135:
438:. This can vary greatly with geographic location; for instance, an Iowa-based study failed to find problems in purchasing food among the elderly in rural open country and towns, as those without their own transportation relied on family, friends, and senior services. A separate study found a slight difference in urban areas with elderly who did not own a car. Aside from transportation, the kind and quality of available food can also shape food choices if a person lives in a so-called "
274:
205:, November 2014) states that "the nutritional status of older adults relates to their quality of life, ability to live independently, and their risk for developing costly chronic illnesses. An aging adult’s nutritional well-being can be affected by multiple socio-environmental factors, including access to healthy and affordable foods, congregate meal sites, and nutritious selections at restaurants. The
180:, the study found that "... Caucasians demonstrated higher percentages of preference for 9 of 13 food groups including pasta, meat, and fresh fruit", and recommended that "... To improve the quality of the ENP, and to increase dietary compliance of the older adults to the programs, the nutritional services require a strategic meal plan that solicits and incorporates older adults' food preferences".
458:
379:—a person's food preferences might become affected. With certain diseases, individuals can develop specific preferences or distaste for various types of food that were not present before onset. For example, people with Alzheimer's disease may experience many big and small changes as a result of their symptoms. One change identified by Suszynski in "How
33:
321:(NAS). Approaches to minimize food avoidance and promote changes to the diets of people with eating difficulties due to oral health conditions are needed desperately, because without being able to chew or take in food properly, their health is affected dramatically, and their food preferences are limited greatly (too soft or liquids only).
264:
These physical changes can be considered when assessing why an older person might not be getting the nutrition they need. As taste buds change with age, certain foods might not be seen as appetizing. For example, a study done by Dr. Phyllis B. Grzegorczyk concluded that as people age, their sense for
445:
Social network type can also affect individuals' food choices in our elderly population. For example, one study showed that someone with a larger social network and lower economic status is more likely to have proper nutrition than someone who has a smaller social network and higher economic status.
430:
In some areas, homebound seniors receive one meal per day (several fresh and frozen meals may be included in a single delivery) from communities that offer congregate meals, or meals served in community settings such as senior centers, churches, or senior housing communities. These congregate meal
324:
Due to varying factors in older adults' physical and mental well-being, eating choices can become more restricted. Many elderly people are forced into eating softer foods, foods that incorporate fiber and protein, drinking calcium-packed liquids, and so on. Six of the leading causes of death for
387:
of a patient with dementia, which contain the receptors for taste. Since the experience of flavor is significantly altered, people with dementia can often change their eating habits and take on entirely new food preferences. In this study, the researchers found that these dementia patients had
155:
Meals and preferences for 13 food groups, including fresh fruit, chicken, soup, salad, vegetables, potatoes, meat, sandwiches, pasta, canned fruit, legumes, deli meats, and ethnic foods, were assessed in order to gain a general impression of people's dietary habits and food preferences. After
410:
A survey based on self-reporting found that many rural elderly Iowans adopted eating habits that provided inadequate levels of some key nutrients, and most did not take supplements to correct the deficiencies. In contrast, a restaurant study found that the impact of a lifestyle of health and
358:
There is not enough evidence to confidently recommend the use of any form of carbohydrate in preventing or reducing cognitive decline in older adults with normal cognition or mild cognitive impairment. More evidence is needed to evaluate memory improvement and find nutritional issues due to
217:
have identified an older adult's access to a balanced diet to be critical for the prevention of disease and promotion of nutritional wellness so that quality of life and independence can be maintained throughout the aging process and excessive health care costs can be reduced".
285:. In a study conducted by the ENP, preferences of male and female subjects were identified in the following 13 individual food groups: fresh fruit, chicken, soup, salad, vegetables, potatoes, meat, sandwiches, pasta, canned fruit, legumes, deli meats, and ethnic groups.
242:. "Young" subjects ranged from 18 to 35 years of age, and "elderly" subjects were defined as 65 years of age or older. There were more females than males in the study, but there were approximately equal proportions of males and females in the two age groups.
426:
The environment can greatly impact the food preferences of older adults. Those around 75 years old and older are more likely to suffer from limited mobility due to health conditions, and often rely on others for food shopping and preparation.
