Food policy - Knowledge (XXG)

1133:, among adults and children. More than 40 percent of American adults aged 20 and older were considered having the disease of obesity in 2017-2018, and 12 percent of children aged 2 to 5 were classified as already having obesity. Studies have found some minor correlations between food insecurity and obesity among women, but findings regarding men and children have been inconsistent. A framework for using this information to inform policies surrounding food benefits has been proposed. The framework suggests that strategies for coping with the social, psychological, geographic, economical stresses of poverty and structural factors are central to the link between poverty and its impacts on healthy lifestyles such as less access to healthy affordable foods in neighborhoods (the term food swamps have been used to describe locations with high amounts of liquor retail, convenience stores and few grocery stores with produce and lean meats), less access to safe places for physical activity, poor access to quality healthcare to screen and counsel for food security and health, and unhealthy weight status. 1423:. This graphic attempts to show proper nutrition practices in reference to a place setting. Five food groups - fruits, vegetables, grains, protein foods, and dairy - are drawn in ideal proportions for each meal. Periodic reports from government agencies, surveys, and studies indicate that the U.S. population fails to meet the government's dietary guidelines. Americans eat insufficient quantities of fruits and vegetables and consume too many highly processed foods high in unhealthy solid fats, added sugars, and consume unhealthy amounts of alcohol. As with nutritional assistance, dietary guidelines are formulated in an environment that is increasingly aware of the health risks faced by the nation due to the growing number of individuals with diet-attributable diseases including obesity, Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers. While the field of nutrition and public health works closely with a 1495:(GMA) that is designed to simplify nutrition information on products with a front-of-package (FOP) label that highlights the calories, saturated fat, sodium, and sugars in a single serving of an item. Initially called "Nutrition Keys", the industry took this action at a time when federal agencies expressed concerns about the potential for consumer confusion stemming from competing attempts to simplify nutrition information on packaged goods. Congress and the Centers for Disease Control charged the Institute of Medicine with conducting a study with an eye toward recommendations to standardize these labels, and a report was issued in October 2011. The GMA initiative was launched in January 2011, and compliance is voluntary. 2046:... agency's unified food program that protects and promotes the public health through the following activities: ensuring the safety of foods for humans, including food additives and dietary supplements, by setting science-based standards for preventing foodborne illness and ensuring compliance with these standards ensuring the safety of animal feed and the safety and effectiveness of animal drugs, including the safety of drug residues in human food derived from animals protecting the food and feed supply from intentional contamination ensuring that food labels are truthful and contain reliable information consumers can use to choose healthy diets ...' 1466:

support local farmers and producers, processors, distributors, grocers/retailers, and other members of the food system. They may work to educate the public and food sector members, shape public policy, and even create new programs. Many states, regions, cities and other organizations have formed their own FPCs. Some of these FPCs are commissioned by the government, while others are collaborative efforts by grassroots organizations. The earliest grassroots food policy councils were the City of Hartford Advisory Commission on Food Policy established in 1991 and the Marin Food Policy Council established in 1998. The

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provide similar meal services. The meals are distributed through two mechanisms: (1) delivered to the homes of seniors who are not mobile or have self-care challenges, and (2) served at a group meeting place such as a senior center, church, community hall or public school. Homebound seniors receive one meal per day (several fresh and frozen meals may be included in a single delivery), and communities that offer congregate meals are encouraged to offer a meal at least five times per week. Meals must meet Dietary Reference Intakes and USDA Dietary Guidelines for older adults. In 2011, the budget for

1090:. The federal government had faced increased pressure to improve the nutritional quality of meals served in public schools over the last several decades from a wide range of advocacy groups with a goal of aligning the foods served with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans which are based on scientific research showing the benefits of whole grains, fruits, and vegetables and reductions in added sugars, refined grains, and sodium. Some of the pressure stemmed from federal efforts in the 1980s to broaden the definition of qualifying food groups. 1507:, the initiative was widely criticized by advocates for federal regulation of advertising to children. A scorecard developed by the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity at Yale University to track changes in the advertising of cereal to children was issued in 2012 and covered changes during the period of 2008 to 2011. Among the findings: total media spending to advertise child-targeting cereals had increased 34 percent, cereal company spending on Spanish-language TV more than doubled in that time period, two cereal companies launched new 1512:

including the context that in 2016, more than 20,300 food, beverage, and restaurant companies spent approximately $ 13.5 billion in advertising in all media. The report found that the number of food-related TV ads seen by kids declined from 2007 to 2016 by 4% for preschoolers (ages 2–5), 11% for children aged 6–11, and 14% for young teens aged 12–14. However, exposure to food-related TV advertising by children aged 2–14 continued to average 10 to 11 ads per day in 2016, or approximately 4,000 ads for the year.

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marketing, availability, utilization, and consumption of food, in the interest of meeting or furthering social objectives. Food policy can be promulgated on any level, from local to global, and by a government agency, business, or organization. Food policymakers engage in activities such as regulation of food-related industries, establishing eligibility standards for food assistance programs for the poor, ensuring safety of the food supply,

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play a role. Action by the federal government on food policy is often more important to farmers and food manufacturers or distributors because their income is derived from these economic activities, whereas consumers in the U.S. spend only about 10 percent of their income on food. This generally makes farmers or food industry executives easier to organize around policy issues than the public at large.

1246:(FSMA) was signed into law in 2011 and gives the FDA new authorities to regulate the way food is grown, harvested, and processed. It was developed in an effort to limit contamination in the food supply. There are seven major rules to implement FSMA that require specific actions that must be taken at different points along the supply chain to prevent contamination in human and animal food. 1396:. Comments submitted come from academic institutions, individual physicians, members of the public, and industries with a stake in the guidelines. For example, among those giving oral testimony to the committee that developed the 2010 guidelines were representatives of the sugar, fisheries, dairy, egg, pork, beef, soy foods, and produce industries. Others offering testimony included the 81:, health, encouragement of private enterprise and innovation, and an agrarian landscape dominated by fewer, larger mechanized farms. Industrialized countries strive to ensure that farmers earn relatively stable incomes despite price and supply fluctuations and adverse weather events. The cost of subsidizing farm incomes is passed along to consumers in the form of higher food prices. 723:(CDC) has a variety of public health programs that support state and local health departments, universities, and community-based organizations to implement healthy food nutrition standards in community settings such as early care and education, schools, park and recreation centers, worksites, and hospitals and to support community access through healthy food retail strategies. 1094:

price meals (breakfast, lunch, and/dinner) under the Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act at the school cafeteria, were deemed eligible for Pandemic EBT (P-EBT) under the national emergency provision. This allowed parents and caregivers to purchase foods from local markets and stores to ensure food security for their children using the P-EBT option.

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and families through monthly assistance. This primarily takes the form of monthly benefits that are calculated based on family income, adjusted for certain deductible living expenses and household size, and can only be used for the purchase of foods. The program known for decades as "food stamps" was revamped and renamed

664:(FDA) is the federal agency that is responsible for ensuring the safety of food products, with the exception of meat, poultry, and processed eggs. The various offices within the FDA carry out the agency's unified food program that protects and promotes the public health through the following activities: 1482:

Not all policies involving food in the public marketplace originate within government. The food industry has also set standards for itself from time to time. Often, these voluntary efforts stem from industry concerns that they may face heavier or piecemeal regulations from federal or state regulators

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found on all prepared foods. This lists the suggested serving size followed by the amount per serving of calories, fat, cholesterol, sodium, carbohydrates, protein, and a list of some micronutrients found in the food. Ingredients are also included on the label, listed from the highest quantity to the

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During the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020, the U.S. government through the USDA created temporary emergency standards of eligibility and benefits under the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008. Due to the shuttering of schools or hybrid school delivery models, children who would normally receive free or reduced

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requirements, meaning that congressional budget committees must fully fund the program for all who meet eligibility criteria, it is the authorizing agriculture committees in both houses that have the power to define the scope of eligibility for the programs. Programs that are not considered mandatory

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amended the FMIA, and in 1968, the Wholesome Poultry Act amended the PPIA, both requiring states to conduct inspection programs at least as stringent as federal inspections. The Egg Products Inspection Act (EPIA), passed in 1970, ensured the continuous inspection of the processing of egg products. In

