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to adapt to change, restore previous skills, and learn new skills. It is important to remember that all the presentations of
Receptive Aphasia may vary. The presentation of symptoms and prognosis are both dependent on personal components related to the individual's neural organization before the stroke, the extent of the damage, and the influence of environmental and behavioral factors after the damage occurs. The quicker a diagnosis of a stroke is made by a medical team, the more positive the patient's recovery may be. A medical team will work to control the signs and symptoms of the stroke and rehabilitation therapy will begin to manage and recover lost skills. The rehabilitation team may consist of a certified speech-language pathologist, physical therapist, occupational therapist, and the family or caregivers. The length of therapy will be different for everyone, but research suggests that intense therapy over a short amount of time can improve outcomes of speech and language therapy for patients with aphasia. Research is not suggesting the only way therapy should be administered, but gives insight on how therapy affects the patient's prognosis.
167:) and discovery of the condition which results from a lesion to this brain area (Wernicke's aphasia). Although Wernicke's area (left posterior superior temporal cortex) is known as the language comprehension area of the brain, defining the exact region of the brain is a more complicated issue. A 2016 study aimed to determine the reliability of current brain models of the language center of the brain. After asking a group of neuroscientists what portion of the brain they consider to be Wernicke's area, results suggested that the classic "Wernicke-Lichtheim-Geschwind" model is no longer adequate for defining the language areas of the brain. This is because this model was created using an old understanding of human brain anatomy and does not take into consideration the cortical and subcortical structures responsible for language or the connectivity of brain areas necessary for production and comprehension of language. While there is not a well defined area of the brain for language comprehension, Wernicke's aphasia is a known condition causing difficulty with understanding language.
458:(non-fluent Broca's aphasia): this is generally considered the second main categorization of aphasia, where individuals have great difficulty forming complete sentences with generally only basic content words (leaving out words like "is" and "the"). Unlike Wernicke's aphasia, which causes patients to speak fluently, but producing a jumbled mix of nonsensical words, people with Broca's aphasia speak slowly, and typically in small sentences, yet they are much more able to convey the intended meaning of the sentence. Additionally, while people with Wernicke's aphasia typically are unaware of their confusing language and may get frustrated with the listener for not understanding them, people with Broca's aphasia are completely aware of their language difficulties and can sometimes become frustrated with themselves.
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removing a brain tumor, or treating a nervous system infection. This may not lessen the symptoms for the patient as damage to the brain is often already done, but it typically stops the aphasia from worsening. For the majority of patients with any kind of aphasia, speech and language therapy is the primary treatment. This focuses on improving language skills and learning how to communicate in various ways to allow their needs to be met. Since
Wernicke's patients face comprehension deficits, they are often unaware of their condition and may pose unique challenges for their treatment because of this lack of awareness or concern for their deficit. Treatment plans are usually devised by a team of healthcare workers including a speech therapist, neuropsychologist, and a neurologist.
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neuroplastic abilities. According to
Thomson, "Portions of the right hemisphere, extended left brain sites, or both have been shown to be recruited to perform language functions after brain damage. All of the neuronal changes recruit areas not originally or directly responsible for large portions of linguistic processing. Principles of neuroplasticity have been proven effective in neurorehabilitation after damage to the brain. These principles include: incorporating multiple modalities into treatment to create stronger neural connections, using stimuli that evoke positive emotion, linking concepts with simultaneous and related presentations, and finding the appropriate intensity and duration of treatment for each individual patient.
283:: Failure to select the proper words with which to convey their ideas. The word used is always a real word, however it may not always be directly or closely related to the word the patient is trying to convey. Can result in saying a word that is related to the target word in meaning or category (E.g. "jet" for "airplane" or "knife" for "fork"). Other times, semantic paraphasias can result in empty speech, or the use of overly generic words such as "thing" or "stuff" to stand in for the word they cannot come up with. This leads to speech that contains real words but lacks any substantial meaning.
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565:(ASHA) states a comprehensive assessment should be conducted in order to analyze the patient's communication functioning on multiple levels; as well as the effect of possible communication deficits on activities of daily living. Typical components of an aphasia assessment include: case history, self report, oral-motor examination, language skills, identification of environmental and personal factors, and the assessment results. A comprehensive aphasia assessment includes both formal and informal measures.
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200:: this type of anomia describes patients who know the function of a certain object, and can single out the target object from a larger group of objects, but they do not have the ability to name the object. For example when shown different clothes items and asked to select the one meant to keep their head warm, they will correctly select the hat, but will not be able to state the name of the object. In some patients this type of anomia is specific to certain categories like colors or animals.