351:, with a consequent reduced need to eat. In addition, they tend to have existing diseases and/or take medications that interfere with nutrient absorption. Based on their research dietary requirements, one study developed a modified
291:
Another study by the Monell
Chemical Senses Center concluded that females had significantly more cravings for sweets and for chocolate than males; and the study results suggested that males had more cravings or preferences for
367:
The impact of certain diseases can also impact the quality of the food in the elderly population, especially those that are in care facilities. Certain risk factors include conditions that impair cognitive function, such as
317:, are correlated with significant differences in dietary quality, which is a measure of the quality of the diet using a total of eight recommendations regarding the consumption of foods and nutrients from the
1076:
341:, have nutrition-related causes and/or respond favorably to nutrition interventions. These six illnesses can implement certain restrictions and heavily influence the diet of elderly persons.
388:
trouble identifying flavors and appeared to have lost the ability to remember tastes, therefore leading to a theory that dementia caused the patients to lose their knowledge of flavors.
347:
At the 2010 "Providing
Healthy and Safe Foods As We Age" conference sponsored by the Institute of Medicine, Dr. Katherine Tucker noted that the elderly are less active and have lower
245:
The study observed that younger females had stronger cravings for sweets than elderly females. Possible causes considered for this difference were the younger female test subjects'
288:
Through this study, it was apparent that older males were "significantly more likely to prefer deli meats, meat, legumes, canned fruit, and ethnic foods compared to females".
548:
414:
Other research has found that adults, regardless of age, will tend to increase fruit and vegetable consumption following a diagnosis of breast, prostate, or colorectal
821:
Jung SE, Lawrence J, Hermann J, McMahon A (2020). "Application of the Theory of
Planned Behavior to Predict Nutrition Students' Intention to Work with Older Adults".
149:(ENP). The ENP was implemented in 1972 to explore how food preferences varied depending on biological sex and ethnic groups, the goal being to improve the quality of
238:, and their desire for different types of food can change throughout that person's life. 50 young adults and 48 elderly adults participated in a study by the
253:. The study also postulated that "... Ninety-one percent (91%) of the cycle-associated cravings were said to occur in the second half of the cycle (between
1371:
Kim CO (January 2016). "Food choice patterns among frail older adults: The associations between social network, food choice values, and diet quality".
344:
Declines in physical health, such as conditions like arthritis, can also cause deterioration in diet due to difficulties in preparing and eating food.
1344:
Fitzpatrick K, Greenhalgh-Stanley N, Ver Ploeg M (2016). "The Impact of Food
Deserts on Food Insufficiency and SNAP Participation among the Elderly".
145:
Research in this area is usually done in order to examine the variables that cause the elderly to change their food preferences; an example is the
134:
774:"Association between dietary quality of rural older adults and self-reported food avoidance and food modification due to oral health problems"
990:"Carbohydrates for improving the cognitive performance of independent-living older adults with normal cognition or mild cognitive impairment"
931:
1224:
Kim MJ, Lee CK, Kim WG, Kim JM (2013). "Relationships
Between Lifestyle Of Health And Sustainability And Healthy Food Choices For Seniors".
309:
Some older people avoid certain foods or are unwilling to modify their diets due to oral health problems. These issues, such as ill-fitting
51:
43:
1430:
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206:
326:
102:
can change throughout one's lifetime, particularly when people approach the age of 70 or beyond. Influencing variables can include:
69:
555:
372:. When a person falls victim to a condition that limits mental capacity, mortality risk can rise if due care is not implemented.
214:
210:
391:
Psychological conditions can also affect elderly eating habits. For instance, the length of widowhood may affect nutrition.
239:
188:
There are multiple factors in an elderly person's life that can affect food preferences. Aspects like their environment,
318:
126:
have been performed to explain why people like or dislike certain foods and what factors may affect these preferences.
1185:"Inadequate nutrient intakes are common and are associated with low diet variety in rural, community-dwelling elderly"
404:
123:
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Impeded access to transportation may also be an issue for elderly persons, especially in rural areas where there is
522:
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200:
107:
583:
Song HJ, Simon JR, Patel DU (March 21, 2014). "Food preferences of older adults in senior nutrition programs".
502:
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139:
435:
17:
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Brewster PW, Melrose RJ, Marquine MJ, Johnson JK, Napoles A, MacKay-Brandt A, et al. (November 2014).
