43:
614:
synthesis and cell division. Methotrexate inhibits cell division and is particularly toxic to fast dividing cells, such as rapidly dividing cancer cells and the progenitor cells of the immune system. Folate supplementation is beneficial in patients being treated with long-term, low-dose methotrexate
674:
and living in areas of malaria result in even higher folate needs for women who are pregnant. When supplemented with 450 micrograms of folic acid per day, the risk of developing birth defects, specifically neural tube defects, is decreased. Supplementation to prevent birth defects is most effective
366:
can occur when the body's need for folate is increased, when dietary intake or absorption of folate is inadequate, or when the body excretes (or loses) more folate than usual. Medications that interfere with the body's ability to use folate may also increase the need for this vitamin. Some research
789:
for women intending to become pregnant. Because the neural tube closes in the first four weeks of gestation, often before many women even know they are pregnant, many countries in time decided to implement mandatory food fortification programs. A meta-analysis of global birth prevalence of spina
619:, to avoid macrocytic anemia caused by folate deficiency. Folate is often also supplemented before some high dose chemotherapy treatments in an effort to protect healthy tissue. However, it may be counterproductive to take a folic acid supplement with methotrexate in cancer treatment.
773:. Non-prescription folic acid is available as a dietary supplement in some countries, and some countries require the fortification of wheat flour, corn meal or rice with folic acid with the intention of promoting public health through increasing blood folate levels in the population.
790:
bifida showed that when mandatory fortification was compared to countries with healthcare professionals advising women but no mandatory fortification program, there was a 30% reduction in live births with spina bifida, with some countries reported a greater than 50% reduction.
646:
gene that encodes the proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) result in CFD syndromes with both systemic folate deficiency and cerebral folate deficiency. Even when the systemic deficiency is corrected by folate, the cerebral deficiency remains and must be treated with
833:
Folate deficiency is very rare in countries with folic acid fortification programs. Overall, the worldwide prevalence of anemia due to folic acid deficiency is very low. However, data on the prevalence of deficiency amongst specific high risk groups is lacking.
2625:
2607:
2592:
2543:
731:
Red blood cell folate testing is not routinely performed, since serum folate is sufficient in most cases, however, if there is a strong suspicion of folate deficiency despite a normal serum folate level, a red cell folate test may be
397:(THF), in which THF is converted to a reservoir of methyl-THF which thereafter has no way of being metabolized, and serves as a sink of THF that causes a subsequent deficiency in folate. Thus, a deficiency in B
932:
in the blood can lead to vascular injuries by oxidative mechanisms which can contribute to cerebral dysfunction. All of these can lead to the development of various disorders, including depression.
670:, decreased absorption and intake of folate, maternal hormones that mediate its metabolism, vascular circulation of maternal and fetal blood and an increasing amount of blood resulting in dilution.
735:
Plasma total homocysteine is only measured in special circumstances. A level above 15 μmol/L could be indicative of a folate deficiency, but local reference ranges should be taken into account.
675:
one month prior to and during the first twelve weeks of pregnancy. Utilization of folic acid supplementation before conception has shown to result in a decrease in neural tube defects by 70%.
634:
despite being normal in the blood. Symptoms typically appear at about five months of age. Without treatment there may be poor muscle tone, trouble with coordination, trouble talking, and
2010:
Peña-Rosas, Juan Pablo; Mithra, Prasanna; Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran; Kumar, Nithin; De-Regil, Luz Maria; Nair, N Sreekumaran; Garcia-Casal, Maria N; Solon, Juan
Antonio (25 October 2019).
1277:
206:
or a defect in homocysteine methyl transferase that leads to a "folate trap" in which is an inactive metabolite that cannot be recovered. Diagnosis is typically confirmed by
375:, can lead to a folate deficiency. The deficiency is more common in pregnant women, infants, children, and adolescents. It may also be due to poor diet or a consequence of
236:
Folate deficiency is very rare in countries with folic acid fortification programs. Worldwide prevalence of anemia due to folic acid deficiency generally is very low.
2725:
1807:
Serrano M, Pérez-Dueñas B, Montoya J, Ormazabal A, Artuch R (2012). "Genetic causes of cerebral folate deficiency: clinical, biochemical and therapeutic aspects".
1123:
194:
Not consuming enough folate can lead to folate deficiency within a few months. Otherwise, causes may include increased needs as with pregnancy, and in those with
769:
Folic acid is a synthetic derivative of folate and is acquired by dietary supplementation. Multi-vitamin dietary supplements contain folic acid as well as other
1844:"The proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT-SLC46A1) and the syndrome of systemic and cerebral folate deficiency of infancy: Hereditary folate malabsorption"
585:(also related to the duration use of birth control pills) may reduce serum folate levels but without inducing clinically significant folate deficiency.
