Fobos-Grunt - Knowledge (XXG)

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confirmed whether material collection was successful and also allowed visual inspection of the digging area. The sample extraction device would have performed 15 to 20 scoops yielding a total of 85 to 156 g (3.0 to 5.5 oz) of soil. The samples would be loaded into a capsule which would then be moved inside a special pipeline into the descent module by inflating an elastic bag within the pipe with gas. Because the characteristics of Phobos soil are uncertain, the lander included another soil-extraction device, a Polish-built drill, which would have been used in case the soil turned out to be too rocky for the main scooping device.

882:, would conduct its firing to insert the spacecraft into the elliptical orbit (250 km x 4150–4170 km) with a period of about 2.2 hours. After the completion of the first burn, the external fuel tank of the propulsion unit was expected to be jettisoned, with ignition for a second burn to depart Earth orbit scheduled for one orbit, or 2.1 hours, after the end of the first burn. The propulsion module constitutes the cruise-stage bus of Fobos-Grunt. According to original plans, Mars orbit arrival had been expected during September 2012 and the return vehicle was scheduled to reach Earth in August 2014. 818:

until the next launch window in 2011. A main reason for the delay was difficulties encountered during development of the spacecraft's onboard computers. While the Moscow-based company Tehkhom provided the computer hardware on time, the internal NPO Lavochkin team responsible for integration and software development fell behind schedule. The retirement of NPO Lavochkin's head Valeriy N. Poletskiy in January 2010 was widely seen as linked to the delay of Fobos-Grunt. Viktor Khartov was appointed the new head of the company. During the extra development time resulting from the delay, a

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height by springs. It would then have begun maneuvers for the eventual trip to Earth, where it would have arrived in August 2014. An 11-kg descent vehicle containing the capsule with soil samples (up to 0.2 kg (0.44 lb)) would have been released on direct approach to Earth at 12 km/s (7.5 mi/s). Following the aerodynamic braking to 30 m/s (98 ft/s) the conical descent vehicle would perform a hard landing without a parachute within the

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activities in 2006–2015 was published. Fobos-Grunt was now made one of the program's flagship missions. With substantially improved funding, the launch date was set for October 2009. The 2004 design was revised a couple of times and international partners were invited to join the project. In June 2006, NPO Lavochkin announced that it had begun manufacturing and testing the development version of the spacecraft's onboard equipment.

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orders. The European Space Agency decided to end the efforts to contact the probe on 2 December 2011, with one analyst saying Fobos-Grunt appeared "dead in the water". However, ESA made teams available to assist the Fobos-Grunt mission if there was a change in situation. In spite of that Roscosmos stated their intention to continue to try to contact the space vehicle until it entered the atmosphere.

946:, Roscosmos was able to receive telemetry from Fobos-Grunt on 24 November 2011 but attempts to contact it failed. This telemetry demonstrated that the probe's radio equipment was working and that it was communicating with the spacecraft's flight control systems. Moreover, Roscosmos's top officials believed Fobos-Grunt to be functional, stably oriented and charging batteries through its solar panels. 679: 1875: 1200:(some instruments are not visible from this angle or are not present on the model) -- a: Termofob thermodetector, b: GRAS-F seismogravimeter; c: METEOR-F cosmic dust detector, d: GAP (Gas Analytic Package) pyrolizer/thermal-differential analyzer, e: GAP chromatograph; f: GAP mass spectrometer, g: LAZMA mass spectrometer, h: MANAGA mass spectrometer, i: FPMS dust detector 7318: 999:, Chile. The Defence Ministry spokesman subsequently revealed that such estimate was based on calculations, without witness reports. In contrast, Russian civilian ballistic experts said that the fragments had fallen over a broader patch of Earth's surface, and that the midpoint of the crash zone was located in the 930:

was received in this communication. It remained unclear whether the communications link would have been sufficient to command the spacecraft to switch on its engines to take it on its intended trajectory toward Mars. Roscosmos officials said that the window of opportunity to salvage Fobos-Grunt would

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The October 2009 launch date could not be achieved due to delays in the spacecraft development. During 2009, officials admitted that the schedule was very tight, but still hoped until the last moment that a launch could be made. On 21 September 2009, the mission was officially announced to be delayed

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The return stage was mounted on top of the lander. It would have needed to accelerate to 35 km/h (22 mph) to escape Phobos' gravity. In order to avoid harming the experiments remaining at the lander, the return stage would have ignited its engine once the vehicle had been vaulted to a safe

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orbiter was launched together with Fobos-Grunt. In late 2012, after a 10–11.5-month cruise, Yinghuo-1 would have separated and entered an 800 × 80,000 km equatorial orbit (5° inclination) with a period of three days. The spacecraft was expected to remain on Martian orbit for one year. Yinghuo-1

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The spacecraft's journey to Mars would take about ten months. After arriving in Mars orbit, the main propulsion unit and the transfer truss would separate and the Chinese Mars orbiter would be released. Fobos-Grunt would then spend several months studying the planet and its moons from orbit, before

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On 6 February 2012, the commission investigating the mishap concluded that Fobos-Grunt mission failed because of "a programming error which led to a simultaneous reboot of two working channels of an onboard computer". The craft's rocket pack never fired due to the computer reboot, leaving the craft

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The next day, on 23 November 2011, the Perth station again made contact with the spacecraft and during 6 minutes, about 400 telemetry "frames" and Doppler information were received. The amount of information received during this communication was not sufficient, and therefore it was not possible to

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Two firings of the main propulsion unit in Earth orbit were required to send the spacecraft onto the interplanetary trajectory. Since both engine ignitions would have taken place outside the range of Russian ground stations, the project participants asked volunteers around the world to take optical

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launched in the late 1980s. Development of the spacecraft started in 2001 and the preliminary design was completed in 2004. For years, the project stalled as a result of low levels of financing of the Russian space program. This changed in the summer of 2005, when the new government plan for space

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The planned landing site at Phobos was a region from 5°S to 5°N, 230° to 235°E. Soil sample collection would begin immediately after the lander touched down on Phobos, with collection lasting 2–7 days. An emergency mode existed for the case of communications breakdown, which enabled the lander to

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A robotic arm would have collected samples up to 1.3 cm (0.51 in) in diameter. At the end of the arm was a pipe-shaped tool which split to form a claw. The tool contained a piston which would have pushed the sample into a cylindrical container. A light-sensitive photo-diode would have

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ESA failed to communicate with the space probe in all of the five opportunities the agency had between 28 and 29 November 2011. During those occasions, the spacecraft did not comply with orders to fire the engines and raise its orbit. The Russian space agency then requested that ESA repeat the

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said the hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide "could freeze before ultimately entering", thus contaminating the impact area. He also stated that if Fobos-Grunt were not salvaged, it may be the most dangerous object to fall from orbit. Meanwhile, the head of Roscosmos said the probability of parts

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and it was determined that the burn had not taken place. Initially, engineers had about three days from launch to rescue the spacecraft before its batteries ran out. It was then established that the craft's solar panels had deployed, giving engineers more time to restore control. It was soon

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Russian military sources claimed that Fobos-Grunt was somewhere over the Pacific Ocean between New Zealand and South America when it re-entered the atmosphere at about 17:45 UTC. Although it was initially feared its remains would reach land as close as 145 kilometres (90 mi) west of

1019:, suggested that the Fobos-Grunt failure might have been the result of sabotage by a foreign nation. He also stated that risky technical decisions had been made because of limited funding. On 17 January 2012, an unidentified Russian official speculated that a U.S. radar stationed on the 949:

In a late November 2011 interview, the service manager of the European Space Agency for Fobos-Grunt, Wolfgang Hell, stated that Roscosmos had a better understanding of the problem with the spacecraft, saying they reached the conclusion that they have some kind of power problem on board.

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due to the possibility of contamination of Phobos or Mars with the microbial spores and live bacteria it contains should it have lost control and crash-landed on either body. It is speculated that the heat-resistant extremophile bacteria could survive such a crash, on the basis that

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The cost of the project was 1.5 billion rubles (US$ 64.4 million). Project funding for the timeframe 2009–2012, including post-launch operations, was about 2.4 billion rubles. The total cost of the mission was to have been 5 billion rubles (US$ 163 million).

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M. Ya. Marov, V. S. Avduevsky, E. L. Akim, T. M. Eneev, R. S. Kremnev, S. D. Kulikov, K. M. Pichkhadze, G. A. Popov, G. N. Rogovsky; Avduevsky; Akim; Eneev; Kremnev; Kulikov; Pichkhadze; Popov; Rogovsky (2004). "Phobos-Grunt: Russian sample return mission".

965:(JSpOC) tracked the probe and identified at the start of December 2011 that Fobos-Grunt had an elliptical Earth orbit at an altitude of between 209 km (130 mi) and 305 km (190 mi), but falling a few kilometers each day. 890:

discovered the spacecraft was adjusting its orbit, changing its expected re-entry from late November or December 2011 to as late as early 2012. Even though it had not been contacted, the spacecraft seemed to be actively adjusting its

1196:-- 1: solar panels, 2: reaction wheels, 3: landing gear, 4: robotic sample arm (second arm not shown), 6: sample transfer container, 7: attitude control thrusters, 8 and 10: fuel and helium tanks, 9: return module solar panels. 981:

on board. This was mostly fuel for the spacecraft's upper stage. These compounds, with melting points of 2 °C and −11.2 °C, are normally kept in liquid form and were expected to burn out during re-entry. NASA veteran

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Rodionov, D. S.; Klingelhoefer, G.; Evlanov, E. N.; Blumers, M.; Bernhardt, B.; Gironés, J.; Maul, J.; Fleischer, I.; et al. (2010). "The miniaturized Möessbauer spectrometer MIMOS II for the Phobos-Grunt mission".

