456:
32:
629:, a process that may also contribute to the high energy demand. Since filtered proteins may become entrapped and accumulate under podocyte cell body and major processes, a hypothesized strategy to facilitate the removal of these stagnant proteins involves a cyclical movement of podocytes, allowing trapped proteins to be dispersed from the subpodocyte space into the filtrate.
499:
1081:
1071:
82:
248:
1293:, which can be attributed to the presence of residual microscopic ERM remnants and the potential role of MĂĽller cell footplates in the internal limiting membrane (ILM) in facilitating further cell proliferation and membrane formation. Minimising recurrence can therefore be achieved through peeling the underlying ILM together with the ERM.
1117:
811:
775:
1243:(CSF) through the brain parenchyma from para-arterial to para-venous spaces, and thus AQP4 channels facilitate the clearance of waste products from the brain, thereby preventing their accumulation. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), a disruption in the polarity of AQP4 can cause buildup of waste products, such as
1296:
However, ILM peeling may result in the unintended damage of MĂĽller cells, thereby increasing the risk of complications such as development of dissociated optic nerve fiber layer (DONFL), probably due to trauma to MĂĽller cell footplate, and concomitant alterations in the nerve fiber layer and ganglion
569:, astrocytic endfeet are loaded and packed with elongated and branched mitochondria. This represents a marked departure from the typical pattern, wherein mitochondria generally tend to become smaller as their distance from the cell body increases, particularly within the fine branches and branchlets.
1158:
As a result, podocytes undergo cytoskeletal reorganization, resulting in the formation of a robust, basal cytoskeletal network that is tightly adhered to the GBM in order to minimize the risk of podocyte detachment. Even in cases of extensive FPE, recovery from effacement is possible if the disease
1112:
The podocyte cell bodies no longer maintain their typical position "floating" within the filtrate above the GBM. Instead, they become broadly adherent to it, resulting in the near-complete obliteration of the subpodocyte space, the region beneath the podocyte cell body and major processes.
3007:
Guidotti, LG; Inverso, D; Sironi, L; Di Lucia, P; Fioravanti, J; Ganzer, L; Fiocchi, A; Vacca, M; Aiolfi, R; Sammicheli, S; Mainetti, M; Cataudella, T; Raimondi, A; Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza, G; Protzer, U; Ruggeri, ZM; Chisari, FV; Isogawa, M; Sitia, G; Iannacone, M (23 April 2015).
1105:(FPE) is a pathological condition, where foot processes of podocytes withdraw from their usual interdigitating position, retract into the primary processes of podocytes, and eventually fuse with the cell bodies, resulting in the formation of broad sheet-like extensions over the
603:
for their energy supply, which may be beneficial as glycolysis offers the advantage of being unrestricted by a maximum capacity. Mitochondria, on the other hand, have a maximal limit, that renders them incapable of generating additional energy upon increased demand.
907:. Subsequent maturation of these microvessels involves the recruitment of pericytes. The presence of pericytes surrounding blood vessels is often associated with the inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation and the stabilization of newly formed microvessels.
428:: The predominant cytoskeletal element within astrocyte processes at birth is microtubules. However, as these cells mature, a significant shift occurs, with microtubules being almost completely replaced by intermediate filaments (IFs), predominantly comprised of
1212:
Since NMOSD targets MĂĽller cells, which provide trophic support to the retina, and have a heightened expression of AQP4 in their foot processes facing blood vessels, it is evident that NMOSD can have a more severe impact on visual acuity.
572:
However, while fine astrocytic perisynaptic processes can only house the smallest mitochondria, perivascular endfeet present a notable exception, and they can accommodate significantly more complex and ramified mitochondria. In cases of
1235:
Recent studies have revealed a correlation between multiple neurological disorders, and the loss of AQP4 polarity (i.e. when AQP4 are widely distributed throughout the astrocyte, instead of its typical localization at the endfeet).
596:. The absence of mitochondria in foot processes can be attributed to the apparent size disparity, since mitochondria are generally larger than foot processes (The diameter of foot processes of normal podocytes can be under 250 nm).
607:
Podocytes require a significant amount of energy to preserve the structural integrity of their foot processes, given the substantial mechanical stress they endure during the glomerular filtration process.
2311:
GÓ§bel, J; Engelhardt, E; Pelzer, P; Sakthivelu, V; Jahn, HM; Jevtic, M; Folz-Donahue, K; Kukat, C; Schauss, A; Frese, CK; Giavalisco, P; Ghanem, A; Conzelmann, KK; Motori, E; Bergami, M (7 April 2020).
922:, all are hallmarks of DR. Abnormal changes in pericyte mechanical stiffness can impair their ability to maintain the arrest of capillary endothelial cell growth, which may be involved in angiogenesis,
946:
to reach infected organs. This process involves rolling along the endothelial surface, firm adhesion to the endothelium, and subsequent extravasation into the surrounding tissue. Nevertheless, in the
1282:(ILM), allowing microglial cells to migrate through the disrupted retinal architecture and interact with other cells at the vitreo-retinal interface, ultimately contributing to the formation of ERM.
980:
CD8 T-cells, encountering platelet aggregates within liver sinusoids, are arrested and actively migrate along these sinusoids. They stretch out foot processes through the sinusoidal pores into the
888:, recent studies have highlighted the significance of direct physical interactions in facilitating coordinated cellular responses. For example, pericyte secondary processes establish contact with
795:
into the urinary ultrafiltrate. Podocytes establish a selective barrier between their foot processes, allowing only molecules of appropriate size and charge to traverse. The negatively charged
1232:, that prevent diffusion of membrane molecules. In order to maintain their polarization and orientation towards blood vessels, AQP4 channels must be securely anchored by specialized proteins.
366:
in order to produce sufficient force to promote the development of significant protrusions and motility. As a result, lamellipodia are predominantly actin-based rather than microtubule-based.
1221:
AQP4 exhibits a polarized distribution in astrocytes, with a 10-times higher concentration in astrocytic endfeet, which are in contact with blood vessels, compared to non-endfoot regions.
2084:"Low-Intensity Blue Light Exposure Reduces Melanopsin Expression in Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells and Damages Mitochondria in Retinal Ganglion Cells in Wistar Rats"
1496:
Martin, CE; Phippen, NJ; Keyvani Chahi, A; Tilak, M; Banerjee, SL; Lu, P; New, LA; Williamson, CR; Platt, MJ; Simpson, JA; Krendel, M; Bisson, N; Gingras, AC; Jones, N (August 2022).