273:: Errors in selecting phonemes. Involves the substitution, addition, omission, or rearrangement of sounds so that an error can be defined as sounding like the target word. Often, half of the word is still intact which allows for easy comparison to the appropriate, original word (E.g. "bap" for "map"). The more phonemic paraphasias in a word, the harder it is to understand, to the extent at which may become unidentifiable. Often, these unidentifiable words are known as neologisms.
212:: this subset of anomia affects patients' ability to name or distinguish objects if they are presented through a certain sensory modality, and is caused by a disconnect between the given sensory cortex and the language centers of the brain. For example, a patient may be able to distinguish an apple from a banana when presented with their given smells, but not when they are presented the objects through only touch.
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Wernicke's primary responsibility is to assign meaning to these speech sounds. The extent of the lesion will determine the severity of the patients deficits related to language. Damage to the surrounding areas (perisylvian region) may also result in
Wernicke's aphasia symptoms due to variation in individual neuroanatomical structure and any co-occurring damage in adjacent areas of the brain.
257:: Individuals with Wernicke's aphasia are often not aware of their incorrect productions, which would further explain why they do not correct themselves when they produce jargon, paraphasias, or neologisms. Additionally, patients may become irritated or frustrated because others cannot understand what they are saying, but they believe their speech is completely comprehensible.
206:: unlike patients with word-selection anomia, patients exhibiting semantic anomia also lose the ability to correctly distinguish the function or use of a given object, along with not being able to provide the name of it. Therefore, even provided with both the name and function of an object, these patients still would not be able to correctly select it out of a group.
523:"The middle cerebral arteries supply blood to the cortical areas involved in speech, language and swallowing. The left middle cerebral artery provides Broca's area, Wernicke's area, Heschl's gyrus, and the angular gyrus with blood". Therefore, in patients with Wernicke's aphasia, there is typically an occlusion to the left middle cerebral artery.
490:: A form of frontotemporal dementia characterized by motor speech impairment, agrammatism, laborious speech, and apraxia of speech. It is understood that comprehension of speech and semantic memory are relatively preserved. Symptoms progress over time unlike many other aphasias where symptoms appear immediately after stroke.
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Conversational coaching involves patients with aphasia and their speech language pathologists, who serve as a "coach" discussing strategies to approach various communicative scenarios. The "coach" will help the patient develop a script for a scenario (such as ordering food at a restaurant), and help
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Like many acquired language disorders, Wernicke's aphasia can be experienced in many different ways and to many different degrees. Patients diagnosed with
Wernicke's aphasia can show severe language comprehension deficits; however, this is dependent on the severity and extent of the lesion. Severity
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Prognosis is strongly dependent on the location and extent of the lesion (damage) to the brain. Many personal factors also influence how a person will recover, which include age, previous medical history, level of education, gender, and motivation. All of these factors influence the brain's ability
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As a result of the occlusion in the left middle cerebral artery, Wernicke's aphasia is most commonly caused by a lesion in the posterior superior temporal gyrus (Wernicke's area). This area is posterior to the primary auditory cortex (PAC) which is responsible for decoding individual speech sounds.
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The social approach involves a collaborative effort on behalf of patients and clinicians to determine goals and outcomes for therapy that could improve the patient's quality of life. A conversational approach is thought to provide opportunities for development and the use of strategies to overcome
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Single-word comprehension: A common treatment method used to support single-word comprehension skills is known as a pointing drill. Through this method, clinicians lay out a variety of images in front of a patient. The patient is asked to point to the image that corresponds to the word provided by
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is a main method in traditional aphasia therapy that follows principles to retrieve function in the auditory modality of language and influence surrounding regions through stimulation. The guidelines to have the most effective stimulation are as follows: Auditory stimulation of language should be
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There is currently no standardized treatment for
Wernicke's Aphasia, meaning treatment varies from patient to patient depending on the severity of the lesion and the resulting deficits. In some patients, the first step of action is to attempt to treat the possible causes for the aphasia, such as
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Understanding conversation: An effective treatment method to support comprehension of discourse includes providing a patient with a conversational sample and asking him or her questions about that sample. Individuals with less severe deficits in auditory comprehension may also be able to retell
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If a clinician asks, "what do you do at a supermarket?" And the individual responds with "Well, the supermarket is a place. It is a place with a lot of food. My favorite food is
Italian food. At a supermarket, I buy different kinds of food. There are carts and baskets. Supermarkets have lots of
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More recently, researchers are developing medical treatments for aphasia using clinical trials for pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. Some medications include drugs affecting the catecholaminergic system, nootropic drugs, and medications used to treat
Alzheimer's disease. The
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Anomia is consistently seen in aphasia, so many treatment techniques aim to help patients with word finding problems. One example of a semantic approach is referred to as semantic feature analyses. The process includes naming the target object shown in the picture and producing words that are
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According to Bates et al. (2005), "the primary goal of rehabilitation is to prevent complications, minimize impairments, and maximize function". The topics of intensity and timing of intervention are widely debated across various fields. Results are contradictory: some studies indicate better
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is defined as the brain's ability to reorganize itself, lay new pathways, and rearrange existing ones, as a result of experience. Neuronal changes after damage to the brain such as collateral sprouting, increased activation of the homologous areas, and map extension demonstrate the brain's
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Specific treatment considerations for working with individuals with
Wernicke's aphasia (or those who exhibit deficits in auditory comprehension) include using familiar materials, using shorter and slower utterances when speaking, giving direct instructions, and using repetition as needed.