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on Phobos' surface for a year. To conserve power, mission control would have turned these on and off in a precise sequence. The robotic arm would have placed more samples in a chamber that would heat it and analyze its

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stranded in Earth orbit. Although the specific failure was identified, experts suggest it was the culmination of poor quality control, lack of testing, security issues and corruption. Russian president

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may have caused computers to reboot and go into a standby mode. Industry experts cast doubt on the claim citing how unlikely the effects of such a burst are in low Earth orbit, inside the protection of

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would have focused mainly on the study of the external environment of Mars. Space center researchers expected to use photographs and data to study the magnetic field of Mars and the interaction between

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cooperation, completed a joint study for a possible future Phobos sample return mission, preliminary discussions were held, and in May 2015 the Russian Academy of Sciences submitted a budget proposal.

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identify the problem with the probe. Further communication attempts made by ESA were unsuccessful and contact was not reestablished. The space vehicle did not respond to the commands sent by the

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Following what would have been the planned end of the first burn, the spacecraft could not be located in the target orbit. The spacecraft was subsequently discovered to still be in its initial

5352: 1851:, the probability of the probe accidentally reaching the surface of Mars was much lower than the maximum specified for Category III missions, the type assigned to Fobos-Grunt and defined in 1518:, the probability of the probe accidentally reaching the surface of Mars was much lower than the maximum specified for Category III missions, the type assigned to Fobos-Grunt and defined in 7229: 846:

observations of the burns, e.g. with telescopes, and report the results to enable more accurate prediction of the mission flight path upon entry into the range of Russian ground stations.

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on 17 October 2011 and was transported to Site 31 for pre-launch processing. The Zenit-2SB41 launch vehicle carrying Fobos-Grunt successfully lifted off from Baikonur Cosmodrome at 20:16

1549:, (5) Yinghuo 1 starts his mission on the first orbit, (6) Maneuver to place himself in an orbit close to that of Phobos; (A) Orbit of Phobos, (B) Orbit of insertion of Phobos-Grunt and 1677:

705 m/s engine burn to insert the craft into an early circular orbit with an average radius of 9910 km, i.e. about 535 km above Phobos orbit, and orbital period = 8.3 h.

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Fobos-Grunt was an intended interplanetary probe that included a lander to study Phobos and a sample return vehicle to return a sample of about 200 g (7.1 oz) of soil to

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may have inadvertently disabled the probe, but cited no evidence. Popovkin suggested the microchips may have been counterfeit, then he announced on 1 February 2012 that a burst of

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program. However, since an agreement was reached for the inclusion of Russia as a full project partner, some instruments originally developed for Fobos-Grunt were flown in the

7356: 3073: 1822: 6749: 6739: 6425: 3167:"Ballistics confirmed the coordinates of the fall of the "Phobos-Grunt" (Google Translate from Russian: Баллистики подтвердили координаты точки падения "Фобос-Грунта")" 4422: 2928: 718:, to Mars together with the Fobos-Grunt spacecraft. Yinghuo-1 weighed 115 kg (254 lb) and would have been released by the main spacecraft into a Mars orbit. 1064:

for launch in 2020. Popovkin declared that they would soon attempt to repeat the Fobos-Grunt mission, if an agreement was not reached for Russian co-operation in the

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A second Chinese payload, the Soil Offloading and Preparation System (SOPSYS), was integrated in the lander. SOPSYS was a microgravity grinding tool developed by the

809:, were planned to be included as payload of the Fobos-Grunt mission, but weight constraints on the spacecraft required dropping the MetNet landers from the mission. 6339: 5718: 3988: 987:

reaching the Earth surface was "highly unlikely", and that the spacecraft, including the LIFE module and the Yinghuo-1 orbiter, would be destroyed during re-entry.

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On 26 March 2007, Russia and China signed a cooperative agreement on the joint exploration of Mars, which included sending China's first interplanetary probe,

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Lev, Zelenyi; Maxim, Martynov; Alexander, Zakharov; Oleg, Korablev; Alexey, Ivanov; George, Karabadzak (1 July 2018). "Phobos Sample Return: Next Approach".

2855: 2168: 995:, Argentina, the Russian military Air and Space Defense Forces reported that it ultimately fell into the Pacific Ocean, 1,247 km (775 mi) west of 922:, reported that the contact was made at 20:25 UTC on 22 November 2011 after some modifications had been made to the 15 metres (49 ft) dish facility in 8265: 6824: 5507: 3189: 2779: 7079: 5433: 2597: 838:

on 8 November 2011. The Zenit booster inserted the spacecraft into an initial 207 km × 347 km (129 mi × 216 mi) elliptical

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heavy charged particles of space, which caused malfunction of the memory system during the second circuit in the orbit ... may have been counterfeit

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125 m/s burn to change the inclination of the orbit while decreasing the periapsis distance to 500–1000 km above the martian surface.

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45 m/s + 20 m/s engine burns for transfer to quasi-synchronous orbit where the probe always remains within 50..140 km of Phobos.

1600:. The vehicle did not have any radio equipment. Ground-based radar and optical observations would have been used to track the vehicle's return. 8240: 7349: 6510: 3254: 7992: 7986: 7167: 5337: 4284: 4065: 2410: 2261: 8285: 6952: 6744: 6729: 4157: 3910: 1770: 878:

It was expected that after 2.5 hours and 1.7 revolutions in the initial orbit, the autonomous main propulsion unit (MDU), derived from the

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in 1988–1989. Fobos-Grunt was designed to become the first spacecraft to return a macroscopic sample from an extraterrestrial body since

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are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).

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10 m/s + 20 m/s trajectory change to enter parking orbit 300–350 km lower than Phobos with a period of 7.23 hours.

7286: 7119: 6639: 6477: 1860: 1803: 1783: 1527: 1049: 911: 806: 765: 738: 695: 620: 142: 2119: 608:. The return vehicle was to have returned to Earth in August 2014, carrying up to 200 g (7.1 oz) of soil from Phobos. 8275: 8260: 7224: 7099: 6839: 6754: 6440: 5483: 5312: 1841: 2637: 2145: 7109: 7054: 5704: 3956: 3331: 3148: 2801: 2034: 4304: 3520: 1514:. It was imperative to prevent the introduction to Mars of contaminants from Earth; according to Fobos-Grunt Chief Designer 706:

feasibility study into a Phobos sample-return mission. The initial spacecraft design was to be similar to the probes of the

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Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).

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stated that the Phobos-Grunt repeat mission might be restarted for a launch approximately in 2024. In August 2015, the

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Up to five trajectory corrections (combined delta V < 130 m/s) would be performed before atmospheric entry.

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Image of Phobos. The Fobos-Grunt project began with the feasibility study of a Phobos sample-return mission in 1999.

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Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.

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in the narrow geological meaning of any type of soil or rock exposed on the surface) was an attempted Russian

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220 m/s engine burn to raise periapsis to 6499 km, changing the orbital period to 3.3 days and the

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Communications with the spacecraft on the initial parking orbit are described in a two-volume publication.

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Delivery of samples of Phobos soil to Earth for scientific research of Phobos, Mars and Martian vicinity;

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was the project's main contractor developing its components. The Chief Designer of Fobos-Grunt was

686: 589: 325: 214: 8158: 7868: 7804: 7800: 4281: 2737: 2414: 596:. Efforts to reactivate the craft were unsuccessful, and it fell back to Earth in an uncontrolled 7791: 7491: 7069: 6448: 6381: 6190: 6036: 5965: 5614: 5513: 5478: 5377: 5367: 5090: 4532: 4494: 4457: 4165: 3209: 2652: 2462: 1880: 1830: 1122: 978: 8057: 7878: 4469:

Zelenyi, L. M.; Zakharov, A. V. (2010). "Phobos-Grunt project: Devices for scientific studies".

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by flying them through interplanetary space. The experiment would have tested one aspect of

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Phobos-Grunt's Mysterious Thruster Activation: A Function of Safe Mode or Just Good Luck?

2149: 4749: 4520: 4482: 4445: 4400: 4343: 3622: 3477: 3453: 733:. Phobos soil sampling and downloading were developed by the GEOHI RAN Institute of the 702:, the main developer of Soviet and Russian interplanetary probes, initiated a 9 million 8010: 7842: 7683: 7646: 7557: 7411: 7396: 7334: 7023: 6619: 6558: 6533: 6456: 6125: 6095: 6065: 5960: 5865: 5664: 5263: 5204: 5199: 5083: 4905: 4884: 4360: 4327: 3074:"Phobos-Grunt: ESA's Latest Orbit Raising Maneuvers Fail, Re-entry Expected in January" 2169:"Daring Russian Sample Return mission to Martian Moon Phobos aims for November Liftoff" 1911: 1574:

After the departure of the return stage, the lander's experiments would have continued

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suggested that those responsible should be punished and perhaps criminally prosecuted.

