1354:
499:
317:
214:
880:
1514:, either legal or illegal, and in turn also contributed by the conversion of natural rainforest into agricultural lands, especially palm oil plantation. The large-scale expansion of palm oil plantations has been accused as the culprit behind the clearance of Indonesian rainforests, which destroyed critical habitat for endangered species like rhinos, elephants, tigers and orangutans. Much of this endemic species have been pushed to the verge of extinction. This practice has raised international scrutiny on palm oil industry in Indonesia, especially from
572:
918:
129:
1623:
1284:
1062:
1038:
1495:
4842:
1398:
4852:
994:. The bulk of fruits and vegetables needed by consumers are supplied by local traditional farmers. The products prices are highly dependent on seasonal availability and proximity to production centers, due to transportation and cargo infrastructure restrictions. As a result, prices of horticulture products vary greatly throughout Indonesia. Prices might be cheaper in
30:
568:(1945β1949). All efforts in the agricultural sector was focused in meeting basic needs for food (rice) and clothing (cotton). The Imperial Japanese authority attempted to increase rice and cotton production in the occupied Indies by mobilizing labor. However, scarcity of these essential commodities prevailed and resulted to famine and clothing shortage.
414:
564:(1942β1945), the Indies experienced hardships which included agricultural scarcity and famine. Rice yields and plantation commodities were controlled by the Japanese empire's military authority. The plantation business which was a major economic sector, was relatively shut down during the Pacific War and the ensuing
1480:, peat lands and swamps into arable lands, certainly it poses natural and environmental consequences. Environmental problems such as deforestation and forest and plantation fires, caused by forestry and agricultural sectors in Indonesia, continues to be a persisting problem that need to be addressed and solved.
1413:, and has played an important part in the growth of the country. Indonesia's geographic location is considered as ideal for coffee plantations. It is located near the equator and with numerous mountainous regions across the islands which creates suitable micro-climates for the growth and production of coffee.
1698:
of crops. Currently, more than half of the total irrigated agricultural area is estimated to have insufficiently maintained water infrastructure systems. Given that agricultural water demand is estimated to be rising to 52.1%, these inadequate water management conditions pose an issue and a threat to
1378:
Majority of rubber estates in
Indonesia are smallholder farmers, which retain for about 85 percent. This fact implied that the government and large private estates took a minor role in Indonesian rubber industry. Another problem is the lack of rubber processing facilities and manufacturing industry.
1049:
Despite its being home to the world's 4th largest population making it a huge market for horticultural products, the horticultural sector in
Indonesia is deemed as under-performing which leads to the necessity of importing fruits and vegetables. Local Indonesian farmers face a difficult situation β
613:
The most significant indicator of growth is the expansion of palm oil plantations, which became the new form of transmigration program. Currently, Indonesia is the world's largest producer of palm oil and the leading producer of coffee, rubber and cocoa. However, Indonesia still has vast tracts of
59:
and service sector. Nevertheless, for the majority of
Indonesian households, farming and plantation remains as a vital income generator. In 2013, the agricultural sector contributed 14.43% to national GDP, a slight decline from 2003's contribution which was 15.19%. In 2012, the agricultural sector
1437:
producer. Tea production in
Indonesia began in the 18th century, introduced by the Dutch as cash crop. Indonesia produced 150,100 tonnes of tea in 2013. However, 65% of that was exported from the country, which suggests Indonesians relatively low tea consumption. Large parts of tea produced in
84:
Industrial scale export commodities such as palm oil and rubber, are mainly supplied by large plantations, while the small scale farmers focus on horticultural commodities such as rice, corn, soybeans, Mango, fruits and vegetables in order to meet the food consumption of the local and regional
92:
region, Indonesia enjoys abundant rain and sunshine most of the time, which are important elements for agricultural products to thrive. The country possesses vast and abundant arable fertile soils. As one of the world's major agricultural nations, the country offers wide diversity of tropical
1374:
nations are among the largest natural rubber producers; the combined rubber yield of three ASEAN members β Thailand, Indonesia and
Malaysia β accounts for nearly 66 percent of global total rubber production. However, compared to neighbouring countries, Indonesia's productivity level is lower
1058:, orange and pear) and from the United States (soybean and apple). To protect local farmers, the Indonesian government applied protectionist policies on import settings for horticultural products, as well as restricting ports of entry. Bali has seen its first mushroom producer start in 2015.
617:
Agricultural commodities are known for its economic resilience and are among the first to recover from the impacts of global financial meltdown. With a large number of its population still working in the agriculture segment, Indonesia has great potentials of attracting foreign investments.
860:
In 2015, the total production of seafood reached about 22.31 million metric tons, valued at around 18.10 billion US dollars. For capture of wild fish (both inland and marine), the production trend was steady in 2011β2015, while there was a steep increase in the production from
336:, describe agricultural activities, Javanese stone inscriptions which can be traced back from the 8th century, describes the king placing a levy on rice. Next to rice, the bas-reliefs of Borobudur describe other indigenous agricultural products as well, like banana (
516:
which required a portion of agricultural production lands to be devoted to export crops. The cultivation system was enforced in Java and other parts of
Indonesia by the Dutch colonial government between 1830 and 1870. Indonesian historians refer to it as
1361:
Indonesian rubber industry take its root in colonial Dutch East Indies; in the early 20th century the rubber plantation in the colony was booming, largely owed to the advent of natural rubber tire industry to supply the growing
1379:
In
Indonesia, only a half of the natural rubber that is absorbed internally goes to the rubber products factories β while the rest are sold and exported as raw materials. Rubber processing facilities include
1369:
Currently, Indonesia's rubber production is the world's second-largest after
Thailand. Natural rubber is an important export commodity that earn foreign exchange, with increasing production trend. In fact,
1416:
Indonesia produced an estimated 540,000 metric tons of coffee in 2014. Of this total, estimated 154,800 tons was required for domestic consumption in the 2013β2014 financial year. Of the exports, 25% are
1544:
plantations' poor practice and poor environmental responsibility, has led to massive haze problem annually. Since 1997 Indonesia has been struggling to contain forest fires, especially on the islands of
1353:
614:
idle lands which can potentially be developed into farmlands. These cover 40 million hectares of degraded forest areas that have turned into grasslands after being abandoned by logging concessionaires.
475:
who were in search for direct sources of valuable spices, at the same time, cut through middlemen in Asia (Arabs and Indian merchants) and in Europe (Italian merchants). By the early 17th century,
909:(Bulog), which ensure its continuous supply and price stability. To ensure food security, the government fills the gap by importing from neighboring countries like Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia.