247:: individuals with Wernicke's aphasia do not have difficulty with producing connected speech that flows. Although the connection of the words may be appropriate, the words they are using may not belong together or make sense (Jargon). Some patients with Wernicke's Aphasia experience
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outcomes with early intervention, while other studies indicate starting therapy too early may be detrimental to the patient's recovery. Recent research suggests, that therapy be functional and focus on communication goals that are appropriate for the patient's individual lifestyle.
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Additionally, it is important to include the families of patients with aphasia in treatment programs. Clinicians can teach family members how to support one another, and how to adjust their speaking patterns to facilitate their loved one's treatment and rehabilitation.
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Another common cause of
Wernicke's aphasia is encephalitis, specifically around the posterior superior temporal gyrus. Encephalitis is the inflammation of the brain, which can be a result of infection, autoimmune disorders, or chronic substance abuse, among others.
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In the case of brain tumors, infections, or degenerative brain disorders, examples in which damage to the brain can be ongoingly progressive, it is likely that the aphasia will coincidingly progress as well, and symptoms will worsen if the cause is not treated.
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levels may range from being unable to understand even the simplest spoken and/or written information to missing minor details of a conversation. Many diagnosed with Wernicke's aphasia have difficulty with repetition in words and sentences and/or working memory.
182:: deficits in understanding (receptive) written and spoken language. This is because Wernicke's area is responsible for assigning meaning to the language that is heard, so if it is damaged, the brain cannot comprehend the information that is being received.
218:: describes patients that exhibit paraphasia when trying to name objects. This can result in patients either selecting incorrect phonemes, such as saying 'bad' when shown an image of a 'bat', or they may simply try to use non-real words, or neologisms.
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237:: speech that lacks content, consists of typical intonation, and is structurally intact. Jargon can consist of a string of neologisms, as well as a combination of real words that do not make sense together in context. The jargon may include
517:. Strokes may occur when blood flow to the brain is completely interrupted or severely reduced. This has a direct effect on the amount of oxygen and nutrients being able to supply the brain, which causes brain cells to die within minutes.
558:(SLP) for a comprehensive speech and language evaluation. SLPs will examine the individual's ability to express him or herself through speech, understand language in written and spoken forms, write independently, and perform socially.
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Supported conversation also involves using a communicative partner who supports the patient's learning by providing contextual cues, slowing their own rate of speech, and increasing their message's redundancy to promote the patient's
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barriers to communication. The main goals of this treatment method are to improve the patient's conversational confidence and skills in natural contexts using conversational coaching, supported conversations, and partner training.
302:: Wernicke's patient's inclination to run on their speech. Often described as an overabundance of speech. Common in Wernicke's patients due to the ease at which they produce speech, circumlocution, and lack of self-monitoring.
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Point to tasks. During these tasks the patient is directed to point to an object or multiple objects. As the skill is learned the level of complexity increases by increasing the number of objects the patient must point to.
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Diagnostic information should be scored and analyzed appropriately. Treatment plans and individual goals should be developed based on diagnostic information, as well as patient and caregiver needs, desires, and priorities.
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Paraphrasing and retelling – This task requires the patient to read a paragraph and, afterwards, paraphrase it aloud. This is the most complex of Schuell's stimulation tasks because it requires comprehension, recall, and
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Neuroplasticity is a central component to restorative therapy to compensate for brain damage. This approach is especially useful in Wernicke's aphasia patients that have had a stroke to the left brain hemisphere.
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Understanding spoken sentences: "Treatment to improve comprehension of spoken sentences typically consists of drills in which patients answer questions, follow directions or verify the meaning of sentences".
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Nouwens, F.; Visch-Brink, E.G.; Van de Sandt-Koenderman, M.M.E.; Dippeo, D.W.J; Kaudstaal, P.J.; de Law, L.M.L. (2015). "Optimal timing for speech and language therapy after stroke: More evidence needed".
