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bed where a pre-clarified liquid passes downward through a column. Much work has been done at the
University of Western Ontario in London Ontario, Canada on the use of a continuous fluidized ion exchange system, named "Liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed" (LSCFB), recently being called "Circulating fluidized ion exchange" (CFIX). This system has widespread applications extending the use of traditional ion exchange systems because it can handle feed streams with large amounts of suspended solids due to the use of fluidization.
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reach a critical value at which the upward drag forces will exactly equal the downward gravitational forces, causing the particles to become suspended within the fluid. At this critical value, the bed is said to be fluidized and will exhibit fluidic behavior. By further increasing gas velocity, the bulk density of the bed will continue to decrease, and its fluidization becomes more intense until the particles no longer form a bed and are "conveyed" upwards by the gas flow.
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177:, all being fairly uniform in size and shape, are suspended in the hot air rising from the bottom chamber. Because of the intense mixing of the particles, akin to that of a boiling liquid, this allows for a uniform temperature of the kernels throughout the chamber, minimizing the amount of burnt popcorn. After popping, the now larger popcorn particles encounter increased aerodynamic drag which pushes them out of the chamber and into a bowl.
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gas. The silane gas is thermally cracked in a fluidized bed of seed silicon particles, and the silicon deposits on the seed particles. The cracking reaction is endothermic, and heat is provided through the bed wall, typically made of graphite (to avoid metal contamination of the product silicon). The
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on each particle is also low, and thus the bed remains in a fixed state. Increasing the velocity, the aerodynamic drag forces will begin to counteract the gravitational forces, causing the bed to expand in volume as the particles move away from each other. Further increasing the velocity, it will
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particles for the purification and processing of many industrial liquid streams. Industries such as food & beverage, hydrometallurgical, water softening, catalysis, bio-based chemical etc. use ion exchange as a critical step in processing. Conventionally ion exchange has been used in a packed
154:; objects with a lower density than the bed density will float on its surface, bobbing up and down if pushed downwards, while objects with a higher density sink to the bottom of the bed. The fluidic behavior allows the particles to be transported like a fluid, channeled through
300:, making its use economical in many new applications. The polymerization reaction generates heat and the intense mixing associated with fluidization prevents hot spots where the polyethylene particles would melt. A similar process is used for the synthesis of
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vapor is condensed, leaving pure carbon dioxide which can be sequestered. The solid metal particles are circulated to another fluidized bed where they react with air (and again, specifically oxygen in the air), producing heat and
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Prince, Andrew; Bassi, Amarjeet S; Haas, Christine; Zhu, Jesse X; Dawe, Jennifer (2012). "Soy protein recovery in a solvent-free process using continuous liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed ion exchanger".
289:. These chemical reactions are highly exothermic and fluidization ensures a uniform temperature, minimizing unwanted side reactions, and efficient heat transfer to cooling tubes, ensuring high productivity.
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When a gas flow is introduced through the bottom of a bed of solid particles, it will move upwards through the bed via the empty spaces between the particles. At low gas velocities, aerodynamic
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Baddour, Carole E.; Briens, Cedric L.; Bordere, Serge; Anglerot, Didier; Gaillard, Patrice (2009). "The fluidized bed jet grinding of carbon nanotubes with a nozzle/target configuration".
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Yiğit Hunce, Selda; Soyer, Elif; Akgiray, Ömer (2016-07-27). "Characterization of
Granular Materials with Internal Pores for Hydraulic Calculations Involving Fixed and Fluidized Beds".
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Business and
Technology of the Global Polyethylene Industry: An In-depth Look at the History, Technology, Catalysts, and Modern Commercial Manufacture of Polyethylene and Its Products
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Shekari, Ali; Patience, Gregory S.; Bockrath, Richard E. (2010-03-31). "Effect of feed nozzle configuration on n-butane to maleic anhydride yield: From lab scale to commercial".
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Liquid-solid fluidization has a number of applications in engineering The best-known application of liquid-solid fluidization is the backwash of granular filters using water.
255:. The fluidized catalyst particles are shuttled between the fluidized bed reactor and a fluidized bed burner where the coke deposits are burned off, generating heat for the
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through the partial oxidation of n-butane, with the circulating particles acting as both catalyst and oxygen carrier; pure oxygen is also introduced directly into the bed.