610:
that relocated landless farmers from the overpopulated Java to the less populated
Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Papua, thus expanded agricultural farms in the outer islands of the territory.
498:
2495:
936:
production, holds an important role in the local
Indonesian economy and in the attainment of food security. Indonesia possesses a variety of horticultural products. Its native fruits include
2988:"Can Indonesia increase palm oil output without destroying its forest? Environmentalists doubt the world's biggest palm oil producer can implement ambitious plans without damaging woodland"
2840:
1050:
the imported horticultural products are often cheaper and have a better quality than locally grown ones. Compared to neighboring countries with a well-developed horticultural sector like
3664:
2420:
2675:
3106:
3217:
591:(FAO) in 1948. The partnership was strengthened with the opening of a FAO country office in 1978. The agriculture sector of the republic has been supervised and regulated by the
902:. Indonesia is the 3rd largest rice producer in the world after China and India. However, because of Indonesia's large population, the rice it produces is consumed internally.
3247:
245:
and tropical fruits were among the earliest produce being cultivated in the archipelago. Evidence of wild rice cultivation on the island of Sulawesi dates back from 3000 BCE.
1248:) were introduced from China. Those spices from mainland Asia were introduced early, in ancient times, thus they became integral ingredients in Indonesian cuisine. While the
599:
also nationalized many of its colonial economic infrastructures, institutions and businesses and inherited the agricultural system of its predecessor, the Dutch East Indies.
1034:
in East Java is the production center for apple and dragon fruit, while those around Bandung in West Java are the production centers for strawberry, honeydew and mushroom.
3432:
1672:
Depending on the region, future climate projections show a complex variability of rainfall. The increasingly severe extreme events like floods and locally higher average
3866:
3188:
444:
were the earliest Europeans who established their presence in the archipelago by the early 16th century. The Portuguese, through Spanish intermediaries, introduced the
3311:
3654:
1446:
are also produced. Moreover, most of Indonesian tea varieties do not enjoy global recognition, thus much of them are merely used in blends β mixed with other teas.
2785:
3382:
602:
In the 1960s until the 1980s, the republic made every effort to develop a post-war agricultural sector and led to the sector's significant expansion. During the
3803:
2363:
281:
irrigation system was created to ensure that there is adequate water supply for rice paddies. The irrigation system was managed by priests and created around "
2938:
1825:
3674:
553:
3054:
2544:
3605:
3341:
1661:
and thereby local food security. Higher heat stress combined with long-lasting and intensifying droughts induces reduced yields and comes with a higher
264:, the rice goddess of ancient Java and Bali. Traditionally, the agricultural cycles linked to rice cultivation were celebrated through rituals, such as
3876:
1054:, Indonesia has much to improve. Currently, Indonesia imports much of its horticultural needs from Thailand (durian, carrot and chili pepper), China (
316:
3552:
2503:
4060:
1383:
manufacturing industry, followed by rubber gloves, rubber thread, footwear, retread tires, medical gloves, rubber carpets and various rubber tools.
213:
2657:
1770:
510:. This event officially marked the Dutch colonial period in the archipelago. In the mid-19th century, the Dutch East Indies government implemented
4756:
4731:
3756:
3734:
584:
3102:
USDA GAIN (2014). Indonesia Coffee Annual 2014, Global Agricultural Information Network (GAIN), USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. Available at:
1468:
producer in the world, and also the fifth largest tobacco market in the world, and in 2008 over 165 billion cigarettes were sold in the country.
2332:
189:
In Indonesian history, agricultural pursuits spanned for some millennia with some traces still observable in some parts of the archipelago. The
63:
Currently, approximately 30% of Indonesia's land area is used for agriculture. Indonesian agriculture sector is supervised and regulated by the
3962:
1098:, and spread over vegetables, meat, poultry, fish and seafood to add aroma and taste. Known as the "Spice Islands", the Indonesian islands of
1010:
which are located far from production centers. Recently, owing to a varied Indonesian topography, non-tropical horticultural products such as
4776:
3808:
3684:
3659:
2479:
2404:
2394:
2315:
2252:
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2428:
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3103:
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592:
441:
64:
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3143:
1793:
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4380:
4363:
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3257:
2199:
1338:
588:
3952:
1638:
The agricultural sector builds the base of income for the lives of millions of Indonesians. The country's top export products are
4566:
4233:
4144:
4010:
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3014:
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Candi, Space and Landscape: A Study on the Distribution, Orientation and Spatial Organization of Central Javanese Temple Remains
3971:
3798:
1745:
1657:
Temperatures, potentially rising by up to 1.5 Β°C by the year 2050 in a high-emission scenario, have a direct influence on
1312:
905:
As a vital necessity for Indonesian households, the government is responsible to regulate rice price and availability through
4676:
4188:
4096:
3903:
3835:
3679:
3634:
3598:
3196:
2601:
1750:
1627:
1392:
906:
565:
197:, while they were a sophisticated rice-cultivating community, the remnants of Hindu-Buddhist polity can still be observed in
3319:
4341:
4328:
4173:
4074:
4030:
3729:
3704:
3689:
2043:
2003:
1981:
1941:
1916:
1894:
1872:
1455:
393:(13th to 15th century) for example, were actively involved in spice trade with China, India and the Middle East. Ports of
3279:
3086:
1694:
In order to provide harvest efficiently, it becomes increasingly important to develop efficient water strategies for the
1375:(1,080 kg/ha), compared to Thailand (1,800 kg/ha), Vietnam (1,720 kg/ha) and Malaysia (1,510 kg/ha).
4346:
4238:
3923:
3788:
3649:
3486:
3461:
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1735:
874:
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1615:
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2101:
1291:
Indonesia is both the world's biggest producer and consumer of the commodity, providing about half the world supply.
556:
under the control of the Japanese Empire. During the Japanese occupation, the agriculture sector was overseen by the
4771:
2025:
479:(VOC) began to establish its influence within the archipelago, by building trading offices, warehouses and forts in
4616:
4611:
4506:
4373:
4276:
4223:
4020:
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2471:
The Sugar Plantation in India and Indonesia: Industrial Production, 1770β2010, Studies in Comparative World History
1833:
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1605:, killing dozens of Indonesians as a result of respiratory illnesses and road accidents due to poor visibility.
1149:) are native to Indonesia. However, surprisingly nutmeg, mace and cloves are seldom used in Indonesian cuisine.