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as well as those products being imported into the U.S. were continually inspected for diseases, and that product labels are accurate. In 1958, the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 was amended to include the Food Additive Amendment, addressing concerns over invisible hazards from chemicals added to

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As with other actors in the public policy arena, food policy makers must account for a variety of political, social, environmental and economic agendas that affect a nation's food supply. Food politics, both domestically and internationally, play an important role in agenda setting, rule making, and

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activities under the code, while profit-making businesses and trade associations do not face the same restrictions. As a result, some charitable groups with a stake in U.S. food policy decisions create a separate organization for lobbying purposes and devise a funding mechanism that does not include

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Every citizen of the United States could be described as a stakeholder in food policy, but farming and food industry interests are generally the dominant players when advocating for and against legislation and regulation at the federal level; public health advocates and consumer interest groups also

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programs. The farm bill that is authorized and appropriated approximately every five years. The farm bill authorizes activities through two spending approaches, mandatory and discretionary. Mandatory spending programs operate as entitlements and are paid for using multiple year budget estimates when

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Many food policy councils (FPCs) bring together a variety of stakeholders to identify food and nutrition security concerns, explore solutions, prioritize equitable approaches, and plan the types of policies needed within a jurisdiction to support the nutrition needs of the public along with ways to

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programs was $ 817.8 million and an estimated 2.6 million people were served. Grants are made by the Administration on Aging to state agencies and local area councils on aging that provide a variety of other services to their communities' seniors. The program relies heavily on volunteers; a savings

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Ensuring adequate food for families and individuals is also a centerpiece of national food policy efforts. In the United States where most state minimum wages have not been updated to provide what some groups deem a "livable wage", food assistance programs help provide food resources to individuals

580:. Such issues are receiving greater attention from decision makers, employers, and health economists in part because of the loss of worker productivity, increased absenteeism, decreased ability for young adults to enter the military, and the life-time costs of treating associated conditions such as 1623:

The solution to hunger is complex but can include having ample nutritious food intake per individual. The amount to increase by depends on how much food is needed to carry out day-to-day tasks and to optimize body systems. Some challenges that this solution faces are: having enough money to afford

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Food policy has both political and economic factors that contribute to the challenges it faces. Food policy is not completely based on politics, but politics have an impact. Countries that have more political involvement typically have more of an influence on solving issues dealing with hunger and

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or advergame websites, and the majority of cereals children see advertised on television consist of one-third or more sugar. Overall nutrition had improved for 13 of 16-targeted brands, and preschoolers' exposure the cereal advertising declined by 6 percent. An updated review was published in 2017

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that places individual behavior determinants and choices in the context of his or her familial, community, societal contexts including marketing, retail access, and larger agricultural policy, the Dietary Guidelines for Americans are directed at individual behaviors around food, nutritional intake

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can play in providing healthy fruits and vegetables to those receiving nutrition assistance. From 2005 to 2010, the number of farmers' markets authorized and equipped to manage SNAP transactions increased from 444 to 1,611. In 2019 there were over 3,500 farmers market locations across the country

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and is administered by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Service's Administration on Aging. The primary activity funded under Title III is the preparation and serving of nutritious meals for adults over the age of 60 and their spouses. Title III-A provides funding for tribal organizations to

1814:... In 1883, Harvey W. Wiley, M.D., was appointed chief chemist at USDA. Wiley devoted his career to raising public awareness of problems with adulterated food; developing standards for food processing; and campaigning for the Pure Food and Drugs Act, also known as the "Wiley Act." ...' 1627:

Food policy involves both consumers and producers. If prices are too high for consumers to afford nutritional food products, then it reduces the amount they can purchase. High food prices can cause lower-income households to have a poorer quality diet. Producers rely on food prices for income and

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A healthy diet is important for appropriate growth, development, optimal immune function, and metabolic health. However, many consumers report confusion due to conflicting nutrition information from different sources including scientific agencies, published books, the media, and social media. The

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Concerns about senior citizens living in poverty in the 1960s led to the establishment of the Elderly Nutrition Program (ENP) in 1972. This federally funded program provides grants to state and area agencies on aging to help finance the cost of congregate and home-delivered meals for older adults

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There are several types of policy instruments that can be used to try to remedy risks to health posed by the farming and processing of foods for consumption. The government can develop process rules that explicitly state which procedures are appropriate for handling particular foods. Performance

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or GRAS, a designation of the Food and Drug Administration for food substances that are exempt from safety testing. About 12,000 samples of fruits and vegetables available to U.S. consumers are collected each year and tested for residue from pesticides, and the results are published in an annual

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program; the government must designate funds for the program sufficient to cover benefits for all who meet the eligibility requirements. The farm bill also authorizes funding for SNAP and other nutrition assistance programs that form a social safety net, projected to be at $ 772 billion over the

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1995, this task was taken over by FSIS, and the FDA took responsibility for shell egg products. In 1977, following several changes in organization, the Food Safety and Quality Service, renamed the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) in 1981, was created to perform meat and poultry grading.

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The nutritional needs of children is important component of nutrition assistance in the United States. In fiscal year 2017, children younger than age 5 accounted for 13.4 percent of participants and school-age children accounted for 30.0 percent of participants of USDA’s Supplemental Nutrition

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has been involved in numerous decisions that have affected food policy around trade and patent concerns, food safety, and labeling. A more systematic and aggressive use of the court system to challenge practices that are linked to obesity has been proposed. Examples include initiating lawsuits

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has written numerous reports highlighting the dangers inherent in a fragmented approach to U.S. food safety. Federal regulation of food safety is split primarily among agencies in the Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Agriculture, but some responsibilities are also

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and adopted a "Universal Declaration on the Eradication of Hunger and Malnutrition". In the aftermath, numerous public and private efforts were launched to better understand the agricultural, economic, social, climatological, and geo-political contributors to hunger. Organizations such as the

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concerning how food is produced, processed, distributed, purchased, or provided. Food policies are designed to influence the operation of the food and agriculture system balanced with ensuring human health needs. This often includes decision-making around production and processing techniques,

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in member nations, improve the efficiency of production and distribution of all food and agricultural products, better the conditions of rural populations, and expand the world economy in such a way that it would ensure humanity's freedom from hunger. In 1974, FAO hosted the first World Food

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In the United States, food policy decisions are made by government entities at the federal, state, territorial, tribal, and local level. The primary arenas of federal involvement in food policy include agriculture, nutrition assistance, food safety, dietary guidance, and labeling. Industry

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The latest farm bill was signed into law on December 20, 2018 and will expire in 2023. A large amount of U.S. spending occurs to support food security, support food, fiber, and energy production, and an ample human food supply chain through twelve titles including nutrition assistance and

2711:, Assistant Secretary Administration on Aging, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), on Senior Hunger and the Older Americans Act before Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Subcommittee on Primary Health and Aging, United States Senate, Tuesday 21 June 2011. 1303:, and 90% of these allergies are related to milk, eggs, fish, crustacean shellfish, tree nuts, peanuts, wheat, and soybeans. Labeling must contain a list of these major food allergens which are contained in the product, or which may have come in contact with the food during production. 184:

outbreak in 1993, inspections began to rely more on scientific tests as opposed to the usual sensory-based inspections. FSIS pushed research of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP). In 1996, the Pathogen Reduction/HACCP Systems were issued, ensuring that illness-causing

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Food policy comprises the mechanisms by which food-related matters are addressed or administered by governments, including international bodies or networks, and by public institutions or private organizations. Agricultural producers often bear the burden of governments' desire to keep

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Ponza, et al. "Serving Elders at Risk. The Older Americans Act Nutrition Programs: National Evaluation of the Elderly Nutrition Program 1993-1995". July 1996. Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Assistant Secretary for

1222:(FDA) is responsible for the safety of most food products with the exception of meat, poultry, and processed eggs. Animal drugs and livestock feed are also part of the FDA safety mandate, while outbreaks of foodborne illnesses are monitored and probed by the CDC. Within the USDA, the 1230:

in the nation when animals are being readied for human consumption. As a result, the FSIS has a larger annual budget and employs a much larger number of inspectors than the FDA, even though the FDA's mandate is much broader. Other USDA agencies with a role in food safety include the

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were founded to fund research designed to lead to "sustainable solutions for ending hunger and poverty" and annually produces a Global Food Policy Report. Policy-makers seek to better understand how economic principles govern supply and demand and how supply and demand influence

1839:. United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Adopted on 16 November 1974 by the World Food Conference convened under General Assembly resolution 3180 (XXVIII) of 17 December 1973; and endorsed by General Assembly resolution 3348 (XXIX) of 17 December 1974. 952:

is the most expensive of the federal farm subsidies, followed by conservation policies and commodity supports. Representatives and senators from states that receive the lion's share of farm subsidies often dominate the committees on agriculture in the House and Senate.