2288:"The effect of different cooking methods on folate retention in various foods that are amongst the major contributors to folate intake in the UK diet"
798:
809:. Canada has mandated folic acid fortification of flour since 1998 which has resulted in a 42% decrease in neural tube defects. Fortification of
1545:
1226:
1107:
1071:
691:(in practice, "folate" refers to all derivatives of folic acid, but methylhydrofolate is the quasi unique form of "folate" in the blood).
2718:
285:
169:
417:
536:, an anti-cancer drug also used to control inflammation associated with Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis.
225:
Treatment may include dietary changes and folic acid supplements. Dietary changes including eating high foods in folate such as,
2800:
2742:
3028:
2996:
2452:
Desai A, Sequeira JM, Quadros EV (2016). "The metabolic basis for developmental disorders due to defective folate transport".
2711:
383:
749:
Folate is acquired in the diet by the consumption of leafy green vegetables, legumes and organ meats. When cooking, use of
3152:
168:, feeling faint, open sores on the tongue, loss of appetite, changes in the color of the skin or hair, irritability, and
3157:
2805:
1192:
3075:
2329:"Folate deficiency and folic acid supplementation: the prevention of neural-tube defects and congenital heart defects"
2113:
2064:"Folate deficiency and folic acid supplementation: the prevention of neural-tube defects and congenital heart defects"
2405:"Global Birth Prevalence of Spina Bifida by Folic Acid Fortification Status: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
2274:
spinach retained nearly all its folate when cooked in a microwave, but lost about 77 percent when cooked on a stove
1480:"Exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation is associated with a decreased folate status in women of childbearing age"
627:
327:
1415:
Cravo ML, Glória LM, Selhub J, Nadeau MR, Camilo ME, Resende MP, Cardoso JN, Leitão CN, Mira FC (February 1996).
865:
408:. Important steps in the absorption are reduction of the polyglutamate chain by pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase (
156:
is the term given for this medical condition. Signs of folate deficiency are often subtle. Symptoms may include
3098:
2640:
409:
339:
401:
can generate a large pool of methyl-THF that is unable to undergo reactions and will mimic folate deficiency.
2810:
2233:
851:
598:
593:
is prescribed, folic acid supplements are sometimes given with the methotrexate. The therapeutic effects of
89:
1737:
1417:"Hyperhomocysteinemia in chronic alcoholism: correlation with folate, vitamin B-12, and vitamin B-6 status"
2888:
706:
688:
464:
199:
1690:"Association Between Use of Oral Contraceptives and Folate Status: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
3048:
2981:
2849:
2183:
Centeno
Tablante, Elizabeth; Pachón, Helena; Guetterman, Heather M; Finkelstein, Julia L (1 July 2019).
1456:
1271:
908:(hyperhomocysteinemia) and to impaired metabolism of neurotransmitters (especially the hydroxylation of
631:
2403:
Atta CA, Fiest KM, Frolkis AD, Jette N, Pringsheim T, St
Germaine-Smith C, et al. (January 2016).
2959:
2953:
2945:
2930:
2911:
1494:
929:
566:
376:
323:
249:
211:
149:
94:
256:, weakness, changes to the color of the skin or hair, open sores on the mouth, shortness of breath,
3065:
3053:
3043:
2629:
1604:
Halsted, CH (December 1989). "The intestinal absorption of dietary folates in health and disease".
782:
582:
303:
165:
3116:
2973:
2772:
2521:
2162:
1789:
1586:
1117:
1032:
806:
786:
714:
671:
562:
188:
73:
2286:
McKillop DJ, Pentieva K, Daly D, McPartlin JM, Hughes J, Strain JJ, Scott JM, McNulty H (2002).
252:) can be a sign of advanced folate deficiency in adults. Folate deficiency anemia may result in
1099:
404:
Folate (pteroylmonoglutamate) is absorbed throughout the small intestine, though mainly in the
3088:
3083:
3038:
3033:
2862:
2680:
2651:
2555:
2513:
2469:
2434:
2360:
2309:
2259:
2214:
2154:
2095:
2041:
1989:
1929:
1873:
1824:
1781:
1719:
1711:
1670:
1621:
1578:
1541:
1518:
1438:
1397:
1370:
1335:
1300:
1259:
1222:
1171:
1103:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1024:
877:
603:
368:
351:
311:
233:
can help. Prevention is recommended for pregnant women or those who are planning a pregnancy.