3189:
Gigengack, NK; Oertel, FC; Motamedi, S; Bereuter, C; Duchow, A; Rust, R; Bellmann-Strobl, J; Ruprecht, K; Schmitz-HĂĽbsch, T; Paul, F; Brandt, AU; Zimmermann, HG (20 October 2022).
637:
Foot processes are integral to the structure of diverse membranes and sheaths, and perivascular cells play a crucial role in the formation and maintenance of organ-blood barriers:
663:
Pericytes and astrocytes endfeet (Astrocytic foot processes envelop the abluminal surface of brain capillaries, accounting for 70% to nearly 100% of their total surface area).
287:
share many physiological properties due to their large surface areas and intricate network of primary and secondary processes that wrap around their associated capillaries.
1675:
The myelin sheath that protects axons is composed of foot processes of oligodendrocytes, supported by astrocytes that maintain homeostasis and form the blood-brain barrier.
513:(GFAP) reveals distinct morphological changes in MĂĽller cell foot processes. In normal retinas on the left, GFAP expression is predominantly localized to the innermost
2123:
Gyarmati, G; Shroff, UN; Riquier-Brison, A; Kriz, W; Kaissling, B; Neal, CR; Arkill, KP; Ahmadi, N; Gill, IS; Moon, JY; Desposito, D; Peti-Peterdi, J (1 March 2021).
615:. Concurrently, fluid flow shear stress is generated by the movement of glomerular ultrafiltrate, exerting a tangential force on the surface of these foot processes.
2228:"Preserving and enhancing mitochondrial function after stroke to protect and repair the neurovascular unit: novel opportunities for nanoparticle-based drug delivery"
611:
Dynamic changes in glomerular capillary pressure exert both tensile and stretching forces on podocyte foot processes, and can lead to mechanical strain on their
1023:. Traditionally, microglia have been characterized as existing in two distinct morphological states that correlate with changes in their functional properties:
622:
expenditure to maintain their structure and cytoskeletal organization, counteract the elevated glomerular capillary pressure and stabilize the capillary wall.
279:
The arborization and branching of foot processes are one of the features responsible for the structural and functional similarities among various cell types.
211:, can also extend their foot processes to contact areas of capillaries that are devoid of astrocyte endfeet, and thereby contribute to the formation of the
1483:
Astrocytes in the brain project foot processes (i.e., astrocytic endfeet) that envelop blood vessels, neurons, and the pia mater to form the glia limitans.
2226:
Novorolsky, RJ; Kasheke, GDS; Hakim, A; Foldvari, M; Dorighello, GG; Sekler, I; Vuligonda, V; Sanders, ME; Renden, RB; Wilson, JJ; Robertson, GS (2023).
444:, have enabled the precise targeting of, and are currently used to identify, visualize and localize specific marker proteins in foot processes, such as
1254:
This also explains why patients with NMSOD are at higher risk of developing AD, since damage of AQP4 in NMSOD may impair clearance of amyloid-beta.
1155:
can damage the attachment of the actin cytoskeleton in foot processes to the GBM, thereby increasing the risk of podocyte detachment from the GBM.
1608:
719:
Foot processes of certain mural cells possess the capability to regulate the diameter of their associated blood vessels. Through the processes of
778:
Vasoactive modulators, released from astrocytic endfeet, act on smooth muscle cells in arterioles, and pericytes in capillaries to regulate the
1172:
1144:. FPE is hypothesized to be an adaptive mechanism in response to glomerular stress, rather than a mere consequence of cell injury and disease.
1822:
Del Pinto, R; Mulè, G; Vadalà , M; Carollo, C; Cottone, S; Agabiti Rosei, C; De
Ciuceis, C; Rizzoni, D; Ferri, C; Muiesan, ML (25 May 2022).
818:
that contribute to the selective filtration of solutes across the glomerular barrier, thereby maintaining fluid homeostasis within the body.
3352:
Tuifua, TS; Sood, AB; Abraham, JR; Srivastava, SK; Kaiser, PK; Sharma, S; Rachitskaya, A; Singh, RP; Reese, J; Ehlers, JP (December 2021).
1498:"Complementary Nck1/2 Signaling in Podocytes Controls α Actinin-4-Mediated Actin Organization, Adhesion, and Basement Membrane Composition"
562:, within such cells, demonstrate a non-uniform distribution, and can be strategically localized in regions with the greatest energy needs.
114:) are specialized terminal protrusive cellular extensions that may exhibit a pyramidal or finger-like morphology. They are most evident in
3354:"Epiretinal Membrane Surgery Using Intraoperative OCT-Guided Membrane Removal in the DISCOVER Study versus Conventional Membrane Removal"
1301:(iOCT)-guided ERM removal is an alternative approach that may minimize the risk of recurrence without the need for routine ILM peeling.
1618:
1690:"Immune-vascular mural cell interactions: consequences for immune cell trafficking, cerebral blood flow, and the blood-brain barrier"
1331:
977:. This aggregation is believed to serve as a mechanism for trapping pathogens and promoting their elimination by the immune system.
581:
disruption, there is even further augmentation in mitochondrial number and density within astrocytic endfeet in order to facilitate
558:
In cells with unique architecture, energy requirements can vary significantly among different cellular compartments. As a result,
3049:
Vidal-Itriago, A; Radford, RAW; Aramideh, JA; Maurel, C; Scherer, NM; Don, EK; Lee, A; Chung, RS; Graeber, MB; Morsch, M (2022).
1159:
resolves or with therapeutic intervention, and podocytes can restore their foot processes to their normal interdigitating state.
491:
400:: They are located in the proximal regions of the ramified processes of oligodendrocytes, that extend outward from the cell body.
759:
510:
445:
429:
1187:(AQP4). These antibodies initiate a complement-dependent inflammatory cascade, culminating in tissue damage and destruction.
915:
658:
1275:
1133:
1298:
1121:
1106:
626:
483:
885:
1906:"Assessment of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Concentration in Children with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome"
298:
exhibit comparable morphological features, and molecular machinery as they both share similar proteins found at both
1583:
Endfeet are enlarged astrocytic compartments that appear to be specialized for the direct interaction with vessels.