759:(CNPP) works to improve the health and well-being of Americans by developing and promoting dietary guidance that links scientific research to the nutrition needs of consumers. The widely accepted food pyramid was used as part of this dietary guidance, but more recently 1624:

the cost of food, having the food supply, and having a sufficient supply of nutritional foods. Also, having the education on what foods to buy and which are nutritional can be an issue (nutrition literacy). These are all factors that can cause a food policy to fail.

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and serves to reauthorize expenditures on food programming for children. Nutrition standards for school breakfasts and lunches were revised for the first time in 15 years through the passage of the act to align them more closely with healthy foods recommended by the

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in 1940. The Agricultural Marketing Act (AMA) was passed in 1946, allowing inspection of exotic and game animals on a pay-by-case basis, and giving the USDA the authority to inspect, certify and identify the class, quality and condition of agricultural products.

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Government interventions in the agricultural economy influence the quantities produced and price of food. A number of different instruments are used to incentivize farmers to grow crops and buffer them through difficult economic or weather cycles, including

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specifies the type of policy instruments that will be funded in a given cycle and at what cost. Subsidies to farming interests, determined primarily by the farm, are expected to cost $ 223 billion over the 10-year period from 2013 to 2022, according to the

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USDA has also taken significant steps to reduce food waste in the U.S. Food waste is approximated to be 30 to 40 percent of the food supply and translates to about 133 billion pounds and $ 161 billion worth of food as reported by USDA's

260:, population growth, and shifting health concerns affect the way food policy is approached. The following table adapted from Simon Maxwell and Rachel Slater succinctly describes the evolutionary shift in food policies internationally. 644:

initiatives and the work of advocacy organizations that affect food policy are also addressed in this section. Most food policies are developed incrementally, often in reaction to changed circumstances, political climates, or needs.

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are reduced on raw products. Now, while the industry must ensure they are using safe practices, the government is ultimately responsible for setting safety standards and enforcing those standards through inspections and regulation.

122:(BAI) was created with the purpose of ensuring that diseased livestock could not be used as food. In 1890, the BAI was charged also with testing meats being exported from the U.S. and ensuring these were disease-free. In 1906, the 255:

Food policies evolve as nations improve their economic condition, moving from an economy based on isolated, self-sufficient rural farming to one based on trade and the development of a wider variety of goods and services offered.

61:, there are three main objectives for food policy: to protect the poor from crises, to develop long-run markets that enhance efficient resource use, and to increase food production that will in turn promote an increase in income. 1527:

implementation. Politics come into play on a variety of different fronts as the needs of the populace to have reliable, safe, affordable access to food are balanced against the desire to ensure farmers can earn a viable living.

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standards set quality standards against which foods are measured, such as grades for meat or eggs. Food labeling rules, government-funded food safety research, and consumer education are additional tools. The potential for

1412:, and the Vegetarian Union of North America. While open to public input, the development of the dietary guidelines is an example of a food policy promulgated solely within the executive branch of the federal government. 1387:

and the Department of Health and Human Services are charged with reviewing the scientific literature and forging agreement on a series of food choices and behaviors that are compiled and issued every five years as the

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sufficiently low for growing urban populations. Low prices for consumers can be a disincentive for farmers to produce more food, often resulting in hunger, poor trade prospects, and an increased need for food imports.

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created the National School Lunch Program in 1946 to ensure that low-income children received a fully or partially subsidized meal in the middle of their school day. Revisions to the program were made under President

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the foods. Also, the Humane Methods of Slaughter Act was passed in 1958. In 1978, this act was amended to ensure that all meat that was inspected by the FSIS to be used for human consumption was humanely slaughtered.

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and physical activity. They are however translated into nutrition standards for venues serving or offering foods such as workplaces (e.g. food service guidelines), childcare, and schools (see section on children).

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Title X, Horticulture: Supports the production of specialty crops (fruits, vegetables), USDA-certified organic foods, and locally produced foods and authorizes establishing a regulatory framework for industrial

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of fruits, vegetables, grains, protein foods, and dairy are each allotted a certain amount of space on the plate, showing the public the proportional amounts of each food they should be eating during each meal.

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against real estate developers who do not include recreational facilities in their designs, school boards that allow exclusive vending rights to soft drink companies, and manufacturers of non-nutritious foods.

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The Bureau of Chemistry, which was charged with enforcing the Pure Food and Drug Act, was reorganized in 1927, becoming the Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration, and eventually came to be called the

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s Food Policy Networks (FPN) project supports the development of FPCs as well as provides them with tools to help capacity and skill building to create effective councils across the United States. The

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may not be used. Additionally, any animal product that is labeled organic must follow guidelines that the livestock living conditions, health care practice and feed follow organic specifications.

799:. The USDA, EPA, and FDA signed a formal agreement in 2018 to work together to educate consumers, engage partner and stakeholders, and design and monitor solutions to reduce food loss and waste. 1003:

concerns. The USDA has a variety of programs, policies, and activities that impact and relate to sustainable agriculture, natural resources, and community development including food security.

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Nutrition assistance in the U.S. takes place in a unique context given the high prevalence of diet-related diseases such as diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease and high adiposity, or

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to receive benefits from WIC at any time. Of that group, 7.2 million people participated in the program, or a usage rate of 51 percent. Approximately 6.4 million people took part in 2019.

1038:) benefits, a program for low-income Americans. Over the past ten years, children’s share of SNAP has fallen from 49.1 percent in fiscal year 2007 to 43.4 percent in fiscal year 2017. 130:(FMIA) were both signed into law. Both prevent production and sale of adulterated or misbranded foods, the Pure Food and Drug Act focusing on general foods, and FMIA focusing on meats. 1503:

Launched in 2007, this voluntary effort called for food manufacturers to set nutritional criteria for food products they advertise during children's programming. Organized through the

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of about 10% per meal is attributed to volunteer labor. Over the last 20 years, more funds were shifted from congregate meal support to home-delivered foods, often referred to as

775:(NOP) regulates the standards for any farm that wants to sell an agricultural product as being organically produced. In order for the agricultural product to be labeled organic, 744:(FNS) focuses on helping children and needy families get proper nutrition through food assistance programs and nutrition education. Two widely known programs within FNS are the 1283:(abbreviated FFDCA, FDCA, or FD&C). Nutrition labeling is required for most prepared foods, and is voluntary for raw produce and fish. The most recognizable label is the 1296: 890:

Title IV, Nutrition: Provides nutrition assistance for low-income individuals and households through programs such as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP).

737:(FSIS) is responsible for making sure that the United States' commercial supply of meat, poultry, and egg products is safe, wholesome, and correctly labeled and packaged. 1453:

tax-deductible charitable contributions. Funds spent by industry and other interest groups on lobbying and political campaigns are tracked and made publicly available by

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Title I, Commodity Programs: Provides support for major commodity crops, including corn, soybeans, wheat, peanuts, rice, dairy, and sugar, as well as disaster assistance.

2617: 976:". Checkoff programs do not exist for some of the healthier foods grown and produced in the U.S., including poultry, fish, and whole grains, and marketing support for 1628:

therefore cannot make the prices so low that they are not able to survive. There is a fine line between supply and demand, which creates a challenge for food policy.

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is charged with oversight of the safety, wholesomeness, and proper labeling of meat, poultry and processed eggs. Inspectors are required to be onsite at nearly every

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Byerlee, Derek; Jayne, T.S.; Myers, Robert J. (2006). "Managing food price risks and instability in a liberalizing market environment: Overview and policy options".

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From the standpoint of policy makers, the diets of lower income families within developing countries need to contain higher quantities of nutrients such as dietary

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In addition to pathogens, chemical additives to food are of increasing concern to Americans. A critical concept related to chemical additives in food is known as

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In 1953, with large-scale reorganization in the USDA, the BAI and Bureau of Dairy were abolished, among other bureaus, and their duties were transferred to the

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lawsuits against manufacturers with poor safety practices offers another incentive for producers to take appropriate care when handling and processing foods.