4822:
4701:
4696:
4498:
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4253:
4040:
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2525:
1963:
1662:
571:
476:
361:
2217:"Land Management, the Myth of Dewi Sri, and the Balance of Javanese Cosmology, an Anthropogeographic Overview"
2083:
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and commodities to create and establish an economic engine in its colony. Establishment of sugarcane, coffee,
4766:
2885:
1691:
significantly reduces the fertility of land and therefore agricultural productivity causing economic losses.
193:
society still exist in interior Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo) and Papua (Indonesian New Guinea) such as the
4716:
4671:
4651:
4641:
4541:
4390:
4286:
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2162:"Cultural Landscape of Bali Province: the Subak System as a Manifestation of the Tri Hita Karana Philosophy"
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286:
60:
provides jobs to approximately 49 million Indonesians, representing 41% of the country's total labor force.
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2065:
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132:
Vast palm oil plantation in Indonesia. Currently, Indonesia is the world's largest producer of palm oil.
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972:
603:
596:
355:
350:
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3040:
2526:"The "Culture System" in Dutch Indonesia 1830β1870: How Rawls's Original Position Ethics were Violated"
2310:. Leiden: Sidestone Press, Issue 38 of Mededelingen van het Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde. p. 100.
491:, and actively pursued its shares in intra-Asian trades with India and China. VOC further established
128:
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4706:
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4661:
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http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_5-14-2014.pdf
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1299:, as well as other food and cosmetics products. The country also aimed to be the largest palm-based
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plantations stretch across 6 million hectares. Palm oil is the essential ingredients to produces
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1077:
512:
437:
329:
278:
254:
250:
202:
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both the amount of water that can be supplied and its quality. For areas that depend heavily on
506:
By the turn of the 19th century, VOC was declared bankrupt and was nationalized by the Dutch as
898:
consists of richly flavored side dishes, meat or poultry and vegetables, surrounding a pile of
4368:
3978:
3669:
3252:
2913:
2730:
2475:
2400:
2311:
2248:
2195:
1410:
1345:, it is the world's second largest producer of coconuts, producing 15,319,500 tonnes in 2009.
1095:
1090:
1066:
775:(5th largest producer in the world, only behind India, Brazil, Mexico and Dominican Republic);
719:(5th largest producer in the world, only behind Costa Rica, Philippines, Brazil and Thailand);
507:
56:
4440:
3913:
1854:
1688:
1511:
1061:
1019:
978:
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398:
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3147:
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will lead to a surplus of water, while generally higher temperatures along with intense
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4336:
4158:
2450:
1666:
1558:
1422:
1418:
1342:
1283:
1099:
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are grown in the cooler mountainous region of Indonesia. The mountainous region around
709:
680:
344:
230:
152:
98:
34:
381:
Local kingdoms in Indonesia were among the earliest polities to participate in global
313:. Rice-growing shapes the landscape, is sold at markets, and is served in most meals.
260:
The importance of rice in Indonesian culture is demonstrated through the reverence of
4870:
4845:
4445:
2191:
1718:
1673:
1631:
1562:
1507:
1137:
849:
796:(4th largest producer in the world, only behind Mexico, Dominican Republic and Peru);
529:, tobacco, quinine, rubber and palm oil plantations was also expanded in the colony.
480:
421:
194:
80:
production modes, mostly family owned and run by traditional agricultural households.
1397:
249:
has been a staple food for Indonesians for a millennia and holds a central place in
2992:
1322:
1253:
1157:
925:
899:
829:
723:
702:
561:
449:
402:
77:
2841:"Indonesia's Horticultural Products and the Trade Ministry's Regulatory Framework"
2286:
1325:
is an important common ingredients in numbers of Indonesian favourites, including
1102:
contributed to the introduction of its native spices to the world. Spices such as
2305:
2102:"Leading 10 tobacco producing countries worldwide in 2013 (in 1,000 metric tons)"
1002:
as they are closer to horticulture farms but are significantly more expensive in
4855:
4395:
2216:
1706:
1647:
1333:
1296:
1042:
999:
862:
817:
382:
162:
3289:
2051:
2011:
1989:
1949:
1924:
1902:
1880:
4150:
3437:(video) (in Indonesian). Metro TV News. Event occurs at 10:24. Archived from
3075:
2712:
2184:
1700:
1695:
1643:
1574:
1554:
1550:
1518:, and raised the demand on sustainable palm oil production and certification.
1477:
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1173:
1015:
1007:
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786:
691:
652:
532:
During the Dutch East Indies era, the agriculture sector was regulated by the
269:
170:
102:
3494:
2140:
698:) (4th largest producer in the world, only behind India, China and Thailand);
471:
The surge of the global spice trade was what led European traders reach the
3614:
2647:"Oil Palm and the New Transmigration in IndonesiaΛ Examples from Kalimantan"
1443:
1439:
1249:
1213:
1205:
1003:
957:
933:
825:
716:
522:
487:. By then, VOC monopolized the spice commodity trade, especially pepper and
390:
386:
333:
309:
303:
294:
225:
Agriculture in Indonesia started as a means to grow and provide food. Rice,
218:
2654:
Australian National University, Resource Management in Asia Pacific Program
800:
In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products, such as
3122:
2700:
3284:
1680:
will make for large deficiencies. These disparities will directly impact
1639:
1541:
1292:
1237:
1221:
1197:
1165:
1146:
1051:
945:
809:
805:
751:
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145:
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3189:"Background information on Indonesia, deforestation and illegal logging"
29:
3934:
1677:
1651:
1570:
1546:
1465:
1327:
1300:
1189:
1094:, they are chopped finely or ground into paste using traditional stone
995:
837:
793:
789:(3rd largest producer in the world, just behind Ivory Coast and Ghana);
737:
666:
659:
465:
413:
242:
226:
178:
158:
155:
114:
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1229:
1107:
1055:
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1027:
953:
937:
821:
813:
779:
772:
744:
705:(4th largest producer in the world, behind China, Mexico and Turkey);
673:
488:
461:
457:
429:
417:
174:
149:
141:
122:
106:
89:
2583:
1684:
as well as the quantity and quality of goods that can be harvested.
3383:"Akibat Kabut Asap, Dua Tewas (Laka Tunggal, Tabrak Tiang Listrik)"
502:
Coffee plantation in Java, in early 20th century Dutch East Indies.