854: 707: 703: 661: 446: 335: 90: 6177: 4408: 4158:"Phobos Flyby Images: Proposed Landing Sites for the Forthcoming Phobos-Grunt Mission" 2873:Роскосмос признал, что шансов реализовать миссию "Фобос-Грунт" практически не осталось 8229: 8164: 8114: 7887: 7747: 7693: 7625: 7535: 7525: 6679: 6365: 6131: 5573: 5125: 4923: 4835: 4536: 4498: 4461: 3884: 2615: 1511: 1158:

Study of the role played by asteroid impacts in the formation of terrestrial planets;

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Monitoring the atmospheric behavior of Mars, including the dynamics of dust storms;

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Galimov, E. M. (2010). "Phobos sample return mission: Scientific substantiation".

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Ionospheric parameters experiment together with Yinghuo-1 (YH-1) spacecraft (MROE)

910:, after it had sent the probe the command to turn on one of its transmitters. The 678: 4351: 3671:"Federal Space Agency accepted the offer to renew the RAS Project "Phobos-Grunt"" 2308: 822:-built drill was added to the Phobos lander as a back-up soil extraction device. 8128: 8093: 8039: 8035: 8031: 7950: 7932: 7923: 7873: 7820: 7816: 7651: 7641: 7599: 7552: 7462: 7432: 7406: 7000: 6609: 6599: 5803: 5387: 3166: 1989: 1721:

740 m/s periapsis burn for insertion into 3-day elliptical transfer orbit.

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stage and separation of the probe and Yinghuo-1, (4) Maneuver for to raise the

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Before reentry, the spacecraft still carried about 7.51 tonnes of highly toxic

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Landing maneuver takes two hours (100 m/s delta V trajectory changes).

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Russian spacecraft for Fobos-Grunt program to be controlled from Yevpatoria

3845:: "Choosing the launch window" 8 October 2015 Accessed on 29 December 2015 2971: 2598:"Space technology – a forerunner in Finnish-Russian high-tech cooperation" 1098:

As of September 2023, Roscosmos intends to launch Boomerang "after 2030".

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Study of the impact of a three-year interplanetary round-trip journey on

1000: 780: 632: 228: 204: 3746:"Russia to focus on Moon, Mars exploration, repeat Phobos-Grunt mission" 1567:

automatically launch the return rocket to deliver the samples to Earth.

8153: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8123: 7998: 7835: 7777: 7752: 7737: 7723: 7678: 7672: 7656: 7636: 7584: 7578: 7530: 7502: 7497: 7487: 7451: 7437: 7401: 7028: 6854: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6182: 6152: 6116: 5458: 5295: 5219: 5040: 2583: 1960: 1799: 1629: 1138: 1092: 1069: 919: 636: 624: 567: 519: 4114: 2695: 1929: 1927: 1148:

Studies of the vicinity of Mars, including its radiation environment,

8119: 8098: 8053: 7946: 7812: 7687: 7608: 7271: 6844: 6814: 6804: 6764: 6104: 6071: 5975: 5066: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4879: 4874: 4864: 4859: 4816: 4811: 4801: 4791: 3856:"Russia may launch mission to deliver soil from Mars moon after 2030" 3240: 3028: 3001: 1852: 1795: 1791: 1542: 1519: 1004: 879: 819: 802: 628: 3716:"Federal Space Agency is going to repeat the project "Phobos-Grunt"" 1155:

Study of the origin of the Martian moons and their relation to Mars;

798:

contributed with a radiation measurement experiment on Fobos-Grunt.

1643:

945 m/s braking burn to enter initial Mars parting orbit with

1142:

and remote studies of Phobos (to include analysis of soil samples);

8004: 7882: 7808: 7728: 7631: 7543: 7187: 7059: 6403: 5870: 5382: 4664: 3855: 2929:"ESA Makes Contact with Russia's Stranded Phobos-Grunt Spacecraft" 1648: 1644: 1532: 1184: 1118: 923: 902:

On 22 November 2011, a signal from the probe was picked up by the

891: 853: 685: 677: 605: 418: 315: 305: 3025:"Is Phobos-Grunt Dead? Troubled Russian Probe Still Unresponsive" 7604: 7415: 7134: 4590: 3860: 3649:""Phobos-Grunt-2" can be launched in 2020, says the head of IKI" 3432:"Programmers are to be blamed for the failure of Phobos mission" 1743:

Final 790 m/s engine burn to accelerate out of Mars orbit.

1538: 1192:-- A: lander, B: return module, C: reentry vehicle (not shown). 563: 169: 7338: 6492: 6488: 5700: 4559: 4115:"Russia resumes missions to outer space: what is after Phobos?" 3768:"Russia May Send Repeat Mission to Martian Moon Phobos in 2023" 3636:

Russia to make another attempt to bring back Mars moon material

3544:"Medvedev: Punishment awaits those behind Russian Mars failure" 5947: 5890: 2828:"Timeline for the Phobos Sample Return Mission (Phobos Grunt)" 2600:. Energy & Enviro Finland. 17 October 2007. Archived from 1084: 939:

to raise its orbit. Roscosmos provided these commands to ESA.

627:. The last successful interplanetary missions were the Soviet 4009:. Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 1776:Национальный центр управления и испытаний космических средств 4764: 4756: 4748: 4211:"Russia Races to Save Its Mars Mission Stuck in Earth Orbit" 4007:"Optico-electronic Instruments for the Phobos-Grunt Mission" 3962:. Space Research Institute (IKI). p. 14. Archived from 3241:"Russian space chief claims space failures may be sabotage" 2565: 1101:

Boomerang is intended to be the first stage of the Russian

3911:"Russia takes a two-pronged approach to space exploration" 2675:"Industry Insiders Foresaw Delay of Russia's Phobos-Grunt" 771:

Another payload on Fobos-Grunt was an experiment from the

33:

Model of Fobos-Grunt spacecraft at the 2011 Paris Air Show

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Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets

2802:"Fobos-Grunt space probe is moved to a refueling station" 2757: 2288:"Russia Still Trying to Contact Stranded Mars Moon Probe" 2133:"Russia asks if US radar ruined Phobos-Grunt space probe" 2104:"Russia's failed Phobos-Grunt space probe heads to Earth" 2017:"Phobos-Grunt Mars probe loses its way just after launch" 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 3566:"Medvedev suggests prosecution for Russia space failure" 2804:(in Russian). Roscosmos. 21 October 2011. Archived from 2756:. Russian Space Research Institute. 2011. Archived from 1905: – Planned sample-return mission by Japan to Phobos 1293:

BioPhobos/LIFE (Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment)

2733: 2163: 2161: 2159: 1907:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1898:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

4261:"Russia's Phobos Grunt to head for Mars on November 9" 4056:

Harvey, Brian (2007). "Resurgent – the new projects".

2252:

Harvey, Brian (2007). "Resurgent – the new projects".

1121:. It was also to study Mars from orbit, including its 3521:"Grief and Concern over Russian Phobos-Grunt Failure" 3358:"Russia blames Mars probe failure on space radiation" 3332:"Underfunding doomed Russian Mars probe, lawyer says" 3277: 3275: 3229:"Foreign sabotage suspected in Phobos-Grunt meltdown" 2911:"It's alive! Russia's Phobos-Grunt probe phones home" 2256:(1st ed.). Germany: Springer. pp. 326–330. 1896: – Mars mission to collect rock and dust samples 172:(main orbiter/lander) + 300 W (Earth return vehicle) 3585:"Russia's Ambitious space projects: Phobos-Grunt-2?" 2830:. Planetary Society. 27 October 2010. Archived from 2638:"Russia delays Mars probe launch until 2011: report" 1704:

Separation of Earth return vehicle (ERV) from lander

8107: 8024: 7916: 7852: 7761: 7665: 7617: 7566: 7511: 7471: 7425: 7389: 7215: 7148: 7047: 7009: 6993: 6961: 6878: 6787: 6778: 6688: 6592: 6526: 6374: 6358: 6312: 6258: 6209: 6165: 6046: 6035: 6015: 5984: 5916: 5848: 5837: 5811: 5751: 5638: 5607: 5541: 5532: 5424: 5330: 5248: 5241: 5165: 5124: 5059: 4961: 4852: 4782: 4775: 4693: 4627: 4620: 2998:"Is Phobos-Grunt dead? Europeans end rescue effort" 2972:"Russia's Mars probe starts making regular contact" 2780:"Phobos-Grunt to be launched to Mars on November 8" 2754:"We need your support in the project "Phobos-Soil"" 2091:

Russian scientists struggle to save Mars moon probe

498: 490: 482: 472: 461: 453: 442: 434: 424: 414: 406: 396: 388: 380: 367: 359: 352: 334: 324: 314: 304: 294: 284: 279: 263: 255: 250: 234: 224: 210: 200: 189: 184: 164: 156: 148: 134: 129: 111: 98: 77: 67: 54: 38: 5508:Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM) 5353:Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer 3052:"Time Running Out to Save Russian Mars Moon Probe" 2690: 2688: 2582:. Finnish Meteorological Institute. Archived from 2352:"With a Russian hitch-hike, China heading to Mars" 1823:International Committee Against Mars Sample Return 6750:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems 6740:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems 6426:Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps 4026: 4024: 3838: 3836: 3787: 3785: 3196:. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020 3105:"Russia's Mars Probe Appears 'Dead in the Water'" 2889:"Signal picked from Russia's stranded Mars probe" 2232:"Mars Moon Lander to Return Russia to Deep Space" 2146:"Jonathan's Space Report No.650 2011 November 16" 1955: 1953: 1951: 1252:Visible and near-infrared microscopes (MicrOmega) 1056:called for a repeat sample return mission called 1048:In January 2012, scientists and engineers at the 904:European Space Agency's tracking station in Perth 894:(the point it is closest to Earth in its orbit). 4232:The mission scenario of the Phobos-Grunt project 3989:"Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment (LIFE)" 3309:"Did Bad Memory Chips Down Russia's Mars Probe?" 3283:"Phobos-Grunt chips supposedly were counterfeit" 2955:"ESA receives telemetry from Russian Mars probe" 2120:"Russian space probe crashes into Pacific Ocean" 694:The Fobos-Grunt project began in 1999, when the 6675:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) 2616:"Fobos-Grunt probe launch is postponed to 2011" 2247: 2245: 2226: 2224: 1628:Three course corrections of up to 130 m/s 926:to improve its chances of getting a signal. No 690:Mockup of the spacecraft's main propulsion unit 3957:"Russian programme for deep space exploration" 2729: 2727: 2411:"HK triumphs with out of this world invention" 1228:Laser Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (LAZMA) 7350: 6504: 5712: 4571: 4326:McLean, R.; Welsh, A.; Casasanto, V. (2006). 4126: 4124: 2696:"Difficult rebirth for Russian space science" 2366:"China and Russia join hands to explore Mars" 2114: 2112: 1829:carried by Fobos-Grunt as a violation of the 584:It was launched on 8 November 2011, at 20:16 8: 6655:List of microorganisms tested in outer space 4421:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3410:"Russia: Computer crash doomed Phobos-Grunt" 2922: 2920: 2618:(in Russian). RIA Novosti. 21 September 2009 2182: 2180: 2178: 1810:, Germany, would have controlled the probe. 1264:Optical solar & star sensor (LIBRATsIYa) 1205:TV system for navigation and guidance (TSNN) 871:4. Second Burn (Departure to Martian system) 566:. Fobos-Grunt also carried the Chinese Mars 21: 4328:"Microbial survival in space shuttle crash" 2677:. SpaceNews. 5 October 2009. Archived from 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 631:in 1985–1986, and the partially successful 7357: 7343: 7335: 7080:Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability 6784: 6511: 6497: 6489: 6043: 5845: 5719: 5705: 5697: 5538: 5434:Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey 5421: 5245: 5162: 4779: 4624: 4578: 4564: 4556: 3383:"Russia Places Phobos-Grunt Failure Blame" 2323: 2321: 2319: 1261:Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer (MANAGA-F) 1172:microorganisms in a small sealed capsule ( 1161:Search for possible past or present life ( 349: 89: 20: 7267:European Astrobiology Network Association 6392:Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation 5469:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C) 4359: 4303:DiGregorio, Barry E. (28 December 2010). 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 3255:"Oops! Radar may have caused space crash" 2851: 2849: 2393:"Chinese satellite to orbit Mars in 2009" 2061:"Phobos-Grunt – serious problem reported" 745:served as lead scientist of the mission. 6760:List of potentially habitable exoplanets 4058:The Rebirth of the Russian Space Program 3673:(in Russian). Interfax.ru. 10 April 2012 3434:. ITAR-TASS News Agency. 31 January 2012 3356:de Carbonnel, Alissa (31 January 2012). 3285:. ITAR-TASS News Agency. 31 January 2012 3188:Sanderson, Katharine (18 January 2012). 2966: 2964: 2927:Peter B. de Selding (23 November 2011). 2511: 2509: 2331:. European Space Agency. 25 October 2004 2254:The Rebirth of the Russian Space Program 2054: 2052: 1847:According to Fobos-Grunt Chief Designer 1696:End of January – beginning of April 2013 1607: 1301: 779:; its goal was to test whether selected 7178:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment 3991:. The Planetary Society. Archived from 3190:"Phobos-Grunt Crashes into the Pacific" 2542:. The Planetary Society. Archived from 2439:. The Planetary Society. Archived from 2413:. HK Trader. 1 May 2007. Archived from 1983: 1981: 1923: 1553:, (C) Orbit with raised periapsis, (D) 1125:and dust storms, plasma and radiation. 777:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment 575:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment 477:Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer 4414: 3498:"Phobos-Grunt Failure Report Released" 3207: 2991: 2989: 2653:"Russia to Delay Martian Moon Mission" 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 1400:Phobos-Grunt/Yinghuo/MPU truss adapter 7168:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection 5338:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection 3496:Louis D. Friedman (6 February 2012). 3072:Genalyn Corocoto (30 November 2011). 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 1821:Barry E. DiGregorio, Director of the 1802:agreed in late October 2010 that the 1693:Phobos landing and surface activities 1426:, excluding external propellant tank: 1357:Orbiter/lander instrument compartment 1339:(for trans-Earth injection maneuvers) 7: 7317: 6745:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems 6730:Habitability of neutron star systems 4132:"COSPAR Planetary Protection Policy" 3694:"Europe still keen on Mars missions" 3583:Olga, Zakutnyaya (2 February 2012). 3231:, theregister.co.uk, 10 January 2012 3125:Michael Listner (14 November 2011). 2122:. Fox News Channel. 15 January 2012. 2093:(9 November 2011) – Associated Press 1914: – 1988 Soviet missions to Mars 1771:Center for Deep Space Communications 1671:Transfer to Phobos observation orbit 6720:Habitability of binary star systems 6436:Monument to the Conquerors of Space 4060:(1st ed.). Germany: Springer. 3819:"A Checkup on Future Mars Missions" 2909:Clark, Stephen (23 November 2011). 2887:Amos, Jonathan (23 November 2011). 2860:(16 November 2011) – Universe Today 2437:"Projects: LIFE Experiment: Phobos" 1656:Transfer to intermediate Mars orbit 1382:(for Phobos rendezvous and landing) 1211:Thermal Differential Analyzer (TDA) 363:Soil molecular composition analysis 16:A failed spacecraft mission to Mars 8266:Spacecraft which reentered in 2012 7282:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science 6725:Habitability of natural satellites 6650:Hypothetical types of biochemistry 5874:(incorporated into Salyut program) 4612:List of artificial objects on Mars 4282:Fobos-Grunt sample return mission. 4209:Simberg, Rand (10 November 2011). 3932:Dwayne A. Day (28 November 2011). 3408:Clark, Stephen (6 February 2012). 3050:Leonard David (22 November 2011). 2171:. Universe Today. 13 October 2011. 1988:Vítek, Antonín (25 January 2012). 1632:foreseen during Earth-Mars cruise 1604:Summary of intended mission phases 14: 7262:Center for Life Detection Science 7183:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher 6735:Habitability of red dwarf systems 5625:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative 3519:Merryl Azriel (21 January 2011). 3307:Oberg, James (16 February 2012). 3103:Leonard David (6 December 2011). 2640:. Space Daily. 16 September 2009. 2516:Zak, Anatoly (1 September 2008). 2486:Zak, Anatoly (1 September 2008). 2015:Jonathan Amos (9 November 2011). 1231:Mössbauer Spectrometer (MIMOS-II) 1015:Initially, the head of Roscosmos 858:Overview of planned trajectories. 7316: 7305: 7304: 7287:Ocean Worlds Exploration Program 7120:Life Investigation For Enceladus 6640:Extraterrestrial sample curation 6478:Russian Aerospace Defence Forces 5802: 5313:Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters 3149:"Most Popular E-mail Newsletter" 2957:. RIA Novosti. 24 November 2011. 2568:. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. 2059:Molczan, Ted (9 November 2011). 1873: 1804:European Space Operations Centre 1424:Main propulsion unit (MPU) stage 1050:Russian Space Research Institute 912:European Space Operations Centre 807:Finnish Meteorological Institute 766:Hong Kong Polytechnic University 739:Russian Space Research Institute 696:Russian Space Research Institute 621:Russian Space Research Institute 152:13,505 kg (29,773 lb) 143:Russian Space Research Institute 27: 7225:Astrobiology Society of Britain 7100:Explorer of Enceladus and Titan 6755:Habitable zone for complex life 6441:Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics 5484:Mars Telecommunications Orbiter 5290:Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) 4164:. 15 March 2010. Archived from 3883:Zak, Anatoly (8 October 2015). 3722:. 19 April 2012. Archived from 3692:Jonathan Amos (15 March 2012). 3611:40th Cospar Scientific Assembly 3478:Phobos-Grunt failure criticized 3330:Vergano, Dan (8 January 2012). 3023:Denise Chow (2 December 2011). 2996:Denise Chow (2 December 2011). 2782:. Interfax News. 4 October 2011 2580:"MetNet Mars Precursor Mission" 2391:Zhao, Huanxin (27 March 2007). 1961:"Конструкция АМС "Фобос-Грунт"" 1842:Space Shuttle Columbia disaster 1492:13,505 kg (29,773 lb) 1442:7,015 kg (15,465 lb) 1273:Inductive magnetic sensor (KVD) 7110:Journey to Enceladus and Titan 3909:Ilya Kramnik (18 April 2012). 3542:Eric Hand (28 November 2011). 3454:"Phobos-Grunt project in 2011" 3169:. RIA Novosti. 16 January 2012 2710:"Phobos-Grunt project in 2011" 2286:Mike Wall (14 November 2011). 1737:ERV trans-Earth injection burn 1473:3,001 kg (6,616 lb) 1430:7,750 kg (17,090 lb) 1386:1,058 kg (2,332 lb) 931:close in early December 2011. 