1279:
3145:"Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder"
669:
310:. This analogy between them is further supported by their shared vulnerability to pathological conditions such as
2179:"Glycolysis, but not Mitochondria, responsible for intracellular ATP distribution in cortical area of podocytes"
1537:
Foot processes are actin-rich terminal projections that interdigitate to encapsulate the glomerular vasculature.
318:, both of which are characterized by reduction and damage of dendritic spines and foot processes respectively.
263:. For example, microglia can use their primary processes to constantly monitor and evaluate alterations in the
236:, which are long slender pointed extensions, is that lamellipodia and filopodia are especially significant for
588:
On the contrary, foot processes of podocytes are devoid of mitochondria, and mitochondria are confined to the
578:
2961:
Hammes, HP; Lin, J; Renner, O; Shani, M; Lundqvist, A; Betsholtz, C; Brownlee, M; Deutsch, U (October 2002).
335:
elements. While cellular processes can be supported by any of the three major components of the cytoskeleton—
259:
However, foot processes can also be found on a larger "macro" scale, occupying relatively large areas of the
1904:
Badeński, A; Badeńska, M; Świętochowska, E; Didyk, A; Morawiec-Knysak, A; Szczepańska, M (14 October 2022).
997:
973:
have been observed to form clusters within the sinusoids of the liver and adhere to the surface of infected
943:
441:
1266:(ERM) is a pathological condition, where a greyish semi-translucent membrane progressively grows over the
1129:
1020:
845:
619:
574:
566:
315:
311:
1206:
1055:
They scan the central nervous system, and establish contacts with neurons, astrocytes and blood vessels.
344:
1289:
with membrane peel. However, despite the apparent complete removal of the ERM, there remains a risk of
2363:"Super-Resolution Microscopy: A Technique to Revolutionize Research and Diagnosis of Glomerulopathies"
1824:"Arterial Hypertension and the Hidden Disease of the Eye: Diagnostic Tools and Therapeutic Strategies"
1148:
1137:
981:
927:
911:
896:, where pericyte processes extend inward, forming indentations within the endothelial cell membrane.
437:
2412:"Mitochondrial quality control and its emerging role in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease"
903:, newly formed microvessels typically consist of rapidly dividing endothelial cells and an immature
462:
offers a powerful approach to visualizing the glomerular filtration barrier. By employing multiplex
240:, and they are "macro" membrane protrusions. In contrast, many foot processes usually interact with
1263:
1240:
779:
681:
654:
582:
525:. However, on the right, there is a marked increase in GFAP-positive fibers, indicating pronounced
502:
94:
452:. Such techniques can be used to stain and study cells or identify relevant pathological changes.
2177:
Ozawa, S; Ueda, S; Imamura, H; Mori, K; Asanuma, K; Yanagita, M; Nakagawa, T (18 December 2015).
1202:
1176:
923:
732:
463:
358:
Microtubules are generally unable to generate the force required by lamellipodia for large-scale
331:
One key distinction between cellular processes and lamellipodia lies in the composition of their
2914:"Pericyte-endothelial crosstalk: implications and opportunities for advanced cellular therapies"
2314:"Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Contacts in Reactive Astrocytes Promote Vascular Remodeling"
625:
It has also been suggested that podocytes may possess a reasonable degree of mobility along the
618:
In order to preserve their intricate foot process architecture, podocytes require a substantial
1058:
Exhibiting a high degree of motility, they migrate to the lesion site and demonstrate a potent
799:
coating the foot processes facing the urinary space further enhances this barrier, creating an
3383:
3332:
3305:
3264:
3220:
3166:
3122:
3072:
3031:
2984:
2943:
2894:
2840:
2799:
2758:
2717:
2668:
2619:
2575:
2526:
2485:
2441:
2392:
2343:
2293:
2249:
2208:
2154:
2105:
2064:
2020:
1971:
1927:
1886:
1845:
1804:
1760:
1719:
1665:
1614:
1573:
1527:
1473:
1432:
1383:
1327:
1152:
1019:, exhibit remarkable plasticity, enabling them to perform a diverse range of roles within the
904:
791:
Podocytes, through their intricate network of foot processes, strictly control the passage of
241:
3373:
3365:
3295:
3254:
3210:
3202:
3156:
3112:
3062:
3021:
2974:
2933:
2925:
2884:
2876:
2830:
2789:
2748:
2707:
2699:
2658:
2650:
2609:
2565:
2557:
2516:
2475:
2431:
2423:
2382:
2374:
2333:
2325:
2283:
2239:
2198:
2190:
2144:
2136:
2095:
2054:
2010:
2002:
1961:
1917:
1876:
1835:
1794:
1750:
1709:
1701:
1655:
1647:
1563:
1517:
1509:
1463:
1422:
1414:
1373:
1365:
989:
939:
770:
and pericytes in capillaries, leading to the vasodilation and vasoconstriction respectively.
755:
720:
1209:
as a secondary consequence. In contrast, MS primarily involves inflammatory demyelination.
529:
and thickening of MĂĽller cell processes. These hypertrophic processes extended through the
1141:
881:
419:
389:
200:
72:
56:
3191:"Structure-function correlates of vision loss in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders"
2614:
2597:
2436:
2411:
1660:
1635:
1378:
1353:
1190:
Given that AQP4 is primarily expressed on perivascular astrocytic foot processes in the
3378:
3353:
3284:"The risk of dementia in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder"
3215:
3190:
2938:
2913:
2889:
2864:
2712:
2687:
2663:
2638:
2570:
2545:
2387:
2362:
2338:
2313:
2203:
2178:
2149:
2124:
2015:
1991:"Dysregulated Dynein-Mediated Trafficking of Nephrin Causes INF2-related Podocytopathy"
1990:
1714:
1689:
1522:
1497:
1427:
1402:
1271:
1229:
951:
800:
792:
731:
Contraction of foot processes that encircle capillaries as in pericytes, which possess
381:
363:
359:
352:
237:
192:
180:
2546:"Directional Fluid Transport across Organ-Blood Barriers: Physiology and Cell Biology"
2043:"Microtubule organization and dynamics in oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia"
763:
692:
559:
336:
260:
229:
212:
188:
1989:
Sun, H; Perez-Gill, C; Schlöndorff, JS; Subramanian, B; Pollak, MR (February 2021).
