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was nominated as his successor in 1334. At that time he was 67 years old. Giotto concentrated his energy on the design and construction of a campanile for the cathedral. He had become an eminent architect, thanks to the growing autonomy of the architect-designer in relation to the craftsmen since the
593:
These levels were built by
Francesco Talenti, Master of the Works from 1348 to 1359. Each level is larger than the lower one and extends beyond it in every dimension such that their difference in size exactly counters the effect of perspective. As a result, the top three levels of the tower, when
311:
Giotto was succeeded as Master of the Works in 1343 by Andrea Pisano, famous already for the South Doors of the
Baptistery. He continued the construction of the bell tower, scrupulously following Giotto's design. He added, above the lower level of Giotto, a second fascia, this time decorated with
422:
The north side hexagonal panels depict: Sculpture, Phidias (both moved to this side from the east side in 1347–1348), Painting, Harmony, Grammar, Logic and
Dialectic (represented by Plato and Aristotle), Music and Poetry (represented by Orpheus), Geometry and Arithmetic (represented by Euclid and
323:
who built the top three levels, with the large windows, completing the bell tower in 1359. He did not build the spire designed by Giotto, thus lowering the designed height of 122 metres (400 ft) to 84.7 metres (277.9 ft). The top, with its scenic panorama of
Florence and the surrounding
410:
The east side only contains five panels, because of the entrance door. They depict the 'liberal arts': Navigation, Social
Justice, Agriculture, Art of festivals and Euclid (architecture). The first three panels are attributed to Andrea Pisano, while the last two to Nino Pisano. "The Madonna and
580:
578:
575:
579:
375:
The beginnings of "mechanical arts" and "creative arts" (according to the Bible): Jabal (animal husbandry), Jubal (music, harp and organ), Tubalcain (first blacksmith), Noah (first farmer). This series continues on the south side and the east side of the
577:
423:
Pythagoras). The first panel is attributed to Andrea Pisano, the second to Nino Pisano, the others to Luca della Robbia. The last five panels were added after removal of the raised passageway between the campanile and the cathedral.
312:
lozenge-shaped panels (1347–1341). He built two more levels, with four niches on each side and each level, but the second row of niches are empty. Construction came to a halt in 1348, year of the disastrous
489:" — Astronomy, Music, Geometry, Grammar, Rhetoric, Logic, and Arithmetic. (Geometry and Rhetoric are attributed to Andrea Pisano; the others, except Astronomy, are attributed to Gino Micheli da Castello).
282:
in hexagonal panels, seven on each side. When the entrance door was enlarged in 1348, two panels were moved to the empty northern side and only much later, five more panels were commissioned from
594:
seen from below, look exactly equal in size. The vertical windows open up the walls, a motif borrowed from the Siena campanile. Instead of a spire, Talenti built a large projecting terrace.
576:
520:
The four statues on the west side were sculpted by Andrea Pisano and date from 1343. These Gothic statues are rather high-reliefs, left unfinished at the back. They represent the
539:
The four
Prophets on the south side are already more classical in style and date between 1334 and 1341. The statue of Moses and the fourth statue are attributed to Maso di Banco.
496:(represented realistically and not allegorically) — Baptism, Confession, Matrimony, Holy Order, Confirmation, the Eucharist, and the Extreme Unction. They are all attributed to
2176:
2181:
1087:
971:
Quellenbuch zur
Kunstgeschichte des abendländischen Mittelalters. Ausgewählte Texte des vierten bis fünfzehnten Jahrhunderts, gesammelt von Julius von Schlosser
509:
1255:
403:(Legislation), Daedalus (flight). They are again attributed to Andrea Pisano, except Gionitus and the Art of Building to his workshop, and Medicine and
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All the present works of art in the campanile are copies. The originals were removed between 1965 and 1967 and are now on display in the
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The slender structure is square in plan with 14.45 metre (47.41 ft) sides. It is 84.7 metres (277.9 ft) tall and has polygonal
1853:
1366:
557:
The four statues on the north side were added between 1420 and 1435: Prophet (probably by Nanni di Banco, however signed by
Donatello),
266:
When he died in 1337, he had only finished the lower floor with its marble external revetment: geometric patterns of white marble from
244:
in 1302, the first Master of the Works of the
Cathedral, and after an interruption of more than thirty years, the celebrated painter
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1935:
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884:
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The seven hexagonal panels on the south side show us
Gionitus (Astronomy), the Art of Building, Medicine, Hunting, Wool-working,
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of the cathedral, as applied by Arnolfo di Cambio, giving the tower a view as if it were painted. In his design, he also applied
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1393:
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1726:
1701:
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The hexagonal panels on the lower level depict the history of mankind, inspired by Genesis, starting with on the west side:
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2074:
1869:
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561:(a masterpiece of Donatello, a tormented and emaciated prophet, portraying Giovanni Chiericini, an enemy of the Medicis),
1681:
1676:
1361:
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The reliefs, statues and decoration make a coherent whole when interpreted in terms of medieval scholastic philosophy.
