32:
206:, in which 111,091 ethnic Poles were killed. The number of ethnic Poles in the USSR dropped by 165,000 in that period as the Soviet statistics indicate. Depending on size of their families, the fate of around 200,000–250,000 Poles was sealed after they have been purposely left with nothing to live on.
917:
An OUN order from early 1944 stated: "Liquidate all Polish traces. Destroy all walls in the
Catholic Church and other Polish prayer houses. Destroy orchards and trees in the courtyards so that there will be no trace that someone lived there... Pay attention to the fact that when something remains
667:
of 1830–31 some 50,000 Polish captives including 30,000 soldiers and officers were deported to
Caucasus and Siberia. The total of 200,000 civilians were expelled from Poland in the following years, including extended families and children of the privileged classes, teachers and priests. After the
672:
of 1863–64, some 50,000 Poles were deported, and 2,000 large landed estates were confiscated. The grinding poverty and oppression of the
Russian rule was also the cause of economic migration. In the 25 years leading to World War I, some 400,000 Poles left the occupied territories in search of
213:
in which 320,000 Polish citizens (originally estimated at 700,000 up to 1 million) were deported to
Siberia in a Soviet attempt to de-Polonize annexed lands in 1940–41. About 150,000 of them perished in the Soviet Union before the end of the war. The opportunity for organized flight came in a
186:. It is estimated that some 460,000 of them spoke Polish as a first language. However, throughout the interwar years, according to Polish estimates, some 1,2 million up to 1,3 million Poles remained in the vast territories of the Soviet Union including 260,000 in the former
855:. Anti-Nazi fighters were drafted to the Polish Communist Army, many of them arrested and deported to Soviet camps, some murdered. That started a partisan war between Polish Communists, supported by the Red Army and the NKVD, and the Polish underground, called
848:), and deporting hundreds of thousands of people, including women, to Siberia. Many of the deported people left the Soviet Union with the Anders Army in 1943. Many of the soldiers and civilians died or never returned to Communist Poland after the war.
673:
sustenance. The number of Poles in Russia proper reached 2.8 million by 1911 according to S. Thugutt, concentrated mostly in St. Petersburg, Riga, Kiev, Moscow, Odessa, Kamianske, Ekaterinoslav, and a dozen other large cities.
646:
accepted by the US administration and UK government during the
Teheran, Yalta and Potsdam meetings with the Soviet leaders. Although not invited to participate in the multilateral talks, new Poland was assigned the so-called
637:
lasting until the end of 1944. Most Poles who survived World War II on Soviet territory left in accordance with the Polish-Soviet repatriation agreements. It was the final wave of mass migrations, referred to as the
1552:
616:
227:
309:
810:
grew up in the Soviet Union and ran away to Poland. Roman
Catholic priest Wincenty Ilgin was imprisoned since 1927, exchanged with Lithuania in 1933, and died in Poland. Belarus writer
456:
1567:
471:
1572:
346:
831:
609:
466:
461:
827:
906:
899:
634:
796:
790:
769:, participated in the Revolution. He emigrated to Poland with anti-revolutionary feelings. After the German and Soviet invasions of 1939, he committed suicide. Writer
602:
202:
region with roughly the same number spread out across the rest of the country. None of them were allowed to leave. In 1937–38 Polish minority became the target of the
341:
223:
1464:
851:
The Soviet Union annexed
Eastern Poland and expelled the majority of Poles in 1944 and 1945. Poles deported during the years 1939-1941 were transported mostly to
695:
After Poland established independence during the First World War, thousands of ethnic Poles residing in Russia embarked on journeys home. Also, the unrest of the
554:
957:
559:
544:
241:
835:
444:
549:
434:
178:. In the second wave, between November 1919 and June 1924, roughly 1,200,000 people left the territory of the USSR for Poland amid political repression of
397:
799:, 143,810 people were captured, of whom 139,885 were sentenced by extrajudicial organs, and 111,091 executed (nearly 80% of all victims). According to
639:
1562:
163:
presence on the territory of the post-war Soviet Union in the first half of the 20th century. The greatest migrations took place in waves between the
407:
299:
569:
249:
23:
494:
314:
276:
115:
1524:
927:
449:
1505:
1474:
1223:
319:
119:
429:
123:
1394:
424:
1536:
803:, the majority of those killed were ethnic Poles; he says that 85,000 is a "conservative estimate" of the number of executed Poles.
