293:
465:
422:
350:
31:
386:
410:
female provides 40-50% more food items than her partner. As the chicks approach independence at 70 days old and if food supplies are plentiful, the female will desert the offspring leaving the male to carry out further parenting, and she will re-partner and breed with a new mate. Thus, females, but not males, can raise several broods in a single season, although studies over a decade indicate that environmental conditions allowing sufficient food availability for this, occur infrequently.
373:. Distribution associates with the seasonal upwelling of the eastward flowing Equatorial Undercurrent (or Cromwell Current) which provides cold nutrient rich water to these western islands of the archipelago. The population has undergone severe fluctuations; in 1983 an El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event resulted in a 50% reduction of the population to just 400 individuals. The population recovered quickly, however, and was estimated to number 900 individuals by 1999.
84:
206:
59:
441:. Having no enemies, taking its food primarily through diving along the food-rich shorelines, and not needing to travel to breeding grounds, the bird eventually became flightless. Indeed, wings trapping air among flight feathers are likely to have been a disadvantage to the cormorants which dive from the surface. However, since their discovery by man, the islands have not remained free of predators:
461:
in frequency and severity in recent decades, possibly associated with climate change. A large oil spill would pose a threat. However, although the flightless cormorant population is small and its range limited, the ability of the species to breed quickly can allow it to recover from disasters as long as the population remains above a critical level.
460:
Seasonal cold water has shaped the breeding strategy of flightless cormorants. A rise of several degrees of sea surface temperature during the breeding season or persisting throughout the breeding season (i.e. during ENSO events) results in low breeding success. ENSO events appears to have increased
502:
in 1978. The
Charles Darwin Research Station has monitored the species regularly to keep track of fluctuations in numbers over time. Conservation proposals include the continuation of annual monitoring programs, restriction on human visitation within the species range, and the prevention of fishing
409:
per clutch, though usually only one chick survives. Both male and female share equally in incubation. Once the eggs have hatched, both parents continue to share responsibilities of brooding (protecting the chicks from exposure to heat and cold, and predation) and feeding the offspring, although the
401:
consisting of up to about 12 pairs form. The courtship behavior of this species begins in the sea; the male and female swim around each other with their necks bent into a snake-like position. They then move onto land. Items of seaweed (and also flotsam e.g. rope fragments) are brought predominantly
324:
and no more than 200 metres offshore. The flightless cormorants look slightly like a duck, except for their short, stubby wings. The upperparts are blackish, and the underparts are brown. The long beak is hooked at the tip and the eye is turquoise. Like all members of the cormorant family, all four
456:
In the past, introduced feral dogs were a great threat to the species on
Isabela, but they have since been eradicated from the island. Future introduction of rats or cats to Fernandina is a huge potential threat to the species. Fishing with nets poses a current threat to the species; this not only
376:
This species inhabits the rocky shores of the volcanic islands on which it occurs. It forages in shallow coastal waters, including bays and straits. Flightless cormorants are extremely sedentary, remaining most or all of their lives, and breeding, on local stretches of coast-line several hundred
325:
toes are joined by webbed skin. Males and females are similar in appearance, although males are larger and ca. 35% heavier. Juveniles generally resemble adults but differ in that they are glossy black in colour with a dark eye. Adults produce low growling vocalizations.
332:
are not waterproof, and they spend time after each dive drying their small wings in the sunlight. Their flight and contour feathers are much like those of other cormorants, but their body feathers are much thicker, softer, denser, and more
304:
member of its family, 89–100 cm (35–39.5 in) in length and weighing 2.5–5.0 kg (5.5–11.0 lb), and its wings are about one-third the size that would be required for a bird of its proportions to fly. The
740:
1119:
483:
set the number of individuals of the flightless cormorant at only 900 individuals, although a more recent estimate in 2011 was 1679 individuals. It was formerly classified as
2213:
2071:
529:) discovering and then searching for flightless cormorants in the Galapagos Islands during the Napoleonic wars in 1805. In the film's last line, the ship's captain
513:
413:
Annual survival of both sexes is ca. 90%, and longevity is ca. 13 years. Recruitment into the population by breeding is sufficient to maintain a stable population.
