934:(CGI) systems today. Namely because the object of flight simulation is to reproduce on the ground the behavior of an aircraft in flight. Much of this reproduction had to do with believable visual synthesis that mimicked reality. Combined with the need to pair virtual synthesis with military level training requirements, graphics technologies applied in flight simulation were often years ahead of what would have been available in commercial products. When CGI was first used to train pilots, early systems proved effective for certain simple training missions but needed further development for sophisticated training tasks as terrain following and other tactical maneuvers. Early CGI systems could depict only objects consisting of planar polygons. Advances in algorithms and electronics in flight simulator visual systems and CGI in the 1970s and 1980s influenced many technologies still used in modern graphics. Over time CGI systems were able to superimpose texture over the surfaces and transition from one level of image detail to the next one in a smooth manner. Real-time
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1014:, south of San Francisco. This has a very large-throw motion system with 60 feet (+/- 30 ft) of vertical movement (heave). The heave system supports a horizontal beam on which are mounted 40 ft rails, allowing lateral movement of a simulator cab of +/- 20 feet. A conventional 6-degree of freedom hexapod platform is mounted on the 40 ft beam, and an interchangeable cabin is mounted on the platform. This design permits quick switching of different aircraft cabins. Simulations have ranged from blimps, commercial and military aircraft to the Space Shuttle. In the case of the Space Shuttle, the large Vertical Motion Simulator was used to investigate a longitudinal
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subjective opinions tend to be aired, particularly by pilots not used to making objective assessments and responding to a structured test schedule. For many years, it was believed that 6 DOF motion-based simulation gave the pilot closer fidelity to flight control operations and aircraft responses to control inputs and external forces and gave a better training outcome for students than non-motion-based simulation. This is described as "handling fidelity", which can be assessed by test flight standards such as the numerical Cooper-Harper rating scale for handling qualities. Recent scientific studies have shown that the use of technology such as vibration or
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device to provide such training without the restrictions of weather and the availability of aircraft and flight instructors. His design had a pneumatic motion platform driven by inflatable bellows which provided pitch and roll cues. A vacuum motor similar to those used in player pianos rotated the platform, providing yaw cues. A generic replica cockpit with working instruments was mounted on the motion platform. When the cockpit was covered, pilots could practice flying by instruments in a safe environment. The motion platform gave the pilot cues as to real angular motion in pitch (nose up and down), roll (wing up or down) and yaw (nose left and right).
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included having to fly in bad weather as well as good, for which the USAAF had not previously carried out much training. During the first weeks of the mail service, nearly a dozen Army pilots were killed. The Army Air Force hierarchy remembered Ed Link and his trainer. Link flew in to meet them at Newark Field in New Jersey, and they were impressed by his ability to arrive on a day with poor visibility, due to practice on his training device. The result was that the USAAF purchased six Link
Trainers, and this can be said to mark the start of the world flight simulation industry.
835:. To achieve good transfer of skills, there are very specific requirements in the flight simulator regulations that determine how closely they must match the real aircraft. These requirements in case of full flight simulators are so detailed, that it may be cost-effective to use the real part certified to fly, rather than manufacture a dedicated replica. Lower classes of simulators may use springs to mimic forces felt when moving the controls. When there is a need to better replicate the control forces or dynamic response, many simulators are equipped with actively driven
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objective, and functional and subjective tests to demonstrate the representativeness of the simulator compare to the airplane. The results will be compared to Flight Test Data provided by aircraft OEMs or from test campaign ordered by simulator OEMs or also can be compared by POM (Proof Of Match) data provided by aircraft OEMs development simulators. Some of the QTGs will be rerun during the year to prove during continuous qualification that the simulator is still in the tolerances approved by the CAA.
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453:, flight simulators can be used instead of performing some flight tests. Such "engineering flight simulators" can provide a fast way to find errors, reducing both the risks and the cost of development. Additionally, this allows use of extra measurement equipment that might be too large or otherwise impractical to include during onboard a real aircraft. Throughout different phases of the design process, different engineering simulators with various level of complexity are used.
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783:. To achieve perception of fluent movement, these equations are solved 50 or 60 times per second. The forces for motion are calculated from aerodynamical models, which in turn depend on state of control surfaces, driven by specific systems, with their avionics, etc. As is the case with modelling, depending on the required level of realism, there are different levels of detail, with some sub-models omitted in simpler simulators.
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855:, however most classes of certified simulators need all buttons, switches and other inputs to be operated in the same way as in the aircraft cockpit. The necessity for a physical copy of a cockpit contributes to the cost of simulator construction, and ties the hardware to a specific aircraft type. Because of these reasons, there is ongoing research on interactions in
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151:, United States, which he started building in 1927. He later patented his design, which was first available for sale in 1929. The Link Trainer was a basic metal frame flight simulator usually painted in its well-known blue color. Some of these early war era flight simulators still exist, but it is becoming increasingly difficult to find working examples.
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Netherlands, manufactured by AMST. This large simulator has a gimballed cockpit mounted on a framework which adds vertical motion. The framework is mounted on rails attached to a rotating platform. The rails allow the simulator cab to be positioned at different radii from the centre of rotation and this gives a sustained G capability up to about 3.5.
950:. Many computer graphics visionaries began their careers at Evans & Sutherland and Link Flight Simulation, Division of Singer Company, two leading companies in flight simulation before today's modern computing era. For example, the Singer Link Digital Image Generator (DIG) created in 1978 was considered one of the worlds first CGI system.
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524:– Provides an adequate training platform for both procedural and operational performance tasks specific to the ground and flight training requirements for Private Pilot Certificate, instrument rating, Commercial Pilot Certificate, and Airline Transport Pilot (ATP) Certificate, and Flight Instructor Certificate.