554:(CT) scan to confirm the presence of a brain injury and to identify its precise location. In circumstances where a person is showing possible signs of aphasia, the physician will refer him or her to a
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Communication Activities of Daily Living - Second Edition (CADL-2): measures functional communication abilities; focuses on reading, writing, social interactions, and varying levels of communication.
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Following directions with objects. During these tasks the patient is instructed to follow the instruction of manually following directions that increase in complexity as the skill is learned.
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semantically related to the target. Through production of semantically similar features, participants develop more skills in naming stimuli due to the increase in lexical activation.
144:) do not occur in individuals with Wernicke's aphasia. Therefore, they may produce a large amount of speech without much meaning. Individuals with Wernicke's aphasia often suffer of
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148:– they are unaware of their errors in speech and do not realize their speech may lack meaning. They typically remain unaware of even their most profound language deficits.
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Speech devices, while not a treatment that can improve a patient's language skills, help the patient communicate with caregivers through the use of pictures or speech.
472:: the biggest hallmark is one's poor word-finding abilities; one's speech is fluent and appropriate, but full of circumlocutions (evident in both writing and speech).
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Auditory comprehension is a primary focus in treatment for Wernicke's aphasia, as it is the main deficit related to this diagnosis. Therapy activities may include:
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The most common stroke that causes Wernicke's Aphasia is an ischemic stroke affecting the posterior temporal lobe of the dominant hemisphere of the brain.
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abilities and effortless speech output. Writing often reflects speech in that it tends to lack content or meaning. In most cases, motor deficits (i.e.
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Other causes of Wernicke's Aphasia include brain trauma, cerebral tumors, central nervous system (CNS) infections, and degenerative brain disorders.
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Schuell's stimulation utilizes stimulation through therapy tasks beginning at a simplified task and progressing to become more difficult including:
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Aphasia is usually first recognized by the physician who treats the person for his or her brain injury. Most individuals will undergo a
478:: individuals can comprehend what is being said and are fluent in spontaneous speech, but they cannot repeat what is being said to them.
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Yes or no questions – This task requires the patient to respond to various yes or no questions that can range from simple to complex.
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226:: Neologism is a latin word meaning "new words". English uses the term to mean non-words that have no relation to the target word.
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Saladin, Kenneth S. Anatomy & Physiology: the Unity of Form and Function. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2010. Print.
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Response to stimuli should be maximized to create more opportunities for success and feedback for the speech-language pathologist.
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Revised Token Test (RTT): assess receptive language and auditory comprehension; focuses on patient's ability to follow directions.
575:(BDAE): diagnoses the presence and type of aphasia, focusing on location of lesion and the underlying linguistic processes.
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31:
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581:– Revised (WAB): determines the presence, severity, and type of aphasia; and can also determine baseline abilities of patient.
1698:"Veterans affairs/department of defense clinical practice guideline for the management of adult stroke rehabilitation care"
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464:: individuals have extreme difficulties with both expressive (producing language) and receptive (understanding language).
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555:
493:
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Bayles, K.A.; Tomodea, C.K. (2010). "Neuroplasticity: Implications for treating cognitive communication disorders".
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Nakai, Y; Jeong, JW; Brown, EC; Rothermel, R; Kojima, K; Kambara, T; Shah, A; Mittal, S; Sood, S; Asano, E (2017).
547:
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Boyle, M.; Coelho, C.A. (2004). "Semantic feature analysis treatment for anomia in two fluent aphasia syndromes".
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Each stimulus applied should produce a response; if there is no response more stimulation cues should be provided.
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504:(KS). It is often characterized by impairment in memory formation and is caused by long term thiamine deficiency.
251:, which is also known as over fluency. These patients use an excessive amount of words when speaking or writing.
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Ogar, Jennifer M.; Dronkers, Nina F.; Brambati, Simona M.; Miller, Bruce L.; Gorno-Tempini, Maria Luisa (2007).
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non-pharmacological approaches include transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct stimulation.
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The feedback of the speech-language pathologist should promote further success and patient and encouragement.
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Raymer, A.M.; Beeson, P.; Holland, A.; Kendall, D.; Maher, L.M.; Martin, M.; Gonzolez Rothi, L.J. (2008).
1602:"The neurophysiology of language: Insights from non-invasive brain stimulation in the healthy human brain"
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248:
160:
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Keefe, K.A. (1995). "Applying basic neuroscience to aphasia therapy: What the animals are telling us".
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Therapy should follow an intensive and systemic method to create success by progressing in difficulty.
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Bates, B.; Choi, J.; Duncan, P.W.; Glasberg, J.J.; Graham, G.D.; Katz, R.C....; Zorowitz, R. (2005).