3481:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3385:(in Indonesian). Balikpapan Pos. 29 September 2015. Archived from
1621:
1493:
1396:
1371:
1352:
1282:
1115:
1073:
1060:
1036:
1023:
1011:
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238:
212:
127:
28:
3553:"Jokowi Calls For Water Pumps to Protect Crops Against Heat Wave"
2914:"Herbs and Spices, The most important part of Indonesian cooking"
848:
The agriculture sector plays a vital role in food production and
3342:"Haze kills 10 people, leaves 503,874 with respiratory ailments"
1722:
1710:
1566:
1499:
1380:
891:
884:
638:
576:
274:
246:
234:
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118:
38:
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3587:
3517:"The Causes and Effects of Soil Erosion, and How to Prevent It"
1224:) were introduced from India or mainland Southeast Asia, while
782:(3rd largest producer in the world, behind Brazil and Vietnam);
93:
products and important agricultural commodities; which include
3578:
2868:"Indonesia-Thailand bahas kebijakan impor produk hortikultura"
1476:
As agricultural pursuits altered the natural landscapes; from
1434:
833:
758:
526:
136:
At present, Indonesia is also the world's largest producer of
110:
74:
Large plantations, either owned by state or private companies;
2749:"Jokowi finally agrees to import rice from Thailand, Vietnam"
2396:
Culture and Customs of Indonesia, Culture and customs of Asia
2244:
Culture and Customs of Indonesia, Culture and customs of Asia
1830:
Kementerian Pertanian RI (Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture)
1260:
were introduced by Portuguese and Spanish traders during the
3312:"Southeast Asia's haze: what's behind the annual outbreaks?"
852:
and in supplying the needs of a huge Indonesian population.
840:(181 thousand tons, 6th largest producer in the world) etc.
641:(3rd largest producer in the world, behind China and India);
3462:"Agriculture industry in Indonesia- statistics & facts"
2269:"The Museum's iconic hallmark β a Rice Barn from Indonesia"
1557:
and is largely caused by illegal agricultural fires due to
3248:"Minister blasts execs of firm that denied burning forest"
2626:
M.Adriana Sri Adhiati and Armin Bobsien, ed. (July 2001).
1585:
was one of the most severe; dense hazes occurred again in
683:(2nd largest producer in the world, just behind Thailand);
521:("Enforcement Planting"). The Dutch introduced numbers of
436:
were highly sought in the West, and prompted the European
3055:"Rubber Industry Indonesia: Challenges and Opportunities"
3033:"Food And Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"
2886:"Meet Bali's Mushroom Man : I Gede Artha Sudiarsana"
1936:
1934:
1337:. According to figures published in December 2009 by the
820:(136 thousand tons, 10th largest producer in the world),
221:
depicting a farmer plowing the field pulled by a buffalo.
3361:"Gara-Gara Kabut Asap, Biker Tewas Tabrak Mobil Pemadam"
3037:
Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Division
2190:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp.
1771:"Satu Dekade, Kontribusi Pertanian terhadap PDB Menurun"
1130:
1561:
practices in Indonesia, especially in the provinces of
51:. In the last 50 years, the sector's share in national
2287:"Indonesian Food: A Memorable Southeast Asian Cuisine"
1405:
In 2014, Indonesia was the fourth largest producer of
1687:
Connected to missing or excessive rainfall patterns,
1357:
Rubber tapping near Siantar in North Sumatra in 1993.
894:
is a staple food in the Indonesian diet, as typical
4795:
4755:
4497:
4327:
4262:
4120:
4073:
3992:
3848:
3716:
3625:
2908:
2906:
1794:"Pertanian di Indonesia (Agriculture in Indonesia)"
2628:"Indonesia's Transmigration Programme - An Update"
2183:
1917:"Top Production, Nutmeg, mace and cardamoms, 2012"
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
70:The agricultural sector of Indonesia consists of:
2602:"Inilah Bidang-bidang Usaha yang Dinasionalisasi"
2545:"Labour Relations in Japanese Occupied Indonesia"
1725:, a staple food for over 270 million Indonesians.
3579:Ministry of Agriculture of Republic of Indonesia
2676:"The rise of agriculture and Indonesia's future"
2333:"Ekologi Manusia dan Lansekap Desa Di Indonesia"
3515:Sulaeman, Dede; Westhoff, Thomas (2020-02-07).
2156:
2154:
587:. Indonesia became a member of United Nation's
181:producer. and the 6th largest producer of tea.
55:has decreased considerably, due to the rise of
2236:
2234:
2026:"Coconut Oil Production by Country in 1000 MT"
538:Departement van Landbouw, Nijverheid en Handel
4477:
3599:
3460:Statista Research Department (Jan 24, 2023).
3076:"Total production by all exporting countries"
1964:"Chemical Economics Handbook, Natural Rubber"
432:which is indigenous to the Banda Islands and
8:
3359:Banda Haruddin Tanjung (18 September 2015).
2816:"Organic Growth β Horticulture in Indonesia"
2735:Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
1788:
1786:
1784:
1721:. The focus will be on regions that produce
2399:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 128.
2247:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 129.
2177:
2175:
1855:"Palm Oil Production by Country in 1000 MT"
585:declared its independence on 17 August 1945
4484:
4470:
4462:
4079:
3998:
3854:
3722:
3606:
3592:
3584:
3246:Soeriaatmadja, Wahyudi (13 October 2015).
3070:
3068:
2474:. Cambridge University Press. p. 15.
1895:"Top Production, Cinnamon (canella), 2012"
428:Certain endemic Indonesian spices such as
405:trade back in the 14th to 17th centuries.
3434:Ini Daftar Korban Tewas Akibat Kabut Asap
3171:"4 Ways to Stop Indonesia's Forest Fires"
2123:"The Worlds Top 10 Tea Producing Nations"
1709:unveiled a plan to swiftly deploy 20,000
1650:, rice, spices, tea, coconuts, fruit and
1616:Climate change in Indonesia Β§ Agriculture
2674:Simbolon, Johannes (November 14, 2010).
2496:"1820β1950 Indonesia and decolonisation"
2117:
2115:
1088:, while the mixture of spices is called
328:While some panels of the bas-reliefs on
3015:"Indonesia Palm Oil Production by Year"
2986:McClanahan, Paige (11 September 2013).
2084:"The Top 10 Coffee Producing Countries"
1942:"Top Production, Rubber, natural, 2012"
1761:
1433:Indonesia is the world's sixth largest
575:Palm oil plantation in Kampar Regency,
3533:
3522:
2731:"Fisheries Country Profile: Indonesia"
2364:"Museum Week to highlight spice trail"
420:, for a long time was endemic only in
3280:"What causes South East Asia's haze?"