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AMST Systemtechnik GmbH (AMST) of
Austria and Environmental Tectonics Corporation (ETC) of Philadelphia, US, manufacture a range of simulators for disorientation training, that have full freedom in yaw. The most complex of these devices is the Desdemona simulator at the TNO Research Institute in The
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While different models need to exchange data, most often they can be separated into a modular architecture, for better organisation and ease of development. Typically, gear model for ground handling would be separate input to the main equations of motion. Each engine and avionics instrument is also a
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The principal pilot trainer used during World War II was the Link
Trainer. Some 10,000 were produced to train 500,000 new pilots from allied nations, many in the US and Canada because many pilots were trained in those countries before returning to Europe or the Pacific to fly combat missions. Almost
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The Link family firm in
Binghamton manufactured player pianos and organs, and Ed Link was therefore familiar with such components as leather bellows and reed switches. He was also a pilot, but dissatisfied with the amount of real flight training that was available, he decided to build a ground-based
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The term "flight simulator" may carry slightly different meaning in general language and technical documents. In past regulations, it referred specifically to devices which can closely mimic the behavior of aircraft throughout various procedures and flight conditions. In more recent definitions, this
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and the environment in which it flies, for pilot training, design, or other purposes. It includes replicating the equations that govern how aircraft fly, how they react to applications of flight controls, the effects of other aircraft systems, and how the aircraft reacts to external factors such as
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The actual procedure accepted by all CAAs (Civil
Aviation Authorities) around the world is to propose 30 days prior qualification date (40 days for CAAC) a MQTG document (Master Qualification Test Guide), which is proper to a unique simulator device and will live along the device itself, containing
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Before
September 2018, when a manufacturer wished to have an ATD model approved, a document that contains the specifications for the model line and that proves compliance with the appropriate regulations is submitted to the FAA. Once this document, called a Qualification Approval Guide (QAG), has
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Flight simulators may include training tasks for crew other than pilots. Examples include gunners on a military aircraft or hoist operators. Separate simulators have also been used for tasks related to flight, like evacuating the aircraft in case of a crash in water. With high complexity of many
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training, for which the outside view is less important. Certain aircraft systems may or may not be simulated, and the aerodynamic model is usually extremely generic if present at all. Depending on the level of certification, instruments that would have moving indicators in a real aircraft may be
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Motion system is a major contributor to overall simulator cost, but assessments of skill transfer based on training on a simulator and leading to handling an actual aircraft are difficult to make, particularly where motion cues are concerned. Large samples of pilot opinion are required and many
743:, instrument panel buttons and switches and the instructor's station, if present. Based on these, the internal state is updated, and equations of motion solved for the new time step. The new state of the simulated aircraft is shown to the user through visual, auditory, motion and touch channels.
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Initially, aviation flight schools showed little interest in the "Link
Trainer". Link also demonstrated his trainer to the U.S. Army Air Force (USAAF), but with no result. However, the situation changed in 1934 when the Army Air Force was given a government contract to fly the postal mail. This
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An area of training was for air gunnery handled by the pilot or a specialist air gunner. Firing at a moving target requires aiming ahead of the target (which involves the so-called lead angle) to allow for the time the bullets require to reach the vicinity of the target. This is sometimes also
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There are many parameters in visual system design. For a narrow field of view, a single display may be sufficient, however typically multiple projectors are required. This arrangement needs additional calibration, both in terms of distortion from not projecting on a flat surface, as well as
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Another form of tactile input from the pilot are instruments located on the panels in the cockpit. As they are used to interact with various aircraft systems, just that may be sufficient for some forms of procedure training. Displaying them on a screen is sufficient for the most basic
586:– The highest level of FFS qualification currently available. Requirements are for Level C with additions. The motion platform must have all six degrees of freedom, and the visual system must have an outside-world horizontal field of view of at least 150 degrees, with a
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If a human user is part of the simulator, which might not be the case for some engineering simulators, there is a need to perform the simulation in real-time. Low refresh rates not only reduce realism of simulation, but they have also been linked with increase in
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518:– Provides an adequate training platform and design for both procedural and operational performance tasks specific to the ground and flight training requirements for Private Pilot Certificate and instrument rating per Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations.
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motion. In contrast to real aircraft, the simulated motion system has a limited range in which it is able to move. That especially affects the ability to simulate sustained accelerations, and requires a separate model to approximate the cues to the human
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s. CAE supplied 56% of this installed base, L3 CTS 20% and FlightSafety
International 10%, while CAE's training centres are the largest operator, with a 13% share. North America has 38% of the world's training devices, Asia-Pacific 25% and Europe 24%.
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bought four flight simulators at a cost of $ 3 million from
Curtiss-Wright that were similar to the earlier models, with the addition of visuals, sound and movement. This was the first of today's modern flight simulators for commercial aircraft.
1018:(PIO) that occurred on an early Shuttle flight just before landing. After identification of the problem on the VMS, it was used to try different longitudinal control algorithms and recommend the best for use in the Shuttle program.
580:– Requires a motion platform with all six degrees of freedom. Also lower transport delay (latency) over levels A & B. The visual system must have an outside-world horizontal field of view of at least 75 degrees for each pilot.
94:". The more generic term "flight simulation training device" (FSTD) is used to refer to different kinds of flight training devices, and that corresponds more closely to meaning of the phrase "flight simulator" in general English.
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In 1910, on the initiative of the French commanders Clolus and
Laffont and Lieutenant Clavenad, the first ground training aircraft for military aircraft were built. The "Tonneau Antoinette" (Antoinette barrel), created by the
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and $ 2.8 billion annual revenues, manufacturing training devices for 70 years but moved into training in 2000 with multiple acquisitions. Now CAE makes more from training than from producing the simulators. Crawley-based
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simulators. Alternatively, more simulators can be connected, what is known as "parallel simulation" or "distributed simulation". As military aircraft often need to cooperate with other craft or military personnel,
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Francesca De Crescenzio; Massimiliano Fantini; Franco Persiani; Luigi Di Stefano; Pietro Azzari; Samuele Salti (1 January 2011). "Augmented reality for aircraft maintenance training and operations support".