375:
324:
358:
329:
1557:
1103:
412:
1445:
1358:
1323:
1311:
1294:
1256:
1244:
987:
334:
271:
766:
746:
219:
36:
Polish refugee camp in
Teheran, 1943 after successful evacuation of Polish citizens from the Soviet captivity in Siberia by
1157:
1487:
1316:
The Polish
Deportees of World War II: Recollections of Removal to the Soviet Union and Dispersal Throughout the World
1286:
The Polish
Deportees of World War II: Recollections of Removal to the Soviet Union and Dispersal Throughout the World
1193:
1142:
1088:
529:
417:
380:
168:
126:
1227:
1160:[The forgotten Stalinist genocide]. Gliwicki klub Fondy. Czytelnia. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012
1016:
439:
392:
203:
1406:
663:
by the Russian Empire in 1795–1914. The Poles were being uprooted from Poland during national insurrections. After the
363:
720:
1433:
1052:
1030:
875:
387:
304:
1251:. The Canadian Foundation for Polish Studies of the Polish Institute of Arts & Sciences. Price-Patterson Ltd.
1048:
210:
47:
1520:
811:
659:
The numerically significant presence of Polish people on the territory of USSR was a direct consequence of the
234:
lasted from March to September 1942. Well over 110,000 Poles went to Iran including 36,000 women and children.
867:
750:
1348:
1284:
703:
motivated many to reemigrate. Many Polish politicians, generals, writers, artists and composers, born in the
738:
1397:
Internet portal RodacynaSyberii.pl, Kulturalno-Narodowa Organizacja Społeczna "Polonia" Republiki Chakasji.
1044:
630:
579:
175:
152:
97:
690:
179:
1173:
1122:
1068:
852:
648:
589:
31:
1010:
758:
716:
976:
879:
754:
660:
370:
351:
215:
860:
144:
1368:
1024:
814:
was imprisoned in the Soviet Union. After being exchanged with Poland, he published his memoirs,
584:
164:
770:
1532:
1501:
1470:
1441:
1437:
1411:
1354:
1319:
1290:
1252:
1219:
983:
937:
883:
762:
727:
715:
migrated to sovereign Poland in its 1918-1939 borders including the most prominent politician
704:
700:
696:
682:
664:
519:
187:
1527:
Stan badań oraz źródła do dziejów pogranicza polsko-litewsko-białoruskiego. Seria wydawnicza
871:
773:, born in Russia, moved to Central Poland after the Bolshevik Revolution. He later lived in
724:
669:
509:
489:
218:, the USSR was forced to fight its own former ally, Nazi Germany, and in July 1941 signed a
1380:
1344:
1186:
1135:
1081:
910:
856:
731:
708:
514:
499:
174:
The first spontaneous flight of about 500,000 Poles occurred during the reconstitution of
1240:
651:
as compensation for the loss of the eastern half of its prewar territory to the Soviets.
1211:
845:
800:
742:
504:
266:
231:
71:
37:
1546:
1426:
1340:
183:
160:
148:
807:
734:
712:
191:
1262:
945:
887:
643:
195:
642:
in the aftermath of Allied victory over Germany. The displacement followed the
686:
866:
Notable or future notable Poles who emigrated to Poland: archbishop of Wilno
941:
40:
1312:"Near and Middle East: The evacuation of the Polish people from the USSR"
1216:
Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami
859:. The biggest Soviet crime was the murder of about 600 people after the
1109:. GRHS Heritage Society. Archived from the original on October 18, 2011
199:
774:
402:
114:
annexed by the Soviet Union and incorporated into the newly expanded
1104:"Soviet "Paradise" Revisited: Genocide, Dissent, Memory, and Denial"
209:
The next major wave of forcible displacement resulted from the 1939
1529:
Wspólne dziedzictwo ziempółnocno-wschodnich dawnej Rzeczypospolitej
918:
that is Polish, then the Poles will have pretensions to our land".
1500:
Mark Mazower, Hitler's Empire, pages 506-507. Penguin Books 2008.
890:
migrated from Russia to Poland because her mother married a Pole.