3146:. Tobacco Free Center. Archived from
2362:Novani Nugrahani (October 15, 2015).
1703:systems, this is highly problematic.
1409:. Coffee in Indonesia began with its
733:(14th largest producer in the world);
655:(12th largest producer in the world);
47:is one of the key sectors within the
7:
3408:Bangun Santoso (14 September 2015).
2701:Indonesia production in 2018, by FAO
726:(6th largest producer in the world);
712:(8th largest producer in the world);
676:(5th largest producer in the world);
669:(6th largest producer in the world);
648:(6th largest producer in the world);
3318:. 17 September 2015. Archived from
3288:. 16 September 2015. Archived from
2784:Vira Zoelfikar (October 21, 2013).
1317:Coconut plays an important role in
320:Ancient statue of the rice goddess
273:or the "rice harvest festival." In
3665:French and British era (1806β1816)
3169:Bustar Maitar (November 1, 2015).
3092:from the original on 24 July 2015.
2663:from the original on 6 March 2016.
2066:"Top 10 Cocoa Producing Countries"
2044:"Top Production, Rice Paddy, 2012"
1553:. Haze occurs annually during the
593:Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture
385:. The ancient maritime empires of
301:, Sasak style rice barn, Toraja's
287:Indonesian vernacular architecture
65:Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture
25:
3551:Cicilia, Rachel (June 14, 2024).
3083:International Coffee Organization
2866:Ida Nurcahyani (7 October 2013).
2786:"Picking strawberries in Lembang"
2600:Isnaeni, Hendri F. (2016-06-23).
1769:Estu Suryowati (12 August 2014).
1366:in the United States and Europe.
1339:Food and Agriculture Organization
589:Food and Agriculture Organization
542:Departement van Ekonomische Zaken
4850:
4841:
4840:
2449:Miss Cellania (August 6, 2012).
2186:Indonesia: Peoples and Histories
1741:Palm oil production in Indonesia
1713:nationwide to shield crops from
1614:This section is an excerpt from
1279:Palm oil production in Indonesia
662:(largest producer in the world);
634:(largest producer in the world);
3685:Liberal democracy era (1950β59)
2339:(in Indonesian). Archived from
2004:"Top Production, Vanilla, 2012"
1982:"Top Production, Cassava, 2012"
1832:(in Indonesian). Archived from
1826:"Sejarah Kementerian Pertanian"
1746:Coconut production in Indonesia
1464:Indonesia is the fifth largest
1313:Coconut production in Indonesia
4808:British Indian Ocean Territory
3953:People's Consultative Assembly
3410:"Tewas Akibat 'Tercekik' Asap"
2421:"602 Trade with the East: VOC"
2331:Ary Sulistyo (April 2, 2014).
1873:"Top Production, Cloves, 2012"
1751:Coffee production in Indonesia
1705:In 2024, Indonesian President
1393:Coffee production in Indonesia
907:Indonesian Bureau of Logistics
606:, the government launched the
566:Indonesian War of Independence
217:The bas-relief in 8th century
173:, the 4th largest producer of
165:, the 3rd largest producer of
148:, the 2nd largest producer of
1:
3695:Transitional period (1965β66)
3680:National Revolution (1945β49)
3675:Japanese occupation (1942β45)
3670:Dutch East Indies (1800β1942)
1456:Tobacco products in Indonesia
468:into the archipelago's soil.
464:, potato, tomato, rubber and
332:walls, such as Borobudur and
3493:. 2021-10-19. Archived from
3218:"Palm oil and deforestation"
2755:. Jakarta. October 22, 2015.
2182:Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003).
1736:Rice production in Indonesia
1581:. The haze that occurred in
1442:, although small amounts of
875:Rice production in Indonesia
626:Indonesia produced in 2018:
4061:Water supply and sanitation
2304:Degroot, VΓ©ronique (2009).
1522:Forest and plantation fires
1131:
1076:is an essential element in
1041:Floating market in Siring,
289:also recognizes numbers of
4893:
3690:Guided Democracy (1959β65)
3655:Portuguese era (1512β1605)
3412:(in Indonesian). Liputan 6
2767:"10 Great Balinese Fruits"
2552:CLARA Working Paper, No. 8
2273:Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum
2215:Suwardi (6 January 2013).
1613:
1525:
1516:World Wide Fund for Nature
1510:in Indonesia is caused by
1490:Deforestation in Indonesia
1487:
1453:
1390:
1310:
1276:
872:
401:were important centers of
389:(7th to 11th century) and
297:styles, such as Sundanese
18:Food security in Indonesia
4836:
4413:
4082:
4001:
3857:
3804:Provincial highest points
3725:
2678:. Jakarta. Archived from
2370:. Jakarta. Archived from
1682:agricultural productivity
1659:agricultural productivity
1536:2015 Southeast Asian haze
1532:1997 Southeast Asian haze
4877:Agriculture in Indonesia
4557:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3862:Administrative divisions
3363:(in Indonesian). Okezone
2530:University of Wollongong
2524:Parulian Silaen (2006).
1321:as well as its economy.
865:during the same period.
583:The Indonesian Republic
534:Departement van Landbouw
477:Dutch East India Company
362:Artocarpus heterophyllus
307:shape, to Minangkabau's
45:Agriculture in Indonesia
4818:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3109:8 December 2015 at the
2790:The Jakarta Post Travel
2771:Bali Indonesia Magazine
1601:, and the worst was in
921:Fruit offering in Bali.
883:Rice paddy terraces in
828:(128 thousand tonnes),
4036:Science and technology
3877:Regencies & Cities
3532:Cite journal requires
3491:G20 Climate Risk Atlas
3431:AMS (4 October 2015).
3195:. 2002. Archived from
2918:Discover Java and Bali
2393:Forshee, Jill (2006).
2241:Forshee, Jill (2006).
1635:
1503:
1421:beans; the balance is
1402:
1358:
1288:
1070:
1046:
922:
888:
743:1.2 million tonnes of
630:115.2 million tons of
608:transmigration program
580:
554:Dutch East Indies fell
503:
473:Indonesian archipelago
425:
325:
222:
133:
53:gross domestic product
41:
3645:Hinduism-Buddhism era
3059:Indonesia Investments
2820:Global Business Guide
2582:(pdf). Archived from
1798:Indonesia Investments
1625:
1497:
1438:Indonesian mainly is
1401:A cup of Java coffee.
1400:
1356:
1286:
1264:in the 16th century.