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brightness in regions with overlapping projections. There are also different shapes of screens used, including cylindrical, spherical or ellipsoidal. The image can be projected on the viewing side of the
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These definitions apply to both airplanes and helicopters unless specified otherwise. Training devices briefly compared below are all different subclasses of Flight simulation training device (FSTD).
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implemented with a display. With more advanced displays, cockpit representation and motion systems, flight simulators can be used to credit different amount of flight hours towards a pilot license.
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between pilot input and aircraft reaction. Because of that, tradeoffs are made to reach the required level of realism with a lower computational cost. Flight simulators typically don't include full
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are a common use for distributed simulation. Because of that, numerous standards for distributed simulation including aircraft have been developed with military organisations. Some examples include
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625: : Fully enclosed real-scale cockpit, control forces and travel representative of the aircraft, aerodynamic model taking into account changes to airspeed, loading and other factors
555:– Model specific. All applicable aerodynamics, flight controls, and systems must be modeled. A vibration system must be supplied. This is the first level to require a visual system.
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models for forces or weather, but use databases of prepared results from calculations and data acquired in real flights. As an example, instead of simulating flow over the wings,
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899:, or alternatively "back-projection" onto a translucent screen. Because the screen is much closer than objects outside aircraft, the most advanced flight simulators employ
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425:. The simplest simulators are used to practice basic cockpit procedures, such as processing emergency checklists, and for cockpit familiarization. They are also used for
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André Pinheiro; Paulo Fernandes; Ana Maia; et al. (2012). "Development of a Mechanical Maintenance Training Simulator in OpenSimulator for F-16 Aircraft Engines".
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Visual simulation science applied from the visual systems developed in flight simulators were also an important precursor to three dimensional computer graphics and
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Leonard Ross; Paul Slotten; Louise Yeazel (1990). "Pilot's Evaluation of the Usefulness of Full Mission IFR Simulator Flights for General Aviation Pilot Training".
918:. This approach allows for a complete field of view, and makes the simulator size considerably smaller. There are examples of use in research, as well as certified
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A simulator for helicopters existed as the Jacobs Jaycopter as means of “Cutting helicopter training cost.”. The simulator was later sold as a funfair ride in the
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require some form of replicating the cockpit. As they are the primary means of interaction between the pilot and the aircraft special importance is assigned to
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2022:; Thomas Crea; Matthew Conway (January 1992). "A Literature Survey for Virtual Environments: Military Flight Simulator Visual Systems and Simulator Sickness".
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Michael King; Stephen Lenser; D Rogers; H Carnahan (2 January 2022). "Novice and experienced hoist operators in a helicopter hoist virtual reality simulator".
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667: : May lack a visual system, compared to FNPT the aircraft systems must operate correctly based only on pilot inputs without requiring instructor actions
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887:, require a very large field of view, preferably almost full sphere, due to the manoeuvres that are performed during air combat. Similarly, since
86:(mainly of pilots), the design and development of the aircraft itself, and research into aircraft characteristics and control handling qualities.
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been approved, all future devices conforming to the QAG are automatically approved and individual evaluation is neither required nor available.
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883:. Depending on the simulator type it may be sufficient to provide only a view forward using a flat display. However, some types of craft, e.g.
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can perform hover flight in any direction, some classes of helicopter flight simulators require even 180 degrees of horizontal field of view.
537:– Similar to a Cockpit Procedures Trainer (CPT). This level does not require an aerodynamic model, but accurate systems modeling is required.
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Susan T. Heers; Patricia A. Casper (October 1998). "Subjective Measurement Assessment in a Full Mission Scout-Attack Helicopter Simulation".
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543:– Aerodynamic programming and systems modeling is required, but it may represent a family of aircraft rather than only one specific model.
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574:– Requires three axis motion and a higher-fidelity aerodynamic model than does Level A. The lowest level of helicopter flight simulator.
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systems. Vibration actuators may also be included, either due to helicopter simulation requirements, or for aircraft equipped with a
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590:(distant focus) display. Realistic sounds in the cockpit are required, as well as a number of special motion and visual effects.
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system, in which interaction with a human user is constantly happening. From perspective of the device, the inputs are primary
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Matthias Oberhauser; Daniel Dreyer (1 September 2017). "A virtual reality flight simulator for human factors engineering".
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Markus Tatzgern; Cristoph Birgmann (March 2021). "Exploring Input Approximations for Control Panels in Virtual Reality".
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within flight simulators can be equally effective in the delivery of training as large and expensive 6-DOF FFS devices.
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Byron J. Pierce; George A. Geri (October 1998). "The Implications of Image Collimation for Flight Simulator Training".
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Outside view from the aircraft is an important cue for flying the aircraft, and is the primary means of navigation for
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model are the equations of motion for the aircraft. As the aircraft moves through atmosphere it can exhibit both
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Transfer of Training from a Full-Flight Simulator vs. a High Level Flight Training Device with a Dynamic Seat
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crew. It enabled sextants to be used for taking "star shots" from a projected display of the night sky.
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Trainer of 1941 was 13.7 m (45 ft) high and capable of accommodating the navigation team of a
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82:, wind shear, cloud, precipitation, etc. Flight simulation is used for a variety of reasons, including
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Black Magic and Gremlins: Analog Flight Simulations at NASA's Flight Research Center by Gene L. Waltman
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Baarspul, M. (1990) A review of flight simulation techniques. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 22, 1–20.
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Specific classes of simulators are also used for training other than obtaining initial license such as
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visualization of virtual worlds makes some aspects of flight simulator visual systems very similar to
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Karsten Hytten (November 1989). "Helicopter crash in water: Effects of simulator Escape training".