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the patient practice and perform the scenario in and out of the clinic while evaluating the outcome.
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The stimulus should be presented at a difficulty level equal to or just below the patient's ability.
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Acquired Speech and Language Disorders: A Neuroanatomical and Functional Neurological Approach
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Informal assessments, which aid in the diagnosis of patients with suspected aphasia, include:
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484:: individuals have impaired auditory comprehension with intact repetition and fluent speech.
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1046:"Broca and Wernicke are dead, or moving past the classic model of language neurobiology"
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496:: A well described syndrome of neurological and cognitive problems that comprises both
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829:"Three- and four-dimensional mapping of speech and language in patients with epilepsy"
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326:: impairments can be seen in both reading and writing with differing severity levels.
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Klein, Stephen B., and Thorne. Biological Psychology. New York: Worth, 2007. Print.
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314:: typically, no motor deficits are seen with a localized lesion in Wernicke's area.
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E.g. "uhhh it's white... it's flat... you write on it..." (when referencing paper)
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1826:"Life Participation Approach to Aphasia: A Statement of Values for the Future"
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1288:<185::aid-jclp2270050218>3.0.co;2-l "Language and language disturbances"
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Complex: "Pick up the book and put it down on the bench after I move the cup."
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Complex: "Point to the book and then to the ceiling after touching your ear."
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1915:"Transitional research in aphasia: From neuroscience to neurorehabilitation"
1327:"Progressive Nonfluent Aphasia and Its Characteristic Motor Speech Deficits"
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intensive and always present when other language modalities are stimulated.
188:: ability to retrieve target words is impaired. This is also referred to as
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The following are common symptoms seen in patients with Wernicke's aphasia:
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10.1002/1097-4679(194904)5:2<185::aid-jclp2270050218>3.0.co;2-l
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Sensory stimulation must be present and repeated throughout the treatment.
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159:, who is credited with discovering the area of the brain responsible for
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD)
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Isenberg-Grzeda, Elie; Kutner, Haley E.; Nicolson, Stephen E. (2012).
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320:: reduced ability to retain information for extended periods of time.
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Therapies should be varied and build off of mastered therapy tasks.
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1102:. Contemporary neurology series. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1366:"Wernicke-Korsakoff-Syndrome: Under-Recognized and Under-Treated"
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2020:(3rd ed.). New York, NY: Thieme Medical Publishers Inc.
27:
Language disorder involving inability to understand language
2003:. Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
194:, and it is often classified into the following subsets:
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Distinction from other types of aphasia/other conditions
136:, which is characterized by typical speech rate, intact
132:. Patients with Wernicke's aphasia demonstrate fluent
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Upper dorsal pontine syndrome/Raymond–Céstan syndrome
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1410:. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
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Short-term retention and recall of verbal materials
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Wernicke's aphasia was named after German physician
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Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
1656:"Home-based therapy for chronic Wernicke's aphasia"
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355:Impaired (phonemic paraphasia, neologisms, jargon)
124:in which individuals have difficulty understanding
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55:
Wernicke's aphasia, fluent aphasia, sensory aphasia
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46:
2001:Introduction to neurogenic communication disorders
1739:"Intensity of aphasia therapy, impact on recovery"
1544:(3rd ed.). Alberta, Canada: Brijan Resources.
968:
911:Introduction to neurogenic communication disorders
2018:Aphasia and Related Neurogenic Language Disorders
1919:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
1737:Bhogal, S.K.; Teasell, R.; Speechley, M. (2003).
1542:Communication Activities in Daily Living (CADL-3)
1580:"Assessment Tools, Techniques, and Data Sources"
1044:Tremblay, Pascale; Dick, Anthony Steven (2016).
210:Disconnection anomia or modality-specific anomia
1654:Bonilha, Leonardo; Fridriksson, Julius (2017).
1510:Goodglass, H.; Kaplan, E.; Barresi, B. (2001).
1100:Neurology of cognitive and behavioral disorders
513:The most common cause of Wernicke's aphasia is
1540:Holland, A.L.; Fromm, D.; Wozniak, L. (2018).
913:(7th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier.
563:American Speech, Language, Hearing Association
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2055:American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology
1954:American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology
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363:Impaired (semantic paraphasia, empty speech)
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1830:American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
1584:American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
1497:American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
1431:"Medical aspects: Blood supply in the brain"
1331:Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders
1159:American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
1008:American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
975:. Baltimore, MD: Chapman and Hall. pp.
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403:Normal or mildly impaired (paragrammatism)
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1098:Devinsky, Orrin; D'Esposito, Mark (2004).
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1240:Acharya, Aninda; Wroten, Michael (2023).