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that accept charitable donations and are organized under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Service Code are limited in the funds they can spend on

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In recent decades, policy makers have come under increased pressure to balance the interests of traditional farming in the United States and issues around

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Dinour, L.M.; Bergen, D.; Yeh, M-C (November 2007). "The Food Insecurity-Obesity Paradox: A review of the literature and the role food stamps may play".

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Historically, food policy was generally linked to the health of a population, however food and fiber production can play roles in biofuels, animal feed,

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Title II, Conservation: Encourages environmental stewardship of farmlands and improved management through land retirement and/or working lands programs.

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programs, and power over the bottom line is in the hands of the appropriations committees of each house charged with setting annual spending levels.

925: 3129: 2474: 2248: 1170:(CDC), 48 million people are sickened, 128,000 are hospitalized, and 3,000 die of foodborne diseases during each year. The top five offenders were 3934: 3645: 2030:"How do the activities of USDA's Food Safety Inspection Service differ from the activities of FDA's Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition?" 727: 143: 3181:

Krebs Smith, S.M.; Guenther, P.M.; Subar, A.F.; Kirkpatrick, S.I.; Dodd, K.W. (2010). "Americans Do Not Meet Federal Dietary Recommendations".

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In 1965, reorganization of the ARS' Consumer and Marketing Service brought federal meat and poultry inspection into one program. In 1967, the

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in the value chain, industrial structure in the retail sector, futures markets, waste management, advertising, health education, food safety

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Ayoob, K-T; Duyff, R.L.; Quaglini, D. (February 2002). "Position of the American Dietetic Association: Food and Nutrition Misinformation".

1280: 1239:(AMS), a service whose primary function is to set quality, grades and marketing standards for dairy products, fruits, vegetables and meat. 139: 3618: 1793: 1760: 992: 142:

was passed by Congress, giving the FDA authority to set food safety standards. The FDA was reorganized to be under the direction of the

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provides funding for coupons given to needy older adults for use in local markets and roadside produce vendors approved by each state.

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as well as agricultural concerns have also contributed to the food policy landscape and debate in the United States in recent decades.

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also plays a role in the formulation of food policies, particularly around issues related to farming and nutrition assistance. In the

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A concern about lack of access to fresh produce for many recipients of SNAP benefits has led to an effort to increase the role

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The primary demand expansion program supported by the federal government through the Department of Agriculture is known as the

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the bill is enacted, whereas programs with discretionary designation require additional action by congress to receive funding.

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can be described as an attempt to limit contaminants in the food supply. Traditionally, contaminants of greatest concern were

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to use these services; drafters of the initial legislation wanted to limit barriers to use of the program by older adults.

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and the safety and effectiveness of animal drugs, including the safety of drug residues in human food derived from animals

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concerns may have motivated some of the earliest food policy initiatives, public policies developed around other forms of

151: 1077:. Numerous studies have confirmed a link between school performance and the school breakfast program. More recently, the 3960: 1320: 1250: 1219: 1130: 661: 135: 3021: 1049:

low-income women and their children under the age of five. In 2017, approximately 14.1 million women and children were

3638: 3613: 2439: 1035: 1017: 127: 905:

Title IX, Energy: Encourages the development of farm and community renewable energy systems through various programs.

53:

Most food policy is initiated at the domestic level for purposes of ensuring a safe and adequate food supply for the

3281: 2782:

Finney Rutten, Lila J.; Yaroch, Amy L.; Colón-Ramos, Uriyoan; Johnson-Askew, Wendy; Story, Mary (30 November 2010).

3673: 2147: 2088: 1689: 1508: 1405: 973: 969: 961: 741: 102:, M.D., was appointed chief chemist at USDA. Wiley devoted his career to raising public awareness of problems with 827:. The budget and appropriations committees of each house also play a role. When a program or policy is subject to 3851: 3388:"The Impact of Industry Self-Regulation on the Nutritional Quality of Foods Advertised on Television to Children" 2683: 2494:

Meyers, A.F.; Sampson, A.; Weitzman, M.D.; Rogers, B.; Kayne, H. (1989). "School breakfast program performance".

2432: 1202: 1057: 652:

All three branches of the federal government play a role in the formulation of food policy in the United States.

119: 2902:

United States Government Accountability Office Report to Congressional Committees. Federal Food Safety Oversight

1870: 957:

plays an increasingly larger role in the understanding of both domestic and global food trade policy decisions.

3568: 3253: 2858: 2638: 1416: 1401: 1074: 988: 915:

Title XII, Miscellaneous: Covers other programs and assistance, including support for new ranchers and farmers.

772: 712: 2578: 893:

Title V, Credit: Offers direct government loans to farmers/ranchers and guarantees on private lenders’ loans.

3776: 3563: 2391:

Monke, J. Budget Issues Shaping a 2012 Farm Bill, No. R42484, Congressional Record Service, Washington, D.C.

1445: 1424: 1182: 940: 863: 94:

The history of food policy in the United States started in the 1880s with policies being carried out by the

3414: 2670: 2185: 1315:

This seal is found on all food products that meet NOP regulations to be called "100% Organic" or "Organic".

899:

Title VII, Research, Extension, and Related Matters: Supports agricultural research and extension programs.

3955: 3904: 3631: 1504: 1255: 1211: 954: 833: 808: 123: 111: 3295: 3133: 114:, also known as the "Wiley Act". For much of the 1880s, policymakers discussed how to deal with diseased 3894: 3889: 3805: 3769: 3200:"The Behavior Change Consortium: Setting the stage for a new century of health behavior-change research" 2529:

Kleinman, R.E.; Hall, S.; Green, H.; Korzec-Ramirez, D.; Patton, K.; Pagano, M.E.; Murphy, J.M. (2002).

1284: 1194: 1117:. While the aim of ENP is to target low-income elderly in cities as well as rural settings, there is no 887:

Title III, Trade: Supports U.S. agricultural export programs and international food assistance programs.

720: 20: 3045:

Labeling Guideline on Documentation Needed to Substantiate Animal Raising Claims for Label Submissions

3909: 3784: 3573: 3183: 3159: 1620:

poverty. Countries that have less political involvement may not have as much to do with food policy.

1070: 1025:

10-year-period from 2013 to 2022. In 2020, the USDA also created a COVID-19 food assistance program.

820: 776: 577: 545: 2880: 2324:"U.S. court rebuffs Bush on tuna ban / White House chided for trying to loosen 'dolphin-safe' rules" 1333:

Products made up of at least 70% organic ingredients may be labeled "Made with organic ingredients".

1327:

A product can be labeled "100% Organic" if it contains only organic ingredients and processing aids.

1235:(APHIS), which aims to prevent animal and plant diseases in domestic and imported products, and the 3668: 3340: 2783: 2402: 1346:

may require producers to submit additional documentation to verify the claim. These terms include:

1104: 1066: 1050: 788: 569: 560:, consumption of energy-dense foods (those high in added sugars, solid fats), and the reduction of 198: 163: 2624:. Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., for US Department of Health and Human Services. 3 March 1994. 3825: 3812: 3694: 3496: 3267: 2803: 2721: 2029: 1899: 1882:

Anderson, Molly D.; John T. Cook (1999). "Community food security: Practice in need of theory?".

1653: 1021: 936: 845: 828: 673: 171: 3387: 3060:

https://ecfr.federalregister.gov/current/title-9/chapter-III/subchapter-E/part-412/section-412.2

1801: 1142: 3545: 3865: 3750: 3729: 3722: 3221: 3089: 2940: 2764: 2560: 2511: 2371: 2304: 1981: 1764: 1693: 1263: 1062: 715:. MyPlate illustrates the proportions of each food group which should be present at each meal. 677: 561: 78: 58: 3899: 3830: 3758: 3466: 3211: 3081: 2795: 2756: 2682:

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Aging. Retrieved 9/25/2013.