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To simulate cooperative tasks, the simulator can be suited for multiple users, as is the case with
644: : Wider field of view and means of quickly testing correct operation of hardware and software
549:– Aircraft-model-specific aerodynamic programming, control feel, and physical cockpit are required.
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In June 2018, there were 1,270 commercial airline simulators in service, up by 50 over a year: 85%
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effect between the pilots' point of view, and provide a more realistic view of distant objects.
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Roza, M., M. Wentink and Ph. Feenstra. "Performance Testing of the Desdemona Motion System."
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A different type of World War II trainer was used for navigating at night by the stars. The
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procedures; can use spring loaded flight controls, and instruments displayed on a screen
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The largest flight simulator in the world is the Vertical Motion Simulator (VMS) at
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each year, 7% of the 22,000 entering the profession annually, and aims for 10% in a
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David J Allerton (December 2010). "The impact of flight simulation in aerospace".
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simultaneous operation of all actuators became the preferred choice, with some
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training, for example which instruments need to be doubled for each crew member
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With a 20% market share, equipment still accounts for more than half of L3 CTS
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Development and Implementation of Cost-effective Flight Simulator Technologies
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2635:"Space Shuttle Landing and Rollout Training at the Vertical Motion Simulator"
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Virtual hand-button interaction in a generic virtual reality flight simulator
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have invested in their own training centres, aiming for higher margins than
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Initially, the motion systems used separate axes of movement, similar to a
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The Art of Flight Simulation (Aersopace MEng Thesis on Flight Simulation)
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Brent Cameron; Hooman Rajaee; Bradley Jung; Robert Langlois (May 2016),
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Section 91.155 14 CFR Part 91 - General Operating and Flight Rules - FAA
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operation. One of the primary characteristics of a visual system is the
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Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek
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1260:"Airline Pilots Fly Anywhere in the world – Without Leaving the Ground"
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Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
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Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
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A spherical display with multiple projectors visible above the cockpit
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called "deflection shooting" and requires skill and practice. During
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in 2015, Aerosim in Sanford, Florida in 2016, and Portuguese academy
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Stewart, D. (1965–1966). "A Platform with Six Degrees of Freedom".
2370:
Leonard G. Best; Don R. Wight; Philip W. Peppler (16 August 1999),
3761:
3602:
957:
866:
819:
818:
726:
483:
482:
468:
399:
218:
166:
127:
46:
2756:, video game flight simulators from the 1970s to the present day
2572:
Appendix 1 to CS FSTD(H).300, 1.2 Motion system, requirement b.1
2293:
Appendix 1 to CS FSTD(H).300, 1.3 Visual system, requirement b.3
2151:
Turgay Aslandere; Daniel Dreyer; Frieder Pankratz (March 2015).
1508:"Advantages of Simulators (FSTDs) in Helicopter Flight Training"
324:
2763:
2494:"Advances in Computer-Generated Imagery for Flight Simulation"
2448:. European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). 26 April 2021
180:
all US Army Air Force pilots were trained in a Link Trainer.
2715:. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1979, First edition 1970.
811:
self-contained system with well-defined inputs and outputs.
3388:
2073:
Software architecture for a Reconfigurable Flight Simulator
1124:"AC 120-40 Airplane Simulator and Visual System Evaluation"
371:
types represent 45% of all simulated aircraft, followed by
2582:
Andrea L. Sparko; Judith BĂĽrki-Cohen; Tiauw H. Go (2010).
1967:
Appendix 1 to CS FSTD(H).300, Appendix 1 to CS FSTD(A).300
2533:"Computer Graphics and Animation: a retrospective review"
1513:. European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). p. 6
595:
European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA, ex JAA) categories
107:
company, seems to be the precursor of flight simulators.
2588:. AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference.
2301:
2299:
919:
848:
828:
2666:"DESDEMONA: The next generation in movement simulation"
2548:
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers
1409:
Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research
1327:"The 1964-1965 New York World's Fair - Jaycopter Ride"
139:
The best-known early flight simulation device was the
291:
but that could soon be reversed as it educates 1,600
243:
offers double-digit growth: CAE forecast 255,000 new
631: : Model handling of aircraft on ground and in
276:
where it assembles up to 30 devices a year, then UK
3809:
3725:
3689:
3651:
3545:
3538:
3463:
3379:
3354:
3304:
3269:
3241:
3203:
3194:
3132:
3102:
3072:
3029:
3003:
2930:
2907:
2842:
2819:
2810:
2260:R. Barette; A. Morris; J. Baribeau (22 July 1985),
1295:
Canadian National Museums of Science and Innovation
505:
US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) categories
2312:American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
2266:American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
2077:American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
2025:Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments
1368:"Analysis: Civil simulator fleet nears 1,300 mark"
1349:"Civil simulator manufacturer strategies compared"
1342:
1340:
803:may be defined in terms of motion parameters like
69:is a device that artificially re-creates aircraft
2469:Flight Simulation Cambridge Aerospace Series No 1
980:regulations specifically requiring "synergistic"
404:Interior of a flight simulator in Estonia, for a
1140:
1138:
1136:
2699:Wicked Problems: How to Engineer a Better World
2684:Hilton Head, South Carolina, 20–23 August 2007.
1975:
1973:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1246:National Museum of the United States Air Force.
1189:"Flight Simulator Technology Through the Years"
781:translational and rotational degrees of freedom
616:Flight Navigation and Procedures Trainer (FNPT)
421:Most flight simulators are used primarily for
363:
2775:
1385:
1383:
1381:
977:
355:, competing with their suppliers CAE and L3.
8:
2711:Kelly, Lloyd L. as told to Robert B. Parke.
