108:, developed record-keeping procedures, recruited banders, fostered international cooperation, and promoted banding as a tool for research and wildlife management. He found it was possible to establish the routes used by waterfowl during their annual migrations and he developed the flyway concept, a key idea in the management and regulation of hunting of migratory birds; by establishing the routes used, estimates of population sizes could be made and suitable protection could be put in place.
38:
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oceans, running parallel to the barriers and following routes along the coast or along major river valleys. Passerines often fly on a broader front across the terrain, either flying over or circumventing obstacles on the route, according to their evolutionary adaptations. In selecting routes, birds may overcompensate for predicted winds. Terrestrial birds tend to travel over land, raptors need routes where
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different bird species varies, but each population has its traditional staging points along the route where birds feed to build up their energy reserves to prepare for the next migratory stage; the route used on the spring migration may be different from that used in the autumn and will depend on such factors as wind direction and the availability of food at staging points.
112:
88:. An alternative definition is that a flyway is the entire range of a migratory bird, encompassing both its breeding and non-breeding grounds, and the resting and feeding locations it uses while migrating. There are four major north–south flyways in North America and six covering Eurasia, Africa, and Australasia.
168:
during summer and returning southward in the autumn to wintering grounds in warmer regions, often on the other side of the equator. A similar pattern occurs in the southern hemisphere with birds flying south to breed and north to overwinter, but on a much smaller scale. The flyway, or route, taken by
172:
Flyways may not be the shortest route available but may have curves or doglegs. Birds of different species may follow similar routes, and populations from one area may merge with other groups and diverge to reach different destinations. Flyways tend to avoid obstacles such as mountain ranges and
177:
can give them the lift they require, sea birds prefer ocean routes and wetland birds need routes with suitable staging sites; deltas and coastal wetlands provide reliable food sources for this purpose whereas inland wetlands are less predictable.
406:
links New
Zealand and the east coast of Australia, through the central Pacific Ocean and the east coast of northern Asia, including Japan and the Korean Peninsula, ending up in eastern Siberia, including the
164:
Many bird populations migrate long distances twice a year. The most common pattern involves flying north in the spring to breed in the temperate parts of the northern hemisphere or the
355:, northern Europe and western Siberia and leads to wintering areas in western Europe and North Africa, with some birds continuing down the west coast of the continent to South Africa.
126:
The special vulnerability of waterfowl and shorebirds on their international migrations, with their specific needs for suitable wetland stopovers, resulted in the signing of the
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starts from the northern breeding grounds of water birds in
Siberia and leads across Asia to the Indian subcontinent. Little has been published about birds using this flyway.
131:
399:
and extends southwards to southeastern Asia, Australia and New
Zealand. This flyway overlaps with the West Pacific Flyway. About 60 species of shorebird use this route.
377:
starts from the northern breeding grounds of water birds in
Siberia and leads across Asia to East Africa. Little has been published about birds using this flyway.
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have been established around the world, many being situated on flyways where they provide the vital habitat needed by the birds on their journeys.
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780:
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before continuing southwards to the Gulf of Mexico, merging with the
Mississippi Flyway. There are no mountain barriers on this route.
97:
769:
Keaton, Michael; Ducks
Unlimited; Max McGraw Wildlife Foundation; National Audubon Society; Wetlands America Trust, eds. (2022).
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253:
359:
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is an important flyway for migratory birds traveling from their northern breeding grounds to their southern wintering sites.
374:
640:. CMS Technical Series No. 27. Secretariat of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals.
381:
632:
101:
668:
Vansteelant, Wouter M.G.; Shamoun-Baranes, Judy; van Manen, Willem; van
Diermen, Jan; Bouten, Willem (2017).
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344:
120:
72:. Although applying to any species of migrating bird, the concept was first conceived and applied to
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and Canada to their overwintering areas in South
America, some species travelling as far south as
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670:"Seasonal detours by soaring migrants shaped by wind regimes along the East Atlantic Flyway"
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peninsulas, and Alaska. This flyway overlaps with the East Asian–Australasian Flyway.
37:
823:
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Central Asian-Indian, East Asian-Australasian and West
Pacific migratory bird flyways
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starts from northeastern Canada and passes over the Great Lakes, following the lower
257:
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are divided into four geographical paths. Each flyway has a different composition of
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81:
61:
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in the United States resulted in a need for more information on bird migration.
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to northern Africa. Little has been published about birds using this flyway.
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Waterfowl arriving in
California's Central Valley, a staging point on the
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17:
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Wings over water: the vital magic of North America's prairie wetlands
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309:
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is a north–south flyway for birds migrating from breeding grounds in
165:
159:—Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals.
631:
Galbraith, Colin A.; Jones, Tim; Kirby, Jeff; Mundkur, Taej (2014).
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starts from northern and western Siberia and leads across Asia, the
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111:
110:
77:
69:
36:
488:
634:
A Review of Migratory Bird Flyways and Priorities for Management
528:
30:
This article is about bird migration paths. For other uses, see
737:
Bird migration: the incredible journey of North American birds
145:"The concept of flyway is essentially an operational concept
437:"Avian Superhighways: The Four Flyways of North America"
104:
was put in charge and improved methods for trapping and
225:. They studied all migratory birds and established the
221:
established the flyways to help with the management of
84:
to which the migratory routes of different species are
804:
Wargo, Brian (2016). "A Golden Year in Pennsylvania".