161:
101:
78:
61:
2601:
222:
deficiency must be ruled out, if left untreated, may cause irreversible neurological damage.
3001:
2916:
2505:
2461:
2424:
2416:
2350:
2340:
2299:
2204:
2196:
2144:
2085:
2075:
2031:
2023:
2012:"Fortification of rice with vitamins and minerals for addressing micronutrient malnutrition"
1979:
1969:
1919:
1911:
1863:
1855:
1816:
1773:
1701:
1660:
1652:
1613:
1570:
1510:
1502:
1428:
1362:
1327:
1251:
1161:
1153:
1091:
1014:
873:
785:, governments and health organizations worldwide made recommendations concerning folic acid
394:
296:
181:
842:
Folate deficiency during gestation or infancy due to development by the fetus or infant of
805:
since 1998. Since then, Hispanics in the United States have seen the greatest reduction of
3023:
3018:
1656:
847:
527:
479:
445:
299:
2378:
1958:"Impact of folic acid fortification of flour on neural tube defects: a systematic review"
1318:
Stolzenberg R (December 1994). "Possible folate deficiency with postsurgical infection".
982:
420:(SLC46A1). Diffuse inflammatory or degenerative diseases of the small intestine, such as
2251:
1984:
1957:
1924:
1900:"Folic acid supplementation during pregnancy for maternal health and pregnancy outcomes"
1899:
1498:
1291:
McNulty H (June 1995). "Folate requirements for health in different population groups".
428:, chronic enteritis or the presence of an entero-enteric fistula may reduce absorption.
218:
levels may suggest deficiency state, but it is also affected by other factors. Vitamin B
3058:
2429:
2404:
2355:
2328:
2209:
2185:"Fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid for population health outcomes"
2184:
2090:
2063:
2036:
2011:
1898:
Lassi, Zohra S; Salam, Rehana A; Haider, Batool A; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A (28 March 2013).
1868:
1843:
1665:
1640:
1166:
1141:
843:
758:
728:
A serum folate level of less than 7 nmol/L (3 μg/L) is indicative of folate deficiency;
539:
497:
460:
425:
230:
2634:
2544:"[Does diet affect our mood? The significance of folic acid and homocysteine]"
1706:
1689:
1366:
3146:
3093:
2991:
1777:
1574:
1506:
1242:
Oakley GP, Adams MJ, Dickinson CM (March 1996). "More folic acid for everyone, now".
1092:
1052:
897:
684:
558:
554:
509:
473:
456:
421:
184:
66:
17:
1590:
1036:
42:
3011:
2986:
2940:
2734:
2525:
2200:
2166:
2027:
1915:
1793:
1688:
Shere, Mahvash; Bapat, Priya; Nickel, Cheri; Kapur, Bhushan; Koren, Gideon (2015).
1617:
905:
889:
793:
Over 80 countries require folic acid fortification in some foods. Fortification of
754:
694:
648:
630:
is when levels of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate are low in the brain as measured in the
594:
590:
549:
533:
413:
335:
331:
307:
281:
257:
215:
82:
2691:
1388:
Kelly GS (June 1998). "Folates: supplemental forms and therapeutic applications".
1255:
2645:
2465:
1820:
868:
and that supplementation might be useful in this condition. The role of vitamin B
3131:
3121:
3006:
2762:
2752:
2675:
1331:
885:
858:
572:
544:
387:
372:
273:
173:
1479:
1157:
2823:
2781:
2656:
2619:
2133:"Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of cobalamin and folate disorders"
1974:
1859:
921:
822:
770:
702:
611:
363:
319:
207:
116:
106:
50:
2509:
2420:
2263:
1715:
2686:
2616:
2493:
1433:
1416:
913:
881:
663:
616:
519:
513:
505:
501:
469:
347:
195:
177:
2559:
2517:
2473:
2438:
2364:
2313:
2218:
2158:
2099:
2045:
1993:
1933:
1877:
1828:
1785:
1723:
1674:
1582:
1522:
1028:
2542:
Karakuła H, Opolska A, Kowal A, Domański M, Płotka A, Perzyński J (2009).
1625:
1442:
1401:
1374:
1339:
1304:
1263:
1175:
3126:
2836:
2795:
2757:
917:
909:
750:
635:
576:
440:
343:
315:
292:
277:
261:
2584:
1514:
2935:
2304:
2287:
893:
825:
which has led to a reduction of neural tube defects of as much as 60%.