2372:M2DART: a real image rear-projection display
1006:Vertical Motion Simulator (VMS) at NASA/Ames
1313:Provincial Archives of Alberta - A Question
910:An alternative to large-scale displays are
791:. The regulations place a limit on maximum
3542:
3200:
2816:
2782:
2768:
2760:
1680:International Journal of Training Research
1243:"U.S. Air Force Fact Sheet: Link Trainer."
1221:"ASME Landmarks: The Link Flight Trainer."
247:from 2017 to 2027 (70 a day), and 180,000
1506:European Helicopter Safety Team (EHEST).
1231:American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
457:systems composing contemporary aircraft,
437:revalidation, or most commonly obtaining
926:Contribution to modern computer graphics
268:entered the market in 2012 by acquiring
2701:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
1805:IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
1090:
603:Basic instrument training device (BITD)
255:. The largest manufacturer is Canadian
171:Military Personnel Using Link Trainer,
2467:Rolfe, JM; Staples, KJ (27 May 1988).
2308:Full field of view dome display system
2262:A modern air combat dome visual system
2214:Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces
2194:
2184:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1176:. Bonnier Corporation. pp. 13–14.
735:Flight simulators are an example of a
1481:"14 CFR Appendix D to Part 141 4.(c)"
461:simulators are increasingly popular.
7:
1187:Fly Away Simulation (12 July 2010).
1168:Bonnier Corporation (January 1919).
1103:"FAR 121 Subpart N—Training Program"
608: : A basic student station for
34:. For the Microsoft video game, see
27:Technology used for training aircrew
1991:Parallel and distributed simulation
1258:Hearst Magazines (September 1954).
1170:"Dry Shooting for Airplane Gunners"
1069:Unmanned Aircraft System Simulation
413:view as a 360° interactive panorama
1989:Richard Fujimoto (December 2015),
1729:10.1111/J.1600-0447.1989.TB05256.X
1129:. Federal Aviation Administration.
25:
2560:10.1243/pime_proc_1965_180_029_02
1001:Modern high-end flight simulators
901:cross-cockpit collimated displays
40:Flight simulator (disambiguation)
2994:
1037:
871:A wide angle cylindrical display
270:Thales Training & Simulation
231:The simulator manufacturers are
2531:Carlson, Wayne (20 June 2017).
1590:Principles of flight simulation
1366:Antoine Fafard (26 June 2018).
1347:Murdo Morrison (25 June 2018).
1276:Canadian Aviation February 1961
1266:. Hearst Magazines. p. 87.
1099:Federal Aviation Administration
942:, sharing some techniques like
441:for specific kind of aircraft.
2471:. Cambridge University Press.
2110:Cognition, Technology and Work
1716:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
1309:"Jaycopter, Edmonton, Alberta"
989:within the given constraints.
731:Flight simulator block diagram
510:Aviation Training Device (ATD)
303:, created in 2014 when parent
30:For the video game genre, see
1:
2306:Brian Reno (14 August 1989),
1157:. Cambridge University Press.
659:Flight Training Devices (FTD)
529:Flight Training Devices (FTD)
299:market. The third largest is
209:1964-65 New York World's Fair
2492:Yan, Johnson (August 1985).
1233:Retrieved: 18 December 2011.
1059:Full motion racing simulator
797:computational fluid dynamics
687:Full Flight Simulators (FFS)
560:Full Flight Simulators (FFS)
272:'s manufacturing plant near
98:History of flight simulation
54:flight simulator aboard the
32:Flight simulation video game
2633:Beard, Steven; et al.
1958:CS FSTD(H).200: Terminology
1772:10.1016/J.PROCS.2012.10.076
1457:. U.S. Navy. Archived from
1248:Retrieved: 12 October 2016.
1144:CS FSTD(A).200: Terminology
944:different levels of details
307:merged its simulators with
173:Pepperell Manufacturing Co.
3903:
2992:
2753:MiGMan's Flight Sim Museum
2416:10.1177/154193129804202004
2222:10.1109/VR50410.2021.00092
1649:10.1177/154193129804200107
932:Computer Generated Imagery
465:Qualification and approval
329:FlightSafety International
36:Microsoft Flight Simulator
29:
2802:List of video game genres
2797:
2614:. MPL Simulator Solutions
2161:10.1109/AERO.2015.7118876
2122:10.1007/S10111-017-0421-7
2038:10.1162/PRES.1992.1.3.344
1760:Procedia Computer Science
1588:David J Allerton (2009).
1546:10.1017/S0001924000004231
1391:"EASA CS-FSTD(A) Issue 2"
1074:Virtual reality simulator
1016:pilot-induced oscillation
1012:NASA Ames Research Center
972:. After the invention of
853:amateur flight simulation
775:The central element of a
301:TRU Simulation + Training
3094:Digital collectible card
1999:10.1109/WSC.2015.7408152
1534:The Aeronautical Journal
1421:10.15394/JAAER.1990.1024
1226:17 December 2011 at the
163:World War II (1939–1945)
3179:Roguelike deck-building
3087:Roguelike deck-building
2697:Madhavan, Guru (2024).
2671:Retrieved: 5 July 2012.
2510:10.1109/MCG.1985.276213
1174:Popular Science Monthly
1064:Synthetic vision system
1022:Disorientation training
522:FAA Advanced ATD (AATD)
451:aircraft design process
111:World War I (1914–1918)
3872:Video game terminology
2640:. AIAA. Archived from
965:
872:
824:
748:multi-crew cooperation
732:
652:multi-crew cooperation
488:
480:
418:
349:aircraft manufacturing
228:
176:
136:
62:
38:. For other uses, see
3421:Tactical role-playing
3186:Tactical role-playing
2745:6 August 2020 at the
2554:(1, No 15): 371–386.
961:
870:
822:
730:
486:
474:Full flight simulator
472:
403:
222:
170:
131:
92:full flight simulator
50:
3882:Real-time simulation
3801:Vertically scrolling
2607:Peter John Davison.