52:
is a flight path used by large numbers of birds while
610:. University of California Press. pp. 120–124.
27:
Flight path used by large numbers of migrating birds
740:. Cambridge, Minnesota: Adventure Publications.
147:linked to waterfowl whose populations one wishes
607:Shorebird Ecology, Conservation, and Management
142:
466:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 406.
8:
560:. Bonn: UNEP/CMS Secretariat. Archived from
331:Flyways of Eurasia, Africa, and Australasia
297:starts from central Canada and crosses the
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583:
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80:. The flyways can be thought of as wide
424:
219:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
558:32nd Meeting of the Standing Committee
549:CMS Secretariat (8–9 November 2007).
7:
489:"Frederick Charles Lincoln Obituary"
430:
428:
347:starts from northern North America,
153:over their entire migration space."
710:"North American Migration Flyways"
551:"Strategic Review of Flyway Paper"
529:"Ramsar sites information service"
25:
98:Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918
64:quarters. Flyways generally span
130:in 1971. As a result, over 2300
254:East Coast of the United States
389:East Asian–Australasian Flyway
360:Black Sea-Mediterranean Flyway
248:starts in northern Canada and
1:
775:. Seattle: FlashPoint Books.
463:Krasner's Microbial Challenge
487:Gabrielson, Ira N. (1962).
382:Central Asian-Indian Flyway
846:
29:
674:Journal of Animal Ecology
604:Colwell, Mark A. (2010).
441:American Bird Conservancy
375:Asian–East African Flyway
102:Frederick Charles Lincoln
687:10.1111/1365-2656.12593
182:Flyways of the Americas
32:Flyway (disambiguation)
830:Bird migration flyways
806:Hawk Migration Studies
734:Tekiela, Stan (2018).
435:Kathryn (2022-05-16).
340:
321:Allegheny Front flyway
202:, the flyways used by
195:
156:
123:
45:
338:
325:Appalachian Mountains
189:
114:
40:
460:Shors, Teri (2018).
345:East Atlantic Flyway
121:East Atlantic Flyway
68:and often pass over
404:West Pacific Flyway
119:in Senegal, on the
96:The passing of the
714:www.birdnature.com
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272:Mississippi Flyway
227:Mississippi Flyway
196:
124:
46:
782:978-1-954854-55-0
747:978-1-59193-814-9
647:978-3-937429-88-5
617:978-0-520-94796-2
473:978-1-284-13918-1
368:Mediterranean Sea
190:Flyways over the
128:Ramsar Convention
82:arterial highways
16:(Redirected from
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58:breeding grounds
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323:in the central
265:Central America
246:Atlantic Flyway
235:Mountain Flyway
231:Atlantic Flyway
223:migratory birds
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499:(3): 495–499.
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395:in Russia and
391:starts at the
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306:Pacific Flyway
295:Central Flyway
288:Gulf of Mexico
239:Pacific Flyway
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56:between their
43:Pacific Flyway
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62:overwintering
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718:. Retrieved
716:. 2021-05-11
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569:. Retrieved
562:the original
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444:. Retrieved
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299:Great Plains
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243:
197:
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163:
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144:
132:Ramsar sites
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117:Saloum Delta
95:
49:
47:
284:Mississippi
86:tributaries
78:shore birds
791:1311088464
756:1014353260
720:2024-08-30
571:2009-01-07
446:2024-09-18
419:References
276:Ohio River
66:continents
60:and their
413:Kamchatka
364:Black Sea
349:Greenland
314:Patagonia
250:Greenland
207:waterfowl
204:migratory
74:waterfowl
54:migrating
824:Category
696:27757959
366:and the
282:and the
280:Missouri
262:tropical
175:thermals
812:(2): 3.
515:4082843
493:The Auk
409:Chukchi
353:Iceland
286:to the
256:to the
215:habitat
211:species
138:Flyways
106:banding
92:History
18:Flyways
789:
779:
754:
744:
694:
653:15 May
644:
614:
534:11 May
513:
470:
397:Alaska
310:Alaska
278:, the
237:, and
217:. The
166:Arctic
151:manage
70:oceans
50:flyway
638:(PDF)
565:(PDF)
554:(PDF)
511:JSTOR
787:OCLC
777:ISBN
752:OCLC
742:ISBN
692:PMID
655:2019
642:ISBN
612:ISBN
536:2019
468:ISBN
411:and
402:The
387:The
380:The
373:The
358:The
343:The
319:The
304:The
293:The
270:The
244:The
213:and
115:The
76:and
682:doi
501:doi
267:.
198:In
149:to
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810:41
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785:.
750:.
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678:86
676:.
672:.
580:^
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497:79
495:.
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439:.
427:^
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316:.
241:.
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48:A
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758:.
723:.
698:.
684::
657:.
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574:.
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517:.
503::
476:.
449:.
194:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