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595:Conversational speech and language sample
347:Impaired (can range from mild to severe)
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1866:"Neuroplasticity: Evidence from aphasia"
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2426:Lateral medullary syndrome/Wallenberg
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1555:McNeil, M.M.; Prescott, T.E. (1978).
1512:Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination
1493:"Aphasia: Roles and responsibilities"
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1257:
1255:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
573:Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination
331:Wernicke's Aphasia Symptom Checklist
7:
1445:"Encephalitis - Symptoms and causes"
1093:
1091:
1089:
601:Case history or medical chart review
379:Normal or overly fluent (logorrhea)
1004:"Common Classifications of Aphasia"
930:The New England Journal of Medicine
630:Role of neuroplasticity in recovery
2438:Medial medullary syndrome/Dejerine
1870:Journal of Communication Disorders
1784:Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics
1756:10.1161/01.STR.0000062343.64383.D0
1715:10.1161/01.STR.0000180432.73724.AD
324:Impairments in reading and writing
291:: talking around the target word.
25:
927:Damasio, A.R. (1992). "Aphasia".
432:Concern about errors in language
344:Comprehension of spoken material
339:Patients with Wernicke's Aphasia
1123:Benson, D. Frank (August 1991).
1027:"Wernicke's (Receptive) Aphasia"
642:Auditory comprehension treatment
2207:associated with lesions of the
376:Fluency (production of speech)
1629:11858/00-001M-0000-0028-AADC-A
1292:Journal of Clinical Psychology
1196:Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics
681:Schuell's stimulation approach
408:Repetition of what others say
1:
1882:10.1016/S0021-9924(00)00031-9
1796:10.1586/14737175.2015.1058161
1263:"What Is Wernicke's Aphasia?"
1141:10.1016/S0025-6196(12)61206-3
488:Progressive confluent aphasia
482:Transcortical sensory aphasia
2499:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
2040:National Aphasia Association
1343:10.1097/wad.0b013e31815d19fe
1246:National Library of Medicine
1220:National Aphasia Association
1031:National Aphasia Association
748:Social approach to treatment
718:Simple: "Point to the book."
672:Restorative therapy approach
658:aspects of the conversation.
568:Formal assessments include:
216:Phonemic substitution anomia
1966:10.1044/1058-0360(2004/025)
1931:10.1044/1092-4388(2008/020)
1619:10.1016/j.bandl.2014.10.007
1529:. San Antonio, TX: Pearson.
1177:American Stroke Association
1062:10.1016/j.bandl.2016.08.004
943:10.1056/nejm199202203260806
909:Brookshire, Robert (2007).
729:Simple: "Pick up the book."
556:speech-language pathologist
494:Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
32:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
2649:
1559:. Austin, TX: PRO-ED, Inc.
1514:. Austin, TX: PRO-ED, Inc.
1382:10.1016/j.psym.2012.04.008
548:magnetic resonance imaging
416:Controversial proficiency
306:customers, and workers..."
29:
2597:Upper motor neuron lesion
2067:10.1044/1058-0360.0404.88
1600:Hartwigsen, Gesa (2015).
498:Wernicke's Encephalopathy
424:Concern about impairment
229:E.g. "dorflur" for "shoe"
68:
59:
2466:Lateral pontine syndrome
1848:ASHA National Convention
1672:10.1136/jnnp-2017-315842
1286:Goldstein, Kurt (1948).
1198:, Elsevier, pp. xxv
30:Not to be confused with
2628:Complications of stroke
2504:One and a half syndrome
2480:Millard–Gubler syndrome
2476:Medial pontine syndrome
2036:"Aphasia Therapy Guide"
1527:Western Aphasia Battery
1190:Chadwick, Ruth (2012),
1129:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
604:Behavioral observations
579:Western Aphasia Battery
2572:Alternating hemiplegia
1864:Thomson, C.K. (2000).
967:Murdoch, B.E. (1990).
803:Logorrhea (psychology)
392:Use of function words
384:Production of writing
318:Reduced retention span
180:Impaired comprehension
161:language comprehension
2016:LaPointe, L. (2005).
1216:"Aphasia Definitions"
198:Word-selection anomia
1999:Manasco, H. (2021).
1525:Kereesz, A. (2006).
845:10.1093/brain/awx051
352:Segmental phonology
235:Production of jargon
2592:Pseudobulbar affect
2546:Parinaud's syndrome
2537:ventral tegmentum,
2351:Parkinson's disease
2270:Hemispatial neglect
1125:"What's in a Name?"