842:with an inclination of 51.4°. 805:Mars landers developed by the 486:Solar occultation spectrometer 101: 1: 8241:Space probes launched in 2011 7158:Astrobiology Field Laboratory 6710:Extraterrestrial liquid water 6387:Cosmonaut ranks and positions 5439:Astrobiology Field Laboratory 4409:10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00515-5 3770:. RIA Novosti. 3 October 2014 3253:Bloomberg (17 January 2011). 2350:Bergin, Chris (21 May 2007). 1640:25 August – 26 September 2012 1625:28 October – 21 November 2011 1461:3,376 kg (7,443 lb) 1374:1,270 kg (2,800 lb) 1284:Ultrastable Oscillator (USO1) 1222:Gamma ray spectrometer (FOGS) 963:Joint Space Operations Center 796:Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 600:on 15 January 2012, over the 392:Mass spectrometer flight time 160:2,300 kg (5,100 lb) 7292:Spanish Astrobiology Center‎ 6700:Circumstellar habitable zone 5932:Soviet crewed lunar programs 4352:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.12.002 4263:. Itar Tass. 25 October 2011 3651:. RIA Novosti. 25 April 2012 3078:International Business Times 2974:. MSN News. 23 November 2011 2309:Biography of Maksim Martynov 2211:"Russia takes aim at Phobos" 1934:Fobos-Grunt sent to Baikonur 1863:of the Outer Space Treaty). 1530:of the Outer Space Treaty). 1450:735 kg (1,620 lb) 1326:Earth return vehicle (tot.): 1234:Thermal Detector (TERMO-FOB) 1225:Neutron spectrometer (KhEND) 656:According to lead scientist 613:Russian Federal Space Agency 8286:Astrobiology space missions 7277:NASA Astrobiology Institute 5992:International Space Station 5363:Mars Exploration Ice Mapper 5308:NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return 5284:Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX) 4652:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 3913:. Russia & India Report 3243:, NBC News, 10 January 2012 2931:. SpaceNews. Archived from 2651:Zak, Anatoly (April 2009). 2135:, NBC News, 17 January 2012 2106:, BBC News, 14 January 2012 1859:policy (in accordance with 1526:policy (in accordance with 1362:550 kg (1,210 lb) 1276:Ion mass spectrometer (DIM) 1270:Fluxgate magnetometer (DFM) 1240:Echelle Spectrometer (TIMM) 1237:Fourier Spectrometer (AOST) 1214:Gas-Chromatograph (KhMS-1F) 1081:Russian Academy of Sciences 783:can survive a few years in 735:Russian Academy of Sciences 267:15 January 2012, 17:46 UTC 8302: 7125:Mars sample return mission 4551:NSSDC entry of Fobos-Grunt 4389:Advances in Space Research 3748:. ITAR–TASS. 2 August 2014 3027:. NBC News. Archived from 3000:. NBC News. Archived from 1894:Mars sample return mission 1622:Departure from Earth orbit 1481:375 kg (827 lb) 1394:212 kg (467 lb) 1351:148 kg (326 lb) 1343:139 kg (306 lb) 1279:Ion mass spectrometer (DI) 1217:Mass-Spectrometer (MAL-1F) 1103:Mars sample return mission 868:3. Spent fuel tank ejected 830:The spacecraft arrived at 671: 193:8 November 2011, 20:16:02 8211: 7300: 7203:Terrestrial Planet Finder 6625:Earliest known life forms 6467: 5800: 5738: 5687: 5420: 5161: 4746: 4670:ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter 4597: 4529:10.1134/S0038094610050023 4491:10.1134/S0038094610050011 4454:10.1134/S0038094610010028 4305:"Don't send bugs to Mars" 3817:Kane, Van (9 June 2014). 3483:10 September 2012 at the 3214:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2698:. BBC News. 29 June 2010. 2540:"LIFE Experiment: Phobos" 2494:. Smithsonian Institution 2035:"Phobos-Grunt is no more" 1990:"2011-065A – Fobos-Grunt" 1903:Martian Moons Exploration 1825:(ICAMSR), criticised the 1456:External propellant tank: 1417:115 kg (254 lb) 1405:150 kg (330 lb) 1331:287 kg (633 lb) 1243:Seismogravimeter (GRAS-F) 1074:ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter 543: 510: 348: 344: 320:342 km (213 mi) 310:207 km (129 mi) 275: 271: 246: 242: 180: 176: 125: 121: 50: 26: 7235:Breakthrough Initiatives 6473:Space industry of Russia 5620:Mars Exploration Program 4602:List of missions to Mars 4287:12 November 2011 at the 4031:Phobos Soil – Spacecraft 3589:Russian and India Report 2872: 2856:David Warmflash, M.D. – 2492:Air & Space Magazine 1889:List of missions to Mars 1412:"Yinghuo 1" subsatellite 674:Space industry of Russia 8084:Mars Science Laboratory 6896:Mars Science Laboratory 6715:Galactic habitable zone 6000:Russian Orbital Segment 4710:Mars Science Laboratory 3821:. The Planetary Society 3523:. Space Safety Magazine 3500:. The Planetary Society 1939:19 October 2011 at the 1726:ERV pre orbit insertion 1718:Starting in August 2013 1659:October – December 2012 1255:Dust counter (Meteor-F) 757:, escape particles and 8276:Destroyed space probes 8261:Sample return missions 7075:Enceladus Life Finder‎ 7055:Breakthrough Enceladus 6579:Planetary oceanography 5079:Mars Exploration Rover 4769: 4761: 4753: 4082:"Optical Solar Sensor" 2740:24 August 2014 at the 2189:"Preparing for flight" 1840:bacteria survived the 1767:mission control center 1682:Rendezvous with Phobos 1587:Sample return to Earth 1558: 1369:Orbiter/lander (tot.): 1319:7 kg (15 lb) 1267:Plasma Complex (FPMS) 1208:Gas Analysis Package: 1201: 1198:Scientific instruments 1091:working group on post- 1079:On 2 August 2014, the 1030:Earth's magnetic field 959:U.S. Strategic Command 875: 691: 683: 562:, one of the moons of 513:Russian Mars programme 438:Mössbauer spectrometer 7250:Breakthrough Starshot 6850:Lunar Micro Ecosystem 6770:Superhabitable planet 6635:Extraterrestrial life 5732:Russian space program 5274:(2024, flyby in 2025) 5266:(2024, flyby in 2025) 4845:(2023, flyby in 2026) 4836:Mars Cube One (MarCO) 4768: 4760: 4752: 4607:List of Mars orbiters 4509:Solar System Research 4471:Solar System Research 4434:Solar System Research 4033:European Space Agency 3795:. Zhukovsky, Russia: 3259:Sidney Morning Herald 3194:Astrobiology Magazine 2712:. RussianSpaceWeb.com 2191:. RussianSpaceWeb.com 2089:Vladimir Ischenkov – 1784:RT-70 radio telescope 1647:= 800 ± 400 km, 1536: 1314:Lander sample capsule 1305:Spacecraft components 1249:Long-wave radar (DPR) 1188: 1066:European Space Agency 937:European Space Agency 857: 813:Postponed 2009 launch 689: 681: 556:sample return mission 285:Reference system 130:Spacecraft properties 117:Failed in Earth orbit 8256:Russian space probes 7373:Orbital launches in 7257:Carl Sagan Institute 7245:Breakthrough Message 7085:Enceladus Orbilander 6820:Biosatellite program 6670:Planetary protection 6554:Evolutionary biology 6544:Atmospheric sciences 5794:Vostochny Cosmodrome 5630:Mars Next Generation 5589:Permanent settlement 5479:Mars Surveyor Lander 4945:Mars Climate Orbiter 4931:Mars Global Surveyor 3004:on 24 September 2020 2736:Phobos-Soil project 2152:on 9 September 2012. 2041:Blog. Archived from 2033:(16 December 2012). 1857:planetary protection 1817:Scientific critiques 1537:Phobos-Grunt around 1524:planetary protection 1258:Dosimeter (Liulin-F) 1246:Seismometer (SEISMO) 384:Neutron spectrometer 8281:Attached spacecraft 7240:Breakthrough Listen 6414:Veterok and Ugolyok 5786:Svobodny Cosmodrome 5781:Plesetsk Cosmodrome 5759:Baikonur Cosmodrome 4587:Spacecraft missions 4521:2010SoSyR..44..362R 4483:2010SoSyR..44..359Z 4446:2010SoSyR..44....5G 4401:2004AdSpR..33.2276M 4344:2006Icar..181..323M 4213:. Popular Mechanics 4168:on 28 December 2011 4138:on 26 November 2010 3995:on 20 January 2011. 3969:on 29 November 2011 3623:2014cosp...40E3769Z 3572:. 26 November 2011. 3458:russianspaceweb.com 2834:on 28 November 2010 2681:on 2 February 2013. 2586:on 19 October 2010. 2546:on 17 February 2010 2417:on 13 February 2012 2045:on 19 January 2012. 1769:was located at the 1740:3–23 September 2013 1666:to that of Phobos. 1664:orbital inclination 862:1. Baikonour launch 832:Baikonur Cosmodrome 590:Baikonur Cosmodrome 494:Spectral microscope 215:Baikonur Cosmodrome 23: 7070:Enceladus Explorer 6460:(1997 documentary) 6452:(1995 documentary) 6449:Out of the Present 6382:List of cosmonauts 6359:Images and artwork 6304:Deep Space Network 5951:(Mars/Venus flyby) 5615:Mars Scout Program 5454:Mars 4NM & 5NM 5378:Mars Micro Orbiter 5368:Mars Geyser Hopper 4770: 4762: 4754: 4196:"Mission Possible" 3936:. The Space Review 3934:"Red Planet blues" 3864:. 2 September 2023 3793:"ESA at MAKS 2015" 3155:. 1 December 2011. 3129:. The Space Review 2935:on 3 February 2013 2913:. Spaceflight Now. 2488:"Mission Possible" 2354:. NASAspaceflight. 2238:. 8 November 2011. 2217:. 4 November 2011. 1881:Spaceflight portal 1831:Outer Space Treaty 1715:ERV transfer orbit 1559: 1557:orbit with Phobos. 1202: 979:nitrogen tetroxide 880:Fregat upper stage 876: 743:Alexander Zakharov 692: 684: 658:Alexander Zakharov 280:Orbital parameters 8223: 8222: 7609:GSAT-8 / INSAT-4G 7332: 7331: 7211: 7210: 7035:Rosalind Franklin 6948:Trace Gas Orbiter 6605:Allan Hills 84001 6584:Planetary science 6486: 6485: 6409:Belka and Strelka 6399:Soviet space dogs 6266:Sputnik programme 6254: 6253: 6187: 6142: 6121: 6100: 6031: 6030: 5996: 5952: 5944: 5936: 5928: 5900: 5887: 5875: 5839:Human spaceflight 5790: 5767: 5694: 5693: 5683: 5682: 5654:The Case for Mars 5564:Atmospheric entry 5528: 5527: 5459:Mars 5M (Mars-79) 5416: 5415: 5393:Next Mars Orbiter 5301:Rosalind Franklin 5237: 5236: 5157: 5156: 5012:Mars Polar Lander 4744: 4743: 4638:2001 Mars Odyssey 4395:(12): 2276–2280. 4067:978-0-387-71354-0 3412:. Spaceflight Now 3031:on 24 August 2014 2760:on 24 August 2014 2604:on 17 March 2009. 