2374:, pp. 348–355,
1949:, Appendices A and C
1937:, Appendices B and D
1331:WorldsFairPhotos.com
982:6 degrees of freedom
916:head-mounted display
516:FAA Basic ATD (BATD)
459:aircraft maintenance
237:integrate vertically
185:Celestial Navigation
149:Binghamton, New York
135:patent drawing, 1930
3887:Aircraft simulators
3431:Turn-based strategy
3336:Submarine simulator
3142:Action role-playing
3049:Interactive fiction
2594:10.2514/6.2010-8218
2350:10.11159/CDSR16.126
2320:10.2514/6.1989-3316
2274:10.2514/6.1985-1747
2085:10.2514/6.2000-4501
1455:www.navair.navy.mil
914:simulators using a
903:that eliminate the
877:visual flight rules
723:Simulator structure
639:EASA FNPT Level III
278:CTC training school
124:The 1920s and 1930s
3877:1929 introductions
3832:Video game modding
3774:Nonlinear gameplay
3436:Turn-based tactics
3404:Real-time strategy
2647:on 20 January 2009
2071:(14 August 2000),
2069:Amy Ruth Pritchett
1818:10.1109/MCG.2011.4
1195:on 12 October 2011
966:
946:or libraries like
873:
825:
789:simulator sickness
733:
629:EASA FNPT Level II
489:
481:
419:
406:Piper Seneca PA-34
229:
177:
137:
63:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3837:Video game remake
3745:Emergent gameplay
3416:Real-time tactics
3375:
3374:
3314:Flight simulation
3044:Graphic adventure
2990:
2989:
2791:Video game genres
2707:978-0-393-65146-1
2410:(20): 1383–1387.
2380:10.1117/12.357610
2170:978-1-4799-5379-0
1890:"FAA CFR Part 60"
1611:978-0-470-75436-8
1286:Fortier, RĂ©nald.
1264:Popular Mechanics
1101:(25 April 2013).
987:vestibular system
936:computer graphics
897:projection screen
771:Simulation models
737:human-in-the-loop
623:EASA FNPT Level I
610:instrument flight
435:instrument rating
427:instrument flight
417:
345:Airbus and Boeing
341:regional aircraft
293:commercial pilots
284:in October 2017.
195:1945 to the 1960s
18:Flight simulators
16:(Redirected from
3894:
3827:Video game clone
3543:
3539:Related concepts
3346:Vehicular combat
3201:
3074:Digital tabletop
3054:Interactive film
3014:Grand Theft Auto
3005:Action-adventure
2998:
2955:Platform fighter
2834:Platform fighter
2817:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2761:
2685:
2678:
2672:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2646:
2639:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2613:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2303:
2294:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2182:
2155:. pp. 1–8.
2148:
2142:
2141:
2105:
2096:
2095:
2067:C. A. Ippolito;
2064:
2058:
2057:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1968:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1925:Appendix 1 and 2
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1873:"FAA AC 61-136A"
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1856:"FAA AC 61-136B"
1852:
1846:
1845:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1602:10.2514/4.867033
1585:
1566:
1565:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1512:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1487:on 24 April 2022
1483:. Archived from
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1461:on 8 August 2014
1447:
1441:
1440:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1387:
1376:
1375:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1344:
1335:
1334:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1255:
1249:
1240:
1234:
1218:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1191:. Archived from
1184:
1178:
1177:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1095:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1040:
979:
974:Stewart platform
963:Stewart platform
921:
885:fighter aircraft
850:
833:cockpit controls
830:
801:lift coefficient
711:EASA FFS Level D
705:EASA FFS Level C
699:EASA FFS Level B
693:EASA FFS Level A
677:EASA FTD Level 3
671:EASA FTD Level 2
665:EASA FTD Level 1
642:helicopters only
415:
409:
365:
327:. The fourth is
305:Textron Aviation
227:flight simulator
90:has been named "
67:flight simulator
61:aircraft carrier
21:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3867:Virtual reality
3862:Flight training
3852:
3851:
3850:
3841:
3805:
3796:Twitch gameplay
3721:
3685:
3647:
3534:
3486:Survival horror
3459:
3409:Time management
3371:
3350:
3341:Train simulator
3300:
3265:
3237:
3190:
3128:
3098:
3068:
3025:
2999:
2986:
2926:
2922:Survival horror
2903:
2838:
2806:
2793:
2788:
2747:Wayback Machine
2731:
2726:
2713:The Pilot Maker
2693:
2688:
2679:
2675:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2535:. p. 13.2.
2530:
2529:
2525:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2193:
2183:
2171:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2018:
2017:
2013:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1612:
1587:
1586:
1569:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1464:
1462:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1379:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1241:
1237:
1228:Wayback Machine
1219:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1045:Aviation portal
1043:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1024:
1008:
1003:
956:
928:
912:virtual reality
865:
857:virtual reality
851:simulators and
827:All classes of
817:
805:angle of attack
773:
741:flight controls
725:
720:
680:helicopter only
597:
584:FAA FFS Level D
578:FAA FFS Level C
572:FAA FFS Level B
566:FAA FFS Level A
553:FAA FTD Level 7
547:FAA FTD Level 6
541:FAA FTD Level 5
535:FAA FTD Level 4
507:
494:
467:
447:
423:flight training
411:
408:
398:
393:
375:with 35%, then
274:Gatwick Airport
217:
201:United Airlines
197:
165:
126:
113:
100:
84:flight training
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3900:
3898:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3854:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3791:Side-scrolling
3788:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3771:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3636:Climate change
3633:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3594:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3495:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3453:Grand strategy
3445:
3444:
3443:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3385:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3310:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3207:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3171:
3169:Monster-taming
3166:
3161:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3147:Looter shooter
3138:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
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3018:
3009:
3007:
3001:
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2993:
2991:
2988:
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2984:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2943:Hack and slash
2934:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2905:
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2902:
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2896:
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2889:
2884:
2879:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2829:Endless runner
2825:
2823:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2749:
2737:
2730:
2729:External links
2727:
2725:
2724:
2709:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2673:
2658:
2625:
2599:
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2565:
2538:
2523:
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2478:978-0521357517
2477:
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2295:
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2252:
2243:
2204:
2195:|journal=
2169:
2143:
2116:(2): 263–277.