377:
metres long. Their sedentary nature is reflected in a genetic differentiation between the main colonies, and particularly between
Fernandina and Isabela Island.
2097:
2218:
747:. Galapagos Book Series, Social, Terrestrial, and Marine Interactions in the Galapagos Islands,” (S.J. Walsh & C.F. Mena, Series Editors). New York:
2203:
819:
Tindle, R.W.; et al. (2013). "Population
Dynamics of the Galapagos Flightless Cormorant (Phalacrocorax harrisi) in relation to sea temperature".
491:, but recent research shows that it is not as rare as previously believed and that its population has stabilized. Consequently, it was downlisted to
2045:
2084:
838:
Duffie, C. V.; et al. (2009). "Genetic structure within and between island populations of the
Flightless Cormorant (Phalacrocorax harrisi)".
542:
498:
All populations of this species are found within the
Galapagos National Park and Marine Reserve; furthermore, the archipelago was designated as a
195:
453:
have been introduced to the islands over the years. In addition, these birds have no fear of humans and can easily be approached and picked up.
281:
764:
1106:
1151:
712:
Wilson, R. P.; et al. (2008). "What grounds some birds for life? Movement and diving in the sexually dimorphic
Galapagos cormorant".
1124:
1049:
541:
would not be formally discovered until 1897 by the species' namesake, naturalist
Charles Miller Harris, on an expedition sponsored by
292:
397:
are coldest resulting in an abundance of marine food, and the risk of heat stress to the chicks is decreased. At this time, breeding
316:
Like all cormorants, this bird has webbed feet and sturdy legs that propel it through the water as it seeks its prey of fish, small
1077:
464:
421:
349:
2228:
2162:
796:
911:
Tindle, R.W. (1984). "The evolution of breeding strategies in the flightless cormorant (Nannopterum harrisi) of the
Galapagos".
30:
476:
385:
2089:
537:) tells Maturin, who is anxious to return to the Galapagos to capture the bird, that "it's not going anywhere." In reality
457:
reduces the availability of the cormorant's food, but also often results in birds becoming caught in the nets and killed.
370:
995:
Riedinger, M. A.; et al. (2002). "A similar to 6100 C-14 yr record of El Nino activity from the
Galapagos Islands".
1114:
1983:
83:
2102:
2223:
1594:
938:
Jiménez-Uzcátegui, G.; et al. (2012). "Longevity records of Flightless Cormorants (Phalacrocorax harrisi)".
741:"Ecological Selection and the Evolution of Body Size and Sexual Dimorphism in the Galapagos Flightless Cormorant"
1939:
2110:
1729:
1624:
1144:
39:
1237:
394:
2115:
1970:
1902:
1604:
646:
480:
1988:
960:
Valle, C. (1995). "Effective population size and demography of the rare flightless Galapagos cormorant".
1810:
1665:
1599:
1247:
1242:
178:
1691:
588:
2208:
2167:
2032:
1952:
1779:
1709:
1734:
1701:
1500:
1404:
1137:
1030:
Sachs, J. P.; Ladd, S. M. (2010). "Climate and oceanography of the Galapagos in the 21st century".
499:
306:
48:
2154:
1877:
1629:
1257:
1082:
1012:
977:
863:
492:
213:
78:
63:
402:
by the male and gifted to the female to be woven into a bulky nest, just above high water mark.
