Waffen SS formations and was depicted as the future army of an independent Flemish state. Amid opposition from its personnel, the roughly 1,000-strong formation was given a notionally independent status as an
637:
As with some other formations at the time, the
Flemish Legion was technically a "legion" attached to the Waffen-SS rather than a part of the Waffen-SS itself. According to the historian David Littlejohn, "the Germans were anxious to convey the impression of a semi-independent national unit" but the
621:
in August 1941. The first signs of dissatisfaction began to emerge as it became apparent that the unit would actually be commanded purely by
Germans and that many of the other promises made during the recruitment campaign would not be kept. Discipline was harsh, and Flemish volunteers were often
749:
in 1914, was intended to represent
Flemish-German camaraderie. However, the Flemings themselves did not understand why they had been given a title which represented the losses suffered by German soldiers trying to take over their country in 1914. The Flemings felt a jealousy that their French
1015:
along with the rest of the III (Germanic) SS Panzer Corps before it. By 4 March, the division was falling back to the area around
Altdamm, the last defensive position east of the Oder. On the 19th, the unit fell back behind the Oder. As a part of Steiner's XI SS Panzer Army, the
1105:
In its first months, the
Flemish Legion was a notionally independent "legion" attached to the Waffen SS. However, in practice the unit was "from the start, an integral part" of it. The "pretence" was finally dropped in May 1943 when the unit was redesignated the
527:. The VNV hoped to use German support to expand its own political influence within Flanders. After the start of the occupation, it shifted its ideological position to be more compatible with Nazi ideas and suspended demands for Flemish secession from Belgium.
701:
The Legion was withdrawn from the front in June 1942 after almost six months in combat but were re-deployed to the region again in August 1942. They were finally withdrawn from the line in March 1943 in anticipation of the unit's reorganisation.
1509:
955:. While the influx of displaced Flemings meant that the division had a solid base to be formed on, it also meant that more training was required. It was not until 1 January 1945 that the division was ready to be sent back into the line. The
1003:
in the vanguard, reached
Arnswalde. Heavy Soviet counterattacks threatened to encircle the corps, and so after evacuating all civilian survivors, Steiner canceled the operation and ordered the corps back to the area around
1537:
2188:
2056:
558:. This began a "race" in Flanders to recruit volunteers for the German army although the VNV was initially reluctant to join because it feared it would lose control over its recruits. In contrast with "
634:. In practice, the autonomy of the Flemish Legion would be increasingly ignored by the German military authorities and the VNV was unable to protest without compromising its own political position.
2419:
835:(cauldron), suffering heavy casualties and losing the majority of their heavy equipment and vehicles. By early March, the brigade had been reduced to 400 men. At the end of April, the shattered
2074:
2414:
1530:
1999:
1123:
who was popular with the VNV and reputedly showed more "sensitivity" to the needs of non-German troops. Before he could assume command, he was re-assigned as a temporary commander of the
2270:
2197:
2183:
2168:
2008:
898:
2228:
2178:
2173:
2117:
1798:
506:
2083:
1523:
2260:
1908:
694:, the Legion's unpopular German commanding officer, was wounded in April 1942. He was replaced with Conrad Schellong, another German officer, who had previously served in the
1982:
887:
1991:
2409:
2065:
1682:
902:
300:
1366:
304:
928:
and joined the rest of the
Brigade. Following the allied invasion of Belgium, many Belgian fascists fled the country to Germany. The result of this was that both the
535:
In the first months of the occupation, the VNV's privileged position was increasingly challenged by smaller and more radically collaborationist groups including the
462:
which had originated as a response to the marginalisation of the Dutch language in
Belgium during the 19th century. It became increasingly radical during and after
2251:
2047:
1574:
2284:
2123:
1081:
2238:
2233:
1808:
1066:
524:
2300:
894:
547:
and were more explicitly pro-German. In
September 1940, the Algemeene-SS Vlaanderen announced its intention to recruit Flemish volunteers for the
733:. The Germans again insisted that the volunteers take the oath in October 1943. Some 200 "rebels" who refused were transferred to other units or
754:, were granted as a title their home region. Despite this, significant numbers of Flemings continued to sign up for service with the Waffen-SS.