2097:
2059:
2032:(3): 344–363.
2011:
1981:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1947:14 CFR Part 60
1939:
1935:14 CFR Part 60
1927:
1915:
1907:"CAAC CCAR-60"
1898:
1881:
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1847:
1793:
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1029:
1023:
1020:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
955:
952:
927:
924:
864:
861:
837:force feedback
816:
813:
772:
769:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
714:
708:
702:
696:
684:
683:
674:
668:
656:
655:
645:
636:
626:
606:airplanes only
596:
593:
592:
591:
581:
575:
569:
562:
561:
557:
556:
550:
544:
538:
531:
530:
526:
525:
519:
512:
511:
506:
503:
493:
490:
466:
463:
446:
443:
397:
396:Pilot training
394:
392:
389:
249:first officers
245:airline pilots
216:
213:
196:
193:
164:
161:
143:, produced by
125:
122:
112:
109:
99:
96:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3899:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3681:Single-player
3679:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3642:
3639:
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3634:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
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3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3426:Tower defense
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3368:
3367:Immersive sim
3365:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3256:City-building
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3159:Dungeon crawl
3157:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3124:Tile-matching
3122:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3113:
3112:Hidden object
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3082:Deck-building
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2917:Battle royale
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2785:
2780:
2778:
2773:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2721:0-448-02226-5
2718:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2662:
2659:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2626:
2610:
2603:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2578:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2527:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2460:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2200:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1812:(1): 96–101.
1811:
1807:
1806:
1797:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1525:
1509:
1502:
1499:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1400:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1000:
998:
996:
995:dynamic seats
990:
988:
983:
975:
971:
964:
960:
954:Motion system
953:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
925:
923:
917:
913:
908:
906:
902:
898:
892:
890:
886:
882:
881:field of view
878:
869:
863:Visual system
862:
860:
858:
854:
844:
842:
838:
834:
821:
814:
812:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
784:
782:
778:
770:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
744:
742:
738:
729:
722:
717:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
690:
689:
688:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
662:
661:
660:
653:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
633:ground effect
630:
627:
624:
621:
620:
619:
617:
613:
611:
607:
604:
600:
594:
589:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
563:
559:
558:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
532:
528:
527:
523:
520:
517:
514:
513:
509:
508:
504:
502:
498:
491:
485:
479:
475:
471:
464:
462:
460:
454:
452:
444:
442:
440:
436:
431:
428:
424:
414:
407:
402:
395:
390:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
331:, focused on
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:consolidating
226:
223:Cockpit of a
221:
214:
212:
210:
205:
202:
194:
192:
190:
186:
181:
174:
169:
162:
160:
156:
152:
150:
146:
142:
134:
130:
123:
121:
119:
110:
108:
106:
97:
95:
93:
87:
85:
81:
77:
72:
68:
60:
59:
53:
52:F/A-18 Hornet
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3822:Toys-to-life
3762:
3755:
3707:
3652:Player modes
3616:Personalized
3601:
3590:
3558:
3464:Other genres
3394:Auto battler
3362:Falling-sand
3324:Lunar Lander
3134:Role-playing
3117:
3059:Visual novel
3021:Metroidvania
3013:
2967:
2899:Third-person
2872:Shoot 'em up
2857:First-person
2751:
2712:
2698:
2691:Bibliography
2681:
2676:
2668:
2661:
2649:. Retrieved
2642:the original
2628:
2616:. Retrieved
2602:
2584:
2577:
2568:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2526:
2504:(8): 37–51.
2501:
2497:
2487:
2468:
2462:
2450:. Retrieved
2440:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2371:
2365:
2341:
2335:
2307:
2289:
2261:
2255:
2246:
2213:
2207:
2152:
2146:
2113:
2109:
2072:
2062:
2029:
2023:
2020:Randy Pausch
2014:
1990:
1984:
1963:
1954:
1942:
1930:
1918:
1901:
1884:
1867:
1850:
1809:
1803:
1796:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1643:(1): 26–30.
1640:
1634:
1628:
1589:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1515:. Retrieved
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1485:the original
1475:
1463:. Retrieved
1459:the original
1454:
1445:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1372:FlightGlobal
1371:
1361:
1353:FlightGlobal
1352:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1303:
1291:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1253:
1245:
1238:
1230:
1197:. Retrieved
1193:the original
1182:
1173:
1163:
1149:
1118:
1106:. Retrieved
1093:
1054:FlightSimCon
1025:
1009:
991:
967:
940:game engines
929:
909:
893:
874:
845:
841:stick shaker
826:
809:
785:
774:
745:
734:
710:
704:
698:
692:
686:
685:
679:
676:
670:
664:
658:
657:
647:
641:
638:
628:
622:
615:
614:
605:
602:
601:
598:
583:
577:
571:
565:
552:
546:
540:
534:
521:
515:
499:
495:
455:
448:
432:
420:
391:Applications
357:
286:
261:market share
251:evolving to
230:
206:
198:
182:
178:
157:
153:
141:Link Trainer
138:
133:Link Trainer
114:
101:
88:
66:
64:
58:Independence
57:
44:
3738:Hypercasual
3659:Multiplayer
3575:Educational
3525:Programming
3520:Photography
3493:Incremental
3289:Kart racing
3233:Virtual pet
3064:Walking sim
3039:Escape room
2938:Beat 'em up
2877:Bullet hell
2618:12 November
1766:: 248–255.