1064:
1040:
920:
882:
836:(141 thousand tons),
832:(196 thousand tons),
824:(123 thousand tons),
816:(207 thousand tons),
812:(433 thousand tons),
808:(551 thousand tons),
804:(573 thousand tons),
792:410 thousand tons of
785:593 thousand tons of
778:722 thousand tons of
771:887 thousand tons of
764:939 thousand tons of
757:953 thousand tons of
750:976 thousand tons of
665:16.1 million tons of
658:18.5 million tons of
651:21.7 million tons of
644:30.2 million tons of
637:83.0 million tons of
574:
501:
416:
356:Syzygium samarangense
351:Saccharum officinarum
319:
216:
131:
32:
4732:United Arab Emirates
3779:Environmental issues
3322:on 27 September 2015
3316:Agence France-Presse
2845:Indonesia Investment
2796:on December 11, 2015
2717:Food Security Portal
2468:Bosma, Ulbe (2013).
2374:on December 10, 2015
2129:. 17 September 2020.
1528:Southeast Asian haze
1472:Environmental issues
1460:Smoking in Indonesia
736:1.4 million tons of
729:1.5 million tons of
722:1.8 million tons of
715:1.8 million tons of
708:2.5 million tons of
701:2.5 million tons of
686:3.0 million tons of
679:3.6 million tons of
672:7.2 million tons of
558:Gunseikanbu Sangyobu
33:Rice cultivation in
4759:limited recognition
4492:Agriculture in Asia
3700:New Order (1966β98)
3660:VOC era (1603β1800)
3348:. October 24, 2015.
2939:"Indonesia: Spices"
2573:"Indonesia and FAO"
2291:Living in Indonesia
1364:automotive industry
1303:production center.
597:Indonesian Republic
371:) and mangosteen (
205:irrigation system.
4046:Telecommunications
3757:Biosphere reserves
3260:on 13 October 2015
3123:"Trade Statistics"
2589:on 15 August 2016.
1636:
1504:
1403:
1359:
1319:Indonesian cuisine
1289:
1262:age of exploration
1152:It is likely that
1084:, spice is called
1078:Indonesian cuisine
1071:
1047:
923:
889:
581:
504:
438:Age of Exploration
426:
326:
277:, the traditional
251:Indonesian culture
223:
177:. the 5th largest
134:
49:Indonesian economy
42:
4864:
4863:
4801:other territories
4459:
4458:
4409:
4408:
4097:Human trafficking
4069:
4068:
3988:
3987:
3979:Wawasan Nusantara
3963:Political parties
3904:Foreign relations
3844:
3843:
3557:www.bloomberg.com
3441:on 6 October 2015
3292:on 3 October 2015
3253:The Straits Times
2481:978-1-107-03969-8
2451:"The Nutmeg Wars"
2406:978-0-313-33339-2
2317:978-90-8890-039-6
2254:978-0-313-33339-2
1628:coffee plantation
1498:Deforestation in
1096:mortar and pestle
1067:Indonesian spices
508:Dutch East Indies
493:sugar plantations
448:products such as
57:industrialisation
16:(Redirected from
4884:
4854:
4844:
4843:
4813:Christmas Island
4499:Sovereign states
4486:
4479:
4472:
4463:
4429:
4422:
4080:
3999:
3941:National capital
3855:
3723:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3585:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3535:
3530:
3528:
3520:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3483:
3470:
3469:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3346:The Jakarta Post
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3256:. Archived from
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3224:. Archived from
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3119:
3113:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3080:
3072:
3063:
3062:
3061:. 22 April 2015.
3051:
3045:
3044:
3039:. Archived from
3029:
3023:
3022:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2945:. Archived from
2935:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2910:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2874:(in Indonesian).
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2792:. Archived from
2781:
2775:
2774:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2753:The Jakarta Post
2745:
2739:
2738:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2709:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2651:
2645:Potter, Lesley.
2642:
2636:
2635:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2577:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2561:on 4 March 2016.
2560:
2554:. Archived from
2549:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2502:. Archived from
2492:
2486:
2485:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2427:. Archived from
2417:
2411:
2410:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2368:The Jakarta Post
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2189:
2179:
2170:
2169:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2119:
2110:
2109:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2050:. Archived from
2040:
2034:
2033:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2010:. Archived from
2000:
1994:
1993:
1988:. Archived from
1978:
1972:
1971:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1948:. Archived from
1938:
1929:
1928:
1923:. Archived from
1913:
1907:
1906:
1901:. Archived from
1891:
1885:
1884:
1879:. Archived from
1869:
1863:
1862:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1822:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1790:
1779:
1778:
1777:(in Indonesian).
1766:
1689:soil degradation
1512:logging industry
1411:colonial history
1134:
374:Mangifera indica
368:Durio zibethinus
353:'), Java apple (
339:musa paradisiaca
21:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4832:
4800:
4791:
4772:Northern Cyprus
4758:
4751:
4493:
4490:
4460:
4455:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4405:
4396:Personification
4323:
4258:
4239:Public holidays
4224:National heroes
4116:
4065:
3984:
3840:
3809:Natural history
3712:
3650:Spread of Islam
3621:
3612:
3575:
3570:
3561:
3559:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3531:
3521:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3500:
3498:
3485:
3484:
3473:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3444:
3442:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3415:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3392:
3390:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3366:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3325:
3323:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3295:
3293:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3263:
3261:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3231:
3229:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3202:
3200:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3153:
3151:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3128:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3111:Wayback Machine
3101:
3097:
3089:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3066:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3013:
3012:
3008:
2998:
2996:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2973:Spices of India
2967:
2966:
2962:
2952:
2950:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2922:
2920:
2912:
2911:
2904:
2895:
2893:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2824:
2822:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2683:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2660:
2649:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2611:
2609:
2608:(in Indonesian)
2599:
2598:
2594:
2586:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2558:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2509:
2507:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2434:
2432:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2377:
2375:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2343:on July 3, 2014
2330:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2160:
2159:
2152:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2121:
2120:
2113:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1839:
1837:
1824:
1823:
1812:
1802:
1800:
1792:
1791:
1782:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1715:extreme weather
1619:
1611:
1569:on Indonesia's
1538:
1524:
1492:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1454:Main articles:
1452:
1431:
1395:
1389:
1351:
1315:
1309:
1287:Palm oil bunch.