1880:
574:. Between April and June 1941, the VNV recruited 500 to 800 Flemish volunteers for a mixed Flemish-Dutch unit known as the SS-Volunteer Banner
2346:
2102:
1622:
1452:
1348:
2244:
1956:
1940:
1076:
386:
2111:
1948:
1899:
920:, the brigade being in combat for much of the retreat. In September 1944, the remains of KG Rehmann were evacuated by ferry over the
422:, VNV) which emerge as the major force behind collaboration in German-occupied Flanders and drove recruitment for the Flemish Legion
2404:
2305:
1824:
1785:
1515:
1329:
883:). From Orphanage Hill, the rear side of the town of Narva could be protected. KG Rehmann was tasked with defending Orphanage Hill.
108:
259:
1924:
1916:
1731:
1725:
42:
1505:
1409:
1390:
864:
598:. On 8 July 1941, the VNV announced its intention to recruit a "Flemish Legion" to fight as part of the German forces on the
89:
46:
61:
2325:
2038:
1932:
1693:
1688:
1127:
and was killed almost immediately afterwards in June 1942 and was never confirmed as the commander of the Flemish Legion.
1021:
552:
510:
499:
466:. VNV's ideology was framed in opposition to the Belgian state, calling for Flanders to form part of an racially defined "
394:
2382:
2148:
2143:
2018:
1584:
847:
In Bohemia, 1,700 new recruits were waiting to join the division, and soon it was back up to strength. On 19 July 1944,
631:
599:
479:
320:
249:
626:
formation. The majority of the new recruits refused to join the Waffen-SS and the units were instead joined into a new
2371:
2351:
1071:
974:
On 16 February, a kampfgruppe with the most experienced men of the division was ordered on the offensive as a part of
68:
1120:
989:
as a massed assault all along the front, but had then been reduced by Hitler to the level of a local counterattack.
1873:
1849:
1048:
622:
subject to "systematic humiliation". At the time, the Germans attempted to amalgamate the new volunteers into the
451:
415:
335:
871:. The Tannenberg Line was anchored on three strategic hills. Running west to east, these were known as Hill 69.9 (
35:
1615:
868:
264:
75:
509:
was created to govern the German-occupied Belgium. Hoping to expand its support in Flanders and influenced by
342:, VNV) as a means of maintaining its status as the principal collaborationist party within Flanders since the
2330:
1845:
1779:
1774:
1648:
1005:
571:
536:
1422:(1991). ""Rebellen" an der Ostfront. Die flämischen Freiwilligen der Legion "Flandern" und der Waffen-SS".
57:
595:
328:
1866:
975:
800:
770:
746:
729:. Tensions between the Flemish volunteers and the SS, however, led to some members refusing to take the
668:
269:
741:
announced that the VNV would not recruit more members for the German army. The allocation of the title
1041:
1653:
1608:
1547:
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591:
316:
1419:
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230:
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1431:
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960:
959:
was once again attached to III. (Germanic) SS Panzer Corps, now a part of Steiner's newly formed
721:
In May 1943, the Flemish Legion was amalgamated with other Flemish volunteers to form the new SS-
683:
664:
361:
The Flemish Legion was officially disbanded in May 1943 and reformed within the Waffen-SS as the
254:
682:
in January 1942. The Flemish Legion was involved in heavy fighting and took significant losses.
992:
Despite initial gains, the attack soon bogged down after III. (Germanic) SS Panzer Corps, with
132:
1479:
1448:
1405:
1386:
1344:
1325:
978:, the operation to destroy a Soviet salient and to relieve the troops besieged in the town of
830:
431:
343:
2223:
1742:
1579:
1471:
1367:"De Vlaamse Oostfronters. Sociaal profiel en wervingsverloop, novembre 1941 – augustus 1944"
796:
726:
675:
594:
in June 1941 expanded the activities of collaborationist groups in Belgium and elsewhere in
491:
459:
435:
355:
138:
82:
1034:
691:
567:
439:
377:. It was subsequently reorganised on several occasions and was officially designated as a
659:
The Flemish Legion was declared to be battleworthy and was deployed to the sector around
2214:
1712:
1589:
1475:
1462:
Gingerich, Mark P. (1997). "Waffen SS Recruitment in the "Germanic Lands," 1940-1941".