889:helicopters
815:Instruments
449:During the
439:type rating
259:with a 70%
118:World War I
76:air density
3856:Categories
3779:Open world
3690:Production
3611:Nonviolent
3294:Sim racing
3261:Government
3196:Simulation
2887:Twin-stick
2821:Platformer
2651:5 February
2432:Q112793062
2388:Q112840621
2358:Q112812641
2328:Q112790735
2310:, Boston:
2282:Q112840484
2238:Q112826551
2179:Q112826446
2138:Q112822831
2093:Q112822781
2054:Q112822678
1923:AC-61-136A
1745:Q112805503
1700:Q112805528
1665:Q112800993
1620:Q112813340
1562:Q112813532
1451:"Navy CPT"
1437:Q112800809
1081:References
777:simulation
718:Technology
588:collimated
478:Boeing 737
445:Other uses
383:at 6% and
381:Bombardier
309:Mechtronix
297:fragmented
145:Edwin Link
105:Antoinette
80:turbulence
3565:Christian
3553:Advergame
3441:Artillery
3174:Roguelike
3152:Soulslike
3031:Adventure
2867:Light gun
2682:AIAA MST,
2424:1071-1813
2230:234479316
2197:ignored (
2187:cite book
2130:1435-5558
2046:1054-7460
2007:Q63321790
1842:Q87833678
1826:0272-1716
1788:Q57592005
1780:1877-0509
1737:0001-690X
1723:: 73–78.
1692:1448-0220
1657:1071-1813
1554:0001-9240
1429:1065-1136
492:Procedure
317:ProFlight
56:USS
3817:Minigame
3769:Masocore
3715:Fan game
3585:Licensed
3510:Non-game
3381:Strategy
3251:Business
2950:Fighting
2909:Survival
2894:Tactical
2743:Archived
2518:15309937
2428:Wikidata
2384:Wikidata
2354:Wikidata
2324:Wikidata
2278:Wikidata
2234:Wikidata
2175:Wikidata
2134:Wikidata
2089:Wikidata
2050:Wikidata
2003:Wikidata
1838:Wikidata
1834:24807975
1784:Wikidata
1741:Wikidata
1696:Wikidata
1686:: 1–13.
1661:Wikidata
1616:Wikidata
1558:Wikidata
1465:4 August
1433:Wikidata
1293:Ingenium
1224:Archived
1199:20 April
1108:28 April
1031:See also
905:parallax
753:wargames
362:and 15%
337:business
323:and the
313:OPINICUS
289:turnover
257:CAE Inc.
253:captains
241:training
199:In 1954
3784:Sandbox
3626:Serious
3559:BishĹŤjo
3476:Fitness
3448:Wargame
3306:Vehicle
3279:Fishing
3218:Farming
3118:Sokoban
2982:Stealth
2968:Pac-Man
2844:Shooter
2452:30 June
2216:: 1–9.
1517:29 June
793:latency
387:at 3%.
379:at 7%,
377:Embraer
333:general
321:737 MAX
225:twinjet
3733:Casual
3726:Design
3708:Doujin
3621:Sci-fi
3597:Sexual
3570:Comedy
3546:Themes
3530:Typing
3503:Rhythm
3481:Horror
3319:Combat
3284:Racing
3271:Sports
3228:Social
3213:Dating
3164:MMORPG
3104:Puzzle
2812:Action
2719:
2705:
2516:
2475:
2430:
2422:
2386:
2356:
2326:
2280:
2236:
2228:
2177:
2167:
2136:
2128:
2091:
2052:
2044:
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1840:
1832:
1824:
1786:
1778:
1743:
1735:
1698:
1690:
1663:
1655:
1618:
1608:
1560:
1552:
1491:1 July
1435:
1427:
970:gimbal
948:OpenGL
757:SIMNET
373:Airbus
369:Boeing
266:L3 CTS
189:bomber
175:, 1943
71:flight
3810:Other
3763:Kaizo
3756:Gacha
3702:Indie
3664:Co-op
3603:Eroge
3591:Otome
3580:Girls
3515:Party
3498:Music
3355:Other
3329:Space
3016:clone
2977:Snake
2970:clone
2931:Other
2852:Arena
2645:(PDF)
2638:(PDF)
2612:(PDF)
2514:S2CID
2226:S2CID
1910:(PDF)
1893:(PDF)
1876:(PDF)
1859:(PDF)
1594:Wiley
1540:: 6.
1511:(PDF)
1415:(2).
1394:(PDF)
1127:(PDF)
1086:Notes
476:of a
351:like
282:G Air
215:Today
3710:soft
3641:News
3471:Cozy
3399:MOBA
3205:Life
2962:Maze
2882:Rail
2862:Hero
2717:ISBN
2703:ISBN
2653:2014
2620:2019
2498:IEEE
2473:ISBN
2454:2022
2420:ISSN
2199:help
2165:ISBN
2126:ISSN
2042:ISSN
1830:PMID
1822:ISSN
1776:ISSN
1733:ISSN
1688:ISSN
1653:ISSN
1606:ISBN
1550:ISSN
1519:2022
1493:2022
1467:2014
1425:ISSN
1201:2011
1110:2013
920:FSTD
849:BITD
829:FSTD
763:and
360:FFSs
339:and
325:777X
315:and
235:and
3750:FMV
3697:AAA
3674:PVP
3669:MMO
3631:Art
3243:CMS
3223:God
2590:doi
2556:doi
2552:180
2506:doi
2412:doi
2376:doi
2346:doi
2316:doi
2270:doi
2218:doi
2157:doi
2118:doi
2081:doi
2034:doi
1995:doi
1814:doi
1768:doi
1725:doi
1645:doi
1598:doi
1542:doi
1538:114
1417:doi
978:FFS
765:HLA
761:DIS
648:MCC
385:ATR
364:FTD
353:MRO
239:as
147:in
3858::
3389:4X
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