1205:(MS), because NMOSD is primarily an inflammatory process targeting astrocytes, with
3243:"Aquaporin-4 Water Channel in the Brain and Its Implication for Health and Disease"
2082:
Ziółkowska, N; Lewczuk, B; Szyryńska, N; Rawicka, A; Vyniarska, A (26 March 2023).
1244:
1059:
974:
900:
724:
612:
542:
332:
97:
with their cell bodies, primary processes and interdigitating foot processes (FPs).
2753:
2736:
2505:"The podocyte cytoskeleton--key to a functioning glomerulus in health and disease"
1201:
Patients with NMOSD typically exhibit worse visual acuity compared to those with
1044:
Microglia are extensively branched with numerous primary and secondary processes.
984:, and then scan hepatocytes for detection of infected cells. Upon recognition of
3324:
3282:
Cho, EB; Jung, SY; Jung, JH; Yeo, Y; Kim, HJ; Han, K; Shin, DW; Min, JH (2023).
3117:
3100:
2979:
2962:
2561:
2140:
1248:
1198:, NMOSD preferentially affects the spinal cord, and the anterior visual system.
1191:
1184:
889:
855:
740:
526:
475:
455:
348:
252:
171:
115:
3369:
3300:
3283:
3206:
3026:
3009:
2929:
2880:
2794:
2777:
2329:
2244:
2227:
1755:
1738:
942:, responsible for combating intracellular pathogens, are required to undergo a
31:
3161:
3144:
3067:
3050:
2703:
2288:
2271:
1881:
1864:
1369:
1321:
1286:
1225:
1001:
955:
849:
796:
751:
675:
Pericytes and foot processes of glial cells like astrocytes and MĂĽller cells.
600:
406:: They are the microtubules that eventually wrap around the axon, forming the
2918:
Translational research : the journal of laboratory and clinical medicine
2544:
Caceres, PS; Benedicto, I; Lehmann, GL; Rodriguez-Boulan, EJ (1 March 2017).
1865:"How Times Have Changed! A Cornucopia of Antigens for Membranous Nephropathy"
1705:
1651:
2639:"Harnessing the Neuroprotective Behaviors of MĂĽller Glia for Retinal Repair"
2521:
2504:
1636:"Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis: From Pathophysiology to Management"
1016:
1012:
863:
767:
762:(20-HETE), a vasoconstrictor, both of which exert their effects on vascular
490:), SIM provides high-resolution images comparable to those obtained through
362:, as this requires a significant number of microtubules to reach the cell's
268:
233:
204:
150:
131:
123:
119:
52:
48:
3387:
3336:
3309:
3268:
3224:
3170:
3126:
3076:
3035:
2988:
2947:
2898:
2844:
2803:
2762:
2721:
2672:
2623:
2579:
2530:
2489:
2445:
2427:
2396:
2347:
2297:
2253:
2212:
2158:
2109:
2068:
2024:
2006:
1975:
1931:
1890:
1849:
1808:
1764:
1723:
1669:
1634:
Warren, AM; Grossmann, M; Christ-Crain, M; Russell, N (15 September 2023).
1577:
1531:
1513:
1477:
1436:
1387:
3101:"The podocyte's response to stress: the enigma of foot process effacement"
3051:"Microglia morphophysiological diversity and its implications for the CNS"
3010:"Immunosurveillance of the liver by intravascular effector CD8(+) T cells"
2654:
2100:
2083:
1922:
1905:
1452:"Involvement of Anoikis in Dissociated Optic Nerve Fiber Layer Appearance"
498:
3259:
3242:
3099:
Kriz, W; Shirato, I; Nagata, M; LeHir, M; Lemley, KV (15 February 2013).
2835:
2818:
2480:
2463:
2361:
Siegerist, F; Drenic, V; Koppe, TM; Telli, N; Endlich, N (January 2023).
1966:
1949:
1468:
1451:
1418:
1180:
1102:
993:
970:
966:
919:
815:
385:
291:
284:
280:
196:
142:
127:
90:
44:
2817:
Roth, W; Zadeh, K; Vekariya, R; Ge, Y; Mohamadzadeh, M (15 March 2021).
1080:
1070:
247:
2059:
2042:
1840:
1823:
1799:
1782:
1568:
1551:
1290:
1062:
capacity for the clearance of debris and the elimination of pathogens.
985:
835:
804:
727:, these cells can actively control the rate of blood flow by means of:
589:
538:
471:
307:
299:
81:
2776:
Zhang, YM; Qi, YB; Gao, YN; Chen, WG; Zhou, T; Zang, Y; Li, J (2023).
2378:
2194:
1047:
Microglia are rounded with compact cell body and retracted processes.
3143:
Kleerekooper, I; Houston, S; Dubis, AM; Trip, SA; Petzold, A (2020).
1267:
1195:
1124:(SEM) image, enhanced with false coloring for improved visualization.
744:
703:
593:
534:
530:
522:
518:
514:
506:
407:
384:, microtubules form the main structural core of primary processes of
377:
295:
184:
158:
68:
60:
2598:"Astrocyte Endfeet in Brain Function and Pathology: Open Questions"
2272:"Reweaving the Fabric of Mitochondrial Contact Sites in Astrocytes"
1450:
Ikeda, T; Nakamura, K; Sato, T; Kida, T; Oku, H (9 February 2021).
1116:
810:
1120:
Effacement of foot processes (FP) of podocytes is evident in this
1079:
1069:
962:
947:
859:
839:
831:
774:
736:
487:
467:
449:
340:
303:
264:
166:
2688:"The role of pericytes in blood-vessel formation and maintenance"
918:(AGEs) leads to pericyte loss, weakening of capillary walls, and
546:
479:
271:
from these primary processes to expand their surveillance area.
208:
64:
40:
244:
and other cells, and are usually present at the "micro" scale.
842:
transporters that are localized on the neural foot processes).
432:(GFAP), found in the end-feet of MĂĽller cells and astrocytes.
1739:"Microglia at the blood brain barrier in health and disease"
1403:"Cellular and molecular regulation of vascular permeability"
1326:(33rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders. 2020.
754:
as in astrocytic endfeet. These endfeet are able to produce
1781:
Dessalles, CA; Babataheri, A; Barakat, AI (22 March 2021).
1550:
Gordon, GRJ; Mulligan, SJ; MacVicar, BA (September 2007).