1061:
986:
917:
916:, along with the remainder of Steiner's Corps, executed a fighting withdrawal into the
734:
607:
483:
374:
292:
354:). It subsequently sustained heavy casualties on the Eastern Front in fighting around
2398:
1559:
1341:
Joining Hitler's Crusade: European Nations and the Invasion of the Soviet Union, 1941
1322:
The Patriotic Traitors: A History of Collaboration in German-occupied Europe, 1940-45
983:
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687:
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which gave preferential treatment to the Flemish population over the French-speaking
515:
487:
761:, the Sturmbrigade now gained a contingent of new Flemish volunteers, an anti-tank
603:
582:) which the German authorities had promised would not be deployed in combat roles.
443:
370:
312:
244:
185:
180:
137:
Sleeve insignia of the Flemish Legion, based on the traditional iconography of the
848:
686:, a leading figure within the VNV who had enlisted in the unit, was killed in a
475:
463:
24:
921:
410:
1483:
389:, Estonia, and Pomerania. Its remaining personnel finally surrendered to the
381:
in September 1944 but remained around 2,000-strong and never expanded beyond
1632:
979:
660:
627:
563:
548:
324:
222:
202:
1402:
Greep naar de Macht. Vlaams-nationalisme en Nieuwe Orde: het VNV, 1933–1945
806:, the brigade participated in the heavy defensive battles in the region of
614:
784:
was ready to be sent to the front. The total unit strength was 2,022 men.
826:
811:
766:
751:
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679:
559:
520:
447:
390:
308:
212:
1491:
1435:
1445:
Drang naar het Oosten. Vlaamse soldaten en kolonisten aan het oostfront
968:
792:
730:
715:
667:
of the city which had begun two months earlier. It was attached to the
495:
427:
382:
226:
168:
1858:
1600:
1119:
It had initially been contemplated that Lippert would be replaced by
618:
544:
540:
710:
Soon after arriving at Dębica, the Legion was ordered to move on to
1803:
1792:
570:
and therefore racially suitable for the Waffen-SS rather than the
409:
334:
Established in July 1941, the Flemish Legion was envisaged by the
303:
military formation recruited among Dutch-speaking volunteers from
964:
807:
610:" rather than the "Belgian Legion" it had originally advocated.
1862:
1604:
1519:
859:
2nd battalion was sent to the Narva front to become a part of
18:
1383:
Oostfronters: Vlamingen in het Vlaams Legioen en de Waffen SS
747:
bloody World War I battle fought at Langemarck, West Flanders
502:, VNV received approximately 15 percent of the Flemish vote.
1284:
1282:
1280:
1267:
1265:
606:, a largely French-speaking group in Belgium, to recruit a "
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1020:, now reduced to a Kampfgruppe, began falling back towards
1343:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 260–87.
1252:
1250:
1339:
Wouters, Nico (2018). "Belgium". In Stahel, David (ed.).
1299:
1297:
630:-sized Flemish Legion, itself associated with the larger
494:. Nonetheless, the VNV became increasingly influenced by
450:, the largest and most important of these groups was the
1206:
1204:
1167:
1165:
1163:
899:
20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian)
373:
in October 1943 and were transferred to other units or
909:
was engaged in very heavy combat against the Soviets.
851:
Rehmann was formed, commanded by SS-HauptsturmfĂĽhrer
505:
After the Belgian Army's surrender on 28 May 1940, a
2420:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
1024:
where it surrendered to the Red Army on 8 May 1945.
773:
battalion. In October 1943, the brigade was renamed
2339:
2314:
2293:
2161:
2136:
2095:
2031:
1968:
1897:
1817:
1767:
1751:
1702:
1667:
1641:
936:were redesignated as divisions on 18 October 1944.
237:
218:
208:
191:
174:
156:
146:
125:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
903:4th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Brigade Nederland
2415:Military units and formations established in 1940
829:. Despite this, they fought their way out of the
327:alongside similar formations from other parts of
765:company, an assault gun battalion equipped with
678:aimed to relieve Leningrad was launched by the
369:). 200 soldiers refused to swear allegiance to
1575:Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism
1874:
1616:
1531:
888:11. SS-Freiwilligen-Panzergrenadier Division
406:VNV and nationalist collaboration in Flanders
8:
458:, or VNV). The VNV was the successor of the
233:, though never larger than brigade-strength.
1082:Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts
839:was ordered back to Bohemia for reforming.