2520:. AirSpaceMag.com 2263:978-0-387-71354-0 2039:Planetary Society 1758: 1757: 1751:15–18 August 2014 1748:ERV Earth arrival 1555:Quasi-synchronous 1497: 1496: 1290:BioPhobos/Anabioz 1017:Vladimir Popovkin 997:Wellington Island 773:Planetary Society 615:and developed by 579:Planetary Society 533: 532: 506: 505: 401:Mass spectrometer 115:3 years (planned) 8293: 8246:Missions to Mars 8070:Shiyan Weixing 4 8007: 8001: 7995: 7989: 7983: 7958: 7378: 7377: 7376: 7359: 7352: 7345: 7336: 7320: 7319: 7308: 7307: 6785: 6680:Yamato meteorite 6513: 6506: 6499: 6490: 6431:Cosmonauts Alley 6299:Luch (satellite) 6185: 6157: 6140: 6119: 6098: 6044: 5994: 5950: 5942: 5934: 5926: 5898: 5885: 5873: 5846: 5806: 5788: 5761: 5721: 5714: 5707: 5698: 5660:Inspiration Mars 5647:The Mars Project 5539: 5422: 5246: 5163: 4780: 4625: 4580: 4573: 4566: 4557: 4540: 4502: 4465: 4426: 4420: 4412: 4374: 4373: 4363: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4257: 4251: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4191: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4134:. Archived from 4128: 4119: 4118: 4111: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4053: 4034: 4028: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3968: 3961: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3885:"Phobos-Grunt-2" 3880: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3789: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3493: 3487: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3385:. Archived from 3379: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3292: 3290: 3279: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3213: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3080:. Archived from 3069: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2993: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2968: 2959: 2958: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2924: 2915: 2914: 2906: 2893: 2892: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2868: 2862: 2853: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2750: 2744: 2731: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2692: 2683: 2682: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2513: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2467: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2443:on 16 March 2011 2433: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2325: 2314: 2313: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2283: 2268: 2267: 2249: 2240: 2239: 2236:The Moscow Times 2228: 2219: 2218: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2184: 2173: 2172: 2165: 2154: 2153: 2148:. Archived from 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2116: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2086: 2073: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2056: 2047: 2046: 2031:Emily Lakdawalla 2027: 2021: 2020: 2012: 2006: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1985: 1976: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1957: 1946: 1945: 1931: 1908: 1899: 1883: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1782:, equipped with 1781: 1608: 1581:emission spectra 1302: 1194:Major components 1025:cosmic radiation 1021:Marshall Islands 942:From Baikonour, 545: 355: 350: 306:Perigee altitude 289:Geocentric orbit 259:24 November 2011 185:Start of mission 112:Mission duration 103: 94: 93: 87: 31: 24: 8301: 8300: 8296: 8295: 8294: 8292: 8291: 8290: 8226: 8225: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8207: 8203:Globalstar M092 8199:Globalstar M090 8195:Globalstar M086 8191:Globalstar M084 8187:Globalstar M082 8183:Globalstar M080 8103: 8020: 8003: 7997: 7991: 7985: 7979: 7971:Galileo-IOV FM2 7967:Galileo-IOV FM1 7954: 7943:Megha-Tropiques 7912: 7893:Atlantic Bird 7 7848: 7757: 7719:Globalstar M089 7715:Globalstar M081 7711:Globalstar M085 7707:Globalstar M091 7703:Globalstar M088 7699:Globalstar M083 7661: 7613: 7562: 7507: 7467: 7444:Johannes Kepler 7421: 7385: 7384: 7374: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7363: 7333: 7328: 7296: 7217: 7207: 7150: 7144: 7105:Icebreaker Life 7043: 7005: 6989: 6963: 6957: 6874: 6780: 6774: 6691: 6684: 6588: 6564:Geomicrobiology 6522: 6517: 6487: 6482: 6463: 6370: 6366:Mission patches 6354: 6308: 6250: 6205: 6161: 6155: 6039: 6027: 6011: 5980: 5912: 5841: 5833: 5812:Launch vehicles 5807: 5798: 5747: 5734: 5725: 5695: 5690: 5679: 5634: 5603: 5524: 5426: 5412: 5358:Mars Base Alpha 5348:Icebreaker Life 5326: 5233: 5215:Mars 3MS No.170 5167: 5153: 5120: 5055: 5006:Mars Pathfinder 4957: 4848: 4807:Mariner 6 and 7 4771: 4763: 4755: 4740: 4689: 4616: 4593: 4584: 4547: 4505: 4468: 4431: 4413: 4385: 4382: 4380:Further reading 4377: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4310: 4308: 4307:. New Scientist 4302: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4289:Wayback Machine 4280: 4276: 4266: 4264: 4259: 4258: 4254: 4242: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4216: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4203: 4193: 4192: 4181: 4171: 4169: 4156: 4155: 4151: 4141: 4139: 4130: 4129: 4122: 4113: 4112: 4101: 4091: 4089: 4088:on 19 July 2011 4080: 4079: 4075: 4068: 4055: 4054: 4037: 4029: 4022: 4012: 4010: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3972: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3939: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3926: 3916: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3893: 3891: 3889:RussianSpaceWeb 3882: 3881: 3877: 3867: 3865: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3841: 3834: 3824: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3811: 3801: 3799: 3791: 3790: 3783: 3773: 3771: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3751: 3749: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3729: 3727: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3699: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3676: 3674: 3669: 3668: 3664: 3654: 3652: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3638:16 October 2013 3634: 3630: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3593: 3591: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3549: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3526: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3485:Wayback Machine 3476: 3472: 3462: 3460: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3415: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3389:on 20 July 2012 3381: 3380: 3376: 3366: 3364: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3340: 3338: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3314: 3312: 3311:. IEEE Spectrum 3306: 3305: 3301: 3288: 3286: 3281: 3280: 3273: 3263: 3261: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3239: 3235: 3227: 3223: 3206: 3199: 3197: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3172: 3170: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3132: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3087: 3085: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3007: 3005: 2995: 2994: 2987: 2977: 2975: 2970: 2969: 2962: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2938: 2936: 2926: 2925: 2918: 2908: 2907: 2896: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2874: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2854: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2811: 2809: 2808:on 2 April 2012 2800: 2799: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2742:Wayback Machine 2734:Mission profile 2732: 2725: 2715: 2713: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2694: 2693: 2686: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2658: 2656: 2655:. IEEE Spectrum 2650: 2649: 2645: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2549: 2547: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2523: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2507: 2497: 2495: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2446: 2444: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2420: 2418: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2375: 2373: 2364: 2363: 2359: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2334: 2332: 2327: 2326: 2317: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2293: 2291: 2285: 2284: 2271: 2264: 2251: 2250: 2243: 2230: 2229: 2222: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2194: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2176: 2167: 2166: 2157: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2131: 2127: 2118: 2117: 2110: 2102: 2098: 2087: 2076: 2066: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2050: 2029: 2028: 2024: 2014: 2013: 2009: 1999: 1997: 1987: 1986: 1979: 1969: 1967: 1965:galspace.spb.ru 1959: 1958: 1949: 1943: 1941:Wayback Machine 1932: 1925: 1921: 1906: 1897: 1879: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1849:Maksim Martynov 1827:LIFE experiment 1819: 1779: 1763: 1729:Mid-August 2013 1606: 1589: 1564: 1516:Maksim Martynov 1507: 1502: 1300: 1183: 1174:LIFE experiment 1115: 1046: 1038:Dmitry Medvedev 1013: 971: 900: 874: 852: 840:low Earth orbit 828: 815: 731:Maksim Martynov 724: 676: 670: 650: 645: 643:Project history 594:low Earth orbit 529: 528: 522: 515: 447:Micrometeoroids 353: 316:Apogee altitude 299:Low Earth orbit 238:Failed on orbit 235:Entered service 116: 88: 83: 62: 45: 43: 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8299: 8297: 8289: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8271:2011 in Russia 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8228: 8227: 8221: 8220: 8216:Crewed flights 8212: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8205: 8180: 8173: 8168: 8161: 8156: 8134:Pléiades-HR 1A 8131: 8126: 8117: 8111: 8109: 8105: 8104: 8102: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8081: 8076: 8067: 8060: 8051: 8042: 8028: 8026: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8018: 8013: 8011:Progress M-13M 8008: 7973: 7964: 7959: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7920: 7918: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7856: 7854: 7850: 7849: 7847: 7846: 7843:Progress M-12M 7839: 7832: 7827: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7771: 7765: 7763: 7759: 7758: 7756: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7726: 7721: 7696: 7691: 7675: 7669: 7667: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7647:Progress M-11M 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7621: 7619: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7611: 7602: 7597: 7581: 7576: 7570: 7568: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7560: 7558:Progress M-10M 7555: 7546: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7515: 7513: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7475: 7473: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7465: 7460: 7448: 7440: 7435: 7429: 7427: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7419: 7412:Progress M-09M 7409: 7404: 7399: 7397:Elektro-L No.1 7393: 7391: 7387: 7386: 7380: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7361: 7354: 7347: 7339: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7326: 7314: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7253: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7232: 7227: 7221: 7219: 7213: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7193:Northern Light 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7154: 7152: 7149:Cancelled and 7146: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7051: 