1995:
Journal of the
American Society of Nephrology : JASN
1502:
Journal of the
American Society of Nephrology : JASN
565:
In order to support the substantial metabolic demands of
418:: These include terminal foot processes of podocytes and
3331:, Treasure Island, Florida (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
2963:"Pericytes and the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy"
2778:"Astrocyte metabolism and signaling pathways in the CNS"
1285:
The standard surgical treatment for symptomatic ERMs is
251:
Filopodia and lamellipodia in two fluorescently-labeled
161:. In podocytes, terminal foot processess are also named
2410:
Baek, J; Lee, YH; Jeong, HY; Lee, SY (September 2023).
884:
pathways have long been recognized as key mediators of
838:
across the BBB into astrocytes (This is in contrast to
39:
This schematic illustrates the four different types of
954:
allows for direct contact between CD8 T-cells and the
2596:
DĂaz-Castro, B; Robel, S; Mishra, A (10 July 2023).
2464:"Regulation of the Actin Cytoskeleton in Podocytes"
1354:"Tetraspanins and cell membrane tubular structures"
1274:, and other complaints. ERM commonly occurs due to
1151:, inflammatory mediators and the activation of the
24:
2819:"Tryptophan Metabolism and Gut-Brain Homeostasis"
1950:"The Cytoskeleton-A Complex Interacting Meshwork"
1224:In contrast to the lateral membranes of numerous
1128:FPE occurs in all glomerular diseases, including
118:, that are associated with and ensheath walls of
3105:American journal of physiology. Renal physiology
2129:American journal of physiology. Renal physiology
1358:Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS
996:and killing infected cells without the need for
814:Glomerular podocytes possess a diverse array of
1688:Barkaway, A; Attwell, D; Korte, N (July 2022).
914:(DR), accumulation of toxic substances such as
834:transporters, responsible for the transport of
2125:"A new view of macula densa cell microanatomy"
1147:For example, in inflammatory diseases such as
369:On the other hand, cellular processes can be:
267:environment, and they can further deploy thin
232:, which are broad sheet-like protrusions, and
2865:"Physiological roles of aquaporin-4 in brain"
2172:
2170:
2168:
1863:Caza, TN; Al-Rabadi, LF; Beck LH, Jr (2021).
1552:"Astrocyte control of the cerebrovasculature"
1401:Goddard, LM; Iruela-Arispe, ML (March 2013).
290:In addition, foot processes of podocytes and
224:Foot processes vs. lamellipodia and filopodia
8:
3323:Kanukollu, VM; Agarwal, P (8 January 2024),
2265:
2263:
1776:
1774:
1228:, astrocyte lateral membranes are devoid of
823:Uptake and flux of ions, water and nutrients
351:—, lamellipodia are primarily driven by the
2863:Nagelhus, EA; Ottersen, OP (October 2013).
2823:International journal of molecular sciences
2276:Frontiers in cell and developmental biology
1910:International journal of molecular sciences
1610:Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas
1456:International journal of molecular sciences
1183:directed against the water channel protein
460:3D-structured illumination microscopy (SIM)
422:(small protrusions arising from dendrites).
392:possess two distinct types of microtubules:
355:of actin microfilaments, not microtubules.
228:The difference between foot processes, and
169:
43:, all of which possess cellular processes:
2643:Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition)
2591:
2589:
2550:Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology
2457:
2455:
848:(LAT), responsible for transporting large
21:
3377:
3299:
3258:
3241:Mader, S; Brimberg, L (27 January 2019).
3214:
3160:
3116:
3066:
3025:
2978:
2937:
2912:Geevarghese, A; Herman, IM (April 2014).
2888:
2834:
2793:
2752:
2711:
2662:
2613:
2569:
2520:
2503:Welsh, GI; Saleem, MA (25 October 2011).
2479:
2435:
2386:
2337:
2287:
2243:
2202:
2148:
2099:
2058:
2041:Weigel, M; Wang, L; Fu, MM (April 2021).
2014:
1965:
1948:Hohmann, T; Dehghani, F (18 April 2019).
1921:
1880:
1839:
1798:
1754:
1713:
1659:
1567:
1521:
1467:
1426:
1377:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1316:
1314:
1613:(17th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
1323:Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary
1297:cell layer. As a result, intraoperative
1115:
1074:Microglia before traumatic brain injury.
1025:
809:
773:
639:
497:
454:
246:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3138:
3136:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
2462:Blaine, J; Dylewski, J (16 July 2020).
2036:
2034:
1943:
1941:
1783:"Pericyte mechanics and mechanobiology"
1310:
1179:characterized by the presence of serum
1084:Microglia after traumatic brain injury.
827:Astrocytic foot processes are rich in:
207:, which are notably smaller than other
3347:
3345:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2858:
2856:
2854:
1352:Zhang, XA; Huang, C (September 2012).
1270:, leading to decreased visual acuity,
1173:Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
1168:Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
137:Despite not being exclusive, the term
3236:
3234:
2416:Kidney research and clinical practice
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1278:(PVD), which can cause a tear in the
876:Pericyte-endothelial cell interaction
147:perivascular or pericapillary endfeet
7:
2686:Bergers, G; Song, S (October 2005).
2637:Peña, JS; Vazquez, M (30 May 2022).
747:enabling them to contract and relax.
599:As a result, foot processes rely on
466:staining for markers for podocytes (
2615:10.1146/annurev-neuro-091922-031205
1251:, a defining characteristic of AD.
787:Barrier and permeability regulation
179:Foot processes are also present in
2232:Frontiers in cellular neuroscience
1743:Frontiers in cellular neuroscience
1015:, while primarily known for their
758:(PGE2), a potent vasodilator, and
436:Numerous imaging methods, such as
14:
950:, the fenestrated endothelium of
2735:Reiser, J; Altintas, MM (2016).
892:, resulting in the formation of
858:water channels, responsible for
549:, appear blue under microscopy).
492:transmission electron microscopy
80:
30:
1177:autoimmune inflammatory disease
916:advanced glycation end-products
803:that impedes the filtration of
760:20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid
511:glial fibrillary acidic protein
430:glial fibrillary acidic protein
2270:Bergami, M; Motori, E (2020).
1737:Mayer, MG; Fischer, T (2024).
537:(ONL), strongly indicative of
1:
2754:10.12688/f1000research.7255.1
2602:Annual review of neuroscience
1276:posterior vitreous detachment
846:L-type amino acid transporter
686:Foot processes of podocytes.