2076:
2136:
2006:
1852:
1696:
1650:
1574:
1374:
1331:
1252:
855:
792:
770:
760:
674:
666:
627:
469:
434:
366:
358:
249:
276:. A 2014 study supported reclassifying it and two other American cormorant species back into
2141:
1805:
1655:
1609:
1527:
1431:
1351:
1284:
1182:
1054:
1004:
969:
920:
893:
847:
752:
721:
658:
619:
583:
1975:
1129:
341:; it is the air trapped in the dense plumage that prevents them from becoming waterlogged.
205:
2123:
1660:
1619:
1490:
1394:
1160:
748:
522:
257:
610:
Kennedy, M.; et al. (2009). "The phylogenetic position of the Galápagos Cormorant".
565:
479:
in 2004 indicated that the species has a population of about 1,500 individuals. In 2009,
475:
The flightless cormorant is one of the world's rarest birds. A survey carried out by the
2180:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1670:
1614:
1579:
1495:
1336:
924:
897:
692:
2197:
1846:
1836:
1831:
1759:
1565:
851:
574:
534:
272:
68:
1016:
867:
2011:
1826:
1816:
1770:
1589:
1341:
526:
301:
1998:
2149:
2058:
1857:
1841:
1720:
1399:
1356:
1346:
1228:
1178:
662:
623:
530:
398:
338:
266:
155:
2175:
1821:
1790:
1641:
1164:
1008:
756:
518:
484:
135:
774:
670:
1799:
1584:
1523:
430:
317:
245:
145:
95:
1925:
859:
678:
631:
270:, but then was later placed with most of the other cormorants in the genus
2128:
1962:
1919:
884:
Harris, M. P. (1979). "Population dynamics of the flightless cormorant".
438:
406:
365:, where it has a very restricted range. It is found on just two islands;
115:
2063:
2050:
1947:
1750:
1551:
1485:
1462:
1308:
1280:
1214:
981:
362:
329:
725:
1934:
1476:
1427:
1385:
321:
310:
105:
2024:
1896:
973:
256:
there. It is unique in that it is the only known cormorant that has
2019:
1682:
1540:
1451:
1435:
1322:
1297:
1203:
1186:
463:
420:
384:
348:
291:
261:
253:
2037:
488:
334:
320:, and other little marine creatures. The species feeds near the
125:
1900:
1521:
1425:
1278:
1176:
1133:
559:
557:
450:
446:
442:
393:
Nesting tends to take place during April–October, when
16:
Species of flightless bird endemic to the Galapagos islands
1120:
UNEP-WCMC/ WWF Species Fact Sheet – flightless cormorant
745:
Evolution from the Galapagos: Two Centuries after Darwin
1050:"The Galapagos, a great place to meet lounging lizards"
1706:
353:
Swimming just below the surface of shallow sea water
1909:
1788:
1768:
1748:
1718:
1680:
1639:
1563:
1539:
1474:
1450:
1383:
1365:
1320:
1296:
1226:
1202:
1078:"Rothschild's Expedition on the Galapagos Islands"
645:Kennedy, Martyn; Spencer, Hamish G. (2014-10-01).
589:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22696756A133546087.en
313:needed for flight, is also significantly reduced.
309:on the breastbone, where birds attach the large
743:. In Trueba, Gabriel; MontĂşfar, Carlos (eds.).
647:"Classification of the cormorants of the world"
514:Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World
337:-like. They produce very little oil from their
1107:images and movies of the flightless cormorant
1145:
8:
1897:
1545:
1536:
1518:
1456:
1447:
1422:
1302:
1293:
1275:
1208:
1199:
1173:
1152:
1138:
1130:
204:
57:
29:
20:
913:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
693:"Taxonomic Updates – IOC World Bird List"
587:
369:, and the northern and western coasts of
503:with nets in the bird's foraging range.
405:The female generally lays three whitish
357:This unique cormorant is endemic to the
300:The flightless cormorant is the largest
553:
252:, and an example of the highly unusual
2214:Endemic birds of the Galápagos Islands
284:followed this classification in 2021.