643:
523:
405:
253:
157:
2494:"Treatment of depression: time to consider folic acid and vitamin B12"
2345:
2149:
2132:
2080:
1142:"An audit of the investigation and treatment of folic acid deficiency"
1019:
1006:
2924:
2611:
2596:
983:"Folate Deficiency: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology"
925:
904:
can disrupt transmethylation reaction, leading to an accumulation of
698:
659:
607:
265:
245:
145:
900:). The proposed mechanism, is that low levels of folate or vitamin B
781:
After the discovery of the link between insufficient folic acid and
814:
810:
802:
667:
642:
responsible for folate metabolism and transport. Mutations of the
615:
for inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or
450:
269:
226:
81:, shortness of breath, changes in the color of the skin or hair,
1561:
Hoffbrand AV, Weir DG (June 2001). "The history of folic acid".
818:
794:
683:
Folate deficiency is diagnosed with a blood test to measure the
639:
638:. The causes of cerebral folate deficiency include mutations of
2707:
2703:
1217:
Kliegman RM, Stanton BM, Geme JS, Schor NF, eds. (2015-04-22).
244:
Signs of folate deficiency anemia most of the time are subtle.
1478:
Borradale D, Isenring E, Hacker E, Kimlin MG (February 2014).
1353:
Pietrzik KF, Thorand B (1997). "Folate economy in pregnancy".
666:
as a result of the increasing number of cells of the growing
493:
Medications can interfere with folate metabolism, including:
1221:(20th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 317–20.
436:
Some situations that increase the need for folate include:
1193:"Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia - Complications"
310:. In infants and children, folate deficiency can lead to
2487:
2485:
2483:
1639:
Visentin, M; Diop-Bove, N; Zhao, R; Goldman, ID (2014).
260:, lightheadedness, cold hands and feet, headaches, easy
1007:"The epidemiology of global micronutrient deficiencies"
761:
can help keep more folate content in the cooked foods.
27:
Abnormally low level of folate (vitamin B9) in the body
2537:
2535:
1540:. Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis Company. p. 337.
152:
in which red blood cells become abnormally large, and
2234:"USDA Table of Nutrient Retention Factors, Release 6"
1487:
724:
More specifically, according to a 2014 UK guideline,
2574:
2379:"Map: Count of Nutrients In Fortification Standards"
2327:
Czeizel AE, Dudás I, Vereczkey A, Bánhidy F (2013).
2062:
Czeizel AE, Dudás I, Vereczkey A, Bánhidy F (2013).
3109:
3074:
2972:
2903:
2780:
2771:
2741:
2666:
2578:
2252:"The Claim: Microwave Ovens Kill Nutrients in Food"
123:
112:
100:
88:
72:
60:
35:
1051:
876:reactions, which are crucial for the formation of
2131:Devalia V, Hamilton MS, Molloy AM (August 2014).
1276:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
872:and folate in depression is due to their role in
127:Very rare (countries with fortification programs)
2114:"FB12 – Clinical: Vitamin B12 and Folate, Serum"
1764:Gordon, N (2009). "Cerebral folate deficiency".
148:and derivatives in the body. This may result in
1956:Castillo-Lancellotti C, Tur JA, Uauy R (2013).
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1459:. American Pregnancy Association. January 2014
557:(used to control inflammation associated with
2719:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1098:(Fifth ed.). Philadelphia, PA. pp.
857:Studies suggest that insufficient folate and
8:
1694:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada
1606:Journal of the American College of Nutrition
2178:
2176:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1135:
1133:
1005:Bailey, RL; West KP, Jr; Black, RE (2015).
176:may occur. Folate deficiency anemia during
2777:
2726:
2712:
2704:
2575:
2005:
2003:
1766:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
1421:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1122:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
393:may lead to a so-called "methyl-trap" of
32:
2428:
2354:
2344:
2303:
2208:
2148:
2089:
2079:
2035:
1983:
1973:
1923:
1867:
1705:
1664:
1538:Fifth Edition: Diseases of the Human Body
1432:
1165:
1018:
1146:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
291:Women with folate deficiency who become
198:. Folate deficiency can be secondary to
2189:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2016:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1904:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
941:
2492:Coppen A, Bolander-Gouaille C (2005).
2057:
2055:
1641:"The intestinal absorption of folates"
1269:
1140:Haslam N, Probert CS (February 1998).
1115:
1657:10.1146/annurev-physiol-020911-153251
1293:British Journal of Biomedical Science
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
214:, and serum folate levels. Increased
7:
1842:Zhao R, Aluri S, Goldman ID (2017).