682:glomerular filtration barrier
1607:Mescher, Anthony L. (2023).
1299:optical coherence tomography
1239:AQP4 facilitate the flow of
1122:scanning electron microscopy
1107:glomerular basement membrane
944:multi-step migration process
750:Synthesis of vasomodulatory
627:glomerular basement membrane
484:glomerular basement membrane
302:and foot processes, such as
183:(modified astrocytes of the
149:is commonly associated with
141:is commonly associated with
16:Terminal cellular extensions
3118:10.1152/ajprenal.00478.2012
2980:10.2337/diabetes.51.10.3107
2562:10.1101/cshperspect.a027847
2141:10.1152/ajprenal.00546.2020
1194:and by MĂĽller cells in the
1149:anti-GBM glomerulonephritis
992:characterized by producing
886:intercellular communication
670:inner blood retinal barrier
509:sections immunolabeled for
238:cell movement and migration
3409:
3370:10.1016/j.oret.2021.02.013
3301:10.3389/fnins.2023.1214652
3207:10.1038/s41598-022-19848-4
3027:10.1016/j.cell.2015.03.005
2930:10.1016/j.trsl.2014.01.011
2881:10.1152/physrev.00011.2013
2795:10.3389/fnins.2023.1217451
2509:Nature reviews. Nephrology
2330:10.1016/j.cmet.2020.03.005
2245:10.3389/fncel.2023.1226630
2047:Developmental neurobiology
1756:10.3389/fncel.2024.1360195
1407:Thrombosis and haemostasis
1280:internal limiting membrane
969:infection of hepatocytes,
816:surface-expressed proteins
648:Associated foot processes
316:minimal change nephropathy
275:Architectural similarities
3288:Frontiers in neuroscience
3162:10.3389/fneur.2020.604049
3068:10.3389/fimmu.2022.997786
2782:Frontiers in neuroscience
2704:10.1215/S1152851705000232
2289:10.3389/fcell.2020.592651
1882:10.3389/fimmu.2021.800242
1370:10.1007/s00018-012-0954-0
988:, these T cells initiate
659:blood-spinal cord barrier
585:as an adaptive response.
523:ganglion cell layer (GCL)
482:), and components of the
88:
79:
38:
29:
1706:10.1117/1.NPh.9.3.031914
894:peg-socket invaginations
715:Regulation of blood flow
3055:Frontiers in immunology
2522:10.1038/nrneph.2011.151
1869:Frontiers in immunology
1787:Journal of cell science
1216:
1138:diabetic kidney disease
1103:Foot process effacement
1098:Foot process effacement
1052:Physiological functions
1017:immunological functions
801:electrostatic repulsion
442:fluorescence microscopy
157:commonly refers to the
3149:Frontiers in neurology
2428:10.23876/j.krcp.22.233
2007:10.1681/ASN.2020081109
1652:10.1210/endrev/bnad010
1514:10.1681/ASN.2021101343
1134:membranous nephropathy
1130:minimal change disease
1125:
1085:
1075:
1021:central nervous system
899:During the process of
819:
783:
575:traumatic brain injury
567:neurovascular coupling
550:
495:
345:intermediate filaments
256:
170:
106:(may also be known as
95:glomerular capillaries
61:Cell bodies of neurons
3358:Ophthalmology. Retina
3325:"Epiretinal Membrane"
2869:Physiological reviews
2655:10.31083/j.fbl2706169
2101:10.3390/cells12071014
1923:10.3390/ijms232012312
1287:pars plana vitrectomy
1226:epithelial cell types
1119:
1083:
1073:
813:
777:
501:
458:
404:Lamellar microtubules
250:
93:, which surround the
63:are in yellow (Their
3260:10.3390/cells8020090
2836:10.3390/ijms22062973
2481:10.3390/cells9071700
1967:10.3390/cells8040362
1469:10.3390/ijms22041724
1419:10.1160/TH12-09-0678
990:a cytotoxic response
912:diabetic retinopathy
871:Cellular interaction
733:contractile proteins
697:Astrocytic endfeet.
515:layers of the retina
438:immunohistochemistry
292:dendritic extensions
2367:Glomerular diseases
1264:epiretinal membrane
1258:Epiretinal membrane
1241:cerebrospinal fluid
1217:Alzheimer's disease
1036:The amoeboid state
1027:
882:chemical signalling
850:neutral amino acids
764:smooth muscle cells
655:blood-brain barrier
641:
583:vascular remodeling
579:blood-brain barrier
535:outer nuclear layer
531:inner nuclear layer
503:Confocal microscopy
398:Radial microtubules
312:Alzheimer's disease
89:An illustration of
3195:Scientific reports
2183:Scientific reports
2060:10.1002/dneu.22753
1841:10.3390/nu14112200
1800:10.1242/jcs.240226
1569:10.1002/glia.20543
1203:multiple sclerosis
1153:complement cascade
1126:
1093:Clinical relevance
1086:
1076:
1033:The ramified state
1026:
924:neovascularization
820:
784:
708:Oligodendrocytes.
640:
551:
496:
464:immunofluorescence
257:
242:basement membranes
176:, "little foot").
67:are surrounded by
3364:(12): 1254–1262.
2379:10.1159/000528713
2324:(4): 791-808.e8.
2195:10.1038/srep18575
1640:Endocrine reviews
1562:(12): 1214–1221.
1090:
1089:
952:hepatic sinusoids
934:Cytotoxic T cells
905:basement membrane
890:endothelial cells
712:
711:
519:nerve fiber layer
476:endothelial cells
374:Microtubule-based
120:blood capillaries
101:
100:
19:Medical condition
3400:
3392:
3391:
3381:
3349:
3340:
3339:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3303:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3262:
3238:
3229:
3228:
3218:
3186:
3175:
3174:
3164:
3140:
3131:
3130:
3120:
3096:
3081:
3080:
3070:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3029:
3004:
2993:
2992:
2982:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2941:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2892:
2860:
2849:
2848:
2838:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2797:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2756:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2715:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2666:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2617:
2593:
2584:
2583:
2573:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2524:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2483:
2459:
2450:
2449:
2439:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2390:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2341:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2291:
2267:
2258:
2257:
2247:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2206:
2174:
2163:
2162:
2152:
2135:(3): F492–F504.