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The lozenges, on the next level, already show a different style: the marble figures stand out on a background of blue
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On the next level on each side there are four statues in niches. They have been sculpted in different periods:
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It is difficult to attribute artistic paternity to these panels. Some may be by Giotto himself, the others by
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first half of the 13th century. The first stone was laid on 19 July 1334. His design was in harmony with the
542:
The four Prophets and Patriarchs on the east side date from between 1408 and 1421: the beardless Prophets by
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The hexagonal panels on the east side. From left to right: Agriculture, Art of festivals and Architecture.
546:(probably a portrait of his friend, the architect Filippo Brunelleschi), the Bearded Prophet (perhaps by
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in 1437. The number "seven" has a special meaning in Biblical sense: it symbolizes human perfectibility.
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and some form of perspective instead of a strict linear drawing of the campanile. And instead of a
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The creation of man and woman: Creation of Adam, Creation of Eve, Labours of our first parents;
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435:. These allegorical representations are almost all attributed to Andrea Pisano or his school:
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skeleton of a gothic building, he applied a surface of coloured marble in geometric patterns.
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claimed to have seen clay models of the "first two" works of creation fashioned by Giotto.
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478:— Faith, Charity, Hope, Prudence, Justice, Temperance, Fortitude (Faith is attributed to
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985:(Describes the relations between Florentine art and medieval scholastic doctrines).
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17:
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308:, 1450), one of the founding fathers of Italian Renaissance architecture.
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Relief on the Campanile representing Medicine, depicting the practice of
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829:(2001 Reprint ed.). San Giovanni Lupatoto (Vr): Arsenale Editrice.
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The Genesis panels are attributed to Andrea Pisano, except "Jubal" to
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at each corner. The tower is divided horizontally into five stages.
151:(bell tower) that is part of the complex of buildings that make up
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The lower levels with the hexagonal panels, lozenges and statues.
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above the entrance door, are both attributed to Andrea Pisano.
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569:, another enemy of the Medicis), Abdias (by Nanni di Banco).
550:), Abraham and Isaac (by Donatello and Nanni di Banco) and
500:, except Matrimony, attributed to Gino Micheli da Castello.
98:
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74:
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Firenze delle Torri: Architetture verticali e loro intorno
1041:
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907:
The National Geographic Traveler Florence & Tuscany
607:
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and the "Two Prophets and the Redeemer" on top of the
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467:. (Venus and Mercury are attributed to Nino Pisano).
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Through this work, Giotto has become, together with
278:. This lower floor is decorated on three sides with
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178:, the tower is one of the showpieces of Florentine
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396:and "Tubalcain" to an assistant of Andrea Pisano.
228:Original hexagonal panel depicting jurisprudence.
909:. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society.
1249:
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605:In Giotto's campanile there are seven bells:
388:", by Nino Pisano, now in the Duomo's Museum.
324:hills, can be reached by climbing 414 steps.
34:Giotto's bell tower seen from the top of the
8:
2177:Buildings and structures completed in 1359
1493:
1256:
1242:
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1064:
1050:
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186:, its rich sculptural decorations and its
820:
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1357:Museo Nazionale Alinari della Fotografia
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331:
300:(dome of the cathedral of Florence) and
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947:The Opera del Duomo Museum in Florence
142:
7:
2182:Towers completed in the 14th century
1112:Lamentation (The Mourning of Christ)
1088:Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata
209:View of the bell tower from the east
1367:Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze
319:Pisano was replaced in his turn by
1504:Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore
875:. et al. Time-Life Books. p.
25:
928:(in German). Tandem Verlag GmbH.
871:The World of Giotto: c. 1267–1337
1480:
926:Kunst & Architektur, Florenz
853:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007.
827:Florence: An Architectural Guide
584:View from the bell tower (video)
117:
55:
2192:Gothic architecture in Florence
973:(in German). Wien, C. Graeser.