1187:
1185:
1085:
1083:
1011:Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
701:is used to convert homocysteine to
2383:Global Fortification Data Exchange
801:has required the fortification of
25:
2409:American Journal of Public Health
2232:Nutrient Data Laboratory (2007).
522:(sometimes prescribed to control
418:proton-coupled folate transporter
295:are more likely to give birth to
196:shortened red blood cell lifespan
2292:The British Journal of Nutrition
1778:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03185.x
1575:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.02822.x
1507:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.01.002
717:is normal (elevated in vitamin B
412:) and then transport across the
41:
2250:O'connor, Anahad (2006-10-17).
2118:www.mayomedicallaboratories.com
1062:(3rd ed.). Mosby. p.
2201:10.1002/14651858.CD012150.pub2
2137:British Journal of Haematology
2028:10.1002/14651858.CD009902.pub2
1916:10.1002/14651858.CD006896.pub2
1618:10.1080/07315724.1989.10720340
1563:British Journal of Haematology
1320:Nutrition in Clinical Practice
384:homocysteine methyltransferase
180:may give rise to the birth of
1:
2498:Journal of Psychopharmacology
1848:Molecular Aspects of Medicine
1707:10.1016/s1701-2163(15)30258-9
1367:10.1016/S0899-9007(97)00340-7
1219:Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics
1059:Understanding Pathophysiology
1050:Huether S, McCance K (2004).
687:level of folate, measured as
597:are due to its inhibition of
2466:10.1016/j.biochi.2016.02.012
1821:10.1016/j.drudis.2012.07.008
662:deficiency can occur during
601:and thereby reduce the rate
2801:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
1645:Annual Review of Physiology
1390:Alternative Medicine Review
1332:10.1177/0115426594009006247
1256:10.1093/jn/126.suppl_3.751S
367:indicates that exposure to
3174:
2548:Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski
1700:(5). Elsevier BV: 430–38.
1158:10.1177/014107689809100205
1094:Diseases of the Human Body
628:Cerebral folate deficiency
623:Cerebral folate deficiency
382:Additionally, a defect in
328:neurological deterioration
302:infants, and infants with
2806:Wernicke's encephalopathy
1975:10.1017/S1368980012003576
1860:10.1016/j.mam.2016.09.002
1013:. 66 Suppl 2 (2): 22–33.
866:major depressive disorder
864:status may contribute to
187:infants and infants with
53:, a precursor of active B
49:
40:
2510:10.1177/0269881105048899
2421:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302902
1244:The Journal of Nutrition
930:High homocysteine levels
850:might result in various
821:and rice is required in
410:gamma-glutamyl hydrolase
154:folate deficiency anemia
1457:"Pregnancy and Tanning"
1258:(inactive 2024-09-12).
852:developmental disorders
599:dihydrofolate reductase
371:, including the use of
172:. Temporary reversible
689:methyltetrahydrofolate
465:fructose malabsorption
354:can also be observed.
231:green leafy vegetables
2982:Electrolyte imbalance
2850:Pyridoxine deficiency
2824:Riboflavin deficiency
1434:10.1093/ajcn/63.2.220
632:cerebral spinal fluid
500:medications (such as
332:abnormally small head
314:or slow growth rate,
18:Folic acid deficiency
3153:Vitamin deficiencies
2960:Vitamin K deficiency
2954:Vitamin E deficiency
2931:Vitamin D deficiency
2912:Vitamin A deficiency
2811:Korsakoff's syndrome
1809:Drug Discovery Today
567:rheumatoid arthritis
324:megaloblastic anemia
286:behavioral disorders
272:, loss of appetite,
250:megaloblastic anemia
212:complete blood count
150:megaloblastic anemia
144:, is a low level of
95:Megaloblastic anemia
3158:Nutritional anemias
1815:(23–24): 1299–306.
1499:2014JPPB..131...90B
807:neural tube defects
783:neural tube defects
583:birth control pills
484:alcohol consumption
386:or a deficiency of
340:developmental delay
304:neural tube defects
280:, decreased taste,
189:neural tube defects
166:shortness of breath
2974:Mineral deficiency
2773:Vitamin deficiency
2667:External resources
2305:10.1079/bjn2002733
2256:The New York Times
1962:Public Health Nutr
1738:"Folate: Evidence"
1536:Tamparo C (2011).
1090:Tamparo C (2011).
924:), phospholipids,
715:methylmalonic acid
672:Sickle cell anemia
563:ulcerative colitis
240:Signs and symptoms
170:behavioral changes
162:heart palpitations
3140:
3139:
3089:Failure to thrive
3084:Delayed milestone
2968:
2967:
2946:Harrison's groove
2876:Folate deficiency
2863:Biotin deficiency
2701:
2700:
2346:10.3390/nu5114760
2150:10.1111/bjh.12959
2081:10.3390/nu5114760
1547:978-0-8036-2505-1
1361:(11–12): 975–57.