2120:
2114:
2113:
2103:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2062:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2018:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1969:
1945:
1936:
1935:
1925:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1884:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1802:
1778:
1769:
1768:
1758:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1717:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1663:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1604:
1587:
1586:
1571:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1525:
1508:(8): 1546–1567.
1493:
1487:
1486:
1471:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1430:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1381:
1349:
1338:
1337:
1318:
1028:
1002:liver parenchyma
928:proliferative DR
756:prostaglandin E2
721:vasoconstriction
642:
592:surrounding the
554:The mitochondria
505:analysis of rat
420:dendritic spines
390:oligodendrocytes
327:The cytoskeleton
209:macroglial cells
201:oligodendrocytes
175:
84:
73:oligodendrocytes
57:oligodendrocytes
34:
22:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3351:
3350:
3343:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3240:
3239:
3232:
3188:
3187:
3178:
3142:
3141:
3134:
3098:
3097:
3084:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3006:
3005:
2996:
2973:(10): 3107–12.
2960:
2959:
2955:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2862:
2861:
2852:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2461:
2460:
2453:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2318:Cell metabolism
2310:
2309:
2305:
2269:
2268:
2261:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2176:
2175:
2166:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2040:
2039:
2032:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1606:
1605:
1590:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1364:(17): 2843–52.
1351:
1350:
1341:
1334:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1307:
1260:
1230:tight junctions
1219:
1170:
1165:
1142:IgA nephropathy
1100:
1095:
1010:
938:Traditionally,
936:
878:
873:
852:across the BBB.
825:
793:plasma proteins
789:
717:
635:
577:and subsequent
556:
545:, stained with
539:retinal gliosis
388:. In addition,
382:dendritic cells
341:actin filaments
329:
324:
277:
226:
221:
197:ependymal cells
193:dendritic cells
153:, and the term
45:ependymal cells
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3406:
3404:
3394:
3393:
3341:
3315:
3274:
3230:
3176:
3132:
3111:(4): F333-47.
3082:
3041:
3020:(3): 486–500.
2994:
2953:
2924:(4): 296–306.
2904:
2875:(4): 1543–62.
2850:
2809:
2768:
2727:
2692:Neuro-oncology
2678:
2629:
2585:
2536:
2495:
2451:
2422:(5): 546–560.
2402:
2353:
2303:
2259:
2218:
2164:
2115:
2074:
2053:(3): 310–320.
2030:
2001:(2): 307–322.
1981:
1937:
1896:
1855:
1814:
1770:
1729:
1694:Neurophotonics
1680:
1646:(5): 819–861.
1626:
1620:978-1264930395
1619:
1588:
1542:
1488:
1442:
1393:
1339:
1332:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1272:metamorphopsia
1259:
1256:
1218:
1215:
1175:(NMOSD) is an
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1077:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1009:
1006:
982:space of Disse
935:
932:
920:microaneurysms
877:
874:
872:
869:
868:
867:
853:
843:
824:
821:
788:
785:
772:
771:
748:
716:
713:
710:
709:
706:
699:
698:
695:
688:
687:
684:
677:
676:
673:
665:
664:
661:
650:
649:
646:
634:
631:
555:
552:
434:
433:
423:
412:
411:
401:
394:
393:
353:polymerization
337:microfilaments
328:
325:
323:
320:
276:
273:
225:
222:
220:
217:
189:stellate cells
159:base of stapes
104:Foot processes
99:
98:
86:
85:
77:
76:
71:, produced by
59:(light blue).
47:(light pink),
36:
35:
27:
26:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3405:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2741:F1000Research
2738:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2698:(4): 452–64.
2697:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1700:(3): 031914.
1699:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
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1637:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1603:
1601:
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1584:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1413:(3): 407–15.
1412:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1333:9781455756438
1329:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1207:demyelination
1204:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1092:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1005:
1003:
999:
998:extravasation
995:
991:
987:
983:
978:
976:
975:Kupffer cells
972:
968:
964:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
933:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
906:
902:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
875:
870:
865:
861:
857:
854:
851:
847:
844:
841:
837:
833:
830:
829:
828:
822:
817:
812:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
786:
781:
780:vascular tone
776:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
729:
728:
726:
722:
714:
707:
705:
704:myelin sheath
701:
700:
696:
694:
693:glia limitans
690:
689:
685:
683:
679:
678:
674:
671:
667:
666:
662:
660:
656:
652:
651:
647:
645:The interface
644:
643:
638:
632:
630:
628:
623:
621:
616:
614:
609:
605:
602:
597:
595:
591:
586:
584:
580:
576:
570:
568:
563:
561:
553:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
517:, namely the
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
431:
427:
424:
421:
417:
414:
413:
409:
408:myelin sheath
405:
402:
399:
396:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
376:: Similar to
375:
372:
371:
370:
367:
365:
361:
360:cell movement
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
326:
321:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
274:
272:
270:
266:
262:
261:cell membrane
254:
249:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
223:
218:
216:
214:
213:glia limitans
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
174:
173:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
96:
92:
87:
83:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
37:
33:
28:
23:
3361:
3357:
3328:
3318:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3250:
3246:
3201:(1): 17545.
3198:
3194:
3152:
3148:
3108:
3104:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3017:
3013:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2921:
2917:
2907:
2872:
2868:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2785:
2781:
2771:
2744:
2740:
2730:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2646:
2642:
2632:
2605:
2601:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2515:(1): 14–21.
2512:
2508:
2498:
2471:
2467:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2373:(1): 19–28.
2370:
2366:
2356:
2321:
2317:
2306:
2279:
2275:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2186:
2182:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2050:
2046:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1957:
1953:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1790:
1786:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1674:
1673:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1609:
1582:
1581:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1536:
1535:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1361:
1357:
1322:
1295:
1284:
1261:
1253:
1249:tau proteins
1245:amyloid-beta
1238:
1234:
1223:
1220:
1211:
1200:
1189:
1171:
1157:
1146:
1127:
1111:
1101:
1011:
979:
960:
937:
909:
901:angiogenesis
898:
893:
879:
866:homeostasis.
826:
790:
725:vasodilation
718:
636:
624:
617:
613:cytoskeleton
610:
606:
598:
587:
571:
564:
560:mitochondria
557:
468:synaptopodin
459:
450:synaptopodin
435:
425:
415:
403:
397:
373:
368:
364:leading edge
357:
349:microtubules
333:cytoskeletal
330:
304:synaptopodin
289:
278:
258:
253:growth cones
230:lamellipodia
227:
203:and others.