2550: 2542: 2503: 2410: 2361: 2294: 2286: 1971: 1963: 1930: 1891: 1722: 691: 593: 541: 234: 103: 2985:"Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 (Public Law 108-282, Title II)" 1103:

living independently in the community. The program is periodically re-authorized under the

763:

has been developed to show proper nutrition practices in reference to a place setting. The

3914: 3840: 3835: 3736: 3702: 3683: 3678: 3394: 3374: 2822: 2708: 2701: 2690: 2621: 2481: 1114: 984: 604: 589: 544:

and other major systems and structures. The early literature in under-nutrition involving

214: 107: 99: 2673:", Congressional Research Service Report for Congress. 17 June 2011. Retrieved 9/27/2013. 2507: 1041:

In addition, the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (

700:

are truthful and contain reliable information consumers can use to choose healthy diets.

548:

was concerned with the effects of food shortage practices on spreading diseases such as

229:(FAO) of the United Nations, established in 1945 with four express purposes: to improve 3929: 3919: 3845: 3820: 3794: 3715: 3603: 3523: 2555: 2530: 2299: 2274: 1976: 1951: 1300: 1227: 949: 592:

achieved in the last few decades but those are being eroded of late due to obesity and

355: 3085: 3949: 3873: 3799: 3763: 3708: 3654: 3593: 3583: 3471: 3454: 2807: 1935: 1918: 1903: 1521: 1188: 1000: 996: 932: 902:

Title VIII, Forestry: Supports forestry management programs by USDA’s Forest Service.

780: 669: 632: 620: 573: 557: 435: 420: 249: 202: 74: 35: 30: 3368:"Front-of-Package Nutrition Rating Systems and Symbols: Promoting Healthier Choices" 3107: 3858: 3588: 3399: 2460: 2403:"Commodity checkoff programs: A self-help marketing tool for the nation's farmers?" 1825: 1082: 870: 585: 515: 257: 39: 1726: 1330:

The label "Organic" is used for products containing at least 95% organic products.

704: 3529: 3043: 2799: 2066: 1366:

These terms are often used on labels to improve the product's marketability. The

1299:(Public Law 108-282, Title II), 2% of adults and 5% of infants and children have 3688: 2844: 1967: 1539: 1454: 1311: 1159: 1042: 784: 684: 624: 553: 401: 396:

Pesticide residues in food; adulteration; bio-safety issues in processed foods (

380: 349: 194: 66: 2760: 2290: 896:

Title VI, Rural Development: Supports rural business and community development.

499:

Ministries of trade and industry, consumer affairs; food activist groups; NGOs

3924: 3743: 1895: 1471: 1353: 1176: 1118: 965: 764: 697: 508: 397: 2684:

http://www.aoa.gov/aoaroot/program_results/Nutrition_Report/er_vol1ch5a1.aspx

2484:, Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report No. (FANRR-27), October 2002. 2233: 3608: 2155: 1357: 1171: 1109: 1046: 1045:) is an effort to ensure the healthcare and nutrition needs of pregnant and 616: 612: 390: 230: 118:

being imported into or exported out of the United States. In 1884, the USDA

115: 54: 3439: 3225: 3216: 3199: 3093: 2901: 2768: 2564: 2375: 2308: 1985: 1826:

Constitution of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

2515: 2473:

Victor Oliveira, Elizabeth Racine, Jennifer Olmsted, and Linda M. Ghelfi.

2366: 2349: 45: 2096: 1449: 1292: 1163: 631:, while promoting higher intakes of fruits, vegetables, whole grains per 581: 549: 424: 186: 2118: 2600: 2275:"Raw milk in court: Implications for public health policy and practice" 2207: 1420: 1342:

Some factual labeling terms are not regulated with specificity but the

977: 912:

Title XI, Crop Insurance: Management of federal crop insurance program.

760: 708: 608: 600: 565: 449: 416: 210: 180: 159: 2546: 1849: 1467: 225:

The primary international agency with a focus on food policy is the

1837:

Universal Declaration on the Eradication of Hunger and Malnutrition

1474:

also has a site with an online directory and map of existing FPCs.

1415:

For more than a decade, dietary guidelines were illustrated with a

1016:(SNAP) in 2008 to acknowledge the change from paper food stamps to 1310: 703: 628: 44: 3550: 3239: 3623: 3578: 2914:

Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Applied (4 January 2021).

1686:

Linked National Models: A Tool for International Policy Analysis

239: 3627: 3048:. USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service. 2019. pp. 6–15. 730:(USDA) has a broad range of interests involved in food policy. 393:

poisoning of field workers; toxins associated with poor storage

3533: 1684:

Fischer, G.; Frohberg, K.; Keyzer, M.A.; Parikh, K.S. (1988).

1419:, but the 2010 guidelines were accompanied by a new graphic, 221:

History of food policy outside of the U.S. federal government

796: 38:, and even the qualifications of a product to be considered 3538: 1483:

to improve the quality of food products or food marketing.

1297:

Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004

1218:. Within the Department of Health and Human Services, the 2881:"CDC Estimates of Foodborne Illness in the United States" 2671:

Older Americans Act: Title III Nutrition Services Program

1069:, which integrated the school lunch programming with the 711:

has been developed to take the place of the widely known

90:

History of food policy within the U.S. federal government

2615:"Elderly Nutrition Program Evaluation Literature Review" 2401:

Forker, Olan D.; Ward, Ronald W. (Fourth Quarter 1993).

1679: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1498: 939:, direct payments, insurance, and demand expansion. The 496:

Ministries of agriculture, relief/rehabilitation, health

2531:"Diet, breakfast, and academic performance in children" 536:

Food policies and population health in a global setting

3268:"FOOD POLICY AND ADVOCACY | Hartford Food System" 201:

during the latter half of the 20th century, including

690:

Protecting the food and feed supply from intentional

676:, by setting science-based standards for preventing 3882: 3661: 3008: 3006: 2008:

Why Governments Must Lead the Fight Against Obesity

1499:

Children's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative

1125:

Role of obesity in considering nutrition assistance

668:Ensuring the safety of foods for humans, including 3313:"Facts Up Front Front-of-Pack Labeling Initiative" 2859:"Senior Farmers' Market Nutrition Program (SFMNP)" 2387: 2385: 1279:Food labeling requirements are spelled out in the 564:, there has been an increase in the prevalence of 3366:Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, 2475:"The WIC Program: Background, Trends, and Issues" 1757:Food Policy in the United States: An Introduction 1370:cannot approve false or misleading label claims. 2350:"Obesity: The new frontier of public health law" 825:Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry 807:With authority over the nation's annual budget, 3495:. The World Bank. pp. 1–12. Archived from 2788:Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition 301:Mostly in food production and primary marketing 3198:Ory, M.G.; Jordan, P.J.; Bazzarre, T. (2002). 2123:USDA Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion 1950:Goettler, A.; Grosse, A.; Sonntag, D. (2017). 1852:. International Food Policy Research Institute 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 3639: 3413:Harris, J.L.; Schwartz, M.B.; Brownell, K.D. 2348:Mello, MM; Studdert, DM; Brennan, TA (2006). 466:International price and other trade problems 8: 3599:International Food Policy Research Institute 3541:from the Extension Legal Services Initiative 3074:Journal of the American Dietetic Association 3014:"Organic Labeling and Marketing Information" 2749:Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2249:"Supreme Court hands Monsanto a GMO victory" 1580:leads to increased asset-holding by the poor 1146:that accept SNAP benefits. In addition, the 680:and ensuring compliance with these standards 511:reform, supplementary feeding, food for work 245:International Food Policy Research Institute 2784:"Framework for Food Insecurity and Obesity" 1652:. Iowa Food Policy Councils. Archived from 3646: 3632: 3624: 3544:National Agricultural Library page on the 2142: 2140: 1569:leads to increased consumption by the poor 1558:is allocatively efficient in social prices 1468:Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future’ 1233:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 1168:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 721:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3470: 3215: 2637:. Administration on Aging. Archived from 2554: 2365: 2298: 1975: 1934: 1575:is good for environmental sustainability 1547:is technically efficient in social prices 1394:Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion 1381:Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion 1014:Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program 757:Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion 746:Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program 474:Poor rainfall and other production shocks 463:Poor rainfall and other production shocks 358:, branded products; More animal products 3130:"Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2015" 3108:"Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2015" 2823:"Farmers Market SNAP Sales Soar in 2010" 1534: 1148:Senior Farmers' Market Nutrition Program 926:Agricultural policy of the United States 304:Mostly in food manufacturing and retail 262: 73:In a more developed country such as the 3539:Food Safety Modernization Act Resources 2845:"USDA SNAP Benefits at Farmers Markets" 2182:United States Department of Agriculture 2063:USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service 1952:"Systematic review of obesity and work" 1798:USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1636: 1491:Facts Up Front is an initiative by the 1432:Policy proponents (non-U.S. government) 728:United States Department of Agriculture 144:Department of Health and Human Services 3307: 3305: 2916:"Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA)" 2579:"Nutrition Standards for School Meals" 1561:supports higher standards of education 877:Briefly the farm bill titles include: 588:. Also, these policies aided gains in 158:was passed in 1957. This ensured that 3386:Kunkel, D., McKinley, C., Wright, P. 3336:"FDA seeks better nutrition labeling" 2965:. USDA Agricultural Marketing Service 2941:"Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)" 2433:"A Closer Look at Mandatory Spending" 1166:. According to 2011 estimates by the 1079:Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 7: 2613:Ponza, M., Ohls, J.C., Posner, B.M. 2508:10.1001/archpedi.1989.02150220142035 1761:Routledge Taylor & Francis Group 1650:State and Local Food Policy Councils 1281:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act 488:Social protection, income transfers 482:Remedies for household food shortage 471:Main sources of national food shocks 460:Main sources of national food shocks 140:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act 3334:Layton, Lyndsey (21 October 2009). 3315:. Grocery Manufacturers Association 2212:USDA Agricultural Marketing Service 993:environmental impact of agriculture 477:Income shocks causing food poverty 3156:"Dietary Guidelines for Americans" 3058:9 CFR § 412.2(a)(1) (available at 2535:Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 1800:. 14 February 2012. Archived from 1323:and the National Organic Program: 1224:Food Safety and Inspection Service 735:Food Safety and Inspection Service 326:Long - large number of food miles 323:Short - small number of food miles 14: 2943:. US Food and Drug Administration 2581:. USDA Food and Nutrition Service 2095:. 9 February 2012. Archived from 1493:Grocery Manufacturers Association 1398:Council for Responsible Nutrition 1081:was signed into law by President 227:Food and Agriculture Organization 3472:10.1111/j.1467-8659.2003.00222.x 3282:"Council History and Background" 3240:"Child Care Nutrition Standards" 2883:. US Centers for Disease Control 1936:10.1111/j.1467-8659.2003.00222.x 1917:Maxwell, S.; Slater, R. (2003). 1605:enables people to have influence 1390:Dietary Guidelines for Americans 1350:No drugs or growth hormones used 1291:There are also requirements for 1088:Dietary Guidelines for Americans 639:Food policy in the United States 377:Local stall, shops, open markets 337:High proportion of pre-prepared 3619:2007–08 world food price crisis 3553:- Demystifying U.S. Food Labels 2989:US Food and Drug Administration 2461:"USDA COVID-19 Food Assistance" 2354:New England Journal of Medicine 2093:USDA Food and Nutrition Service 1410:Institute of Food Technologists 1216:Department of Homeland Security 1208:Environmental Protection Agency 853:Elements of federal food policy 156:Poultry Products Inspection Act 3419:Robert Wood Johnson Foundation 3296:"List of Food Policy Councils" 2963:"Pesticide Data Program (PDP)" 2726:US Centers for Disease Control 2065:. 2 April 2012. Archived from 1583:enables people to have dignity 1385:U.S. Department of Agriculture 1237:Agricultural Marketing Service 946:Congressional Research Service 523:Key international institutions 485:Safety nets, food-based relief 96:U.S. Department of Agriculture 19:For the academic journal, see 1: 3546:Food Safety Modernization Act 3526:- Healthy Food Policy Project 3086:10.1016/S0002-8223(02)90062-3 3018:USDA National Organic Program 2322:Egelko, Bob (28 April 2007). 1727:10.1016/j.foodpol.2006.02.002 1594:enables people to have rights 1586:promotes equality in general 1572:enables people to have status 1244:Food Safety Modernization Act 750:National School Lunch Program 298:Employment in the food sector 152:Agricultural Research Service 3020:. April 2008. Archived from 2821:Love, Drew (19 April 2011). 2800:10.1080/19320248.2010.527275 2273:David, Stephanie D. (2012). 1884:Agriculture and Human Values 1542:can be judged by whether it 1321:Organic Foods Production Act 1251:generally recognized as safe 1220:Food and Drug Administration 1073:and launched a new national 662:Food and Drug Administration 526:FAO, WFP, UNICEF, WHO, CGIAR 138:(FDA) in 1931. In 1938, the 136:Food and Drug Administration 3614:Toronto Food Policy Council 2702:Statement by Kathy Greenlee 2601:"USDA and COVID-19 Waivers" 2440:Congressional Budget Office 2247:Healey, Jon (13 May 2013). 2034:USFoodandDrugAdministration 1968:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014632 1295:labeling. According to the 1018:electronic benefit transfer 819:is the lead player; in the 128:Federal Meat Inspection Act 106:; developing standards for 3977: 3532:on the Farm Bill from the 3158:. USDA/HHS. Archived from 3132:. USDA/HHS. Archived from 2825:. Farmers Market Coalition 2761:10.1016/j.jada.2007.08.006 2291:10.1177/003335491212700610 2234:"USDA Food Loss and Waste" 2208:"National Organic Program" 2001:"The World is Getting Fat" 1690:Kluwer Academic Publishers 1597:promotes social inclusion 1519: 1509:advertising in video games 1408:, The Cancer Project, the 1406:American Heart Association 1258:(PDP) hosted by the USDA. 1065:with the enactment of the 974:The Incredible, Edible Egg 970:Pork. The Other White Meat 962:commodity checkoff program 923: 861: 742:Food and Nutrition Service 529:FAO, UNIDO, ILO, WHO, WTO 415:Chronic dietary diseases ( 374:Purchased food bought from 334:Mostly food cooked at home 110:; and campaigning for the 18: 3459:Development Policy Review 3455:"Food Policy Old and New" 3204:Health Education Research 2904:. March 2011. GAO-11-289. 1923:Development Policy Review 1919:"Food policy old and new" 1871:Global Food Policy Report 1537: 1478:Food industry initiatives 1203:General Accounting Office 1058:National School Lunch Act 797:Economic Research Service 619:, in relation to overall 507:Agricultural technology, 120:Bureau of Animal Industry 3935:Public policy by country 3569:Agricultural Act of 2014 3534:Farm Bill Law Enterprise 3415:"Cereal f.a.c.t.s. 2012" 3393:24 December 2012 at the 3254:"Food Service Standards" 1646:"What is a food policy?" 