1228:978-1-4557-7566-8
1109:978-0-8036-2505-1
1073:978-0-323-02368-9
1020:10.1159/000371618
928:, and receptors.
878:neurotransmitters
369:ultraviolet light
352:cerebellar ataxia
312:failure to thrive
134:Folate deficiency
131:
130:
102:Diagnostic method
36:Folate deficiency
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3165:
2778:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2705:
2576:
2564:
2563:
2539:
2530:
2529:
2489:
2478:
2477:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2432:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2358:
2348:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2307:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2212:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2152:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2093:
2083:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2039:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1987:
1977:
1953:
1938:
1937:
1927:
1895:
1882:
1881:
1871:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1761:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1709:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1668:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1484:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1436:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1267:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1169:
1137:
1128:
1127:
1121:
1113:
1097:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1055:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1022:
1002:
987:
986:
979:
874:transmethylation
416:membrane by the
395:tetrahydrofolate
362:A deficiency of
297:low birth weight
182:low weight birth
136:, also known as
45:
33:
21:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3105:
3070:
2964:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2872:
2859:
2846:
2833:
2820:
2792:
2767:
2744:
2737:
2732:
2702:
2697:
2696:
2662:
2661:
2587:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2554:(152): 136–41.
2541:
2540:
2533:
2491:
2490:
2481:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2339:(11): 4760–75.
2326:
2325:
2321:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2268:
2266:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2195:(7): CD012150.
2182:
2181:
2174:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2074:(11): 4760–75.
2061:
2060:
2053:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1955:
1954:
1941:
1910:(3): CD006896.
1897:
1896:
1885:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1763:
1762:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1268:
1250:(3): 751S–55S.
1241:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1202:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1183:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1114:
1110:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1004:
1003:
990:
981:
980:
943:
938:
903:
871:
862:
848:folate receptor
840:
831:
797:is common. The
787:supplementation
779:
767:
765:Supplementation
747:
742:
720:
710:
681:
657:
625:
528:type 2 diabetes
491:
480:tobacco smoking
476:(breastfeeding)
446:kidney dialysis
434:
400:
391:
360:
242:
221:
203:
141:
119:supplementation
56:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3171:
3169:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3145:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3059:Keshan disease
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2978:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2784:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2743:Protein-energy
2739:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2683:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2648:
2637:
2622:
2604:
2588:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:Classification
2572:
2571:External links
2569:
2566:
2565:
2531:
2479:
2444:
2395:
2370:
2319:
2278:
2242:
2224:
2172:
2143:(4): 496–513.
2123:
2105:
2051:
1999:
1939:
1883:
1834:
1799:
1751:
1729:
1680:
1631:
1596:
1553:
1546:
1528:
1470:
1448:
1407:
1380:
1345:
1310:
1283:
1234:
1227:
1209:
1181:
1129:
1108:
1079:
1072:
1042:
988:
940:
939:
937:
934:
901:
869:
860:
844:autoantibodies
839:
836:
830:
827:
778:
775:
766:
763:
759:microwave oven
746:
743:
741:
738:
737:
736:
733:
729:
718:
708:
680:
677:
656:
653:
624:
621:
587:
586:
580:
570:
552:
547:
542:
540:5-fluorouracil
537:
531:
517:
498:anticonvulsant
490:
487:
486:
485:
482:
477:
467:
461:celiac disease
454:
448:
443:
433:
430:
426:celiac disease
398:
389:
359:
356:
241:
238:
219:
210:, including a
201:
139:
129:
128:
125:
121:
120:
114:
110:
109:
104:
98:
97:
92:
86:
85:
76:
70:
69:
64:
58:
57:
54:
47:
46:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3170:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3094:Short stature
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2961:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2917:Bitot's spots
2915:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2894:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2415:(1): e24–34.
2414:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2396:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2298:(6): 681–88.
2297:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2243:
2235:
2228:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1968:(5): 901–11.
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1772:(3): 180–82.
1771:
1767:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1740:. Mayo Clinic
1739:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1612:(6): 650–58.
1611:
1607:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1569:(3): 579–89.
1568:
1564:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1471:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1427:(2): 220–24.
1426:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1396:(3): 208–20.
1395:
1391:
1384:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1326:(6): 247–50.
1325:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1299:(2): 110–19.