7049: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7041: 7040: 7039: 7026: 7024:Europa Clipper 7021: 7013: 7011: 7007: 7006: 7004: 7003: 6997: 6995: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6987: 6980: 6975: 6967: 6965: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6944: 6943: 6930: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6908: 6907: 6906: 6893: 6888: 6882: 6880: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6791: 6789: 6782: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6696: 6694: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6620:Drake equation 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6596: 6594: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6559:Exoplanetology 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6534:Astrochemistry 6530: 6528: 6524: 6523: 6518: 6516: 6515: 6508: 6501: 6493: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6480: 6475: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6461: 6457:Mission to Mir 6453: 6445: 6444: 6443: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6421:Ivan Ivanovich 6418: 6417: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6396: 6395: 6394: 6384: 6378: 6376: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6368: 6362: 6360: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6316: 6314: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6295: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6262: 6260: 6259:Communications 6256: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6248: 6243: 6236: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6213: 6211: 6210:In development 6207: 6206: 6204: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6180: 6175: 6169: 6167: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6159: 6150: 6144: 6135: 6129: 6126:Resurs-DK No.1 6123: 6114: 6108: 6102: 6096:Phobos program 6093: 6087: 6081: 6075: 6069: 6066:Luna programme 6063: 6057: 6050: 6048: 6041: 6033: 6032: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6025: 6019: 6017: 6016:In development 6013: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5988: 5986: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5945: 5937: 5935:(Moon landing) 5929: 5920: 5918: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5910: 5901: 5893: 5888: 5880: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5852: 5850: 5843: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5791: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5745: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5726: 5724: 5723: 5716: 5709: 5701: 5692: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5665:Mars Institute 5662: 5657: 5650: 5642: 5640: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5611: 5609: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5545: 5543: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5510: 5505: 5498: 5495:Northern Light 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5430: 5428: 5418: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5334: 5332: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5324: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5305: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5275: 5267: 5264:Europa Clipper 5261: 5252: 5250: 5243: 5239: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5231: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5200:Mars 2M No.521 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5171: 5169: 5159: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5151: 5150: 5149: 5144: 5130: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5107: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5076: 5069: 5063: 5061: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5045: 5038: 5030: 5023: 5018: 5009: 5002: 4995: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4967: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4948: 4941: 4934: 4927: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4906:Phobos program 4903: 4902: 4901: 4894: 4885:Viking program 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4846: 4838: 4833: 4826: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4788: 4786: 4777: 4773: 4772: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4736: 4731: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4699: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4687: 4679: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4648: 4641: 4633: 4631: 4622: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4575: 4568: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4546: 4545:External links 4543: 4542: 4541: 4503: 4466: 4428: 4427: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4375: 4338:(1): 323–325. 4318: 4295: 4274: 4252: 4250:(25 June 2010) 4236: 4224: 4201: 4179: 4149: 4120: 4099: 4073: 4066: 4035: 4020: 3998: 3980: 3947: 3924: 3901: 3875: 3847: 3832: 3809: 3781: 3759: 3737: 3726:on 10 May 2013 3707: 3684: 3662: 3640: 3628: 3617:: B0.4–10–14. 3601: 3575: 3557: 3534: 3511: 3488: 3470: 3445: 3423: 3400: 3374: 3348: 3322: 3299: 3271: 3245: 3233: 3221: 3180: 3158: 3140: 3117: 3095: 3084:on 1 July 2012 3064: 3042: 3015: 2985: 2960: 2946: 2916: 2894: 2879: 2863: 2845: 2819: 2793: 2771: 2745: 2723: 2701: 2684: 2666: 2643: 2629: 2607: 2589: 2571: 2557: 2531: 2505: 2478: 2454: 2428: 2402: 2383: 2370:People's Daily 2357: 2342: 2329:"Phobos-Grunt" 2315: 2301: 2269: 2262: 2241: 2220: 2202: 2187:Zak, Anatoly. 2174: 2155: 2137: 2125: 2108: 2096: 2074: 2048: 2022: 2007: 1977: 1947: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1915: 1912:Phobos program 1909: 1900: 1891: 1885: 1884: 1868: 1865: 1818: 1815: 1762: 1761:Ground control 1759: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1667: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1633: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1605: 1602: 1596:test range in 1588: 1585: 1563: 1560: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1489: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1464: 1463: 1458: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1408: 1407: 1402: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1387: 1384: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1359: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1334: 1333: 1328: 1322: 1321: 1316: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1206: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1166: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1146: 1143: 1135: 1131: 1130: 1114: 1111: 1045: 1044:Repeat mission 1042: 1012: 1009: 970: 967: 899: 896: 873: 872: 869: 866: 863: 859: 851: 848: 827: 824: 814: 811: 723: 720: 708:Phobos program 669: 666: 649: 646: 644: 641: 611:Funded by the 577:funded by the 550:refers to the 531: 530: 523: 517: 516: 511: 508: 507: 504: 503: 500: 496: 495: 492: 488: 487: 484: 480: 479: 474: 470: 469: 463: 459: 458: 455: 451: 450: 444: 440: 439: 436: 432: 431: 426: 422: 421: 416: 412: 411: 408: 404: 403: 398: 394: 393: 390: 386: 385: 382: 378: 377: 369: 365: 364: 361: 357: 356: 346: 345: 342: 341: 338: 332: 331: 328: 322: 321: 318: 312: 311: 308: 302: 301: 296: 292: 291: 286: 282: 281: 277: 276: 273: 272: 269: 268: 265: 261: 260: 257: 253: 252: 251:End of mission 248: 247: 244: 243: 240: 239: 236: 232: 231: 226: 222: 221: 212: 208: 207: 202: 198: 197: 191: 187: 186: 182: 181: 178: 177: 174: 173: 166: 162: 161: 158: 154: 153: 150: 146: 145: 136: 132: 131: 127: 126: 123: 122: 119: 118: 113: 109: 108: 105: 96: 95: 81: 75: 74: 69: 65: 64: 56: 52: 51: 48: 47: 40: 36: 35: 32: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8298: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8251:Phobos (moon) 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8233: 8231: 8217: 8210: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8178: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8166: 8165:Soyuz TMA-03M 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8115:Compass-IGSO5 8113: 8112: 8110: 8106: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8089: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8074:Chuang Xin 1C 8071: 8068: 8066: 8065: 8061: 8059: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8023: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8006: 8000: 7994: 7988: 7982: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7957: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7928:GLONASS-M 742 7925: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7915: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7888:IGS Optical 4 7886: 7884: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7861: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7851: 7845: 7844: 7840: 7838: 7837: 7836:Shijian XI-04 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7760: 7754: 7753:Shijian XI-02 7751: 7749: 7748:Compass-IGSO4 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7694:Tianlian I-02 7692: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7680: 7676: 7674: 7673:Shijian XI-03 7671: 7670: 7668: 7664: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7627: 7626:Soyuz TMA-02M 7623: 7622: 7620: 7616: 7610: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7586: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7565: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7536:Resourcesat-2 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7526:Compass-IGSO3 7524: 7522: 7521: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7510: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7470: 7464: 7461: 7458: 7454: 7453: 7449: 7447: 7445: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7424: 7417: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7394: 7392: 7388: 7383: 7379: 7368: 7360: 7355: 7353: 7348: 7346: 7341: 7340: 7337: 7325: 7324: 7315: 7313: 7312: 7303: 7302: 7299: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7237: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7214: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7147: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7090:Europa Lander 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7046: 7038: 7036: 7032: 7031: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7019: 7015: 7014: 7012: 7008: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6986: 6985: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6973: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6960: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6942: 6940: 6936: 