552:computed tomography
332:
312:Lack of hemiparesis
186:Poor word retrieval
2524:ventral peduncle,
2494:Locked-in syndrome
2484:Foville's syndrome
2384:Dysdiadochokinesia
2295:Cortical blindness
2275:Gerstmann syndrome
2250:Expressive aphasia
2201:Signs and symptoms
1606:Brain and Language
1557:Revised Token Test
1242:"Wernicke Aphasia"
1173:"Types of Aphasia"
1071:20.500.11794/38881
1050:Brain and Language
502:Korsakoff Syndrome
476:Conduction aphasia
456:Expressive aphasia
330:
171:Signs and symptoms
102:Wernicke's aphasia
36:expressive aphasia
2605:
2604:
2580:
2579:
2556:Claude's syndrome
2533:Benedikt syndrome
2399:Cerebellar ataxia
2358:Thalamic syndrome
2315:Cortical deafness
2290:Bálint's syndrome
2265:Receptive aphasia
2167:
2166:
1109:978-0-19-513764-4
447:
446:
118:posterior aphasia
106:receptive aphasia
99:
98:
47:Receptive aphasia
41:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2640:
2633:Neurolinguistics
2520:Weber's syndrome
2416:
2389:Intention tremor
2194:
2187:
2180:
2171:
2091:
2071:
2070:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2013:
2004:
1997:
1978:
1977:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1893:
1861:
1852:
1851:
1843:
1834:
1833:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1778:
1769:
1768:
1758:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1717:
1708:(9): 2049–2056.
1693:
1684:
1683:
1651:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1621:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1576:
1561:
1560:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1259:
1250:
1249:
1237:
1224:
1223:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1095:
1084:
1083:
1073:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1023:
1012:
1011:
1000:
991:
990:
974:
964:
955:
954:
924:
915:
914:
906:
867:
866:
856:
839:(5): 1351–1370.
824:
598:Family interview
333:
300:Pressured speech
104:, also known as
95:
94:
64:
44:
21:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2623:Neuropsychology
2608:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2576:
2560:
2508:
2449:
2405:
2362:
2326:
2286:Occipital lobe
2220:Cerebral cortex
2215:
2198:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2102:
2080:
2078:Further reading
2075:
2074:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2015:
2014:
2007:
1998:
1981:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1863:
1862:
1855:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1695:
1694:
1687:
1653:
1652:
1645:
1599:
1598:
1591:
1578:
1577:
1564:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1453:
1451:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1271:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1239:
1238:
1227:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1199:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1155:"ASHA Glossary"
1153:
1152:
1148:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1097:
1096:
1087:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1025:
1024:
1015:
1002:
1001:
994:
987:
966:
965:
958:
926:
925:
918:
908:
907:
870:
826:
825:
821:
816:
794:
785:
776:
774:Clinical trials
750:
674:
665:
644:
635:Neuroplasticity
632:
615:
544:
511:
435:Little to none
427:Little to none
400:Grammaticality
368:Word semantics
360:Word selection
204:Semantic anomia
173:
165:Wernicke's area
130:spoken language
120:, is a type of
110:sensory aphasia
89:
74:Wernicke's area
42:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2646:
2644:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2610:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2473:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2422:
2420:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2372:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2337:Basal ganglia
2334:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2311:Temporal lobe
2309:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2300:Anton syndrome
2297:
2292:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2261:Parietal lobe
2259:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2174:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2149:
2134:
2119:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:Classification
2088:
2087:
2084:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2045:
2023:
2005:
1979:
1960:(3): 236–249.
1944:
1925:(1): 259–275.
1905:
1876:(4): 357–366.
1853:
1835:
1817:
1790:(8): 885–893.
1770:
1749:(4): 987–993.
1729:
1685:
1666:(7): 539–539.
1643:
1589:
1562:
1547:
1532:
1517:
1502:
1481:
1460:
1436:
1429:McCaffrey, P.
1421:
1395:
1376:(6): 507–516.
1370:Psychosomatics
1356:
1337:(4): S23–S30.
1317:
1298:(2): 185–185.
1278:
1251:
1225:
1207:
1182:
1164:
1146:
1135:(8): 865–867.
1115:
1108:
1085:
1036:
1013:
992:
985:
956:
937:(8): 531–539.
916:
868:
818:
817:
815:
812:
811:
810:
808:Paragrammatism
805:
800:
793:
790:
784:
781:
775:
772:
764:
763:
762:comprehension.
759:
749:
746:
745:
744:
743:
742:
741:communication.
735:
734:
733:
730:
724:
723:
722:
719:
708:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
673:
670:
664:
663:Word retrieval
661:
660:
659:
655:
652:
651:the clinician.