1281:
1275:
1270:
1252:spices such as
928:, which covers
915:
896:Indonesian meal
877:
871:
858:
846:
624:
550:
411:
211:
191:hunter-gatherer
187:
88:Located in the
23:
22:
15:
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5:
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4381:Floral emblems
4378:
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4366:
4364:Faunal emblems
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4041:Stock Exchange
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4013:
4008:
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3762:National parks
3759:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3745:Climate change
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3573:External links
3571:
3569:
3568:
3543:
3534:|journal=
3507:
3471:
3452:
3423:
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3374:
3351:
3333:
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3135:
3114:
3095:
3064:
3046:
3043:on 2013-01-14.
3024:
3006:
2978:
2960:
2943:Global Gourmet
2930:
2902:
2892:. 2 March 2020
2877:
2858:
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2807:
2776:
2758:
2740:
2722:
2704:
2693:
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2592:
2564:
2543:Shigeru Sato.
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2150:
2132:
2111:
2093:
2075:
2057:
2054:on 2011-07-13.
2035:
2017:
2014:on 2011-07-13.
1995:
1992:on 2011-07-13.
1973:
1955:
1952:on 2011-07-13.
1930:
1927:on 2011-07-13.
1908:
1905:on 2011-07-13.
1886:
1883:on 2011-07-13.
1864:
1846:
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1780:
1760:
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1753:
1748:
1743:
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1667:plant diseases
1620:
1612:
1610:
1609:Climate change
1607:
1577:on Indonesian
1559:slash-and-burn
1523:
1520:
1488:Main article:
1485:
1482:
1473:
1470:
1451:
1448:
1430:
1427:
1391:Main article:
1388:
1385:
1350:
1347:
1343:United Nations
1311:Main article:
1308:
1305:
1277:Main article:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
914:
911:
873:Main article:
870:
867:
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748:
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684:
681:natural rubber
677:
670:
663:
656:
649:
642:
635:
623:
620:
549:
546:
513:cultuurstelsel
410:
407:
359:), jackfruit (
348:), sugarcane (
345:Cocos nucifera
210:
207:
201:through their
186:
183:
153:natural rubber
99:natural rubber
82:
81:
75:
35:Bangli Regency
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4889:
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4782:South Ossetia
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4280:
4278:
4277:Ethnic groups
4275:
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3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3769:Deforestation
3767:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3741:
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3511:
3508:
3497:on 2023-05-05
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3404:
3401:
3389:on 2015-10-08
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3291:
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3286:
3281:
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3272:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3242:
3239:
3228:on 2017-08-28
3227:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3199:on 2016-01-16
3198:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3162:
3150:on 2010-06-11
3149:
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3118:
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2961:
2949:on 2015-12-08
2948:
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2891:
2890:nowbali.co.id
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2708:
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2697:
2694:
2682:on 2010-11-17
2681:
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2659:
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2648:
2641:
2638:
2633:
2632:Down to Earth
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2527:
2520:
2517:
2506:on 2016-03-05
2505:
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2456:
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2445:
2442:
2431:on 2016-03-05
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2227:(2): 158β170.
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
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2203:
2201:0-300-10518-5
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2124:
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2112:
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2103:
2097:
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2079:
2076:
2072:. 3 May 2022.
2071:
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2021:
2018:
2013:
2009:
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1999:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
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1836:on 2015-12-21
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1720:
1719:food security
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1674:precipitation
1670:
1668:
1665:of pests and
1664:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1632:Bukit Barisan
1629:
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1608:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
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1564:
1563:South Sumatra
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1508:deforestation
1501:
1496:
1491:
1484:Deforestation
1483:
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1479:
1471:
1469:
1467:
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1457:
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1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1138:Pangium edule
1133:
1128:
1127:pandan leaves
1124:
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1117:
1113:
1109:
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850:food security
844:Food products
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3894:Constitution
3752:Conservation
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2141:"The Kombai"
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2087:
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1323:Coconut milk
1316:
1290:
1254:chili pepper
1242:bawang putih
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1233:
1225:
1217:
1209:
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1186:bawang merah
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913:Horticulture
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703:chili pepper
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4757:States with
4677:Philippines
4617:South Korea
4612:North Korea
4507:Afghanistan
4374:Subdivision
4357:Subdivision
4319:LGBT rights
4254:Video games
4006:Agriculture
3924:Enforcement
3774:Earthquakes
3640:Prehistoric
3487:"Indonesia"
3144:"Indonesia"
3019:Index Mundi
2800:December 8,
2713:"Indonesia"
2606:historia.id
2378:December 8,
2347:January 14,
2127:World Atlas
2070:World Atlas
2030:Index Mundi
1859:Index Mundi
1711:water pumps
1707:Joko Widodo
1540:Indonesian
1297:cooking oil
1268:Commodities
1234:daun bawang
1108:nutmeg/mace
1043:Banjarmasin
1000:Bukittinggi
863:aquaculture
830:kapok fruit
818:cashew nuts
690:(including
604:Suharto era
540:(1911) and
519:Tanam Paksa
446:New World's
383:spice trade
365:), durian (
209:Ancient era
163:coconut oil
78:Smallholder
4737:Uzbekistan
4712:Tajikistan
4627:Kyrgyzstan
4607:Kazakhstan
4527:Bangladesh
4517:Azerbaijan
4352:Historical
4287:Healthcare
4234:Properties
4199:Literature
4151:Rumah adat
4011:Automotive
3919:Censorship
3867:Historical
3562:2024-06-16
3501:2023-05-05
3264:13 October
3232:2015-12-07
3203:2015-12-06
3175:Greenpeace
3129:2008-08-07
2953:8 December
2923:8 December
2896:2024-05-18
2851:7 December
2825:7 December
2612:2022-08-03
2510:2016-01-14
2500:Rijkmuseum
2435:2016-01-14
2425:Rijkmuseum
1840:2015-12-07
1803:5 December
1757:References
1701:irrigation
1696:irrigation
1575:Kalimantan
1555:dry season
1551:Kalimantan
1526:See also:
1478:rainforest
1194:kayu manis
1182:curry leaf
1178:salam koja
1174:lemongrass
1154:lada hitam
1082:Indonesian
1016:strawberry
1008:Balikpapan
942:mangosteen
934:vegetables
692:mangosteen
653:sugar cane
622:Production
523:cash crops
442:Portuguese
295:rice barns
270:Seren Taun
231:sugar palm
4823:Hong Kong
4777:Palestine
4702:Sri Lanka
4697:Singapore
4577:Indonesia
4391:Nusantara
4299:Languages
4272:Education
4219:Mythology
4189:Festivals
4056:Transport
3968:President
3947:Pancasila
3899:Elections
3882:Districts
3872:Provinces
3836:Volcanoes
3799:Mountains
3718:Geography
3706:Reformasi
3615:Indonesia
3445:6 October
3125:. Ico.org
2686:4 October
2455:Neatorama
1663:incidence
1444:green tea
1440:black tea
1250:New World
1238:scallions
1218:asam jawa
1214:coriander
1206:candlenut
1004:Pekanbaru
973:jambu air
967:kedondong
958:jackfruit
826:areca nut
717:pineapple
560:. During
552:In 1942,
495:in Java.