181:MĂĽller cells
178:
162:
154:
146:
139:foot process
138:
136:
111:
107:
103:
102:
25:Foot process
3294:: 1214652.
2788:: 1217451.
2737:"Podocytes"
2608:: 101–121.
2238:: 1226630.
1749:: 1360195.
1192:spinal cord
1185:aquaporin-4
1163:Aquaporin-4
961:In case of
956:hepatocytes
940:CD8 T-cells
856:Aquaporin-4
752:eicosanoids
741:tropomyosin
527:hypertrophy
416:Actin-based
145:, the term
116:mural cells
55:(red), and
41:glial cells
3329:StatPearls
3155:: 604049.
3061:: 997786.
2649:(6): 169.
2282:: 592651.
1875:: 800242.
1305:References
1291:recurrence
1181:antibodies
1060:phagocytic
1041:Morphology
797:glycocalyx
768:arterioles
601:glycolysis
533:(INL) and
347:(IFs), or
151:astrocytes
132:astrocytes
122:, such as
108:footplates
49:astrocytes
2189:: 18575.
1828:Nutrients
1013:Microglia
1008:Microglia
1000:into the
994:cytokines
971:platelets
967:bacterial
864:potassium
386:podocytes
322:Structure
285:pericytes
281:Podocytes
269:filopodia
234:filopodia
205:Microglia
172:pedīculus
155:footplate
143:podocytes
128:podocytes
124:pericytes
91:podocytes
53:microglia
51:(green),
3388:33647472
3337:32809538
3310:37397465
3269:30691235
3225:36266394
3171:33362705
3127:23235479
3077:36341385
3036:25892224
2989:12351455
2967:Diabetes
2948:24530608
2899:24137016
2845:33804088
2804:37732313
2763:26918173
2722:16212810
2673:35748245
2624:36854317
2580:28003183
2531:22025085
2490:32708597
2446:37448292
2437:10565453
2397:36816428
2348:32220306
2298:33195262
2254:37484823
2213:26677804
2159:33491562
2110:37048087
2069:32324338
2025:33443052
1976:31003495
1932:36293164
1891:34899763
1850:35683999
1809:33753399
1765:38550920
1724:35581998
1670:36974717
1661:10502587
1578:17659528
1532:35906089
1478:33572210
1437:23389236
1388:22450717
1379:10438980
986:antigens
735:such as
657:and the
633:Function
521:and the
426:IF-based
300:synapses
219:Cytology
163:pedicels
3379:8390556
3216:9585067
2939:3976718
2890:3858210
2713:1871727
2664:9639582
2571:5334253
2388:9936760
2339:7139200
2204:4683464
2150:7988809
2016:8054882
1715:9107322
1523:9342632
1428:3786592
1132:(MCD),
1109:(GBM).
836:glucose
805:albumin
737:α-actin
594:nucleus
590:cytosol
507:retinal
472:nephrin
378:neurons
308:dendrin
296:neurons
112:endfeet
3386:
3376:
3335:
3308:
3267:
3223:
3213:
3169:
3125:
3075:
3034:
2987:
2946:
2936:
2897:
2887:
2843:
2802:
2761:
2720:
2710:
2671:
2661:
2622:
2578:
2568:
2529:
2488:
2444:
2434:
2395:
2385:
2346:
2336:
2296:
2252:
2211:
2201:
2157:
2147:
2108:
2067:
2023:
2013:
1974:
1930:
1916:(20).
1889:
1848:
1834:(11).
1807:
1763:
1722:
1712:
1668:
1658:
1617:
1576:
1530:
1520:
1476:
1435:
1425:
1386:
1376:
1330:
1268:macula
1196:retina
1140:, and
926:, and
880:While
745:myosin
743:, and
672:(iBRB)
543:Nuclei
185:retina
165:(from
69:myelin
3253:(2).
3247:Cells
2829:(6).
2556:(3).
2474:(7).
2468:Cells
2094:(7).
2088:Cells
1960:(4).
1954:Cells
1793:(6).
1462:(4).
963:viral
948:liver
860:water
840:GLUT3
832:GLUT1
488:agrin
265:brain
167:Latin
65:axons
3384:PMID
3333:PMID
3306:PMID
3265:PMID
3221:PMID
3167:PMID
3123:PMID
3073:PMID
3032:PMID
3014:Cell
2985:PMID
2944:PMID
2895:PMID
2841:PMID
2800:PMID
2759:PMID
2718:PMID
2669:PMID
2620:PMID
2576:PMID
2527:PMID
2486:PMID
2442:PMID
2393:PMID
2344:PMID
2294:PMID
2250:PMID
2209:PMID
2155:PMID
2106:PMID
2065:PMID
2021:PMID
1972:PMID
1928:PMID
1887:PMID
1846:PMID
1805:PMID
1761:PMID
1720:PMID
1666:PMID
1615:ISBN
1574:PMID
1556:Glia
1528:PMID
1474:PMID
1433:PMID
1384:PMID
1328:ISBN
1247:and
862:and
723:and
702:The
691:The
680:The
668:The
653:The
547:DAPI
480:EHD3
448:and
446:GFAP
440:and
380:and
314:and
306:and
283:and
130:and
3374:PMC
3366:doi
3296:doi
3255:doi
3211:PMC
3203:doi
3157:doi
3113:doi
3109:304
3063:doi
3022:doi
3018:161
2975:doi
2934:PMC
2926:doi
2922:163
2885:PMC
2877:doi
2831:doi
2790:doi
2749:doi
2708:PMC
2700:doi
2659:PMC
2651:doi
2610:doi
2566:PMC
2558:doi
2517:doi
2476:doi
2432:PMC
2424:doi
2383:PMC
2375:doi
2334:PMC
2326:doi
2284:doi
2240:doi
2199:PMC
2191:doi
2145:PMC
2137:doi
2133:320
2096:doi
2055:doi
2011:PMC
2003:doi
1962:doi
1918:doi
1877:doi
1836:doi
1795:doi
1791:134
1751:doi
1710:PMC
1702:doi
1656:PMC
1648:doi
1564:doi
1518:PMC
1510:doi
1464:doi
1423:PMC
1415:doi
1411:109
1374:PMC
1366:doi
1262:An
965:or
910:In
766:in
620:ATP
474:),
343:),
294:of
187:),
110:or
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