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bed particle size can be controlled using attrition jets. Silane is often premixed with hydrogen to reduce the explosion risk of leaked silane in the air (see
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Chew, Jia Wei; LaMarche, W. Casey Q.; Cocco, Ray A. (2022). "100 years of scaling up fluidized bed and circulating fluidized bed reactors".
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Fair, Gordon M.; Hatch, Loranus P.; Hudson, Herbert E. (1933). "FUNDAMENTAL FACTORS GOVERNING THE STREAMLINE FLOW OF WATER THROUGH SAND ".
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the metal particles to metal oxide particles that are recirculated to the fluidized bed combustor. A similar process is used to produce
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in the air) in a combustion reaction with a solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel in a fluidized bed, producing solid metal particles from the
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In the 1920s, the
Winkler process was developed to gasify coal in a fluidized bed, using oxygen. It was not commercially successful.
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Nearly 50% of the silicon in solar cells is produced in fluidized beds. For example, metallurgical-grade silicon is first reacted to
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Mazumder; Zhu, Ray (April 2010). "Optimal design of liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed for continuous protein recovery".
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Peters, Alan W.; Flank, William H.; Davis, Burtron H. (2008-12-31). "The
History of Petroleum Cracking in the 20th Century".
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350:(as it is air's main component at about 80% by volume), which prevents economical sequestration. Chemical looping uses a
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By the 1950s, fluidized bed technology was being applied to mineral and metallurgical processes such as drying,
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use a fluidized bed. Arkema uses a fluidized bed to produce 400 tonnes/year of multiwall carbon nanotubes.
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Most of the fluidization applications use one or more of three important characteristics of fluidized beds:
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Hunce, Selda Yiğit; Soyer, Elif; Akgiray, Ömer (2018). "On the backwash expansion of graded filter media".
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There is excellent heat transfer between a fluidized bed and heat exchangers immersed in the bed.
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In the 1960s, several fluidized bed processes dramatically reduced the cost of some important
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When fluidized, a bed of solid particles will behave as a fluid, like a liquid or gas. Like
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Currently, most of the processes that are being developed for the industrial production of
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Baddour, Carole E; Briens, Cedric (2005-08-12). "Carbon
Nanotube Synthesis: A Review".
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The first large scale commercial implementation, in the early 1940s, was the
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carrier. These metal oxide particles replace air (specifically
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Fluidized solids can be easily transferred between reactors.
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A new potential application of fluidization technology is
468:"Sohio Acrylonitrile Process - American Chemical Society"
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of the metal oxides and a mixture of carbon dioxide and
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particles and deactivates the catalyst in less than 1
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International
Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering
753:. Chemical Industries. CRC Press. pp. 705–764.
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782:(11). American Water Works Association: 1551–1565.
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Innovations in
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
404:Fluidization has many applications with the use of
165:A simplified every-day-life example of a gas-solid
868:(31). American Chemical Society (ACS): 8636–8651.
598:"Graphistrength.com - Graphistrength® manufacture"
296:dramatically reduced the cost of this important
862:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
498:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
123:-like state. This process occurs when a fluid (
180:The process is also key in the formation of a
131:) is passed up through the granular material.
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506:10.1002/0471238961.1921182218050504.a01.pub2
96:Schematic drawing of a fluidized bed reactor
158:, not requiring mechanical transport (e.g.
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200:Further information on applications:
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
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43:This article includes a list of general
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285:and the oxychlorination process for
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184:and fluid escape structures in
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233:fluid catalytic cracking (FCC)
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561:(1). Walter de Gruyter GmbH.
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744:"Liquid-solids fluidization"
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709:Applied Catalysis A: General
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640:10.1016/j.powtec.2008.08.016
336:carbon dioxide sequestration
715:(1–2). Elsevier BV: 83–90.
634:(3). Elsevier BV: 372–384.
316:chemical looping combustion
115:is converted from a static
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528:Nowlin, Thomas E. (2014).
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119:-like state to a dynamic
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825:. Elsevier BV: 262–268.
742:Epstein, Norman (2003).
206:Fluidized bed combustion
749:. In Yang, W.C. (ed.).
672:. Elsevier BV: 117813.
64:more precise citations.
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