6935: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6918: 6914: 6913: 6912: 6909: 6905: 6903: 6899: 6898: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6877: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6786: 6783: 6777: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6687: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6645:Extremophiles 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6591: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6514: 6509: 6507: 6502: 6500: 6495: 6494: 6491: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6470: 6469: 6466: 6459: 6458: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6400: 6397: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6373: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6357: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6320:Baikal-Angara 6318: 6317: 6315: 6311: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6268:(begun 1957) 6267: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6208: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6164: 6154: 6151: 6148: 6145: 6139: 6136: 6133: 6132:Koronas-Foton 6130: 6127: 6124: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6109: 6106: 6103: 6097: 6094: 6091: 6088: 6085: 6082: 6079: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6064: 6061: 6058: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6045: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6008: 6005: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5983: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5949: 5946: 5941: 5938: 5933: 5930: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5915: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5805: 5795: 5792: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5765: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5722: 5717: 5715: 5710: 5708: 5703: 5702: 5699: 5686: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5655: 5651: 5649: 5648: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5584:Human mission 5582: 5580: 5579:Sample return 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5531: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5515: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5497: 5496: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5423: 5419: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5244: 5240: 5230: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5164: 5160: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5101: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5081: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5074: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5044: 5043: 5039: 5037: 5036: 5031: 5029: 5028: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5007: 5003: 5001: 5000: 4996: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4942: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4928: 4926: 4925: 4924:Mars Observer 4921: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4907: 4904: 4900: 4899: 4895: 4893: 4892: 4888: 4887: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4831: 4827: 4825: 4824: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4778: 4774: 4767: 4759: 4751: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4725: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4686: 4684: 4680: 4678: 4677: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4581: 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3833: 3820: 3813: 3810: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3769: 3763: 3760: 3747: 3741: 3738: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3711: 3708: 3695: 3688: 3685: 3672: 3666: 3663: 3650: 3644: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3605: 3602: 3590: 3586: 3579: 3576: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3545: 3538: 3535: 3522: 3515: 3512: 3499: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3482: 3479: 3474: 3471: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3446: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3411: 3404: 3401: 3388: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3349: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3323: 3310: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3284: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3222: 3217: 3211: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3181: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3141: 3128: 3121: 3118: 3106: 3099: 3096: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3065: 3053: 3046: 3043: 3030: 3026: 3019: 3016: 3003: 2999: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2973: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2950: 2947: 2934: 2930: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2883: 2880: 2876:(in Russian). 2875: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2833: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2781: 2775: 2772: 2759: 2755: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2697: 2691: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2670: 2667: 2654: 2647: 2644: 2639: 2633: 2630: 2617: 2611: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2593: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2575: 2572: 2567: 2561: 2558: 2545: 2541: 2535: 2532: 2519: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2493: 2489: 2482: 2479: 2464: 2458: 2455: 2442: 2438: 2432: 2429: 2416: 2412: 2406: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2387: 2384: 2372:. 30 May 2007 2371: 2367: 2361: 2358: 2353: 2346: 2343: 2330: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2310: 2305: 2302: 2289: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2259: 2255: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2206: 2203: 2190: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2141: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2126: 2121: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2062: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2026: 2023: 2018: 2011: 2008: 1995: 1991: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1966: 1962: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1918: 1913: 1910: 1904: 1901: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1882: 1871: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1778: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1760: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1674:December 2012 1673: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1504: 1499: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1418: 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897: 895: 893: 888: 887:parking orbit 883: 881: 870: 867: 865:2. 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BBC News. 2421:21 November 2397:China Daily 2290:. SPACE.com 2019:. BBC News. 2000:9 September 1594:Sary Shagan 1510:landing on 984:James Oberg 850:Post-launch 826:2011 launch 789:transpermia 755:ionospheres 668:Development 588:, from the 544:Фобос-Грунт 536:Fobos-Grunt 429:Seismometer 354:Instruments 326:Inclination 211:Launch site 205:Zenit-2SB41 190:Launch date 149:Launch mass 44:Фобос-Грунт 22:Fobos-Grunt 8230:Categories 8177:Meridian 5 8058:Tian Xun-1 8016:Shenzhou 8 7981:AubieSat-1 7908:QuetzSat 1 7903:Tiangong-1 7879:Arabsat 5C 7782:JCSAT-110R 7574:Meridian 4 7198:Red Dragon 6978:OSIRIS-REx 6962:Comets and 6665:Panspermia 6471:See also: 6330:Mars-Grunt 6292:Sputnik 99 6287:Sputnik 41 5943:(moonbase) 5764:Kazakhstan 5608:Strategies 5502:Red Dragon 5464:Mars-Aster 5408:Sky-Sailor 5403:Phootprint 5373:Mars-Grunt 5190:2MV-3 No.1 5185:2MV-4 No.1 5137:helicopter 4952:Mangalyaan 4515:(5): 362. 4477:(5): 359. 4267:27 October 4172:7 November 4142:3 November 3696:. 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SeeSat-L 1996:(in Czech) 1919:References 1861:Article IX 1788:Yevpatoria 1707:April 2013 1598:Kazakhstan 1528:Article IX 1487:Total mass 1123:atmosphere 1113:Objectives 1107:Mars-Grunt 944:Kazakhstan 914:(ESOC) in 785:deep space 759:solar wind 672:See also: 542:(Russian: 525:Mars-Grunt 264:Decay date 225:Contractor 8171:Ziyuan-1C 8099:Yaogan 13 8088:Curiosity 8079:AsiaSat 7 8054:Yaogan 12 8049:Yinghuo-1 7853:September 7787:Paksat-1R 7684:Raffaello 7549:Yahsat 1A 7115:Laplace-P 7018:Dragonfly 6972:Hayabusa2 6964:asteroids 6933:Tianwen-1 6911:Mars 2020 6902:Curiosity 6835:Eu:CROPIS 6690:Planetary 6335:Mercury-P 6325:Laplace-P 6282:Sputnik 3 6277:Sputnik 2 6272:Sputnik 1 6246:Spektr-UV 6217:Luna-Glob 6201:Spektr-RG 6178:Elektro–L 5917:Cancelled 5789:(defunct) 5743:Roscosmos 5675:Mars race 5489:NetLander 5449:Marsokhod 5427:proposals 5425:Cancelled 5229:Yinghuo-1 5210:Mariner 8 5205:2M No.522 5195:Mariner 3 5147:Mars 2020 5135:Ingenuity 5073:Sojourner 5049:Tianwen-1 4870:Mariner 9 4797:Mariner 4 4729:Mars 2020 4704:Curiosity 4683:Tianwen-1 4537:122144645 4499:121719627 4462:124416846 4311:8 January 4248:Kyiv Post 3774:5 October 3336:USA TODAY 3210:cite news 3153:USA Today 2786:5 October 1808:Darmstadt 1645:periapsis 1562:On Phobos 1551:Yinghuo-1 1547:periapsis 1478:-Dry mass 1447:-Dry mass 1391:-Dry mass 1348:-Dry mass 1152:and dust; 1089:Roscosmos 1062:Boomerang 1011:Aftermath 1003:state of 975:hydrazine 928:telemetry 916:Darmstadt 908:Australia 781:organisms 750:Yinghuo-1 716:Yinghuo-1 639:in 1976. 617:Lavochkin 571:Yinghuo-1 491:MicrOmega 407:THERMOFOB 372:Gamma-ray 219:Site 45/1 139:Lavochkin 85:2011-065A 79:COSPAR ID 72:Roscosmos 8108:December 8025:November 7962:ViaSat-1 7898:TacSat-4 7774:Astra 1N 7743:Spektr-R 7733:KazSat-2 7553:New Dawn 7540:YouthSat 7457:Leonardo 7426:February 7311:Category 7173:Kazachok 7163:Beagle 3 7095:ExoLance 7048:Proposed 6886:Beagle 2 6860:OREOcube 6840:EXOSTACK 6781:missions 6350:Venera-D 6345:Spektr-M 6313:Concepts 6240:Kazachok 6196:Resurs-P 6191:Meteor-M 6156:(failed) 6147:Spektr-R 6141:(failed) 6120:(failed) 6099:(failed) 6040:programs 5842:programs 5639:Advocacy 5574:Aircraft 5542:Concepts 5474:Mars One 5444:Beagle 3 5331:Proposed 5321:Kazachok 5304:) (2028) 5278:EscaPADE 5168:launches 5126:Aircraft 5105:timeline 5091:timeline 5033:ExoMars 5021:Beagle 2 4999:Viking 2 4992:Viking 1 4916:Phobos 2 4911:Phobos 1 4898:Viking 2 4891:Viking 1 4853:Orbiters 4734:timeline 4715:timeline 4658:timeline 4629:Orbiters 4370:21804644 4285:Archived 3973:3 August 3940:18 April 3917:18 April 3894:6 August 3868:6 August 3752:3 August 3730:20 April 3700:16 March 3677:15 April 3655:29 April 3546:. 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