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639:
527:
376:
334:
407:
involved in their eating habits. Dietary choices are often a result of personal beliefs and preferences.
1283:
Bitto EA, Morton LW, Oakland MJ, Sand M (2003). "Grocery Store Access
Patterns in Rural Food Deserts".
411:
sustainability on healthy food choices is much stronger for senior diners than for non-senior diners.
392:
644:
196:, and lifestyle choices can all contribute to the individual taste and/or habits of elderly people.
1425:
924:
Institute of
Medicine (US) Food Forum. Providing Healthy and Safe Foods As We Age: Workshop Summary
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156:
adjusting for variables, older male subjects were found to be significantly more likely to prefer
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Health and social aid can be instrumental in introducing positive change for those at risk.
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programs are encouraged to offer these elderly people a meal at least five times per week.
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Savoca MR, Arcury TA, Leng X, Chen H, Bell RA, Anderson AM, et al. (July 2010).
189:
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628:"Life experience and demographic influences on cognitive function in older adults"
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Field K, Duizer LM (2016-08-01). "Food
Sensory Properties and the Older Adult".
487:
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Vafaei Z, Mokhtari H, Sadooghi Z, Meamar R, Chitsaz A, Moeini M (March 2013).
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1144:"Malnutrition is associated with depression in rural elderly population"
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Quandt SA, McDonald J, Arcury TA, Bell RA, Vitolins MZ (February 2000).
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690:
Pelchat ML (April 1997). "Food cravings in young and elderly adults".
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As a result of certain mental health conditions and/or diseases—like
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1103:"Nutritional self-management of elderly widows in rural communities"
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An article about
Influences on Cognitive Function in Older Adults (
1252:"Summary Health Statistics: National Health Interview Survey 2014"
949:"Modified Food Guide Pyramid for people over seventy years of age"
549:"Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion (CNPP) | USDA-FNS"
395:
in elderly people is also associated with a risk of malnutrition.
272:
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871:"Fruit and vegetable intake among older adults: a scoping review"
737:(November 1979). "Age-related differences in salt taste acuity".
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150:
282:
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International
Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management
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Marshall TA, Stumbo PJ, Warren JJ, Xie XJ (August 2001).
325:
older adults, including cardiovascular disease, cancer,
947:
Russell RM, Rasmussen H, Lichtenstein AH (March 1999).
86:
considers how people's dietary experiences change with
920:"Chapter 5: Diet Quality Issues for Aging Populations"
281:
There are differences in food preferences between the
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and the fact that elderly women may have gone through
926:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press (US).
988:Ooi CP, Loke SC, Yassin Z, Hamid TA (April 2011).
864:
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823:Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics
585:Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics
403:Elderly people, like all people, have different
176:compared to females. In addition, compared with
1261:. National Center for Health Statistics. 2014
8:
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84:food preferences in older adults and seniors
18:Food preferences in older adults and seniors
994:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1346:American Journal of Agricultural Economics
778:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
1285:Journal for the Study of Food and Society
1259:Center for Disease Control and Prevention
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869:Nicklett EJ, Kadell AR (August 2013).
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265:tasting salty foods slowly goes away.
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498:Illnesses related to poor nutrition
422:Social environment and conditioning
207:Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
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42:tone or style may not reflect the
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1325:. Maryland Health Care Commission
327:chronic lower respiratory disease
114:and/or personal habits, and also
790:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.02909.x
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52:guide to writing better articles
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887:10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.05.005
215:Society for Nutrition Education
130:The science of food preferences
1006:10.1002/14651858.cd007220.pub2
211:American Society for Nutrition
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835:10.1080/21551197.2019.1664967
240:Monell Chemical Senses Center
184:Influences on food preference
597:10.1080/21551197.2013.875502
319:National Academy of Sciences
1385:10.1016/j.appet.2015.09.015
1447:
1431:Eating behaviors of humans
1297:10.2752/152897903786769616
1039:Journal of Texture Studies
733:Grzegorczyk PB, Jones SW,
523:Research into centenarians
436:less public transportation
1238:10.1108/09596111311322925
147:Elderly Nutrition Program
1189:The Journal of Nutrition
953:The Journal of Nutrition
503:List of nutrition guides
222:Younger vs. older adults
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561:on August 24, 2014
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124:Scientific studies
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60:November 2014
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