951:. Florence, Italy: Mandragora.
1379:National Archaeological Museum
1:
1829:British Institute of Florence
554:(the thinker) (by Donatello).
1394:Palazzo dell'Arte dei Beccai
1362:Museo Nazionale di San Marco
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1642:Oratory of S Thomas Aquinas
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1844:Kunsthistorisches Institut
1682:S Giovannino dei Cavalieri
1677:S Giovannino degli Scolopi
1637:Oratory of Gesù Pellegrino
1617:Battistero di San Giovanni
1587:Bartolini Salimbeni Chapel
1478:
1347:Museo dell'Opera del Duomo
1210:(involvement, 1334–1337) (
565:(by Donatello, portraying
346:Museo dell'Opera del Duomo
2141:
2123:Calcio storico fiorentino
943:Montrésor, Carlo (2000).
505:The statues in the niches
439:West side: The Planets —
166:Standing adjacent to the
2034:Orto Botanico di Firenze
1854:National Central Library
1389:Ospedale degli Innocenti
1332:Loggia del Mercato Nuovo
1220:(c. 1333; attribution) (
480:Gino Micheli da Castello
348:, behind the cathedral.
1936:Piazza della Repubblica
1823:Palazzo Medici Riccardi
1632:Oratorio dei Vanchetoni
1453:Studiolo of Francesco I
1414:Palazzo Medici Riccardi
1303:Galleria dell'Accademia
1028:43.772895°N 11.255235°E
992:, Firenze, Alinea 2005
924:Wirtz, Rolf C. (2005).
825:Zucconi, Guido (1995).
651:Antonio Petri, Florence
1819:Biblioteca Riccardiana
1717:S Salvatore al Vescovo
1667:S Frediano in Cestello
1431:Museo delle Porcellane
1144:Strasbourg Crucifixion
867:Eimerl, Sarel (1967).
585:
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485:East side: the seven "
470:South side: The three
389:
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341:
293:(or their workshops).
237:
229:
221:
210:
190:marble encrustations.
47:
39:
27:Bell tower in Florence
2146:Districts of Florence
2116:Events and traditions
1956:Piazzale Michelangelo
1941:Piazza della Signoria
1707:S Martino del Vescovo
1193:(c. 1298–1300) (lost)
967:von Schlosser, Julius
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176:Baptistry of St. John
172:Santa Maria del Fiore
147:) is a free-standing
144:[kampaˈniːle]
45:
33:
2187:Bell towers in Italy
2080:del Poggio Imperiale
2075:Medicea L'Ambrogiana
1908:Teatro della Pergola
1692:S Maria degli Angeli
1622:Certosa del Galluzzo
1438:Palazzo Spini Feroni
1317:Garden of Archimedes
1131:(c. 1320 or earlier)
1128:Stefaneschi Triptych
1033:43.772895; 11.255235
905:Jepson, Tim (2001).
589:The three top levels
352:The hexagonal panels
274:and red marble from
270:, green marble from
46:View from the tower.
2039:Parco delle Cascine
2029:Giardino delle Rose
1870:Fountain of Neptune
1834:Gabinetto Vieusseux
1560:S Maria del Carmine
1404:Palazzo Della Stufa
1024: /
306:De re aedificatoria
304:(with his treatise
182:with its design by
180:Gothic architecture
2202:Towers in Florence
2197:Florence Cathedral
2024:Giardino dell'Iris
1977:Via de' Tornabuoni
1951:Piazza San Lorenzo
1946:Piazza Santa Croce
1875:Giotto's Campanile
1849:Laurentian Library
1803:Giotto's Campanile
1732:S Stefano al Ponte
1687:S Jacopo sopr'Arno
1572:S Miniato al Monte
1322:Loggia del Bigallo
1218:Ponte alla Carraia
1208:Giotto's Campanile
1136:Berlin Crucifixion
1120:Ognissanti Madonna
988:Giorgio Verdiani,
789:Fonderia Barigozzi
766:Fonderia Barigozzi
743:Fonderia Barigozzi
720:Fonderia Barigozzi
697:Fonderia Barigozzi
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567:Francesco Soderini
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153:Florence Cathedral
51:Giotto's Campanile
48:
40:
18:Florence campanile
2172:Giotto di Bondone
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2151:Trams in Florence
2133:Scoppio del carro
2007:Gardens and parks
1998:Fortezza da Basso
1880:Monument to Dante
1788:dei Gianfigliazzi
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1727:Ss Simone e Giuda
1543:Tornabuoni Chapel
1514:Baroncelli Chapel
1399:Palazzo Davanzati
1231:
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980:978-88-7166-096-7
958:978-88-85957-59-6
935:978-3-8331-1576-9
916:978-90-215-9720-1
851:Giotto di Bondone
836:978-88-7743-147-9
802:
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321:Francesco Talenti
284:Luca della Robbia
246:Giotto di Bondone
242:Arnolfo di Cambio
109:
16:(Redirected from
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1702:S Maria Maggiore
1612:Badia Fiorentina
1565:Brancacci Chapel
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1327:Loggia dei Lanzi
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494:Seven Sacraments
492:North side: the
476:Cardinal Virtues
407:to Nino Pisano.