2133:
1881:
1867:
1859:
1623:
1609:
1601:
1538:
1524:
1516:
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1241:
1222:
1154:
385:-strength. It participated in fighting in
2410:Belgian collaboration during World War II
1371:Bijdragen tot de Eigentijdse Geschiedenis
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1067:List of German divisions in World War II
426:There were several political parties in
315:. It was formed in the aftermath of the
1546:Foreign volunteer units raised for the
1303:
1271:
1256:
1210:
1195:
1183:
1171:
1140:
1098:
1011:The Soviet offensive of 1 March pushed
895:5th SS Volunteer Sturmbrigade Wallonien
663:in November 1941 to participate in the
562:", Flemish volunteers were considered "
982:. The offensive had been conceived by
932:and the 5th SS Volunteer Sturmbrigade
122:
950:27th SS Volunteer Grenadier Division
825:were encircled by Soviet forces near
523:in areas such as the repatriation of
434:that were broadly sympathetic to the
7:
1424:Vierteljahrshefte fĂĽr Zeitgeschichte
47:adding citations to reliable sources
2366:were officially named "volunteer".
1839:were officially named "volunteer".
1548:German invasion of the Soviet Union
1077:Ranks and insignia of the Waffen-SS
905:and several German formations, the
613:The volunteers were transported to
592:German invasion of the Soviet Union
317:German invasion of the Soviet Union
1476:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1997.tb01377.x
1037:(24 September 1941 – 2 April 1942)
580:SS-Freiwilligen Standarte Nordwest
14:
1825:Schutzmannschaft-Brigade Siegling
486:but was initially distrustful of
2378:
2377:
1506:LĂ©gion Flamande (Vlaams Legioen)
855:. KG Rehmann, consisting of the
644:SS-Freiwilligen Legioen Flandern
500:national elections in April 1939
196:
179:
161:
131:
23:
757:In addition to the veterans of
650:Deployment on the Eastern Front
352:SS-Freiwilligen Legion Flandern
34:needs additional citations for
1121:Hans-Albert von Lettow-Vorbeck
886:Fighting alongside men of the
865:III (Germanic) SS Panzer Corps
775:6th SS Volunteer Sturmbrigade
737:. In August, the VNV's leader
640:SS Volunteer Legion "Flanders"
329:German-occupied Western Europe
1:
1911:Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler
1447:. Antwerp: Uitgeverij Polis.
1044:(11 July 1942 – October 1944)
363:SS Assault Brigade Langemarck
1585:Volunteer Legion Netherlands
725:Langemarck on the orders of
690:incident in the same month.
632:Volunteer Legion Netherlands
478:. It was also influenced by
348:SS Volunteer Legion Flanders
260:Zhitomir–Berdichev Offensive
1072:List of Waffen-SS divisions
1051:(October 1944 – 2 May 1945)
513:, it adopted the so-called
432:German invasion in May 1940
344:German invasion of May 1940
2436:
2372:SS heavy Panzer battalions
1850:List of Waffen-SS brigades
1443:Seberechts, Frank (2019).
1320:Littlejohn, David (1972).
1108:SS-Sturmbrigade Langemarck
912:Over the next few months,
531:Early recruitment campaign
456:Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond
420:Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond
367:SS-Sturmbrigade Langemarck
340:Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond
2360:
1833:
1555:
1365:Carrein, Kristof (1999).
799:. Fighting alongside the
750:speaking countrymen, the
265:Battle of Tannenberg Line
130:
2405:Legions of the Waffen-SS
1400:De Wever, Bruno (1994).
948:division was designated
867:which was defending the
780:. In December 1943, the
655:Battles around Leningrad
551:, initially sent to the
525:Belgian prisoners of war
16:German infantry division
1846:List of Waffen-SS units
1780:2nd SS Infantry Brigade
1775:1st SS Infantry Brigade
801:2nd SS Panzer Division
537:Algemeene-SS Vlaanderen
507:Military Administration
452:Flemish National League
416:Flemish National League
336:Flemish National League
305:German-occupied Belgium
1804:Charlemagne (1 French)
940:Pomerania – Oder Front
879:) and Orphanage Hill (
843:Narva – Kurland Pocket
596:German-occupied Europe
442:ideals represented by
423:
296:
2347:Divisional commanders
2002:Götz von Berlichingen
1324:. London: Heinemann.