643:
640:
631:
628:
614:
611:
606:
605:
602:
599:
596:
589:
588:
585:
582:
576:
543:
540:
510:
507:
506:
505:
491:
485:
479:
473:
469:Anomic aphasia
465:
462:Global aphasia
459:
445:
444:
441:
437:
436:
433:
429:
428:
425:
421:
420:
417:
413:
412:
409:
405:
404:
401:
397:
396:
393:
389:
388:
385:
381:
380:
377:
373:
372:
369:
365:
364:
361:
357:
356:
353:
349:
348:
345:
341:
340:
337:
328:
327:
321:
315:
309:
308:
307:
297:
296:
295:
289:Circumlocution
286:
285:
284:
274:
258:
252:
242:
232:
231:
230:
221:
220:
219:
213:
207:
201:
183:
172:
169:
114:fluent aphasia
97:
96:
83:
77:
76:
66:
65:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
40:
26:
24:
18:Fluent aphasia
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2645:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2550:dorsal, tumor
2549:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2321:
2320:Prosopagnosia
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2280:Astereognosis
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2246:Frontal lobe
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1432:
1425:
1422:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
999:
997:
993:
988:
986:9780412334405
982:
978:
973:
972:
963:
961:
957:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
931:
923:
921:
917:
912:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
869:
864:
860:
855:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
823:
820:
813:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
795:
791:
789:
782:
780:
773:
771:
768:
760:
756:
755:
754:
747:
739:
738:
736:
731:
728:
727:
725:
720:
717:
716:
713:
712:
711:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
686:
685:
682:
678:
671:
669:
662:
656:
653:
649:
648:
647:
641:
639:
636:
629:
627:
623:
619:
612:
610:
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2237:PCA syndrome
2232:MCA syndrome
2227:ACA syndrome
2151:
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2106:
2061:(4): 88–93.
2058:
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2034:Davis, G.A.
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70:Broca's area
2472:) (lateral)
2305:Pure alexia
1449:Mayo Clinic
1414:14 December
1408:Mayo Clinic
261:Paraphasias
239:word salads
146:anosognosia
142:hemiparesis
52:Other names
2612:Categories
2368:Cerebellum
1454:2023-12-29
1272:2023-12-28
1202:2023-11-26
814:References
281:paraphasia
271:paraphasia
269:(literal)
224:Neologisms
2411:Brainstem
2379:Dysmetria
2331:Subcortex
2213:brainstem
2205:syndromes
1680:0022-3050
1638:0093-934X
1612:: 81–94.
1472:"Aphasia"
1390:0033-3182
1351:0893-0341
1312:0021-9762
1192:"Preface"
1080:0093-934X
1056:: 60–71.
783:Prognosis
613:Treatment
550:(MRI) or
542:Diagnosis
500:(WE) and
443:Impaired
411:Impaired
279:(verbal)
255:Awareness
249:logorrhea
138:syntactic
86:Neurology
81:Specialty
2618:Aphasias
2513:Midbrain
2375:Lateral
2346:Dystonia
1974:15339233
1939:18230850
1900:11001162
1804:26088694
1765:12649521
1724:16120847
1404:"Stroke"
863:28334963
798:Agraphia
792:See also
336:Symptom
277:Semantic
267:Phonemic
2488:basilar
2419:Medulla
2395:Medial
2242:Aphasia
2158:D001041
2117:6A01.20
1891:3086401
1812:6863123
951:1732792
854:5405238
419:Normal
395:Normal
387:Normal
371:Normal
126:written
122:aphasia
2341:Chorea
2255:Abulia
2203:, and
1972:
1937:
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1743:Stroke
1722:
1702:Stroke
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1106:
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515:stroke
509:Causes
191:anomia
134:speech
88:
2585:Other
2565:Other
2209:brain
2147:784.3
2132:F80.2
1808:S2CID
1267:WebMD
979:–76.
833:Brain
116:, or
2470:AICA
2454:Pons
2431:PICA
2211:and
2153:MeSH
2142:9-CM
1970:PMID
1935:PMID
1896:PMID
1800:PMID
1761:PMID
1720:PMID
1676:ISSN
1634:ISSN
1416:2020
1386:ISSN
1347:ISSN
1308:ISSN
1104:ISBN
1076:ISSN
981:ISBN
947:PMID
859:PMID
561:The
128:and
72:and
2539:PCA
2526:PCA
2443:ASA
2138:ICD
2123:ICD
2108:ICD
2063:doi
1962:doi
1927:doi
1886:PMC
1878:doi
1792:doi
1751:doi
1710:doi
1668:doi
1624:hdl
1614:doi
1610:148
1378:doi
1339:doi
1300:doi
1137:doi
1066:hdl
1058:doi
1054:162
939:doi
935:326
849:PMC
841:doi
837:140
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