955:
953:
879:
877:
651:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
612:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
296:Flightless cormorant drying its wings
7:
1849:(imperial cormorant, blue-eyed shag)
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
575:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
328:Like other cormorants, this bird's
925:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1984.tb02058.x
898:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1979.tb04957.x
14:
739:Valle, Carlos A. (January 2013).
2204:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
852:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04179.x
82:
2219:Galápagos Islands coastal fauna
1076:Wright, Hamilton (1902-04-13).
564:BirdLife International (2018).
477:Charles Darwin Research Station
1:
1248:Christmas Island frigatebird
1115:Galapagos Conservation Trust
663:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.06.020
624:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.06.002
511:A subplot of the 2003 film
260:. It was placed in its own
2245:
1548:
1535:
1517:
1459:
1446:
1421:
1305:
1292:
1274:
1211:
1198:
1172:
997:Journal of Paleolimnology
757:10.1007/978-1-4614-6732-8
582:: e.T22696756A133546087.
219:
212:
203:
184:
177:
79:Scientific classification
77:
55:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1730:Double-crested cormorant
1625:White-breasted cormorant
1125:The flightless cormorant
395:sea surface temperatures
345:Distribution and habitat
2229:Birds described in 1898
1673:(long-tailed cormorant)
1238:Magnificent frigatebird
1109:(Phalacrocorax harrisi)
1009:10.1023/A:1013514408468
962:Ecological Applications
787:Attenborough, D. 1998.
521:surgeon and naturalist
258:lost the ability to fly
1802:(Magellanic cormorant)
1632:(Temminck's cormorant)
1605:Little black cormorant
1167:(Phalacrocoraciformes)
545:, who chose the name.
481:BirdLife International
472:
426:
390:
354:
297:
2181:Phalacrocorax-harrisi
1940:phalacrocorax-harrisi
1911:Phalacrocorax harrisi
1811:New Zealand king shag
1666:Little pied cormorant
1600:Black-faced cormorant
1243:Ascension frigatebird
714:Ecological Monographs
467:
425:Swimming on sea water
424:
388:
352:
295:
240:), also known as the
222:Phalacrocorax harrisi
24:Flightless cormorant
1780:Red-legged cormorant
1740:Flightless cormorant
1710:Spectacled cormorant
1530:: Phalacrocoracidae)
1434:: Anhingidae ·
1185:: Fregatidae ·
1058:. London. 2004-01-22
751:. pp. 143–158.
232:flightless cormorant
1735:Neotropic cormorant
1702:Red-faced cormorant
1501:Australasian darter
1405:Australasian gannet
1281:Gannets and boobies
568:Nannopterum harrisi
539:Nannopterum harrisi
500:World Heritage Site
468:Adult and chick on
242:Galapagos cormorant
237:Nannopterum harrisi
188:Nannopterum harrisi
49:Conservation status
1878:South Georgia shag
1813:(rough-faced shag)
1692:Brandt's cormorant
1630:Japanese cormorant
1258:Lesser frigatebird
1083:Los Angeles Herald
1032:Galapagos Research
940:Marine Ornithology
821:Marine Ornithology
789:The Life of Birds.
507:In popular culture
473:
427:
391:
355:
298:
2191:
2190:
2137:Open Tree of Life
1903:Taxon identifiers
1894:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1853:Heard Island shag
1697:Pelagic cormorant
1651:Crowned cormorant
1575:Socotra cormorant
1559:
1558:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1470:
1469:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1332:Blue-footed booby
1316:
1315:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1253:Great frigatebird
1222:
1221:
846:(10): 2103–2111.
840:Molecular Ecology
791:p.28. BBC Books.