976:Operation Sonnenwende
963:located on the lower
817:In January, 1944 the
787:On 26 December 1943,
731:SS oath of allegiance
676:large-scale offensive
669:2 SS Infantry Brigade
474:) by fusing with the
413:
270:Operation Sonnenwende
795:to act as a part of
568:Nazi racial thinking
43:improve this article
2301:4 (Panzergrenadier)
2273:Landstorm Nederland
2224:29 RONA (1 Russian)
1793:Landstorm Nederland
1040:SS-SturmbannfĂĽhrer
1033:SS-SturmbannfĂĽhrer
875:), Grenadier Hill (
745:, in memory of the
468:Greater Netherlands
430:at the time of the
1759:SS Cavalry Brigade
1570:Free Corps Denmark
1274:, pp. 269–70.
1125:Free Corps Denmark
961:XI. SS Panzer Army
684:Reimond Tollenaere
511:Nazi racial ideals
490:which was seen as
424:
319:and fought on the
255:Siege of Leningrad
2392:
2391:
2319:
2239:30 (1 Belarusian)
2157:
2156:
1856:
1855:
1598:
1597:
1508:at Belgium-WWII (
1454:978-94-6310-083-0
1404:. Tielt: Lannoo.
1385:. Tielt: Lannoo.
1350:978-1-316-51034-6
1259:, pp. 266–8.
1198:, pp. 263–4.
1186:, pp. 262–3.
665:military blockade
282:
281:
119:
118:
111:
93:
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2381:
2380:
2362:Units marked in
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2198:26 (2 Hungarian)
2134:
2118:33 (3 Hungarian)
1883:
1876:
1869:
1860:
1835:Units marked in
1625:
1618:
1611:
1602:
1580:Norwegian Legion
1540:
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1103:
1042:Conrad Schellong
821:and elements of
797:Army Group South
727:Heinrich Himmler
460:Flemish Movement
301:collaborationist
201:
200:
199:
184:
183:
167:
165:
164:
139:Flemish Movement
135:
123:
114:
107:
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100:
94:
92:
58:"Flemish Legion"
51:
27:
19:
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2434:
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2424:
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2394:
2393:
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2387:
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2316:
2310:
2289:
2285:38 "Nibelungen"
2184:20 (1 Estonian)
2169:14 (1 Galician)
2153:
2132:
2091:
2027:
1994:ReichsfĂĽhrer-SS
1972:
1964:
1893:
1887:
1857:
1852:
1840:
1829:
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1763:
1747:
1726:ReichsfĂĽhrer SS
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1420:De Wever, Bruno
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1379:De Wever, Bruno
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1359:Further reading
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1289:Littlejohn 1972
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1242:Littlejohn 1972
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1223:Littlejohn 1972
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1155:Littlejohn 1972
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1035:Michael Lippert
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881:Kinderheim-Höhe
869:Tannenberg Line
853:Wilhelm Rehmann
845:
708:
692:Michael Lippert
657:
652:
588:
543:which embraced
533:
440:anti-democratic
408:
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397:on 3 May 1945.
307:, notably from
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2306:35 (Grenadier)
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32:This article
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2040:
2020:
2017:
2011:Horst Wessel
2010:
2007:
2001:
1993:
1984:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1959:Hitlerjugend
1958:
1950:
1943:Hohenstaufen
1942:
1934:
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1704:Sturmbrigade
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1314:Bibliography
1304:Wouters 2018
1272:Wouters 2018
1257:Wouters 2018
1218:
1211:Wouters 2018
1196:Wouters 2018
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1184:Wouters 2018
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604:Rexist Party
589:
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553:SS-Division
534:
514:
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471:
455:
444:Nazi Germany
425:
419:
414:Flag of the
371:Adolf Hitler
366:
362:
360:
351:
347:
339:
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313:World War II
288:
286:
245:World War II
186:Nazi Germany
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2263:Charlemagne
2208:(1 Flemish)
2050:Prinz Eugen
1738:Dirlewanger
1683:4 Nederland
1022:Mecklenburg
849:Kampfgruppe
763:Panzerjäger
735:penal units
698:Division.