370:Lorenzo Ghiberti
240:On the death of
157:Piazza del Duomo
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1538:S Maria Novella
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1448:Palazzo Vecchio
1443:Palazzo Strozzi
1342:Loggia Rucellai
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1519:Pazzi Chapel
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1201:Architecture
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427:The lozenges
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165:
50:
49:
2097:Il Gioiello
2060:di Castello
1712:S Pancrazio
1657:Ss Apostoli
1419:Magi Chapel
1281:and palaces
1279:, galleries
1031: /
472:Theological
394:Nino Pisano
314:Black Death
280:bas-reliefs
256:chiaroscuro
2166:Categories
2070:di Careggi
2065:La Petraia
1972:Via Cavour
1662:S Felicita
1652:S Ambrogio
1627:Ognissanti
1372:La Specola
1298:Casa Guidi
1019:11°15′19″E
1016:43°46′22″N
898:References
714:Annunziata
691:Apostolica
376:campanile.
251:polychromy
195:buttresses
188:polychrome
2102:La Pietra
2087:Gamberaia
1993:Belvedere
1863:Landmarks
1798:dei Pulci
1672:S Gaetano
1582:S Trinita
1577:S Spirito
1526:S Lorenzo
1497:Basilicas
1190:Navicella
1147:(c. 1320)
1139:(c. 1320)
1123:(c. 1310)
1099:(c. 1300)
1080:Paintings
760:L'Assunta
737:Mater Dei
645:Campanone
601:The bells
544:Donatello
474:and four
405:Phoroneus
401:Phoroneus
163:, Italy.
149:campanile
2107:Rusciano
1895:Theatres
1604:Churches
1288:Bargello
1269:Florence
1222:Florence
1212:Florence
969:(1896).
623:Diameter
620:Founder
563:Jeremias
532:and the
433:majolica
338:uroscopy
261:filigree
218:Lozenges
174:and the
168:Basilica
161:Florence
140:Italian:
2092:I Tatti
1965:Streets
1923:Squares
1812:Library
1722:S Salvi
1555:S Marco
1509:S Croce
1277:Museums
1265:Tourism
1182:Mosaics
559:Habacuc
530:Solomon
461:Mercury
445:Jupiter
413:lunette
302:Alberti
268:Carrara
201:History
155:on the
2048:Villas
1465:Uffizi
1073:Giotto
996:
977:
955:
932:
913:
883:
833:
630:Weight
463:, the
451:, the
441:Saturn
386:Euclid
184:Giotto
1986:Forts
1741:Other
1309:David
805:Notes
795:237.8
772:339.6
749:481.3
726:856.5
680:~2100
637:Note
614:Name
526:David
457:Venus
417:gable
276:Siena
272:Prato
36:Duomo
994:ISBN
975:ISBN
953:ISBN
930:ISBN
911:ISBN
881:ISBN
831:ISBN
786:1956
763:1956
740:1956
723:1150
717:1956
703:1200
700:1250
694:1957
677:1520
671:1808
657:5385
654:2000
648:1705
633:(kg)
626:(mm)
611:No.
465:Moon
449:Mars
108:also
1267:in
877:160
798:B3
792:750
775:A3
769:850
752:G3
746:950
729:E3
706:D3
683:C3
660:A2
453:Sun
170:of
159:in
2168::
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859:^
813:^
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459:,
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447:,
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316:.
138:,
134:-/
128:ɑː
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113:US
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99:eɪ
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131:m
125:k
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78:ˈ
75:ə
72:p
69:m
66:æ
63:k
60:ˌ
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53:(
38:.
20:)
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