1602:promotes gender equality 1446:Non-profit organizations 1402:University of Washington 1137:Role of farmers' markets 1075:School Breakfast Program 1020:or EBT cards. SNAP is a 989:regenerative agriculture 817:Committee on Agriculture 813:House of Representatives 773:National Organic Program 331:Typical food preparation 309:Actors in food marketing 293:Mostly non-agricultural 3564:Advertising to children 3453:Maxwell, Simon (2003). 3440:"Food Marketing Review" 3373:28 October 2013 at the 2707:3 November 2016 at the 2480:18 October 2016 at the 2328:San Francisco Chronicle 2178:"Organic Certification" 1896:10.1023/A:1007580809588 1759:. London and New York: 1437:Advocacy and coalitions 1425:social ecological model 1307:USDA-regulated labeling 1183:Clostridium perfringens 1158:In broad policy terms, 941:United States farm bill 864:United States farm bill 683:Ensuring the safety of 339:meals, food eaten out 3905:Public policy doctrine 3486:Timmer, Peter (1983). 2620:1 January 2014 at the 2152:USDA ChooseMyPlate.gov 1564:reduces vulnerability 1505:Better Business Bureau 1316: 1275:FDA-regulated labeling 1256:Pesticide Data Program 1212:Department of Commerce 1136: 955:Agricultural economics 834:discretionary spending 716: 635:for improving health. 124:Pure Food and Drug Act 112:Pure Food and Drug Act 50: 3895:Public administration 3890:Evidence-based policy 2689:3 August 2014 at the 2367:10.1056/nejmhpr060227 1755:Wilde, Parke (2013). 1550:is good for nutrition 1362:Sustainably harvested 1314: 1285:nutrition facts label 1195:Staphylococcus aureus 920:Agricultural concerns 777:synthetic fertilizers 707: 455:Urban and rural poor 48: 21:Food Policy (journal) 16:Area of public policy 3910:Public policy school 3574:Agricultural subsidy 3489:Food Policy Analysis 3217:10.1093/her/17.5.500 3184:Journal of Nutrition 2722:"Obesity Statistics" 2635:"Nutrition Services" 1461:Food policy councils 1071:Special Milk Program 1034:Assistance Program ( 1007:Nutrition assistance 999:, and international 578:developing countries 556:. With increases in 546:developing countries 504:Focus of food policy 493:Fora for food policy 199:consumer protections 162:products shipped in 3961:Agricultural policy 3341:The Washington Post 2188:on 24 February 2017 2099:on 19 November 2012 1688:. The Netherlands: 1105:Older Americans Act 1067:Child Nutrition Act 937:deficiency payments 935:, supply controls, 789:genetic engineering 674:dietary supplements 570:developed countries 290:Mostly agricultural 164:interstate commerce 3530:Background Library 3256:. 7 February 2022. 1644:Drake University. 1608:underpins freedom 1591:is good for health 1317: 1022:mandatory spending 846:U.S. Supreme Court 829:mandatory spending 803:Legislative Branch 717: 409:Nutrition problems 387:Food safety issues 271:Food policy "new" 172:Wholesome Meat Act 51: 3943: 3942: 3868: 3861: 3854: 3815: 3808: 3779: 3772: 3753: 3746: 3739: 3732: 3725: 3718: 3711: 3697: 3348:on 9 October 2013 2755:(11): 1952–1961. 2547:10.1159/000066399 2502:(10): 1234–1239. 2496:Am. J. Dis. Child 2279:Public Health Rep 2253:Los Angeles Times 2214:. 7 February 2012 2158:on 13 August 2015 1999:Algazy, Jeffrey. 1770:978-1-84971-428-0 1612: 1611: 1338:Unregulated terms 1319:According to the 1288:lowest quantity. 1264:product liability 1206:delegated to the 1063:Lyndon B. Johnson 980:is very minimal. 678:foodborne illness 576:families, and in 562:physical activity 533: 532: 268:Food policy "old" 79:social safety net 59:developing nation 3968: 3900:Public budgeting 3864: 3857: 3850: 3811: 3804: 3777:Renewable energy 3775: 3768: 3749: 3742: 3735: 3728: 3721: 3714: 3707: 3693: 3648: 3641: 3634: 3625: 3551:Labels Unwrapped 3512: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3501: 3494: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3465:(5–6): 531–553. 3450: 3444: 3443: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3410: 3404: 3403:. December 2009. 3384: 3378: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3344:. Archived from 3331: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3309: 3300: 3299: 3298:. 28 April 2023. 3292: 3286: 3285: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3219: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3162:on 2 August 2014 3152: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3069: 3063: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3010: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2991:. 21 August 2009 2981: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2718: 2712: 2699: 2693: 2680: 2674: 2667: 2661: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2631: 2625: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2558: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2491: 2485: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2437: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2411:Choices Magazine 2407: 2398: 2392: 2389: 2380: 2379: 2369: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2302: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2184:. Archived from 2174: 2168: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2154:. Archived from 2144: 2135: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2026: 2020: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2005: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1979: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1938: 1929:(5–6): 531–553. 1914: 1908: 1907: 1879: 1873: 1868: 1862: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1823: 1817: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1790: 1775: 1774: 1752: 1731: 1730: 1710: 1704: 1703: 1681: 1666: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1641: 1553:offers security 1535: 1374:Dietary guidance 1143:farmers' markets 656:Executive Branch 594:chronic diseases 572:, especially in 542:planetary health 514:Competition and 263: 235:living standards 207:dietary guidance 104:adulterated food 3976: 3975: 3971: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3966: 3965: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3915:Policy analysis 3878: 3657: 3652: 3560: 3524:Policy Database 3520: 3515: 3505: 3503: 3502:on 5 March 2016 3499: 3492: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3395:Wayback Machine 3385: 3381: 3377:. 20 Oct. 2011. 3375:Wayback Machine 3365: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3318: 3316: 3311: 3310: 3303: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3165: 3163: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3057: 3053: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3027: 3025: 3024:on 27 July 2015 3012: 3011: 3004: 2994: 2992: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2961: 2960: 2956: 2946: 2944: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2924: 2922: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2886: 2884: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2828: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2731: 2729: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2709:Wayback Machine 2700: 2696: 2691:Wayback Machine 2681: 2677: 2668: 2664: 2658: 2654: 2644: 2642: 2641:on 26 June 2014 2633: 2632: 2628: 2622:Wayback Machine 2612: 2608: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2528: 2527: 2523: 2493: 2492: 2488: 2482:Wayback Machine 2472: 2468: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2444: 2442: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2416: 2414: 2405: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2383: 2360:(24): 2601–10. 2347: 2346: 2342: 2332: 2330: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2257: 2255: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2217: 2215: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2191: 2189: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2161: 2159: 2146: 2145: 2138: 2128: 2126: 2125:. 14 March 2012 2117: 2116: 2112: 2102: 2100: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2072: 2070: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2039: 2037: 2028: 2027: 2023: 2013: 2011: 2003: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1962:(10): e014632. 1949: 1948: 1944: 1916: 1915: 1911: 1881: 1880: 1876: 1869: 1865: 1855: 1853: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1835: 1831: 1824: 1820: 1807: 1805: 1792: 1791: 1778: 1771: 1754: 1753: 1734: 1712: 1711: 1707: 1700: 1683: 1682: 1669: 1659: 1657: 1656:on 4 March 2016 1643: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1617: 1533: 1524: 1518: 1501: 1489: 1480: 1463: 1439: 1434: 1376: 1340: 1309: 1277: 1272: 1156: 1139: 1127: 1115:Meals on Wheels 1100: 1098:Older Americans 1031: 1009: 985:organic farming 928: 922: 866: 860: 855: 842: 840:Judicial Branch 832:are considered 805: 748:(SNAP) and the 658: 650: 641: 590:life expectancy 558:food production 538: 432:Nutrient issues 412:Under-nutrition 315:Food companies 223: 215:food insecurity 108:food processing 100:Harvey W. Wiley 92: 87: 29:is the area of 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3974: 3972: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3948: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3937: 3932: 3930:Youth services 3927: 3922: 3920:Policy studies 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3870: 3869: 3862: 3855: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3817: 3816: 3809: 3806:Pharmaceutical 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3781: 3780: 3773: 3770:Nuclear energy 3761: 3756: 3755: 3754: 3747: 3740: 3733: 3726: 3719: 3712: 3700: 3699: 3698: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3674:Climate change 3671: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3658: 3653: 3651: 3650: 3643: 3636: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3527: 3519: 3518:External links 3516: 3514: 3513: 3478: 3445: 3431: 3405: 3379: 3359: 3326: 3301: 3287: 3273: 3259: 3245: 3231: 3210:(5): 500–511. 3190: 3173: 3147: 3121: 3099: 3080:(2): 260–266. 