572:German Army
480:Catholicism
476:Netherlands
464:World War I
395:Mecklenburg
375:penal units
238:Engagements
2399:Categories
2265:(1 French)
2206:Langemarck
2086:Karstjäger
2068:Skanderbeg
1951:Frundsberg
1786:3 Estonian
1720:Langemarck
1411:902092267X
1392:9020911929
1088:References
1028:Commanders
1018:Langemarck
1013:Langemarck
997:Langemarck
957:Langemarck
952:Langemarck
946:Langemarck
930:Langemarck
926:SwinemĂĽnde
914:Langemarck
907:Langemarck
837:Langemarck
819:Langemarck
789:Langemarck
782:Langemarck
777:Langemarck
743:Langemarck
401:Background
229:and later
175:Allegiance
99:March 2010
69:newspapers
2352:Divisions
2315:Deception
2254:30 Januar
2217:Wallonien
2059:Handschar
2021:Nederland
1974:grenadier
1927:Totenkopf
1919:Das Reich
1892:divisions
1890:Waffen-SS
1799:1 Italian
1670:grenadier
1654:Westfalen
1633:Waffen-SS
1484:0018-2370
1135:Citations
994:Nordland,
980:Arnswalde
873:69.9-Höhe
823:Das Reich
803:Das Reich
661:Leningrad
628:battalion
586:Formation
549:Waffen-SS
472:dietsland
356:Leningrad
325:Waffen SS
311:, during
223:Battalion
203:Waffen-SS
152:1943–1945
150:1941–1943
2383:Category
2368:See also
2318:"Panzer"
2162:Infantry
2032:Mountain
1985:Nordland
1842:See also
1768:Infantry
1743:Kaminski
1713:Wallonia
1636:brigades
1510:Cegesoma
1492:24451818
1436:30196348
1381:(1984).
1056:See also
1006:Stargard
1001:Wallonie
944:The new
934:Wallonie
890:Nordland
827:Zhitomir
812:Zhitomir
759:Flandern
752:Walloons
712:Milovice
680:Red Army
576:Nordwest
560:Walloons
521:Walloons
448:Flanders
391:Red Army
379:division
309:Flanders
299:) was a
231:division
213:Infantry
2191:Hunyadi
2137:Cossack
2096:Cavalry
1970:Panzer-
1752:Cavalry
1677:Schuldt
1668:Panzer-
969:Stettin
793:Ukraine
716:Bohemia
706:Ukraine
428:Belgium
387:Ukraine
383:brigade
323:in the
227:brigade
169:Belgium
157:Country
83:scholar
2294:Police
2126:LĂĽtzow
1935:Wiking
1900:Panzer
1818:Police
1732:France
1642:Panzer
1550:(1941)
1490:
1482:
1451:
1434:
1408:
1389:
1347:
1328:
922:Baltic
901:, the
897:, the
893:, the
832:kessel
769:and a
696:Wiking
624:Wiking
619:Poland
615:Dębica
564:Nordic
555:Wiking
541:DeVlag
192:Branch
166:
147:Active
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2340:Lists
1649:Gross
1488:JSTOR
1432:JSTOR
1093:Notes
967:near
767:StuGs
566:" in
498:. At
446:. In
293:Dutch
90:JSTOR
76:books
2364:bold
2077:Kama
2041:Nord
1837:bold
1480:ISSN
1449:ISBN
1406:ISBN
1387:ISBN
1373:(6).
1345:ISBN
1326:ISBN
999:and
965:Oder
810:and
808:Kiev
771:FlaK
590:The
539:and
482:and
438:and
287:The
219:Size
209:Type
62:news
2271:34
2261:33
2252:32
2215:28
2204:27
2189:25
2124:37
2084:24
2075:23
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2019:23
2009:18
2000:17
1992:16
1983:11
1957:12
1949:10
1659:150
1472:doi
924:to
863:'s
714:in
646:).
470:" (
393:at
45:by
2401::
2370::
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2326:26
2280:36
2245:31
2112:22
2103:8
2048:7
2039:6
1941:9
1933:5
1925:3
1917:2
1909:1
1848:,
1844::
1694:51
1689:49
1486:.
1478:.
1468:59
1466:.
1428:39
1426:.
1369:.
1296:^
1279:^
1264:^
1249:^
1230:^
1203:^
1162:^
1143:^
1110:.
971:.
814:.
718:.
674:A
671:.
358:.
331:.
295::
225:,
2149:2
2144:1
1882:e
1875:t
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642:(
578:(
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291:(
141:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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