1298:
1294:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1210:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
989:
985:. 2023-06-30.
984:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
942:
935:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
899:
898:phospholipids
895:
891:
890:nicotinamides
887:
883:
879:
875:
867:
863:
855:
853:
849:
845:
837:
835:
828:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
791:
788:
784:
777:Fortification
776:
774:
772:
764:
762:
760:
756:
752:
744:
739:
734:
730:
727:
726:
725:
722:
721:deficiency).
716:
712:
704:
700:
697:is elevated (
696:
692:
690:
686:
678:
676:
673:
669:
665:
661:
654:
652:
650:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
622:
620:
618:
613:
609:
606:
605:
600:
596:
592:
584:
581:
578:
574:
571:
568:
564:
560:
559:Crohn disease
556:
555:sulfasalazine
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
525:
521:
518:
515:
511:
510:carbamazepine
507:
503:
499:
496:
495:
494:
488:
483:
481:
478:
475:
471:
468:
466:
462:
458:
457:malabsorption
455:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
438:
437:
431:
429:
427:
423:
422:Crohn disease
419:
415:
411:
407:
402:
396:
392:
385:
380:
378:
374:
370:
365:
357:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
254:feeling tired
251:
248:(macrocytic,
247:
239:
237:
234:
232:
228:
223:
217:
213:
209:
205:
197:
192:
190:
186:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
135:
126:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
105:
103:
99:
96:
93:
91:
90:Complications
87:
84:
80:
79:Feeling tired
77:
75:
71:
68:
67:Endocrinology
65:
63:
59:
52:
48:
44:
39:
34:
19:
2941:Osteomalacia
2875:
2745:malnutrition
2735:Malnutrition
2685:
2674:
2650:
2639:
2624:
2606:
2591:
2551:
2547:
2504:(1): 59–65.
2501:
2497:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2386:. Retrieved
2382:
2373:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2273:
2267:. Retrieved
2255:
2245:
2227:
2192:
2188:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2117:
2108:
2071:
2067:
2019:
2015:
1965:
1961:
1907:
1903:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1769:
1765:
1742:. Retrieved
1732:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1537:
1531:
1515:10072/432100
1490:
1486:
1473:
1461:. Retrieved
1451:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1272:cite journal
1247:
1243:
1237:
1218:
1212:
1201:. Retrieved
1199:. 2017-10-20
1196:
1152:(2): 72–73.
1149:
1145:
1093:
1058:
1045:
1010:
906:homocysteine
856:
841:
832:
829:Epidemiology
792:
780:
768:
755:food steamer
748:
723:
695:Homocysteine
693:
682:
658:
649:folinic acid
626:
602:
595:methotrexate
591:methotrexate
588:
550:trimethoprim
534:methotrexate
492:
459:, including
435:
414:brush border
403:
381:
373:tanning beds
361:
336:irritability
308:spina bifida
290:
282:irritability
268:, low-grade
258:palpitations
243:
235:
224:
216:homocysteine
193:
153:
137:
133:
132:
83:irritability
3132:Underweight
3122:Weight loss
2763:Catabolysis
2753:Kwashiorkor
2676:MedlinePlus
1744:January 11,
1463:January 11,
886:epinephrine
573:triamterene
545:hydroxyurea
524:blood sugar
432:Situational
320:oral ulcers
274:weight loss
208:blood tests
174:infertility
107:Blood tests
3147:Categories
3099:Idiopathic
3049:Molybdenum
2893:deficiency
2782:B vitamins
2652:DiseasesDB
2269:2017-07-10
1651:: 251–74.
1203:2023-10-31
936:References
922:tryptophan
823:Costa Rica
771:B vitamins
740:Management
732:performed.
713:, whereas
711:deficiency
703:methionine
612:pyrimidine
489:Medication
377:alcoholism
204:deficiency
142:deficiency
117:Folic acid
51:Folic acid
3029:Manganese
3007:Potassium
3002:Phosphate
2997:Magnesium
2889:Vitamin B
2687:eMedicine
2460:: 31–42.
2454:Biochimie
2333:Nutrients
2264:0362-4331
2068:Nutrients
1854:: 57–72.
1716:1701-2163
1493:: 90–95.