766:978-1-4614-6731-1
726:10.1890/07-0677.1
543:Walter Rothschild
470:Fernandina Island
437:that was free of
429:These cormorants
359:Galapagos Islands
250:Galapagos Islands
228:
227:
146:Phalacrocoracidae
72:
2236:
2224:Flightless birds
2184:
2183:
2171:
2170:
2158:
2157:
2145:
2144:
2132:
2131:
2119:
2118:
2106:
2105:
2093:
2092:
2080:
2079:
2067:
2066:
2054:
2053:
2041:
2040:
2028:
2027:
2015:
2014:
2002:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1979:
1978:
1966:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1953:CEA9048D47934B03
1943:
1942:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1898:
1806:Guanay cormorant
1708:
1656:Little cormorant
1610:Indian cormorant
1546:
1537:
1519:
1457:
1448:
1423:
1352:Red-footed booby
1303:
1294:
1276:
1209:
1200:
1174:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1131:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1055:The Sunday Times
1046:
1040:
1039:
1027:
1021:
1020:
992:
986:
985:
957:
948:
947:
935:
929:
928:
919:(1–2): 157–164.
908:
902:
901:
881:
872:
871:
835:
829:
828:
816:
799:
785:
779:
778:
736:
730:
729:
709:
703:
702:
700:
699:
689:
683:
682:
642:
636:
635:
607:
601:
600:
598:
596:
591:
561:
208:
190:
87:
86:
66:
61:
60:
33:
21:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2179:
2174:
2166:
2161:
2153:
2148:
2140:
2135:
2127:
2124:Observation.org
2122:
2114:
2109:
2101:
2096:
2088:
2083:
2075:
2070:
2062:
2057:
2049:
2044:
2036:
2031:
2023:
2018:
2010:
2005:
1997:
1995:
1987:
1982:
1974:
1969:
1961:
1959:
1951:
1946:
1938:
1933:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1905:
1895:
1882:
1784:
1764:
1744:
1714:
1676:
1661:Pygmy cormorant
1635:
1620:Great cormorant
1555:
1531:
1505:
1491:Oriental darter
1466:
1442:
1409:
1395:Northern gannet
1379:
1361:
1312:
1288:
1262:
1218:
1194:
1168:
1158:
1102:
1097:
1088:
1086:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1061:
1059:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1029:
1028:
1024:
994:
993:
989:
974:10.2307/1941970
959:
958:
951:
937:
936:
932:
910:
909:
905:
883:
882:
875:
837:
836:
832:
818:
817:
802:
786:
782:
767:
749:Springer Nature
738:
737:
733:
711:
710:
706:
697:
695:
691:
690:
686:
644:
643:
639:
609:
608:
604:
594:
592:
563:
562:
555:
551:
523:Stephen Maturin
509:
419:
383:
347:
290:
248:endemic to the
199:
192:
186:
173:
170:N. harrisi
81:
73:
62:
58:
51:
38:Elizabeth Bay,
17:
12:
11:
5:
2242:
2240:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2172:
2159:
2146:
2133:
2120:
2107:
2094:
2081:
2068:
2055:
2042:
2029:
2016:
2003:
1993:
1980:
1967:
1957:
1944:
1931:
1915:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1873:Macquarie shag
1870:
1868:Kerguelen shag
1865:
1863:Antarctic shag
1860:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1808:
1803:
1796:
1794:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1776:
1774:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1724:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1686:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1671:Reed cormorant
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1615:Cape cormorant
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1595:Pied cormorant
1592:
1587:
1582:
1580:Bank cormorant
1577:
1571:
1569:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1543:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1496:African darter
1493:
1488:
1482:
1480:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1454:
1444:
1443:
1426:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1378:
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1375:Abbott's booby
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1354:
1349:
1344:
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1337:Peruvian booby
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65:
54:
50:
45:
42:, Galapagos.
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1910:
1827:Chatham shag
1817:Foveaux shag
1789:
1771:Poikilocarbo
1769:
1749:
1739:
1719:
1681:
1640:
1590:Spotted shag
1564:
1550:
1475:
1461:
1438:
1384:
1366:
1342:Masked booby
1321:
1307:
1227:
1213:
1190:
1179:Frigatebirds
1108:
1087:. Retrieved
1081:
1071:
1060:. Retrieved
1053:
1044:
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797:0563-38792-0
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696:. Retrieved
687:
654:
650:
640:
618:(1): 94–98.