391:Majapahit
387:Srivijaya
334:Prambanan
310:rangkiang
304:tongkonan
266:Sundanese
219:Borobudur
4871:Category
4846:Category
4767:Abkhazia
4717:Thailand
4672:Pakistan
4652:Mongolia
4647:Maldives
4642:Malaysia
4542:Cambodia
4436:Category
4309:Refugees
4304:Religion
4229:Painting
4140:Colonial
4087:Abortion
4016:Aviation
3931:Military
3850:Politics
3635:Timeline
3619:articles
3466:Statista
3285:BBC News
3107:Archived
3087:Archived
2658:Archived
2106:Statista
1730:See also
1678:droughts
1640:palm oil
1542:palm oil
1293:Oil palm
1273:Palm oil
1222:tamarind
1210:ketumbar
1198:cinnamon
1166:turmeric
1147:galangal
1065:Various
1052:Thailand
1020:honeydew
985:jamblang
946:rambutan
810:cucumber
806:eggplant
752:tomatoes
632:palm oil
544:(1934).
536:(1905),
322:Dewi Sri
262:Dewi Sri
243:shallots
146:cinnamon
138:palm oil
95:palm oil
90:tropical
4742:Vietnam
4657:Myanmar
4637:Lebanon
4567:Georgia
4522:Bahrain
4512:Armenia
4446:Gallery
4420:Outline
4342:Costume
4329:Symbols
4249:Theatre
4194:Legends
4179:Cuisine
4174:Costume
4145:Mosques
4122:Culture
4112:Smoking
4075:Society
4051:Tourism
4031:History
3994:Economy
3935:Babinsa
3889:Cabinet
3826:Regions
3789:Islands
3784:Geology
3740:Climate
3730:Borders
3627:History
3085:(pdf).
2969:"Bumbu"
2275:. KΓΆln.
2048:FAOSTAT
2008:FAOSTAT
1986:FAOSTAT
1946:FAOSTAT
1921:FAOSTAT
1899:FAOSTAT
1877:FAOSTAT
1652:tobacco
1571:Sumatra
1547:Sumatra
1502:(2006).
1466:tobacco
1450:Tobacco
1423:robusta
1419:arabica
1341:of the
1328:rendang
1307:Coconut
1301:biofuel
1216:), and
1190:shallot
1112:cengkeh
996:Bandung
856:Seafood
838:tobacco
794:avocado
738:cabbage
667:cassava
660:coconut
485:Batavia
481:Amboina
466:tobacco
462:peanuts
291:lumbung
255:cuisine
227:coconut
185:History
179:tobacco
159:vanilla
156:cassava
115:cassava
4787:Taiwan
4722:Turkey
4687:Russia
4622:Kuwait
4602:Jordan
4592:Israel
4552:Cyprus
4537:Brunei
4532:Bhutan
4441:Portal
4347:Emblem
4337:Anthem
4282:Health
4169:Cinema
4102:Piracy
4026:Energy
3958:Police
3831:Rivers
3735:Cities
3617:
2872:Antara
2478:
2403:
2314:
2251:
2198:
2166:UNESCO
1775:Kompas
1648:coffee
1579:Borneo
1534:, and
1407:coffee
1387:Coffee
1349:Rubber
1258:tomato
1246:garlic
1240:) and
1230:ginger
1202:kemiri
1162:kunyit
1141:) and
1132:kluwek
1123:pandan
1100:Maluku
1086:rempah
1056:garlic
1032:Malang
1024:grapes
991:kecapi
954:banana
938:durian
930:fruits
822:cloves
814:ginger
780:coffee
773:papaya
745:potato
710:orange
674:banana
595:. The
489:nutmeg
458:papaya
440:. The
434:cloves
430:nutmeg
418:Nutmeg
403:pepper
399:Banten
330:temple
239:tubers
175:coffee
150:nutmeg
144:, and
142:cloves
123:spices
107:coffee
4828:Macau
4747:Yemen
4707:Syria
4682:Qatar
4662:Nepal
4597:Japan
4572:India
4562:Egypt
4547:China
4451:Atlas
4427:Index
4401:Songs
4386:Motto
4314:Women
4244:Sport
4214:Music
4209:Media
4184:Dance
4164:Batik
4135:Candi
4092:Crime
4021:Banks
3819:Flora
3814:Fauna
3794:Lakes
3090:(PDF)
3079:(PDF)
2661:(PDF)
2650:(PDF)
2587:(PDF)
2576:(PDF)
2559:(PDF)
2548:(PDF)
2337:IPLBI
1644:cocoa
1372:ASEAN
1170:sereh
1116:clove
1091:bumbu
1080:. In
1074:Spice
1012:apple
962:mango
950:salak
802:leeks
787:cocoa
766:beans
731:onion
696:guava
688:mango
646:maize
454:maize
395:Sunda
299:leuit
279:subak
203:subak
171:cocoa
103:cocoa
4667:Oman
4632:Laos
4587:Iraq
4582:Iran
4369:Flag
3972:List
3538:help
3447:2015
3418:2015
3395:2015
3369:2015
3328:2015
3298:2015
3266:2015
3156:2010
3001:2013
2955:2015
2925:2015
2853:2015
2827:2015
2802:2015
2688:2022
2476:ISBN
2401:ISBN
2380:2015
2349:2016
2312:ISBN
2249:ISBN
2196:ISBN
1805:2015
1723:rice
1603:2015
1599:2013
1595:2009
1591:2006
1587:2005
1583:1997
1567:Riau
1565:and
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1506:The
1500:Riau
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1381:tire
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1331:and
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1120:daun
1104:pala
1026:and
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932:and
892:Rice
885:Bali
869:Rice
694:and
639:rice
577:Riau
483:and
397:and
275:Bali
253:and
247:Rice
235:taro
199:Bali
169:and
167:rice
161:and
119:rice
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4799:and
4159:Art
3914:Law
3222:WWF
3193:ABC
2580:FAO
2221:UGM
2192:8β9
2145:BBC
1968:IHS
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