3064: 3051: 3035: 3002: 2976: 2954: 2932: 2906: 2894: 2872: 2850: 2836: 2813: 2794:(4): 403–415. 2774: 2739: 2728:. 10 July 2020 2713: 2694: 2675: 2662: 2652: 2626: 2606: 2592: 2570: 2521: 2486: 2466: 2452: 2424: 2393: 2381: 2340: 2314: 2285:(6): 598–601. 2265: 2239: 2225: 2199: 2169: 2136: 2110: 2080: 2069:on 7 June 2013 2050: 2021: 1991: 1942: 1909: 1890:(2): 141–150. 1874: 1863: 1841: 1829: 1818: 1804:on 25 May 2013 1794:"FSIS History" 1776: 1769: 1732: 1721:(4): 275–287. 1705: 1699:978-9024737345 1698: 1667: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1532: 1531:Criteria table 1529: 1520:Main article: 1517: 1514: 1500: 1497: 1488: 1487:Facts Up Front 1485: 1479: 1476: 1462: 1459: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1375: 1372: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1351: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1308: 1305: 1301:food allergies 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1228:slaughterhouse 1155: 1152: 1138: 1135: 1126: 1123: 1099: 1096: 1030: 1027: 1008: 1005: 950:Crop insurance 933:price supports 924:Main article: 921: 918: 917: 916: 913: 910: 906: 903: 900: 897: 894: 891: 888: 885: 882: 862:Main article: 859: 856: 854: 851: 841: 838: 804: 801: 702: 701: 696:Ensuring that 694: 688: 681: 670:food additives 657: 654: 649: 646: 640: 637: 537: 534: 531: 530: 527: 524: 520: 519: 512: 505: 501: 500: 497: 494: 490: 489: 486: 483: 479: 478: 475: 472: 468: 467: 464: 461: 457: 456: 453: 446: 442: 441: 438: 436:Micronutrients 433: 429: 428: 413: 410: 406: 405: 394: 388: 384: 383: 378: 375: 371: 370: 367: 364: 360: 359: 356:Processed food 353: 346: 342: 341: 335: 332: 328: 327: 324: 321: 317: 316: 313: 310: 306: 305: 302: 299: 295: 294: 291: 288: 284: 283: 280: 277: 273: 272: 269: 266: 238:Conference in 222: 219: 209:. The role of 91: 88: 86: 83: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3973: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3956:Food politics 3954: 3953: 3951: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3872: 3867: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3853: 3849: 3848: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3807: 3803: 3802: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3785:Environmental 3783: 3778: 3774: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3745: 3741: 3738: 3734: 3731: 3727: 3724: 3720: 3717: 3713: 3710: 3706: 3705: 3704: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3691: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3655:Public policy 3649: 3644: 3642: 3637: 3635: 3630: 3629: 3626: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3594:Global health 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3584:Food industry 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3498: 3491: 3490: 3482: 3479: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3449: 3446: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3420: 3416: 3409: 3406: 3402: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3389: 3383: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3369: 3363: 3360: 3347: 3343: 3342: 3337: 3330: 3327: 3314: 3308: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3283: 3277: 3274: 3269: 3263: 3260: 3255: 3249: 3246: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3194: 3191: 3187:. 140:1832–8. 3186: 3185: 3177: 3174: 3161: 3157: 3151: 3148: 3136:on 6 May 2015 3135: 3131: 3125: 3122: 3109: 3103: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3065: 3061: 3055: 3052: 3047: 3046: 3039: 3036: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3009: 3007: 3003: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2964: 2958: 2955: 2942: 2936: 2933: 2921: 2917: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2895: 2882: 2876: 2873: 2860: 2854: 2851: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2824: 2817: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2743: 2740: 2727: 2723: 2717: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2703: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2688: 2685: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2669:Colello, K. " 2666: 2663: 2656: 2653: 2640: 2636: 2630: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2610: 2607: 2602: 2596: 2593: 2580: 2574: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2525: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2476: 2470: 2467: 2462: 2456: 2453: 2441: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2413: 2412: 2404: 2397: 2394: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2344: 2341: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2269: 2266: 2254: 2250: 2243: 2240: 2235: 2229: 2226: 2213: 2209: 2203: 2200: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2173: 2170: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2124: 2120: 2114: 2111: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2084: 2081: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2035: 2031: 2025: 2022: 2009: 2002: 1995: 1992: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1946: 1943: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1913: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1867: 1864: 1851: 1850:"About IFPRI" 1845: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1822: 1819: 1815: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1709: 1706: 1701: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1640: 1637: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1614: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1530: 1528: 1523: 1522:Food politics 1516:Food politics 1515: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1496: 1494: 1486: 1484: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1373: 1371: 1369: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1345: 1337: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1324: 1322: 1313: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1274: 1270:Food labeling 1269: 1267: 1265: 1259: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1197: 1196: 1191: 1190: 1189:Campylobacter 1185: 1184: 1179: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1153: 1151: 1149: 1144: 1134: 1132: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1089: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1006: 1004: 1002: 1001:food security 998: 997:food vs. fuel 994: 990: 986: 981: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 958: 956: 951: 947: 942: 938: 934: 927: 919: 914: 911: 907: 904: 901: 898: 895: 892: 889: 886: 883: 880: 879: 878: 875: 872: 865: 858:The farm bill 857: 852: 850: 847: 839: 837: 835: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 802: 800: 798: 792: 790: 786: 782: 781:sewage sludge 778: 774: 769: 766: 762: 758: 753: 751: 747: 743: 738: 736: 731: 729: 724: 722: 714: 710: 706: 699: 695: 693: 692:contamination 689: 686: 682: 679: 675: 671: 667: 666: 665: 663: 655: 653: 647: 645: 638: 636: 634: 633:dietary fiber 630: 626: 622: 621:energy intake 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 597: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 574:middle income 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 535: 528: 525: 522: 521: 517: 513: 510: 506: 503: 502: 498: 495: 492: 491: 487: 484: 481: 480: 476: 473: 470: 469: 465: 462: 459: 458: 454: 451: 447: 445:Food insecure 444: 443: 439: 437: 434: 431: 430: 426: 422: 421:heart disease 418: 414: 411: 408: 407: 403: 399: 395: 392: 389: 386: 385: 382: 379: 376: 373: 372: 368: 365: 362: 361: 357: 354: 351: 347: 344: 343: 340: 336: 333: 330: 329: 325: 322: 319: 318: 314: 312:Grain traders 311: 308: 307: 303: 300: 297: 296: 292: 289: 286: 285: 282:Mostly urban 281: 278: 275: 274: 270: 267: 265: 264: 261: 259: 253: 251: 250:food security 246: 241: 236: 232: 228: 220: 218: 216: 212: 208: 204: 203:food labeling 200: 196: 191: 188: 183: 182: 178:Following an 176: 173: 168: 165: 161: 157: 153: 148: 145: 141: 137: 131: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 89: 84: 82: 80: 76: 75:United States 71: 68: 62: 60: 56: 47: 43: 41: 37: 36:food labeling 32: 31:public policy 28: 22: 3883:Other topics 3789: 3669:Agricultural 3589:Food systems 3504:. Retrieved 3497:the original 3488: 3481: 3462: 3458: 3448: 3434: 3422:. Retrieved 3408: 3400:Children Now 3398: 3382: 3362: 3350:. Retrieved 3346:the original 3339: 3329: 3317:. Retrieved 3290: 3276: 3262: 3248: 3234: 3207: 3203: 3193: 3182: 3176: 3164:. Retrieved 3160:the original 3150: 3138:. Retrieved 3134:the original 3124: 3112:. Retrieved 3102: 3077: 3073: 3067: 3054: 3044: 3038: 3026:. Retrieved 3022:the original 3017: 2993:. Retrieved 2988: 2979: 2967:. Retrieved 2957: 2945:. Retrieved 2935: 2923:. Retrieved 2919: 2909: 2897: 2885:. Retrieved 2875: 2863:. Retrieved 2853: 2839: 2827:. Retrieved 2816: 2791: 2787: 2777: 2752: 2748: 2742: 2730:. Retrieved 2716: 2697: 2678: 2665: 2655: 2643:. Retrieved 2639:the original 2629: 2609: 2595: 2583:. Retrieved 2573: 2541:(1): 24–30. 2538: 2534: 2524: 2499: 2495: 2489: 2469: 2455: 2443:. Retrieved 2427: 2415:. Retrieved 2409: 2396: 2357: 2353: 2343: 2331:. Retrieved 2327: 2317: 2282: 2278: 2268: 2256:. Retrieved 2252: 2242: 2228: 2216:. 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Suppl 1. 2089:"About FNS" 1715:Food Policy 1660:28 February 1540:food system 1472:FPN project 1455:OpenSecrets 1383:within the 1210:(EPA), the 1160:food safety 1154:Food safety 785:irradiation 765:food groups 698:food labels 685:animal feed 625:dietary fat 554:kwashiorkor 440:Fat; sugar 402:listeriosis 352:, unbranded 195:food safety 154:(ARS). The 98:. In 1883, 67:food prices 27:Food policy 3950:Categories 3925:Regulation 3866:Technology 3730:Investment 3723:Industrial 3424:5 December 3319:5 December 3166:5 December 3140:5 December 3114:5 December 3110:. USDA/HHS 2865:5 December 2829:5 December 2645:5 December 2585:5 December 2445:5 December 2417:5 December 2333:5 December 2258:5 December 2119:"About Us" 2010:. 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