778:
539:
281:
156:
111:
1245:"De-Polonizing the territories newly incorporated into the USSR"
59:
500,000 Polish nationals imprisoned before June 1941 (90% male)
1428:
The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective
1408:
Witkacy: Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz As an Imaginative Writer
70:
20,000 Polish military personnel and officials killed in the
1395:
Dzieje PolakĂłw na Syberii (The History of Poles in Siberia).
822:
Soviet occupation of Eastern Poland 1939-1941 and 1944-1946
1393:
Ludmiła Poleżajewa, Sergiusz Leończyk, Artiom Czernyszew,
936:. Notable Poles evacuated during that time include singer
1553:
Forced migration in the Soviet Union during World War II
781:, and, after World War II moved back to the new Poland.
1525:
Repatriacje i migracje ludności pogranicza w XX wieku.
629:Spontaneous flight from eastern borderlands of the
1425:
907:massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
900:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
635:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
913:) approximately 80,000-100,000 Poles were killed.
832:Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)
228:The evacuation of the Polish people from Siberia
1489:Zapomnijcie o Giedroyciu: Polacy, Ukraińcy, IPN
1055:. Archived from the original on October 4, 2012
828:Soviet annexation of Western Ukraine, 1939–1940
224:amnesty for Polish citizens in the Soviet Union
1568:Forced migrations of Poles during World War II
1249:The Devil's Playground: Poland in World War II
977:Sovietisation of Poland's Eastern Territories.
1218:, Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance,
610:
8:
1466:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin
1350:Jews in Eastern Poland and the USSR, 1939-46
797:The Polish Operation of the NKVD (1937–1938)
791:The Polish Operation of the NKVD (1937–1938)
16:
617:
603:
236:
214:remarkable reversal of fortune. Following
41:
1573:Population transfers of Poles (1944–1946)
958:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)
844:Eastern Poland, killing educated people (
840:During the years 1939-1941, the Soviets
1207:
1205:
1203:
968:
836:Polish population transfers (1944–1946)
677:Russian Civil War and Polish–Soviet War
568:
528:
480:
290:
257:
248:
159:) pertains to the dramatic decrease of
24:population transfer in the Soviet Union
1424:Robert Gellately; Ben Kiernan (2003).
1376:
1366:
1283:Tadeusz Piotrowski (2004). "Amnesty".
1182:
1171:
1131:
1120:
1077:
1066:
1022:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
176:sovereign Poland following World War I
15:
1158:"Zapomniane ludobĂłjstwo stalinowskie"
765:. Future writer and painter Witkacy,
640:Polish population transfers (1944–46)
7:
472:Between Poland and Soviet Lithuania
169:aftermath of World War II in Europe
1289:. McFarland. pp. 93–94, 102.
495:German–Soviet population transfers
96:150,000 – 500,000 citizens of the
14:
928:Repatriation of Poles (1955–1959)
905:Ukrainian nationalists organized
467:Between Poland and Soviet Belarus
462:Between Poland and Soviet Ukraine
151:from all territories east of the
85:320,000 Poles deported to Siberia
1563:Ethnic Poles in the Soviet Union
1339:Josef Litvak (2 December 1991).
1214:& Wojciech Materski (2009),
1051:[Genocide Not Mourned].
310:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
198:(Kijowszczyzna), and 300,000 in
194:(Homelszczyzna), 160,000 in the
30:
1314:. In Tadeusz Piotrowski (ed.).
1353:. Springer. pp. 227–228.
1156:Michał Jasiński (2010-10-27).
190:(Mińszczyzna), 230,000 in the
1:
1452:Polish operation (page 233 –)
1168:– via Internet Archive.
570:Massive labor force transfers
17:Flight of Poles from the USSR
1017:Polish Scientific Publishers
204:Polish Operation of the NKVD
1009:"Rosja. Polonia i Polacy".
909:during which (according to
767:Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz
1589:
1434:Cambridge University Press
1228:Excerpts reproduced online
932:About 250,000 people were
925:
897:
825:
788:
680:
250:Forced population transfer
127:Soviet Socialist Republics
1531:Tom III. Białystok 2004.
1469:, New York: Basic Books.
1318:. McFarland. p. 97.
1310:Andrzej Szujecki (2004).
1299:– via Google Books.
1049:"Nieopłakane ludobójstwo"
1015:. Stanisław Gregorowicz.