615:
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593:. Retrieved
579:
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527:Paul Bettany
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417:Conservation
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169:
168:
156:
18:
2209:Nannopterum
2150:SeaLifeBase
2111:Neotropical
2059:iNaturalist
1858:Crozet shag
1842:Bounty shag
1721:Nannopterum
1400:Cape gannet
1357:Brown booby
1347:Nazca booby
892:: 135–146.
657:: 249–257.
595:13 November
531:Jack Aubrey
339:preen gland
288:Description
278:Nannopterum
267:Nannopterum
157:Nannopterum
2198:Categories
2176:Xeno-canto
1822:Otago shag
1791:Leucocarbo
1642:Microcarbo
1524:Cormorants
1287:: Sulidae)
1165:Suliformes
1089:2023-07-30
1062:2023-07-30
946:: 127–128.
827:: 121–133.
698:2021-07-28
549:References
519:Royal Navy
493:Vulnerable
485:Endangered
367:Fernandina
196:Rothschild
136:Suliformes
64:Vulnerable
1800:Rock shag
1585:Pitt shag
1105:ARKive -
775:2195-1055
671:1055-7903
495:in 2011.
439:predators
322:sea floor
318:octopuses
246:cormorant
164:Species:
102:Kingdom:
96:Eukaryota
2077:10216392
1976:22696756
1971:BirdLife
1960:BioLib:
1920:Wikidata
1367:Papasula
1038:: 50–54.
1017:41390675
868:13257466
860:19635072
679:24994028
632:19523526
399:colonies
330:feathers
214:Synonyms
142:Family:
116:Chordata
112:Phylum:
106:Animalia
92:Domain:
69:IUCN 3.1
2116:flicor1
2064:1289603
2051:2481900
2038:1049428
2025:flicor1
1999:flicor1
1948:Avibase
1751:Gulosus
1552:Species
1486:Anhinga
1477:Anhinga
1463:Species
1439:Anhinga
1428:Darters
1309:Species
1229:Fregata
1215:Species
1191:Fregata
1003:: 1–7.
982:1941970
487:by the
435:habitat
431:evolved
389:Nesting
381:Ecology
371:Isabela
363:Ecuador
311:muscles
244:, is a
198:, 1898)
152:Genus:
132:Order:
122:Class:
67: (
2168:343946
2142:409434
2103:473964
2090:561969
1989:746272
1935:ARKive
1926:Q80275
1528:family
1432:family
1285:family
1183:family
1015:
980:
866:
858:
795:
773:
763:
677:
669:
630:
449:, and
302:extant
280:. The
2163:WoRMS
2155:84052
2129:73417
2072:IRMNG
2020:eBird
2012:4FQQN
1996:BOW:
1963:21046
1683:Urile
1541:Genus
1452:Genus
1436:genus
1386:Morus
1298:Genus
1204:Genus
1187:genus
1161:Order
1013:S2CID
978:JSTOR
864:S2CID
517:sees
262:genus
254:fauna
2098:NCBI
2085:ITIS
2046:GBIF
1984:BOLD
1323:Sula
886:Ibis
856:PMID
793:ISBN
771:ISSN
761:ISBN
675:PMID
667:ISSN
628:PMID
597:2021
580:2018
489:IUCN
451:pigs
447:dogs
443:cats
407:eggs
335:hair
307:keel
230:The
126:Aves
2033:EoL
2007:CoL
1005:doi
970:doi
921:doi
894:doi
890:121
848:doi
753:doi
722:doi
659:doi
620:doi
584:doi
282:IOC
2200::
2178::
2165::
2152::
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2048::
2035::
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2009::
1986::
1973::
1950::
1937::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