1355:Nutrition
1118:cite book
914:serotonin
882:serotonin
859:vitamin B
707:vitamin B
679:Diagnosis
664:pregnancy
655:Pregnancy
617:psoriasis
520:metformin
514:valproate
506:primidone
502:phenytoin
474:lactation
470:pregnancy
388:vitamin B
348:blindness
306:and even
300:premature
200:vitamin B
185:premature
178:pregnancy
138:vitamin B
124:Frequency
113:Treatment
62:Specialty
3127:Cachexia
3117:Anorexia
3066:Fluorine
3054:Selenium
3044:Chromium
2992:Chloride
2837:Pellagra
2796:Beriberi
2758:Marasmus
2560:19388520
2518:15671130
2474:26924398
2439:26562127
2388:30 April
2365:24284617
2314:12493090
2219:31257574
2159:24942828
2100:24284617
2046:31684687
1994:22850218
1985:10271422
1934:23543547
1925:10069458
1878:27664775
1829:22835503
1786:19260931
1724:26168104
1675:24512081
1591:22925228
1583:11380441
1523:24509071
1037:31765256
1029:26045325
918:tyrosine
910:dopamine
838:Research
751:steaming
705:) as in
636:seizures
577:diuretic
441:bleeding
344:seizures
316:diarrhea
293:pregnant
278:diarrhea
266:bruising
262:bleeding
74:Symptoms
3110:General
2987:Calcium
2936:Rickets
2692:med/802
2646:D005494
2526:4828454
2430:4695937
2356:3847759
2239:. USDA.
2210:6599881
2167:5772424
2091:3847759
2037:6814158
1869:5253092
1794:7373721
1666:3982215
1626:2695555
1495:Bibcode
1443:8561063
1402:9630738
1375:9433714
1340:7476802
1305:8520248
1264:8598560
1176:9602741
1167:1296488
894:purines
846:to the
817:flour,
757:, or a
644:SLC46A1
604:de novo
453:disease
406:jejunum
158:fatigue
3076:Growth
3039:Iodine
3034:Copper
3012:Sodium
2925:Scurvy
2681:000354
2558:
2524:
2516:
2472:
2437:
2427:
2363:
2353:
2312:
2262:
2217:
2207:
2165:
2157:
2098:
2088:
2044:
2034:
2022:(10).
1992:
1982:
1932:
1922:
1876:
1866:
1827:
1792:
1784:
1722:
1714:
1673:
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1624:
1589:
1581:
1544:
1521:
1441:
1400:
1373:
1338:
1303:
1262:
1225:
1197:nhs.uk
1174:
1164:
1106:
1070:
1035:
1027:
926:myelin
880:(e.g.
699:5-MTHF
660:Folate
608:purine
364:folate
358:Causes
284:, and
270:fevers
246:Anemia
227:fruits
146:folate
2904:Other
2635:266.2
2620:E53.8
2522:S2CID
2237:(PDF)
2163:S2CID
1790:S2CID
1587:S2CID
1483:(PDF)
1033:S2CID
916:from
811:wheat
803:flour
685:serum
668:fetus
640:genes
589:When
451:liver
330:. An
3024:Zinc
3019:Iron
2657:4894
2641:MeSH
2630:9-CM
2602:5B5E
2556:PMID
2514:PMID
2470:PMID
2435:PMID
2390:2019
2361:PMID
2310:PMID
2260:ISSN
2215:PMID
2193:2019
2155:PMID
2096:PMID
2042:PMID
2020:2019
1990:PMID
1930:PMID
1908:2013
1874:PMID
1825:PMID
1782:PMID
1746:2015
1720:PMID
1712:ISSN
1671:PMID
1622:PMID
1579:PMID
1542:ISBN
1519:PMID
1465:2015
1439:PMID
1398:PMID
1371:PMID
1336:PMID
1301:PMID
1278:link
1260:PMID
1223:ISBN
1172:PMID
1124:link
1104:ISBN
1068:ISBN
1053:"20"
1025:PMID
920:and
912:and
819:milk
815:corn
813:and
799:USDA
795:rice
753:, a
745:Diet
610:and
565:and
472:and
463:and
350:and
229:and
2958:K:
2952:E:
2929:D:
2923:C:
2910:A:
2626:ICD
2617:D52
2608:ICD
2593:ICD
2506:doi
2462:doi
2458:126
2425:PMC
2417:doi
2413:106
2351:PMC
2341:doi
2300:doi
2205:PMC
2197:doi
2145:doi
2141:166
2086:PMC
2076:doi
2032:PMC
2024:doi
1980:PMC
1970:doi
1920:PMC
1912:doi
1864:PMC
1856:doi
1817:doi
1774:doi
1702:doi
1661:PMC
1653:doi
1614:doi
1571:doi
1567:113
1511:hdl
1503:doi
1491:131
1429:doi
1363:doi
1328:doi
1252:doi
1248:126
1162:PMC
1154:doi
1100:337
1064:543
1015:doi
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