300:Azerbaijanis from Armenia
220:London treaty with Poland
211:Soviet invasion of Poland
107:
100:died in USSR in the 1940s
92:
81:
66:
55:
48:Soviet invasion of Poland
44:
29:
21:
1463:Snyder, Timothy (2010).
812:Frantsishak Alyakhnovich
747:Tadeusz Dołęga-Mostowicz
408:Kurds from Transcaucasia
112:Eastern region of Poland
816:In the Claws of the GPU
580:Twenty-five-thousanders
1558:20th century in Poland
1192:CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1181:Cite journal requires
1141:CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1130:Cite journal requires
1102:Dr. Eric J. Schmaltz.
1087:CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1076:Cite journal requires
1045:Marek Jan Chodakiewicz
1029:: CS1 maint: others (
894:Ukrainian nationalists
631:Second Polish Republic
457:Polish and Soviet Jews
153:Second Polish Republic
1539:via Internet Archive.
868:Romuald Jałbrzykowski
853:Recovered Territories
751:Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz
721:Władysław Raczkiewicz
649:Recovered Territories
590:Virgin Lands campaign
876:Władysław Dziewulski
661:Partitions of Poland
633:occurred during the
216:Operation Barbarossa
165:Bolshevik Revolution
1521:Wojciech Śleszyński
870:, mountain climber
315:Chechens and Ingush
252:in the Soviet Union
167:of 1917 and in the
145:forced displacement
18:
1519:Marek Kietliński,
975:Gross 1997, chpt.
759:Melchior Wańkowicz
585:NKVD labor columns
540:POW Administration
277:Forced settlements
1506:978-0-14-311610-3
1486:Grzegorz Motyka,
1475:978-0-465-00239-9
1412:Daniel C. Gerould
1224:978-83-7629-067-6
980:From Peace to War
884:Gustaw Lutkiewicz
880:Tadeusz CzeĹĽowski
795:As the result of
763:Karol Szymanowski
753:, Nobel Laureate
739:Władysław Raginis
728:Stefan Frankowski
705:Russian Partition
701:Russian Civil War
697:Soviet Revolution
691:Polish–Soviet War
683:Russian Civil War
665:November Uprising
627:
626:
520:Operation Vistula
188:Minsk Voivodeship
180:Polish–Soviet War
141:
140:
135:
134:
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1280:
1274:
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1270:
1261:. Archived from
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1012:Encyklopedia PWN
1006:
991:
973:
940:, film producer
886:. Future singer
872:Wanda Rutkiewicz
861:AugustĂłw roundup
785:Between the wars
707:and outside the
670:January Uprising
619:
612:
605:
510:Operation Priboi
490:June deportation
430:Meskhetian Turks
237:
42:
34:
19:
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1345:Antony Polonsky
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911:Grzegorz Motyka
902:
896:
857:Cursed soldiers
838:
826:Main articles:
824:
793:
787:
771:Paweł Jasienica
761:, and composer
732:counter admiral
717:Józef Piłsudski
709:Congress Poland
693:
681:Main articles:
679:
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623:
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515:Operation Vesna
500:Operation North
476:
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143:The flight and
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1212:Tomasz Szarota
1199:
1183:|journal=
1148:
1132:|journal=
1094:
1078:|journal=
1053:Rzeczpospolita
1047:(2011-01-15).
1036:
992:
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938:Czesław Niemen
926:Main article:
923:
920:
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914:
898:Main article:
895:
892:
878:, philosopher
846:Katyn massacre
823:
820:
801:Timothy Snyder
789:Main article:
786:
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755:Czesław Miłosz
743:Jerzy Giedroyc
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440:NKVD operation
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418:NKVD operation
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364:NKVD operation
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352:NKVD operation
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335:NKVD operation
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325:Crimean Tatars
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267:Dekulakization
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232:General Anders
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72:Katyn massacre
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38:General Anders
35:
27:
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1537:83-920642-0-8
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1477:. pp. 103–104
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1341:Norman Davies
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1327:
1321:
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1313:
1306:
1303:
1298:
1292:
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1287:
1279:
1276:
1265:on 2018-04-27
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874:, astronomer
873:
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888:Anna German
806:The writer
719:as well as
644:Curzon Line
425:Lithuanians
222:, granting
196:Kyiv region
1547:Categories
1514:References
1447:0521527503
1360:1349217891
1325:0786455365
1296:0786455365
1269:2016-07-02
1258:0969278411
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545:Japanese
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